[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":137456},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-write-a-csv-file-in-python":3,"nav-how-to":2485},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"description":2478,"extension":2479,"meta":2480,"navigation":86,"path":2481,"seo":2482,"stem":2483,"__hash__":2484},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-write-a-csv-file-in-python.md","How to Write a CSV File in Python",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":2453},"minimark",[9,13,17,25,28,54,59,320,327,331,334,368,371,555,560,563,571,584,588,593,596,607,610,612,792,795,805,808,843,846,850,855,858,860,1076,1079,1082,1096,1100,1105,1108,1125,1136,1138,1400,1403,1408,1415,1428,1432,1435,1459,1462,1596,1599,1606,1610,1613,1646,1651,1656,1659,1724,1727,1800,1804,1807,1867,1870,1876,1880,1888,1890,2088,2098,2102,2108,2113,2117,2120,2123,2126,2137,2142,2145,2149,2152,2259,2262,2279,2286,2290,2294,2299,2338,2345,2360,2364,2369,2377,2389,2397,2399,2411,2415,2449],[10,11,5],"h1",{"id":12},"how-to-write-a-csv-file-in-python",[14,15,16],"p",{},"If you want to save table-like data in Python, a CSV file is a common choice.",[14,18,19,20,24],{},"A CSV file stores data in rows and columns. Python includes a built-in ",[21,22,23],"code",{},"csv"," module that makes writing CSV files much easier and safer than building the text yourself.",[14,26,27],{},"This page shows you how to:",[29,30,31,35,38,44],"ul",{},[32,33,34],"li",{},"Create a new CSV file in Python",[32,36,37],{},"Write one row or many rows",[32,39,40,41,43],{},"Use the built-in ",[21,42,23],{}," module",[32,45,46,47,50,51],{},"Understand when to use ",[21,48,49],{},"csv.writer()"," and ",[21,52,53],{},"csv.DictWriter()",[55,56,58],"h2",{"id":57},"quick-answer","Quick answer",[60,61,66],"pre",{"className":62,"code":63,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"language-python shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter github-light github-dark","import csv\n\nrows = [\n    [\"name\", \"age\", \"city\"],\n    [\"Alice\", 30, \"London\"],\n    [\"Bob\", 25, \"Paris\"]\n]\n\nwith open(\"people.csv\", \"w\", newline=\"\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as file:\n    writer = csv.writer(file)\n    writer.writerows(rows)\n","python","",[21,67,68,81,88,102,141,170,199,204,209,276,302],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,70,73,77],"span",{"class":71,"line":72},"line",1,[69,74,76],{"class":75},"sVHd0","import",[69,78,80],{"class":79},"su5hD"," csv\n",[69,82,84],{"class":71,"line":83},2,[69,85,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},true,"\n",[69,89,91,94,98],{"class":71,"line":90},3,[69,92,93],{"class":79},"rows ",[69,95,97],{"class":96},"smGrS","=",[69,99,101],{"class":100},"sP7_E"," [\n",[69,103,105,108,112,116,118,121,124,127,129,131,133,136,138],{"class":71,"line":104},4,[69,106,107],{"class":100},"    [",[69,109,111],{"class":110},"sjJ54","\"",[69,113,115],{"class":114},"s_sjI","name",[69,117,111],{"class":110},[69,119,120],{"class":100},",",[69,122,123],{"class":110}," \"",[69,125,126],{"class":114},"age",[69,128,111],{"class":110},[69,130,120],{"class":100},[69,132,123],{"class":110},[69,134,135],{"class":114},"city",[69,137,111],{"class":110},[69,139,140],{"class":100},"],\n",[69,142,144,146,148,151,153,155,159,161,163,166,168],{"class":71,"line":143},5,[69,145,107],{"class":100},[69,147,111],{"class":110},[69,149,150],{"class":114},"Alice",[69,152,111],{"class":110},[69,154,120],{"class":100},[69,156,158],{"class":157},"srdBf"," 30",[69,160,120],{"class":100},[69,162,123],{"class":110},[69,164,165],{"class":114},"London",[69,167,111],{"class":110},[69,169,140],{"class":100},[69,171,173,175,177,180,182,184,187,189,191,194,196],{"class":71,"line":172},6,[69,174,107],{"class":100},[69,176,111],{"class":110},[69,178,179],{"class":114},"Bob",[69,181,111],{"class":110},[69,183,120],{"class":100},[69,185,186],{"class":157}," 25",[69,188,120],{"class":100},[69,190,123],{"class":110},[69,192,193],{"class":114},"Paris",[69,195,111],{"class":110},[69,197,198],{"class":100},"]\n",[69,200,202],{"class":71,"line":201},7,[69,203,198],{"class":100},[69,205,207],{"class":71,"line":206},8,[69,208,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,210,212,215,219,222,224,227,229,231,233,236,238,240,244,246,249,251,254,256,258,261,263,266,269,273],{"class":71,"line":211},9,[69,213,214],{"class":75},"with",[69,216,218],{"class":217},"sptTA"," open",[69,220,221],{"class":100},"(",[69,223,111],{"class":110},[69,225,226],{"class":114},"people.csv",[69,228,111],{"class":110},[69,230,120],{"class":100},[69,232,123],{"class":110},[69,234,235],{"class":114},"w",[69,237,111],{"class":110},[69,239,120],{"class":100},[69,241,243],{"class":242},"s99_P"," newline",[69,245,97],{"class":96},[69,247,248],{"class":110},"\"\"",[69,250,120],{"class":100},[69,252,253],{"class":242}," encoding",[69,255,97],{"class":96},[69,257,111],{"class":110},[69,259,260],{"class":114},"utf-8",[69,262,111],{"class":110},[69,264,265],{"class":100},")",[69,267,268],{"class":75}," as",[69,270,272],{"class":271},"sMMDD"," file",[69,274,275],{"class":100},":\n",[69,277,279,282,284,287,290,294,296,299],{"class":71,"line":278},10,[69,280,281],{"class":79},"    writer ",[69,283,97],{"class":96},[69,285,286],{"class":79}," csv",[69,288,289],{"class":100},".",[69,291,293],{"class":292},"slqww","writer",[69,295,221],{"class":100},[69,297,298],{"class":271},"file",[69,300,301],{"class":100},")\n",[69,303,305,308,310,313,315,318],{"class":71,"line":304},11,[69,306,307],{"class":79},"    writer",[69,309,289],{"class":100},[69,311,312],{"class":292},"writerows",[69,314,221],{"class":100},[69,316,317],{"class":292},"rows",[69,319,301],{"class":100},[14,321,322,323,326],{},"Use ",[21,324,325],{},"newline=\"\""," when opening the file. This helps prevent extra blank lines in CSV output.",[55,328,330],{"id":329},"the-simplest-way-to-write-a-csv-file","The simplest way to write a CSV file",[14,332,333],{},"The basic steps are:",[29,335,336,341,347,352,358],{},[32,337,338,339,43],{},"Import the ",[21,340,23],{},[32,342,343,344],{},"Open the file in write mode using ",[21,345,346],{},"\"w\"",[32,348,322,349,351],{},[21,350,325],{}," when opening the file",[32,353,354,355],{},"Create a writer with ",[21,356,357],{},"csv.writer(file)",[32,359,360,361,364,365],{},"Write rows with ",[21,362,363],{},"writer.writerow()"," or ",[21,366,367],{},"writer.writerows()",[14,369,370],{},"Example:",[60,372,374],{"className":62,"code":373,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import csv\n\nwith open(\"people.csv\", \"w\", newline=\"\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as file:\n    writer = csv.writer(file)\n\n    writer.writerow([\"name\", \"age\", \"city\"])\n    writer.writerow([\"Alice\", 30, \"London\"])\n    writer.writerow([\"Bob\", 25, \"Paris\"])\n",[21,375,376,382,386,436,454,458,495,525],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,377,378,380],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,379,76],{"class":75},[69,381,80],{"class":79},[69,383,384],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,385,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,387,388,390,392,394,396,398,400,402,404,406,408,410,412,414,416,418,420,422,424,426,428,430,432,434],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,389,214],{"class":75},[69,391,218],{"class":217},[69,393,221],{"class":100},[69,395,111],{"class":110},[69,397,226],{"class":114},[69,399,111],{"class":110},[69,401,120],{"class":100},[69,403,123],{"class":110},[69,405,235],{"class":114},[69,407,111],{"class":110},[69,409,120],{"class":100},[69,411,243],{"class":242},[69,413,97],{"class":96},[69,415,248],{"class":110},[69,417,120],{"class":100},[69,419,253],{"class":242},[69,421,97],{"class":96},[69,423,111],{"class":110},[69,425,260],{"class":114},[69,427,111],{"class":110},[69,429,265],{"class":100},[69,431,268],{"class":75},[69,433,272],{"class":271},[69,435,275],{"class":100},[69,437,438,440,442,444,446,448,450,452],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,439,281],{"class":79},[69,441,97],{"class":96},[69,443,286],{"class":79},[69,445,289],{"class":100},[69,447,293],{"class":292},[69,449,221],{"class":100},[69,451,298],{"class":271},[69,453,301],{"class":100},[69,455,456],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,457,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,459,460,462,464,467,470,472,474,476,478,480,482,484,486,488,490,492],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,461,307],{"class":79},[69,463,289],{"class":100},[69,465,466],{"class":292},"writerow",[69,468,469],{"class":100},"([",[69,471,111],{"class":110},[69,473,115],{"class":114},[69,475,111],{"class":110},[69,477,120],{"class":100},[69,479,123],{"class":110},[69,481,126],{"class":114},[69,483,111],{"class":110},[69,485,120],{"class":100},[69,487,123],{"class":110},[69,489,135],{"class":114},[69,491,111],{"class":110},[69,493,494],{"class":100},"])\n",[69,496,497,499,501,503,505,507,509,511,513,515,517,519,521,523],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,498,307],{"class":79},[69,500,289],{"class":100},[69,502,466],{"class":292},[69,504,469],{"class":100},[69,506,111],{"class":110},[69,508,150],{"class":114},[69,510,111],{"class":110},[69,512,120],{"class":100},[69,514,158],{"class":157},[69,516,120],{"class":100},[69,518,123],{"class":110},[69,520,165],{"class":114},[69,522,111],{"class":110},[69,524,494],{"class":100},[69,526,527,529,531,533,535,537,539,541,543,545,547,549,551,553],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,528,307],{"class":79},[69,530,289],{"class":100},[69,532,466],{"class":292},[69,534,469],{"class":100},[69,536,111],{"class":110},[69,538,179],{"class":114},[69,540,111],{"class":110},[69,542,120],{"class":100},[69,544,186],{"class":157},[69,546,120],{"class":100},[69,548,123],{"class":110},[69,550,193],{"class":114},[69,552,111],{"class":110},[69,554,494],{"class":100},[14,556,557,558,289],{},"This creates a file named ",[21,559,226],{},[14,561,562],{},"Its contents will look like this:",[60,564,569],{"className":565,"code":567,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"language-text","name,age,city\nAlice,30,London\nBob,25,Paris\n","text",[21,570,567],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,572,573,574,577,578,583],{},"If you are not sure how ",[21,575,576],{},"open()"," works, see ",[579,580,582],"a",{"href":581},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-open-function-explained\u002F","the Python open() function explained",". For a broader overview of CSV tools, see the Python csv module overview.",[55,585,587],{"id":586},"write-one-row-at-a-time","Write one row at a time",[14,589,322,590,592],{},[21,591,363],{}," when you want to write a single row.",[14,594,595],{},"This is useful when:",[29,597,598,601,604],{},[32,599,600],{},"You are building rows inside a loop",[32,602,603],{},"You only need to add one line at a time",[32,605,606],{},"Your data is not stored in one big list yet",[14,608,609],{},"Each list becomes one row in the CSV file.",[14,611,370],{},[60,613,615],{"className":62,"code":614,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import csv\n\nnames = [\"Alice\", \"Bob\", \"Cara\"]\n\nwith open(\"names.csv\", \"w\", newline=\"\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as file:\n    writer = csv.writer(file)\n\n    writer.writerow([\"name\"])\n\n    for name in names:\n        writer.writerow([name])\n",[21,616,617,623,627,662,666,717,735,739,757,761,777],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,618,619,621],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,620,76],{"class":75},[69,622,80],{"class":79},[69,624,625],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,626,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,628,629,632,634,637,639,641,643,645,647,649,651,653,655,658,660],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,630,631],{"class":79},"names ",[69,633,97],{"class":96},[69,635,636],{"class":100}," [",[69,638,111],{"class":110},[69,640,150],{"class":114},[69,642,111],{"class":110},[69,644,120],{"class":100},[69,646,123],{"class":110},[69,648,179],{"class":114},[69,650,111],{"class":110},[69,652,120],{"class":100},[69,654,123],{"class":110},[69,656,657],{"class":114},"Cara",[69,659,111],{"class":110},[69,661,198],{"class":100},[69,663,664],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,665,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,667,668,670,672,674,676,679,681,683,685,687,689,691,693,695,697,699,701,703,705,707,709,711,713,715],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,669,214],{"class":75},[69,671,218],{"class":217},[69,673,221],{"class":100},[69,675,111],{"class":110},[69,677,678],{"class":114},"names.csv",[69,680,111],{"class":110},[69,682,120],{"class":100},[69,684,123],{"class":110},[69,686,235],{"class":114},[69,688,111],{"class":110},[69,690,120],{"class":100},[69,692,243],{"class":242},[69,694,97],{"class":96},[69,696,248],{"class":110},[69,698,120],{"class":100},[69,700,253],{"class":242},[69,702,97],{"class":96},[69,704,111],{"class":110},[69,706,260],{"class":114},[69,708,111],{"class":110},[69,710,265],{"class":100},[69,712,268],{"class":75},[69,714,272],{"class":271},[69,716,275],{"class":100},[69,718,719,721,723,725,727,729,731,733],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,720,281],{"class":79},[69,722,97],{"class":96},[69,724,286],{"class":79},[69,726,289],{"class":100},[69,728,293],{"class":292},[69,730,221],{"class":100},[69,732,298],{"class":271},[69,734,301],{"class":100},[69,736,737],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,738,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,740,741,743,745,747,749,751,753,755],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,742,307],{"class":79},[69,744,289],{"class":100},[69,746,466],{"class":292},[69,748,469],{"class":100},[69,750,111],{"class":110},[69,752,115],{"class":114},[69,754,111],{"class":110},[69,756,494],{"class":100},[69,758,759],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,760,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,762,763,766,769,772,775],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,764,765],{"class":75},"    for",[69,767,768],{"class":79}," name ",[69,770,771],{"class":75},"in",[69,773,774],{"class":79}," names",[69,776,275],{"class":100},[69,778,779,782,784,786,788,790],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,780,781],{"class":79},"        writer",[69,783,289],{"class":100},[69,785,466],{"class":292},[69,787,469],{"class":100},[69,789,115],{"class":292},[69,791,494],{"class":100},[14,793,794],{},"Important detail:",[29,796,797,802],{},[32,798,799,801],{},[21,800,363],{}," expects one row",[32,803,804],{},"That row is usually a list or tuple",[14,806,807],{},"For example, this is correct:",[60,809,811],{"className":62,"code":810,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"writer.writerow([\"Alice\", 30, \"London\"])\n",[21,812,813],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,814,815,817,819,821,823,825,827,829,831,833,835,837,839,841],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,816,293],{"class":79},[69,818,289],{"class":100},[69,820,466],{"class":292},[69,822,469],{"class":100},[69,824,111],{"class":110},[69,826,150],{"class":114},[69,828,111],{"class":110},[69,830,120],{"class":100},[69,832,158],{"class":157},[69,834,120],{"class":100},[69,836,123],{"class":110},[69,838,165],{"class":114},[69,840,111],{"class":110},[69,842,494],{"class":100},[14,844,845],{},"A common beginner mistake is passing a plain value instead of a list.",[55,847,849],{"id":848},"write-many-rows-at-once","Write many rows at once",[14,851,322,852,854],{},[21,853,367],{}," when you already have a list of rows.",[14,856,857],{},"Each inner list becomes one CSV row.",[14,859,370],{},[60,861,863],{"className":62,"code":862,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import csv\n\nrows = [\n    [\"name\", \"age\", \"city\"],\n    [\"Alice\", 30, \"London\"],\n    [\"Bob\", 25, \"Paris\"],\n    [\"Cara\", 28, \"Berlin\"]\n]\n\nwith open(\"people.csv\", \"w\", newline=\"\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as file:\n    writer = csv.writer(file)\n    writer.writerows(rows)\n",[21,864,865,871,875,883,911,935,959,985,989,993,1043,1061],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,866,867,869],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,868,76],{"class":75},[69,870,80],{"class":79},[69,872,873],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,874,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,876,877,879,881],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,878,93],{"class":79},[69,880,97],{"class":96},[69,882,101],{"class":100},[69,884,885,887,889,891,893,895,897,899,901,903,905,907,909],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,886,107],{"class":100},[69,888,111],{"class":110},[69,890,115],{"class":114},[69,892,111],{"class":110},[69,894,120],{"class":100},[69,896,123],{"class":110},[69,898,126],{"class":114},[69,900,111],{"class":110},[69,902,120],{"class":100},[69,904,123],{"class":110},[69,906,135],{"class":114},[69,908,111],{"class":110},[69,910,140],{"class":100},[69,912,913,915,917,919,921,923,925,927,929,931,933],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,914,107],{"class":100},[69,916,111],{"class":110},[69,918,150],{"class":114},[69,920,111],{"class":110},[69,922,120],{"class":100},[69,924,158],{"class":157},[69,926,120],{"class":100},[69,928,123],{"class":110},[69,930,165],{"class":114},[69,932,111],{"class":110},[69,934,140],{"class":100},[69,936,937,939,941,943,945,947,949,951,953,955,957],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,938,107],{"class":100},[69,940,111],{"class":110},[69,942,179],{"class":114},[69,944,111],{"class":110},[69,946,120],{"class":100},[69,948,186],{"class":157},[69,950,120],{"class":100},[69,952,123],{"class":110},[69,954,193],{"class":114},[69,956,111],{"class":110},[69,958,140],{"class":100},[69,960,961,963,965,967,969,971,974,976,978,981,983],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,962,107],{"class":100},[69,964,111],{"class":110},[69,966,657],{"class":114},[69,968,111],{"class":110},[69,970,120],{"class":100},[69,972,973],{"class":157}," 28",[69,975,120],{"class":100},[69,977,123],{"class":110},[69,979,980],{"class":114},"Berlin",[69,982,111],{"class":110},[69,984,198],{"class":100},[69,986,987],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,988,198],{"class":100},[69,990,991],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,992,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,994,995,997,999,1001,1003,1005,1007,1009,1011,1013,1015,1017,1019,1021,1023,1025,1027,1029,1031,1033,1035,1037,1039,1041],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,996,214],{"class":75},[69,998,218],{"class":217},[69,1000,221],{"class":100},[69,1002,111],{"class":110},[69,1004,226],{"class":114},[69,1006,111],{"class":110},[69,1008,120],{"class":100},[69,1010,123],{"class":110},[69,1012,235],{"class":114},[69,1014,111],{"class":110},[69,1016,120],{"class":100},[69,1018,243],{"class":242},[69,1020,97],{"class":96},[69,1022,248],{"class":110},[69,1024,120],{"class":100},[69,1026,253],{"class":242},[69,1028,97],{"class":96},[69,1030,111],{"class":110},[69,1032,260],{"class":114},[69,1034,111],{"class":110},[69,1036,265],{"class":100},[69,1038,268],{"class":75},[69,1040,272],{"class":271},[69,1042,275],{"class":100},[69,1044,1045,1047,1049,1051,1053,1055,1057,1059],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,1046,281],{"class":79},[69,1048,97],{"class":96},[69,1050,286],{"class":79},[69,1052,289],{"class":100},[69,1054,293],{"class":292},[69,1056,221],{"class":100},[69,1058,298],{"class":271},[69,1060,301],{"class":100},[69,1062,1064,1066,1068,1070,1072,1074],{"class":71,"line":1063},12,[69,1065,307],{"class":79},[69,1067,289],{"class":100},[69,1069,312],{"class":292},[69,1071,221],{"class":100},[69,1073,317],{"class":292},[69,1075,301],{"class":100},[14,1077,1078],{},"This is a good choice for small, ready-made datasets.",[14,1080,1081],{},"Use:",[29,1083,1084,1090],{},[32,1085,1086,1089],{},[21,1087,1088],{},"writerow()"," for one row",[32,1091,1092,1095],{},[21,1093,1094],{},"writerows()"," for multiple rows",[55,1097,1099],{"id":1098},"write-csv-files-with-column-names","Write CSV files with column names",[14,1101,322,1102,1104],{},[21,1103,53],{}," when your data is stored as dictionaries.",[14,1106,1107],{},"This is helpful when:",[29,1109,1110,1119,1122],{},[32,1111,1112,1113,50,1116],{},"Your data has named fields like ",[21,1114,1115],{},"\"name\"",[21,1117,1118],{},"\"age\"",[32,1120,1121],{},"You want to control the column order",[32,1123,1124],{},"You want cleaner code when working with structured data",[14,1126,1127,1128,1131,1132,1135],{},"Set ",[21,1129,1130],{},"fieldnames"," to choose the column order, then call ",[21,1133,1134],{},"writeheader()"," to write the first row.",[14,1137,370],{},[60,1139,1141],{"className":62,"code":1140,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import csv\n\nrows = [\n    {\"name\": \"Alice\", \"age\": 30, \"city\": \"London\"},\n    {\"name\": \"Bob\", \"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Paris\"}\n]\n\nwith open(\"people.csv\", \"w\", newline=\"\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as file:\n    writer = csv.DictWriter(file, fieldnames=[\"name\", \"age\", \"city\"])\n\n    writer.writeheader()\n    writer.writerows(rows)\n",[21,1142,1143,1149,1153,1161,1212,1261,1265,1269,1319,1370,1374,1386],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,1144,1145,1147],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,1146,76],{"class":75},[69,1148,80],{"class":79},[69,1150,1151],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,1152,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,1154,1155,1157,1159],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,1156,93],{"class":79},[69,1158,97],{"class":96},[69,1160,101],{"class":100},[69,1162,1163,1166,1168,1170,1172,1175,1177,1179,1181,1183,1185,1187,1189,1191,1193,1195,1197,1199,1201,1203,1205,1207,1209],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,1164,1165],{"class":100},"    {",[69,1167,111],{"class":110},[69,1169,115],{"class":114},[69,1171,111],{"class":110},[69,1173,1174],{"class":100},":",[69,1176,123],{"class":110},[69,1178,150],{"class":114},[69,1180,111],{"class":110},[69,1182,120],{"class":100},[69,1184,123],{"class":110},[69,1186,126],{"class":114},[69,1188,111],{"class":110},[69,1190,1174],{"class":100},[69,1192,158],{"class":157},[69,1194,120],{"class":100},[69,1196,123],{"class":110},[69,1198,135],{"class":114},[69,1200,111],{"class":110},[69,1202,1174],{"class":100},[69,1204,123],{"class":110},[69,1206,165],{"class":114},[69,1208,111],{"class":110},[69,1210,1211],{"class":100},"},\n",[69,1213,1214,1216,1218,1220,1222,1224,1226,1228,1230,1232,1234,1236,1238,1240,1242,1244,1246,1248,1250,1252,1254,1256,1258],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,1215,1165],{"class":100},[69,1217,111],{"class":110},[69,1219,115],{"class":114},[69,1221,111],{"class":110},[69,1223,1174],{"class":100},[69,1225,123],{"class":110},[69,1227,179],{"class":114},[69,1229,111],{"class":110},[69,1231,120],{"class":100},[69,1233,123],{"class":110},[69,1235,126],{"class":114},[69,1237,111],{"class":110},[69,1239,1174],{"class":100},[69,1241,186],{"class":157},[69,1243,120],{"class":100},[69,1245,123],{"class":110},[69,1247,135],{"class":114},[69,1249,111],{"class":110},[69,1251,1174],{"class":100},[69,1253,123],{"class":110},[69,1255,193],{"class":114},[69,1257,111],{"class":110},[69,1259,1260],{"class":100},"}\n",[69,1262,1263],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,1264,198],{"class":100},[69,1266,1267],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,1268,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,1270,1271,1273,1275,1277,1279,1281,1283,1285,1287,1289,1291,1293,1295,1297,1299,1301,1303,1305,1307,1309,1311,1313,1315,1317],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,1272,214],{"class":75},[69,1274,218],{"class":217},[69,1276,221],{"class":100},[69,1278,111],{"class":110},[69,1280,226],{"class":114},[69,1282,111],{"class":110},[69,1284,120],{"class":100},[69,1286,123],{"class":110},[69,1288,235],{"class":114},[69,1290,111],{"class":110},[69,1292,120],{"class":100},[69,1294,243],{"class":242},[69,1296,97],{"class":96},[69,1298,248],{"class":110},[69,1300,120],{"class":100},[69,1302,253],{"class":242},[69,1304,97],{"class":96},[69,1306,111],{"class":110},[69,1308,260],{"class":114},[69,1310,111],{"class":110},[69,1312,265],{"class":100},[69,1314,268],{"class":75},[69,1316,272],{"class":271},[69,1318,275],{"class":100},[69,1320,1321,1323,1325,1327,1329,1332,1334,1336,1338,1341,1343,1346,1348,1350,1352,1354,1356,1358,1360,1362,1364,1366,1368],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,1322,281],{"class":79},[69,1324,97],{"class":96},[69,1326,286],{"class":79},[69,1328,289],{"class":100},[69,1330,1331],{"class":292},"DictWriter",[69,1333,221],{"class":100},[69,1335,298],{"class":271},[69,1337,120],{"class":100},[69,1339,1340],{"class":242}," fieldnames",[69,1342,97],{"class":96},[69,1344,1345],{"class":100},"[",[69,1347,111],{"class":110},[69,1349,115],{"class":114},[69,1351,111],{"class":110},[69,1353,120],{"class":100},[69,1355,123],{"class":110},[69,1357,126],{"class":114},[69,1359,111],{"class":110},[69,1361,120],{"class":100},[69,1363,123],{"class":110},[69,1365,135],{"class":114},[69,1367,111],{"class":110},[69,1369,494],{"class":100},[69,1371,1372],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,1373,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,1375,1376,1378,1380,1383],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,1377,307],{"class":79},[69,1379,289],{"class":100},[69,1381,1382],{"class":292},"writeheader",[69,1384,1385],{"class":100},"()\n",[69,1387,1388,1390,1392,1394,1396,1398],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,1389,307],{"class":79},[69,1391,289],{"class":100},[69,1393,312],{"class":292},[69,1395,221],{"class":100},[69,1397,317],{"class":292},[69,1399,301],{"class":100},[14,1401,1402],{},"This creates:",[60,1404,1406],{"className":1405,"code":567,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],[21,1407,567],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,1409,1410,1411,1414],{},"Why use ",[21,1412,1413],{},"DictWriter()","?",[29,1416,1417,1420,1423],{},[32,1418,1419],{},"The column names are clear",[32,1421,1422],{},"You do not need to remember the position of each value",[32,1424,1425,1426],{},"You control the output order with ",[21,1427,1130],{},[55,1429,1431],{"id":1430},"important-file-options-to-use","Important file options to use",[14,1433,1434],{},"When writing CSV files, these options matter:",[29,1436,1437,1443,1448,1453],{},[32,1438,1439,1442],{},[21,1440,1441],{},"encoding=\"utf-8\""," for text data",[32,1444,1445,1447],{},[21,1446,325],{}," for CSV files",[32,1449,1450,1452],{},[21,1451,346],{}," to overwrite an existing file",[32,1454,1455,1458],{},[21,1456,1457],{},"\"a\""," to add rows instead of replacing the file",[14,1460,1461],{},"Example using append mode:",[60,1463,1465],{"className":62,"code":1464,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import csv\n\nnew_row = [\"Dana\", 31, \"Rome\"]\n\nwith open(\"people.csv\", \"a\", newline=\"\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as file:\n    writer = csv.writer(file)\n    writer.writerow(new_row)\n",[21,1466,1467,1473,1477,1509,1513,1563,1581],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,1468,1469,1471],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,1470,76],{"class":75},[69,1472,80],{"class":79},[69,1474,1475],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,1476,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,1478,1479,1482,1484,1486,1488,1491,1493,1495,1498,1500,1502,1505,1507],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,1480,1481],{"class":79},"new_row ",[69,1483,97],{"class":96},[69,1485,636],{"class":100},[69,1487,111],{"class":110},[69,1489,1490],{"class":114},"Dana",[69,1492,111],{"class":110},[69,1494,120],{"class":100},[69,1496,1497],{"class":157}," 31",[69,1499,120],{"class":100},[69,1501,123],{"class":110},[69,1503,1504],{"class":114},"Rome",[69,1506,111],{"class":110},[69,1508,198],{"class":100},[69,1510,1511],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,1512,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,1514,1515,1517,1519,1521,1523,1525,1527,1529,1531,1533,1535,1537,1539,1541,1543,1545,1547,1549,1551,1553,1555,1557,1559,1561],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,1516,214],{"class":75},[69,1518,218],{"class":217},[69,1520,221],{"class":100},[69,1522,111],{"class":110},[69,1524,226],{"class":114},[69,1526,111],{"class":110},[69,1528,120],{"class":100},[69,1530,123],{"class":110},[69,1532,579],{"class":114},[69,1534,111],{"class":110},[69,1536,120],{"class":100},[69,1538,243],{"class":242},[69,1540,97],{"class":96},[69,1542,248],{"class":110},[69,1544,120],{"class":100},[69,1546,253],{"class":242},[69,1548,97],{"class":96},[69,1550,111],{"class":110},[69,1552,260],{"class":114},[69,1554,111],{"class":110},[69,1556,265],{"class":100},[69,1558,268],{"class":75},[69,1560,272],{"class":271},[69,1562,275],{"class":100},[69,1564,1565,1567,1569,1571,1573,1575,1577,1579],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,1566,281],{"class":79},[69,1568,97],{"class":96},[69,1570,286],{"class":79},[69,1572,289],{"class":100},[69,1574,293],{"class":292},[69,1576,221],{"class":100},[69,1578,298],{"class":271},[69,1580,301],{"class":100},[69,1582,1583,1585,1587,1589,1591,1594],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,1584,307],{"class":79},[69,1586,289],{"class":100},[69,1588,466],{"class":292},[69,1590,221],{"class":100},[69,1592,1593],{"class":292},"new_row",[69,1595,301],{"class":100},[14,1597,1598],{},"This adds a row to the end of the file instead of replacing it.",[14,1600,1601,1602,289],{},"If you want to learn more about appending, see ",[579,1603,1605],{"href":1604},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-append-to-a-file-in-python","how to append to a file in Python",[55,1607,1609],{"id":1608},"common-problems-beginners-run-into","Common problems beginners run into",[14,1611,1612],{},"Here are the most common mistakes when writing CSV files:",[29,1614,1615,1621,1626,1634,1639],{},[32,1616,1617,1618],{},"Forgetting to ",[21,1619,1620],{},"import csv",[32,1622,1623,1624],{},"Opening the file without ",[21,1625,325],{},[32,1627,1628,1629,1631,1632],{},"Using ",[21,1630,346],{}," when you meant to append with ",[21,1633,1457],{},[32,1635,1636,1637],{},"Passing a plain value instead of a list to ",[21,1638,1088],{},[32,1640,1628,1641,1643,1644],{},[21,1642,1331],{}," without matching ",[21,1645,1130],{},[1647,1648,1650],"h3",{"id":1649},"extra-blank-lines","Extra blank lines",[14,1652,1653,1654,289],{},"If your CSV file has blank lines between rows, the usual cause is missing ",[21,1655,325],{},[14,1657,1658],{},"Wrong:",[60,1660,1662],{"className":62,"code":1661,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"people.csv\", \"w\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as file:\n    writer = csv.writer(file)\n",[21,1663,1664,1706],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,1665,1666,1668,1670,1672,1674,1676,1678,1680,1682,1684,1686,1688,1690,1692,1694,1696,1698,1700,1702,1704],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,1667,214],{"class":75},[69,1669,218],{"class":217},[69,1671,221],{"class":100},[69,1673,111],{"class":110},[69,1675,226],{"class":114},[69,1677,111],{"class":110},[69,1679,120],{"class":100},[69,1681,123],{"class":110},[69,1683,235],{"class":114},[69,1685,111],{"class":110},[69,1687,120],{"class":100},[69,1689,253],{"class":242},[69,1691,97],{"class":96},[69,1693,111],{"class":110},[69,1695,260],{"class":114},[69,1697,111],{"class":110},[69,1699,265],{"class":100},[69,1701,268],{"class":75},[69,1703,272],{"class":271},[69,1705,275],{"class":100},[69,1707,1708,1710,1712,1714,1716,1718,1720,1722],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,1709,281],{"class":79},[69,1711,97],{"class":96},[69,1713,286],{"class":79},[69,1715,289],{"class":100},[69,1717,293],{"class":292},[69,1719,221],{"class":100},[69,1721,298],{"class":271},[69,1723,301],{"class":100},[14,1725,1726],{},"Correct:",[60,1728,1730],{"className":62,"code":1729,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"people.csv\", \"w\", newline=\"\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as file:\n    writer = csv.writer(file)\n",[21,1731,1732,1782],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,1733,1734,1736,1738,1740,1742,1744,1746,1748,1750,1752,1754,1756,1758,1760,1762,1764,1766,1768,1770,1772,1774,1776,1778,1780],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,1735,214],{"class":75},[69,1737,218],{"class":217},[69,1739,221],{"class":100},[69,1741,111],{"class":110},[69,1743,226],{"class":114},[69,1745,111],{"class":110},[69,1747,120],{"class":100},[69,1749,123],{"class":110},[69,1751,235],{"class":114},[69,1753,111],{"class":110},[69,1755,120],{"class":100},[69,1757,243],{"class":242},[69,1759,97],{"class":96},[69,1761,248],{"class":110},[69,1763,120],{"class":100},[69,1765,253],{"class":242},[69,1767,97],{"class":96},[69,1769,111],{"class":110},[69,1771,260],{"class":114},[69,1773,111],{"class":110},[69,1775,265],{"class":100},[69,1777,268],{"class":75},[69,1779,272],{"class":271},[69,1781,275],{"class":100},[69,1783,1784,1786,1788,1790,1792,1794,1796,1798],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,1785,281],{"class":79},[69,1787,97],{"class":96},[69,1789,286],{"class":79},[69,1791,289],{"class":100},[69,1793,293],{"class":292},[69,1795,221],{"class":100},[69,1797,298],{"class":271},[69,1799,301],{"class":100},[1647,1801,1803],{"id":1802},"badly-formatted-rows","Badly formatted rows",[14,1805,1806],{},"Do not build CSV lines yourself with commas like this:",[60,1808,1810],{"className":62,"code":1809,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = \"Alice\"\nage = 30\nline = name + \",\" + str(age)\n",[21,1811,1812,1826,1836],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,1813,1814,1817,1819,1821,1823],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,1815,1816],{"class":79},"name ",[69,1818,97],{"class":96},[69,1820,123],{"class":110},[69,1822,150],{"class":114},[69,1824,1825],{"class":110},"\"\n",[69,1827,1828,1831,1833],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,1829,1830],{"class":79},"age ",[69,1832,97],{"class":96},[69,1834,1835],{"class":157}," 30\n",[69,1837,1838,1841,1843,1845,1848,1850,1852,1854,1857,1861,1863,1865],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,1839,1840],{"class":79},"line ",[69,1842,97],{"class":96},[69,1844,768],{"class":79},[69,1846,1847],{"class":96},"+",[69,1849,123],{"class":110},[69,1851,120],{"class":114},[69,1853,111],{"class":110},[69,1855,1856],{"class":96}," +",[69,1858,1860],{"class":1859},"sZMiF"," str",[69,1862,221],{"class":100},[69,1864,126],{"class":292},[69,1866,301],{"class":100},[14,1868,1869],{},"This may break if values contain commas or quotes.",[14,1871,1872,1873,1875],{},"Use the ",[21,1874,23],{}," module instead.",[1647,1877,1879],{"id":1878},"dictwriter-key-problems","DictWriter key problems",[14,1881,1882,1883,1885,1886,289],{},"With ",[21,1884,53],{},", the dictionary keys should match the ",[21,1887,1130],{},[14,1889,370],{},[60,1891,1893],{"className":62,"code":1892,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import csv\n\nrow = {\"name\": \"Alice\", \"age\": 30, \"country\": \"UK\"}\n\nwith open(\"people.csv\", \"w\", newline=\"\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as file:\n    writer = csv.DictWriter(file, fieldnames=[\"name\", \"age\", \"city\"])\n    writer.writeheader()\n    writer.writerow(row)\n",[21,1894,1895,1901,1905,1961,1965,2015,2063,2073],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,1896,1897,1899],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,1898,76],{"class":75},[69,1900,80],{"class":79},[69,1902,1903],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,1904,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,1906,1907,1910,1912,1915,1917,1919,1921,1923,1925,1927,1929,1931,1933,1935,1937,1939,1941,1943,1945,1948,1950,1952,1954,1957,1959],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,1908,1909],{"class":79},"row ",[69,1911,97],{"class":96},[69,1913,1914],{"class":100}," {",[69,1916,111],{"class":110},[69,1918,115],{"class":114},[69,1920,111],{"class":110},[69,1922,1174],{"class":100},[69,1924,123],{"class":110},[69,1926,150],{"class":114},[69,1928,111],{"class":110},[69,1930,120],{"class":100},[69,1932,123],{"class":110},[69,1934,126],{"class":114},[69,1936,111],{"class":110},[69,1938,1174],{"class":100},[69,1940,158],{"class":157},[69,1942,120],{"class":100},[69,1944,123],{"class":110},[69,1946,1947],{"class":114},"country",[69,1949,111],{"class":110},[69,1951,1174],{"class":100},[69,1953,123],{"class":110},[69,1955,1956],{"class":114},"UK",[69,1958,111],{"class":110},[69,1960,1260],{"class":100},[69,1962,1963],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,1964,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,1966,1967,1969,1971,1973,1975,1977,1979,1981,1983,1985,1987,1989,1991,1993,1995,1997,1999,2001,2003,2005,2007,2009,2011,2013],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,1968,214],{"class":75},[69,1970,218],{"class":217},[69,1972,221],{"class":100},[69,1974,111],{"class":110},[69,1976,226],{"class":114},[69,1978,111],{"class":110},[69,1980,120],{"class":100},[69,1982,123],{"class":110},[69,1984,235],{"class":114},[69,1986,111],{"class":110},[69,1988,120],{"class":100},[69,1990,243],{"class":242},[69,1992,97],{"class":96},[69,1994,248],{"class":110},[69,1996,120],{"class":100},[69,1998,253],{"class":242},[69,2000,97],{"class":96},[69,2002,111],{"class":110},[69,2004,260],{"class":114},[69,2006,111],{"class":110},[69,2008,265],{"class":100},[69,2010,268],{"class":75},[69,2012,272],{"class":271},[69,2014,275],{"class":100},[69,2016,2017,2019,2021,2023,2025,2027,2029,2031,2033,2035,2037,2039,2041,2043,2045,2047,2049,2051,2053,2055,2057,2059,2061],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,2018,281],{"class":79},[69,2020,97],{"class":96},[69,2022,286],{"class":79},[69,2024,289],{"class":100},[69,2026,1331],{"class":292},[69,2028,221],{"class":100},[69,2030,298],{"class":271},[69,2032,120],{"class":100},[69,2034,1340],{"class":242},[69,2036,97],{"class":96},[69,2038,1345],{"class":100},[69,2040,111],{"class":110},[69,2042,115],{"class":114},[69,2044,111],{"class":110},[69,2046,120],{"class":100},[69,2048,123],{"class":110},[69,2050,126],{"class":114},[69,2052,111],{"class":110},[69,2054,120],{"class":100},[69,2056,123],{"class":110},[69,2058,135],{"class":114},[69,2060,111],{"class":110},[69,2062,494],{"class":100},[69,2064,2065,2067,2069,2071],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,2066,307],{"class":79},[69,2068,289],{"class":100},[69,2070,1382],{"class":292},[69,2072,1385],{"class":100},[69,2074,2075,2077,2079,2081,2083,2086],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,2076,307],{"class":79},[69,2078,289],{"class":100},[69,2080,466],{"class":292},[69,2082,221],{"class":100},[69,2084,2085],{"class":292},"row",[69,2087,301],{"class":100},[14,2089,2090,2091,2094,2095,289],{},"This can cause problems because ",[21,2092,2093],{},"\"country\""," does not match ",[21,2096,2097],{},"\"city\"",[1647,2099,2101],{"id":2100},"overwriting-your-data","Overwriting your data",[14,2103,2104,2105,2107],{},"If you open a file with ",[21,2106,346],{},", Python replaces the file contents.",[14,2109,322,2110,2112],{},[21,2111,1457],{}," if you want to keep the old data and add new rows.",[55,2114,2116],{"id":2115},"when-not-to-use-this-method","When not to use this method",[14,2118,2119],{},"This method is a good beginner-friendly choice, but not every approach is a good idea.",[14,2121,2122],{},"Avoid manually joining values with commas for real CSV work.",[14,2124,2125],{},"Why?",[29,2127,2128,2131,2134],{},[32,2129,2130],{},"Values may contain commas",[32,2132,2133],{},"Values may contain quotes",[32,2135,2136],{},"CSV escaping rules can be tricky",[14,2138,1872,2139,2141],{},[21,2140,23],{}," module when values may contain commas or quotes.",[14,2143,2144],{},"For advanced data analysis, a library like pandas can be easier, but beginners usually do not need it just to create a CSV file.",[55,2146,2148],{"id":2147},"debugging-tips","Debugging tips",[14,2150,2151],{},"If your code is not working, these quick checks can help:",[60,2153,2155],{"className":62,"code":2154,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(rows)\nprint(type(rows))\nprint(type(rows[0]))\nprint(file.name)\n\nimport os\nprint(os.path.exists(\"people.csv\"))\n",[21,2156,2157,2168,2184,2204,2219,2223,2230],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,2158,2159,2162,2164,2166],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,2160,2161],{"class":217},"print",[69,2163,221],{"class":100},[69,2165,317],{"class":292},[69,2167,301],{"class":100},[69,2169,2170,2172,2174,2177,2179,2181],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,2171,2161],{"class":217},[69,2173,221],{"class":100},[69,2175,2176],{"class":1859},"type",[69,2178,221],{"class":100},[69,2180,317],{"class":292},[69,2182,2183],{"class":100},"))\n",[69,2185,2186,2188,2190,2192,2194,2196,2198,2201],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,2187,2161],{"class":217},[69,2189,221],{"class":100},[69,2191,2176],{"class":1859},[69,2193,221],{"class":100},[69,2195,317],{"class":292},[69,2197,1345],{"class":100},[69,2199,2200],{"class":157},"0",[69,2202,2203],{"class":100},"]))\n",[69,2205,2206,2208,2210,2212,2214,2217],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,2207,2161],{"class":217},[69,2209,221],{"class":100},[69,2211,298],{"class":271},[69,2213,289],{"class":100},[69,2215,115],{"class":2216},"skxfh",[69,2218,301],{"class":100},[69,2220,2221],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,2222,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,2224,2225,2227],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,2226,76],{"class":75},[69,2228,2229],{"class":79}," os\n",[69,2231,2232,2234,2236,2239,2241,2244,2246,2249,2251,2253,2255,2257],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,2233,2161],{"class":217},[69,2235,221],{"class":100},[69,2237,2238],{"class":292},"os",[69,2240,289],{"class":100},[69,2242,2243],{"class":2216},"path",[69,2245,289],{"class":100},[69,2247,2248],{"class":292},"exists",[69,2250,221],{"class":100},[69,2252,111],{"class":110},[69,2254,226],{"class":114},[69,2256,111],{"class":110},[69,2258,2183],{"class":100},[14,2260,2261],{},"These checks help you answer questions like:",[29,2263,2264,2270,2273,2276],{},[32,2265,2266,2267,2269],{},"Is ",[21,2268,317],{}," really a list?",[32,2271,2272],{},"Is each row a list or dictionary?",[32,2274,2275],{},"What file name are you writing to?",[32,2277,2278],{},"Was the file actually created?",[14,2280,2281,2282,289],{},"If you need to check whether the file exists, see ",[579,2283,2285],{"href":2284},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-check-if-a-file-exists-in-python","how to check if a file exists in Python",[55,2287,2289],{"id":2288},"faq","FAQ",[1647,2291,2293],{"id":2292},"how-do-i-write-a-header-row-in-a-csv-file","How do I write a header row in a CSV file?",[14,2295,1882,2296,2298],{},[21,2297,49],{},", write the header as the first row.",[60,2300,2302],{"className":62,"code":2301,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"writer.writerow([\"name\", \"age\", \"city\"])\n",[21,2303,2304],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,2305,2306,2308,2310,2312,2314,2316,2318,2320,2322,2324,2326,2328,2330,2332,2334,2336],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,2307,293],{"class":79},[69,2309,289],{"class":100},[69,2311,466],{"class":292},[69,2313,469],{"class":100},[69,2315,111],{"class":110},[69,2317,115],{"class":114},[69,2319,111],{"class":110},[69,2321,120],{"class":100},[69,2323,123],{"class":110},[69,2325,126],{"class":114},[69,2327,111],{"class":110},[69,2329,120],{"class":100},[69,2331,123],{"class":110},[69,2333,135],{"class":114},[69,2335,111],{"class":110},[69,2337,494],{"class":100},[14,2339,1882,2340,2342,2343,289],{},[21,2341,53],{},", use ",[21,2344,1134],{},[60,2346,2348],{"className":62,"code":2347,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"writer.writeheader()\n",[21,2349,2350],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,2351,2352,2354,2356,2358],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,2353,293],{"class":79},[69,2355,289],{"class":100},[69,2357,1382],{"class":292},[69,2359,1385],{"class":100},[1647,2361,2363],{"id":2362},"why-are-there-blank-lines-in-my-csv-file","Why are there blank lines in my CSV file?",[14,2365,2366,2367,289],{},"Usually because the file was not opened with ",[21,2368,325],{},[1647,2370,2372,2373,50,2375,1414],{"id":2371},"what-is-the-difference-between-writerow-and-writerows","What is the difference between ",[21,2374,1088],{},[21,2376,1094],{},[29,2378,2379,2384],{},[32,2380,2381,2383],{},[21,2382,1088],{}," writes one row",[32,2385,2386,2388],{},[21,2387,1094],{}," writes multiple rows",[1647,2390,2392,2393,364,2395,1414],{"id":2391},"should-i-use-csvwriter-or-csvdictwriter","Should I use ",[21,2394,49],{},[21,2396,53],{},[14,2398,1081],{},[29,2400,2401,2406],{},[32,2402,2403,2405],{},[21,2404,49],{}," for lists",[32,2407,2408,2410],{},[21,2409,53],{}," for dictionaries with named columns",[55,2412,2414],{"id":2413},"see-also","See also",[29,2416,2417,2421,2427,2432,2437,2443],{},[32,2418,2419],{},[579,2420,582],{"href":581},[32,2422,2423],{},[579,2424,2426],{"href":2425},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-read-a-csv-file-in-python","How to read a CSV file in Python",[32,2428,2429],{},[579,2430,2431],{"href":1604},"How to append to a file in Python",[32,2433,2434],{},[579,2435,2436],{"href":2284},"How to check if a file exists in Python",[32,2438,2439],{},[579,2440,2442],{"href":2441},"\u002Ferrors\u002Ffilenotfounderror-in-python-causes-and-fixes","Fix FileNotFoundError: No such file or directory",[32,2444,2445],{},[579,2446,2448],{"href":2447},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fpermissionerror-errno-13-permission-denied-fix","Fix PermissionError: [Errno 13] Permission denied",[2450,2451,2452],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s99_P, html code.shiki .s99_P{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sMMDD, html code.shiki .sMMDD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .skxfh, html code.shiki .skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":2454},[2455,2456,2457,2458,2459,2460,2461,2467,2468,2469,2477],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":329,"depth":83,"text":330},{"id":586,"depth":83,"text":587},{"id":848,"depth":83,"text":849},{"id":1098,"depth":83,"text":1099},{"id":1430,"depth":83,"text":1431},{"id":1608,"depth":83,"text":1609,"children":2462},[2463,2464,2465,2466],{"id":1649,"depth":90,"text":1650},{"id":1802,"depth":90,"text":1803},{"id":1878,"depth":90,"text":1879},{"id":2100,"depth":90,"text":2101},{"id":2115,"depth":83,"text":2116},{"id":2147,"depth":83,"text":2148},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":2470},[2471,2472,2473,2475],{"id":2292,"depth":90,"text":2293},{"id":2362,"depth":90,"text":2363},{"id":2371,"depth":90,"text":2474},"What is the difference between writerow() and writerows()?",{"id":2391,"depth":90,"text":2476},"Should I use csv.writer() or csv.DictWriter()?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to write a csv file in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.","md",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-write-a-csv-file-in-python",{"title":5,"description":2478},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-write-a-csv-file-in-python","AuzfkYs4WCLaW7a0vIqMDcKdlujmRJEBBPPaztaOBNg",[2486,4154,5885,7457,9395,11188,13081,14708,16602,18335,20646,22862,24321,25884,27823,29572,31578,33701,35403,36634,38587,40092,43057,44867,46473,49345,51645,53462,55544,57901,59218,60675,62556,64133,65175,67693,68656,71209,72982,75522,77797,79791,82600,84894,87312,89362,91372,93079,94694,96220,98262,100495,102645,104316,105319,107703,109726,111296,112946,115012,118550,120838,122691,124592,127020,129252,130742,133527,135665],{"id":2487,"title":2488,"body":2489,"description":4148,"extension":2479,"meta":4149,"navigation":86,"path":4150,"seo":4151,"stem":4152,"__hash__":4153},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-access-values-in-a-dictionary-in-python.md","How to Access Values in a Dictionary in Python",{"type":7,"value":2490,"toc":4129},[2491,2494,2502,2505,2525,2527,2650,2663,2667,2686,2690,2696,2777,2782,2797,2800,2803,2811,2817,2880,2886,2896,2900,2906,2995,2999,3014,3024,3027,3103,3107,3116,3118,3132,3142,3146,3152,3295,3299,3319,3325,3328,3339,3346,3350,3353,3456,3460,3468,3471,3477,3610,3614,3628,3631,3635,3638,3644,3756,3760,3793,3796,3807,3816,3820,3823,3845,3848,3865,3869,3872,3889,3892,3979,3982,4017,4024,4026,4030,4037,4041,4046,4050,4055,4059,4069,4073,4083,4085,4126],[10,2492,2488],{"id":2493},"how-to-access-values-in-a-dictionary-in-python",[14,2495,2496,2497,2501],{},"A Python dictionary stores data as ",[2498,2499,2500],"strong",{},"key-value pairs",". To get a value, you use its key.",[14,2503,2504],{},"This page shows the most common ways to access dictionary values:",[29,2506,2507,2510,2516,2519,2522],{},[32,2508,2509],{},"Direct access with square brackets",[32,2511,2512,2513],{},"Safer access with ",[21,2514,2515],{},"get()",[32,2517,2518],{},"Checking whether a key exists",[32,2520,2521],{},"Accessing nested dictionary values",[32,2523,2524],{},"Looping through all key-value pairs",[55,2526,58],{"id":57},[60,2528,2530],{"className":62,"code":2529,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25}\n\nprint(person[\"name\"])      # Ana\nprint(person.get(\"age\"))   # 25\nprint(person.get(\"city\"))  # None\n",[21,2531,2532,2570,2574,2598,2625],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,2533,2534,2537,2539,2541,2543,2545,2547,2549,2551,2554,2556,2558,2560,2562,2564,2566,2568],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,2535,2536],{"class":79},"person ",[69,2538,97],{"class":96},[69,2540,1914],{"class":100},[69,2542,111],{"class":110},[69,2544,115],{"class":114},[69,2546,111],{"class":110},[69,2548,1174],{"class":100},[69,2550,123],{"class":110},[69,2552,2553],{"class":114},"Ana",[69,2555,111],{"class":110},[69,2557,120],{"class":100},[69,2559,123],{"class":110},[69,2561,126],{"class":114},[69,2563,111],{"class":110},[69,2565,1174],{"class":100},[69,2567,186],{"class":157},[69,2569,1260],{"class":100},[69,2571,2572],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,2573,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,2575,2576,2578,2580,2583,2585,2587,2589,2591,2594],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,2577,2161],{"class":217},[69,2579,221],{"class":100},[69,2581,2582],{"class":292},"person",[69,2584,1345],{"class":100},[69,2586,111],{"class":110},[69,2588,115],{"class":114},[69,2590,111],{"class":110},[69,2592,2593],{"class":100},"])",[69,2595,2597],{"class":2596},"sutJx","      # Ana\n",[69,2599,2600,2602,2604,2606,2608,2611,2613,2615,2617,2619,2622],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,2601,2161],{"class":217},[69,2603,221],{"class":100},[69,2605,2582],{"class":292},[69,2607,289],{"class":100},[69,2609,2610],{"class":292},"get",[69,2612,221],{"class":100},[69,2614,111],{"class":110},[69,2616,126],{"class":114},[69,2618,111],{"class":110},[69,2620,2621],{"class":100},"))",[69,2623,2624],{"class":2596},"   # 25\n",[69,2626,2627,2629,2631,2633,2635,2637,2639,2641,2643,2645,2647],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,2628,2161],{"class":217},[69,2630,221],{"class":100},[69,2632,2582],{"class":292},[69,2634,289],{"class":100},[69,2636,2610],{"class":292},[69,2638,221],{"class":100},[69,2640,111],{"class":110},[69,2642,135],{"class":114},[69,2644,111],{"class":110},[69,2646,2621],{"class":100},[69,2648,2649],{"class":2596},"  # None\n",[14,2651,2652,2653,2656,2657,2659,2660,289],{},"Use square brackets when the key ",[2498,2654,2655],{},"must exist",". Use ",[21,2658,2515],{}," when the key ",[2498,2661,2662],{},"might be missing",[55,2664,2666],{"id":2665},"what-this-page-helps-you-do","What this page helps you do",[29,2668,2669,2672,2675,2683],{},[32,2670,2671],{},"Access a value by its key",[32,2673,2674],{},"Use a safer method when a key may not exist",[32,2676,2677,2678,50,2681],{},"Understand the difference between ",[21,2679,2680],{},"[]",[21,2682,2515],{},[32,2684,2685],{},"Avoid common dictionary access errors",[55,2687,2689],{"id":2688},"access-a-value-with-square-brackets","Access a value with square brackets",[14,2691,322,2692,2695],{},[21,2693,2694],{},"dictionary_name[key]"," to get a value from a dictionary.",[60,2697,2699],{"className":62,"code":2698,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25}\n\nprint(person[\"name\"])\nprint(person[\"age\"])\n",[21,2700,2701,2737,2741,2759],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,2702,2703,2705,2707,2709,2711,2713,2715,2717,2719,2721,2723,2725,2727,2729,2731,2733,2735],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,2704,2536],{"class":79},[69,2706,97],{"class":96},[69,2708,1914],{"class":100},[69,2710,111],{"class":110},[69,2712,115],{"class":114},[69,2714,111],{"class":110},[69,2716,1174],{"class":100},[69,2718,123],{"class":110},[69,2720,2553],{"class":114},[69,2722,111],{"class":110},[69,2724,120],{"class":100},[69,2726,123],{"class":110},[69,2728,126],{"class":114},[69,2730,111],{"class":110},[69,2732,1174],{"class":100},[69,2734,186],{"class":157},[69,2736,1260],{"class":100},[69,2738,2739],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,2740,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,2742,2743,2745,2747,2749,2751,2753,2755,2757],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,2744,2161],{"class":217},[69,2746,221],{"class":100},[69,2748,2582],{"class":292},[69,2750,1345],{"class":100},[69,2752,111],{"class":110},[69,2754,115],{"class":114},[69,2756,111],{"class":110},[69,2758,494],{"class":100},[69,2760,2761,2763,2765,2767,2769,2771,2773,2775],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,2762,2161],{"class":217},[69,2764,221],{"class":100},[69,2766,2582],{"class":292},[69,2768,1345],{"class":100},[69,2770,111],{"class":110},[69,2772,126],{"class":114},[69,2774,111],{"class":110},[69,2776,494],{"class":100},[14,2778,2779],{},[2498,2780,2781],{},"Output:",[60,2783,2785],{"className":62,"code":2784,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Ana\n25\n",[21,2786,2787,2792],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,2788,2789],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,2790,2791],{"class":79},"Ana\n",[69,2793,2794],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,2795,2796],{"class":157},"25\n",[14,2798,2799],{},"This is the most direct way to access a value.",[14,2801,2802],{},"Use this when:",[29,2804,2805,2808],{},[32,2806,2807],{},"You know the key exists",[32,2809,2810],{},"The key is required for your program to work",[14,2812,2813,2814,289],{},"If the key does not exist, Python raises a ",[21,2815,2816],{},"KeyError",[60,2818,2820],{"className":62,"code":2819,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25}\n\nprint(person[\"city\"])\n",[21,2821,2822,2858,2862],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,2823,2824,2826,2828,2830,2832,2834,2836,2838,2840,2842,2844,2846,2848,2850,2852,2854,2856],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,2825,2536],{"class":79},[69,2827,97],{"class":96},[69,2829,1914],{"class":100},[69,2831,111],{"class":110},[69,2833,115],{"class":114},[69,2835,111],{"class":110},[69,2837,1174],{"class":100},[69,2839,123],{"class":110},[69,2841,2553],{"class":114},[69,2843,111],{"class":110},[69,2845,120],{"class":100},[69,2847,123],{"class":110},[69,2849,126],{"class":114},[69,2851,111],{"class":110},[69,2853,1174],{"class":100},[69,2855,186],{"class":157},[69,2857,1260],{"class":100},[69,2859,2860],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,2861,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,2863,2864,2866,2868,2870,2872,2874,2876,2878],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,2865,2161],{"class":217},[69,2867,221],{"class":100},[69,2869,2582],{"class":292},[69,2871,1345],{"class":100},[69,2873,111],{"class":110},[69,2875,135],{"class":114},[69,2877,111],{"class":110},[69,2879,494],{"class":100},[14,2881,2882,2883,2885],{},"This causes an error because ",[21,2884,2097],{}," is not a key in the dictionary.",[14,2887,2888,2889,289],{},"If you want to learn more about this problem, see ",[579,2890,2892,2893,2895],{"href":2891},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fkeyerror-when-accessing-dictionary-values-fix","how to fix ",[21,2894,2816],{}," when accessing dictionary values",[55,2897,2899],{"id":2898},"access-a-value-with-get","Access a value with get()",[14,2901,322,2902,2905],{},[21,2903,2904],{},"dictionary_name.get(key)"," when the key may be missing.",[60,2907,2909],{"className":62,"code":2908,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25}\n\nprint(person.get(\"name\"))\nprint(person.get(\"city\"))\n",[21,2910,2911,2947,2951,2973],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,2912,2913,2915,2917,2919,2921,2923,2925,2927,2929,2931,2933,2935,2937,2939,2941,2943,2945],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,2914,2536],{"class":79},[69,2916,97],{"class":96},[69,2918,1914],{"class":100},[69,2920,111],{"class":110},[69,2922,115],{"class":114},[69,2924,111],{"class":110},[69,2926,1174],{"class":100},[69,2928,123],{"class":110},[69,2930,2553],{"class":114},[69,2932,111],{"class":110},[69,2934,120],{"class":100},[69,2936,123],{"class":110},[69,2938,126],{"class":114},[69,2940,111],{"class":110},[69,2942,1174],{"class":100},[69,2944,186],{"class":157},[69,2946,1260],{"class":100},[69,2948,2949],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,2950,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,2952,2953,2955,2957,2959,2961,2963,2965,2967,2969,2971],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,2954,2161],{"class":217},[69,2956,221],{"class":100},[69,2958,2582],{"class":292},[69,2960,289],{"class":100},[69,2962,2610],{"class":292},[69,2964,221],{"class":100},[69,2966,111],{"class":110},[69,2968,115],{"class":114},[69,2970,111],{"class":110},[69,2972,2183],{"class":100},[69,2974,2975,2977,2979,2981,2983,2985,2987,2989,2991,2993],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,2976,2161],{"class":217},[69,2978,221],{"class":100},[69,2980,2582],{"class":292},[69,2982,289],{"class":100},[69,2984,2610],{"class":292},[69,2986,221],{"class":100},[69,2988,111],{"class":110},[69,2990,135],{"class":114},[69,2992,111],{"class":110},[69,2994,2183],{"class":100},[14,2996,2997],{},[2498,2998,2781],{},[60,3000,3002],{"className":62,"code":3001,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Ana\nNone\n",[21,3003,3004,3008],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,3005,3006],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,3007,2791],{"class":79},[69,3009,3010],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,3011,3013],{"class":3012},"s39Yj","None\n",[14,3015,3016,3017,3019,3020,3023],{},"If the key is not found, ",[21,3018,2515],{}," returns ",[21,3021,3022],{},"None"," instead of raising an error.",[14,3025,3026],{},"You can also provide a default value:",[60,3028,3030],{"className":62,"code":3029,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25}\n\nprint(person.get(\"city\", \"Unknown\"))\n",[21,3031,3032,3068,3072],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,3033,3034,3036,3038,3040,3042,3044,3046,3048,3050,3052,3054,3056,3058,3060,3062,3064,3066],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,3035,2536],{"class":79},[69,3037,97],{"class":96},[69,3039,1914],{"class":100},[69,3041,111],{"class":110},[69,3043,115],{"class":114},[69,3045,111],{"class":110},[69,3047,1174],{"class":100},[69,3049,123],{"class":110},[69,3051,2553],{"class":114},[69,3053,111],{"class":110},[69,3055,120],{"class":100},[69,3057,123],{"class":110},[69,3059,126],{"class":114},[69,3061,111],{"class":110},[69,3063,1174],{"class":100},[69,3065,186],{"class":157},[69,3067,1260],{"class":100},[69,3069,3070],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,3071,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,3073,3074,3076,3078,3080,3082,3084,3086,3088,3090,3092,3094,3096,3099,3101],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,3075,2161],{"class":217},[69,3077,221],{"class":100},[69,3079,2582],{"class":292},[69,3081,289],{"class":100},[69,3083,2610],{"class":292},[69,3085,221],{"class":100},[69,3087,111],{"class":110},[69,3089,135],{"class":114},[69,3091,111],{"class":110},[69,3093,120],{"class":100},[69,3095,123],{"class":110},[69,3097,3098],{"class":114},"Unknown",[69,3100,111],{"class":110},[69,3102,2183],{"class":100},[14,3104,3105],{},[2498,3106,2781],{},[60,3108,3110],{"className":62,"code":3109,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Unknown\n",[21,3111,3112],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,3113,3114],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,3115,3109],{"class":79},[14,3117,595],{},[29,3119,3120,3123,3126,3129],{},[32,3121,3122],{},"Data is optional",[32,3124,3125],{},"You are working with user input",[32,3127,3128],{},"You are reading data from an API or file",[32,3130,3131],{},"Missing keys are normal",[14,3133,3134,3135,289],{},"If you want a full method reference, see ",[579,3136,3138,3139,3141],{"href":3137},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-dictionary-get-method","Python dictionary ",[21,3140,2515],{}," method",[55,3143,3145],{"id":3144},"check-if-a-key-exists-before-accessing-it","Check if a key exists before accessing it",[14,3147,322,3148,3151],{},[21,3149,3150],{},"key in dictionary_name"," to check whether a key exists.",[60,3153,3155],{"className":62,"code":3154,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25}\n\nif \"name\" in person:\n    print(person[\"name\"])\n\nif \"city\" in person:\n    print(person[\"city\"])\nelse:\n    print(\"city was not found\")\n",[21,3156,3157,3193,3197,3216,3235,3239,3255,3273,3280],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,3158,3159,3161,3163,3165,3167,3169,3171,3173,3175,3177,3179,3181,3183,3185,3187,3189,3191],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,3160,2536],{"class":79},[69,3162,97],{"class":96},[69,3164,1914],{"class":100},[69,3166,111],{"class":110},[69,3168,115],{"class":114},[69,3170,111],{"class":110},[69,3172,1174],{"class":100},[69,3174,123],{"class":110},[69,3176,2553],{"class":114},[69,3178,111],{"class":110},[69,3180,120],{"class":100},[69,3182,123],{"class":110},[69,3184,126],{"class":114},[69,3186,111],{"class":110},[69,3188,1174],{"class":100},[69,3190,186],{"class":157},[69,3192,1260],{"class":100},[69,3194,3195],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,3196,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,3198,3199,3202,3204,3206,3208,3211,3214],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,3200,3201],{"class":75},"if",[69,3203,123],{"class":110},[69,3205,115],{"class":114},[69,3207,111],{"class":110},[69,3209,3210],{"class":96}," in",[69,3212,3213],{"class":79}," person",[69,3215,275],{"class":100},[69,3217,3218,3221,3223,3225,3227,3229,3231,3233],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,3219,3220],{"class":217},"    print",[69,3222,221],{"class":100},[69,3224,2582],{"class":292},[69,3226,1345],{"class":100},[69,3228,111],{"class":110},[69,3230,115],{"class":114},[69,3232,111],{"class":110},[69,3234,494],{"class":100},[69,3236,3237],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,3238,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,3240,3241,3243,3245,3247,3249,3251,3253],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,3242,3201],{"class":75},[69,3244,123],{"class":110},[69,3246,135],{"class":114},[69,3248,111],{"class":110},[69,3250,3210],{"class":96},[69,3252,3213],{"class":79},[69,3254,275],{"class":100},[69,3256,3257,3259,3261,3263,3265,3267,3269,3271],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,3258,3220],{"class":217},[69,3260,221],{"class":100},[69,3262,2582],{"class":292},[69,3264,1345],{"class":100},[69,3266,111],{"class":110},[69,3268,135],{"class":114},[69,3270,111],{"class":110},[69,3272,494],{"class":100},[69,3274,3275,3278],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,3276,3277],{"class":75},"else",[69,3279,275],{"class":100},[69,3281,3282,3284,3286,3288,3291,3293],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,3283,3220],{"class":217},[69,3285,221],{"class":100},[69,3287,111],{"class":110},[69,3289,3290],{"class":114},"city was not found",[69,3292,111],{"class":110},[69,3294,301],{"class":100},[14,3296,3297],{},[2498,3298,2781],{},[60,3300,3302],{"className":62,"code":3301,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Ana\ncity was not found\n",[21,3303,3304,3308],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,3305,3306],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,3307,2791],{"class":79},[69,3309,3310,3313,3316],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,3311,3312],{"class":79},"city was ",[69,3314,3315],{"class":96},"not",[69,3317,3318],{"class":79}," found\n",[14,3320,3321,3322,3324],{},"This helps you avoid ",[21,3323,2816],{}," and lets you run different code depending on whether the key is present.",[14,3326,3327],{},"Use this approach when:",[29,3329,3330,3333,3336],{},[32,3331,3332],{},"You need different logic for missing keys",[32,3334,3335],{},"You want to show a custom message",[32,3337,3338],{},"You only want to access the value if the key exists",[14,3340,3341,3342,289],{},"For a full beginner guide, see ",[579,3343,3345],{"href":3344},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-check-if-a-key-exists-in-a-dictionary-in-python\u002F","how to check if a key exists in a dictionary in Python",[55,3347,3349],{"id":3348},"access-nested-dictionary-values","Access nested dictionary values",[14,3351,3352],{},"Sometimes a dictionary value is another dictionary.",[60,3354,3356],{"className":62,"code":3355,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"data = {\n    \"user\": {\n        \"name\": \"Ana\",\n        \"age\": 25\n    }\n}\n\nprint(data[\"user\"][\"name\"])\n",[21,3357,3358,3368,3382,3402,3415,3420,3424,3428],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,3359,3360,3363,3365],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,3361,3362],{"class":79},"data ",[69,3364,97],{"class":96},[69,3366,3367],{"class":100}," {\n",[69,3369,3370,3373,3376,3378,3380],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,3371,3372],{"class":110},"    \"",[69,3374,3375],{"class":114},"user",[69,3377,111],{"class":110},[69,3379,1174],{"class":100},[69,3381,3367],{"class":100},[69,3383,3384,3387,3389,3391,3393,3395,3397,3399],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,3385,3386],{"class":110},"        \"",[69,3388,115],{"class":114},[69,3390,111],{"class":110},[69,3392,1174],{"class":100},[69,3394,123],{"class":110},[69,3396,2553],{"class":114},[69,3398,111],{"class":110},[69,3400,3401],{"class":100},",\n",[69,3403,3404,3406,3408,3410,3412],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,3405,3386],{"class":110},[69,3407,126],{"class":114},[69,3409,111],{"class":110},[69,3411,1174],{"class":100},[69,3413,3414],{"class":157}," 25\n",[69,3416,3417],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,3418,3419],{"class":100},"    }\n",[69,3421,3422],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,3423,1260],{"class":100},[69,3425,3426],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,3427,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,3429,3430,3432,3434,3437,3439,3441,3443,3445,3448,3450,3452,3454],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,3431,2161],{"class":217},[69,3433,221],{"class":100},[69,3435,3436],{"class":292},"data",[69,3438,1345],{"class":100},[69,3440,111],{"class":110},[69,3442,3375],{"class":114},[69,3444,111],{"class":110},[69,3446,3447],{"class":100},"][",[69,3449,111],{"class":110},[69,3451,115],{"class":114},[69,3453,111],{"class":110},[69,3455,494],{"class":100},[14,3457,3458],{},[2498,3459,2781],{},[60,3461,3462],{"className":62,"code":2791,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,3463,3464],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,3465,3466],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,3467,2791],{"class":79},[14,3469,3470],{},"This works when all keys exist.",[14,3472,3473,3474,3476],{},"If nested keys may be missing, ",[21,3475,2515],{}," is safer:",[60,3478,3480],{"className":62,"code":3479,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"data = {\n    \"user\": {\n        \"name\": \"Ana\"\n    }\n}\n\nuser = data.get(\"user\", {})\nprint(user.get(\"name\"))\nprint(user.get(\"age\", \"Not provided\"))\n",[21,3481,3482,3490,3502,3518,3522,3526,3530,3557,3579],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,3483,3484,3486,3488],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,3485,3362],{"class":79},[69,3487,97],{"class":96},[69,3489,3367],{"class":100},[69,3491,3492,3494,3496,3498,3500],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,3493,3372],{"class":110},[69,3495,3375],{"class":114},[69,3497,111],{"class":110},[69,3499,1174],{"class":100},[69,3501,3367],{"class":100},[69,3503,3504,3506,3508,3510,3512,3514,3516],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,3505,3386],{"class":110},[69,3507,115],{"class":114},[69,3509,111],{"class":110},[69,3511,1174],{"class":100},[69,3513,123],{"class":110},[69,3515,2553],{"class":114},[69,3517,1825],{"class":110},[69,3519,3520],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,3521,3419],{"class":100},[69,3523,3524],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,3525,1260],{"class":100},[69,3527,3528],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,3529,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,3531,3532,3535,3537,3540,3542,3544,3546,3548,3550,3552,3554],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,3533,3534],{"class":79},"user ",[69,3536,97],{"class":96},[69,3538,3539],{"class":79}," data",[69,3541,289],{"class":100},[69,3543,2610],{"class":292},[69,3545,221],{"class":100},[69,3547,111],{"class":110},[69,3549,3375],{"class":114},[69,3551,111],{"class":110},[69,3553,120],{"class":100},[69,3555,3556],{"class":100}," {})\n",[69,3558,3559,3561,3563,3565,3567,3569,3571,3573,3575,3577],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,3560,2161],{"class":217},[69,3562,221],{"class":100},[69,3564,3375],{"class":292},[69,3566,289],{"class":100},[69,3568,2610],{"class":292},[69,3570,221],{"class":100},[69,3572,111],{"class":110},[69,3574,115],{"class":114},[69,3576,111],{"class":110},[69,3578,2183],{"class":100},[69,3580,3581,3583,3585,3587,3589,3591,3593,3595,3597,3599,3601,3603,3606,3608],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,3582,2161],{"class":217},[69,3584,221],{"class":100},[69,3586,3375],{"class":292},[69,3588,289],{"class":100},[69,3590,2610],{"class":292},[69,3592,221],{"class":100},[69,3594,111],{"class":110},[69,3596,126],{"class":114},[69,3598,111],{"class":110},[69,3600,120],{"class":100},[69,3602,123],{"class":110},[69,3604,3605],{"class":114},"Not provided",[69,3607,111],{"class":110},[69,3609,2183],{"class":100},[14,3611,3612],{},[2498,3613,2781],{},[60,3615,3617],{"className":62,"code":3616,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Ana\nNot provided\n",[21,3618,3619,3623],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,3620,3621],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,3622,2791],{"class":79},[69,3624,3625],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,3626,3627],{"class":79},"Not provided\n",[14,3629,3630],{},"Breaking nested access into steps often makes your code easier to read.",[55,3632,3634],{"id":3633},"loop-through-a-dictionary-to-access-many-values","Loop through a dictionary to access many values",[14,3636,3637],{},"If you want to access all entries, loop through the dictionary.",[14,3639,322,3640,3643],{},[21,3641,3642],{},".items()"," to get both the key and the value:",[60,3645,3647],{"className":62,"code":3646,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Madrid\"}\n\nfor key, value in person.items():\n    print(key, \"->\", value)\n",[21,3648,3649,3702,3706,3731],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,3650,3651,3653,3655,3657,3659,3661,3663,3665,3667,3669,3671,3673,3675,3677,3679,3681,3683,3685,3687,3689,3691,3693,3695,3698,3700],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,3652,2536],{"class":79},[69,3654,97],{"class":96},[69,3656,1914],{"class":100},[69,3658,111],{"class":110},[69,3660,115],{"class":114},[69,3662,111],{"class":110},[69,3664,1174],{"class":100},[69,3666,123],{"class":110},[69,3668,2553],{"class":114},[69,3670,111],{"class":110},[69,3672,120],{"class":100},[69,3674,123],{"class":110},[69,3676,126],{"class":114},[69,3678,111],{"class":110},[69,3680,1174],{"class":100},[69,3682,186],{"class":157},[69,3684,120],{"class":100},[69,3686,123],{"class":110},[69,3688,135],{"class":114},[69,3690,111],{"class":110},[69,3692,1174],{"class":100},[69,3694,123],{"class":110},[69,3696,3697],{"class":114},"Madrid",[69,3699,111],{"class":110},[69,3701,1260],{"class":100},[69,3703,3704],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,3705,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,3707,3708,3711,3714,3716,3719,3721,3723,3725,3728],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,3709,3710],{"class":75},"for",[69,3712,3713],{"class":79}," key",[69,3715,120],{"class":100},[69,3717,3718],{"class":79}," value ",[69,3720,771],{"class":75},[69,3722,3213],{"class":79},[69,3724,289],{"class":100},[69,3726,3727],{"class":292},"items",[69,3729,3730],{"class":100},"():\n",[69,3732,3733,3735,3737,3740,3742,3744,3747,3749,3751,3754],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,3734,3220],{"class":217},[69,3736,221],{"class":100},[69,3738,3739],{"class":292},"key",[69,3741,120],{"class":100},[69,3743,123],{"class":110},[69,3745,3746],{"class":114},"->",[69,3748,111],{"class":110},[69,3750,120],{"class":100},[69,3752,3753],{"class":292}," value",[69,3755,301],{"class":100},[14,3757,3758],{},[2498,3759,2781],{},[60,3761,3763],{"className":62,"code":3762,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name -> Ana\nage -> 25\ncity -> Madrid\n",[21,3764,3765,3775,3783],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,3766,3767,3769,3772],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,3768,1816],{"class":79},[69,3770,3746],{"class":3771},"srjyR",[69,3773,3774],{"class":79}," Ana\n",[69,3776,3777,3779,3781],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,3778,1830],{"class":79},[69,3780,3746],{"class":3771},[69,3782,3414],{"class":157},[69,3784,3785,3788,3790],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,3786,3787],{"class":79},"city ",[69,3789,3746],{"class":3771},[69,3791,3792],{"class":79}," Madrid\n",[14,3794,3795],{},"This is useful when you want to:",[29,3797,3798,3801,3804],{},[32,3799,3800],{},"Print all data",[32,3802,3803],{},"Process each key-value pair",[32,3805,3806],{},"Build reports or summaries",[14,3808,3809,3810,289],{},"To learn more, see ",[579,3811,3138,3813,3141],{"href":3812},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-dictionary-items-method",[21,3814,3815],{},"items()",[55,3817,3819],{"id":3818},"when-to-use-each-approach","When to use each approach",[14,3821,3822],{},"Use the method that matches your situation:",[29,3824,3825,3830,3835,3840],{},[32,3826,322,3827,3829],{},[21,3828,2680],{}," when the key must exist",[32,3831,322,3832,3834],{},[21,3833,2515],{}," when missing keys are normal",[32,3836,322,3837,3839],{},[21,3838,771],{}," when you need to branch based on whether a key exists",[32,3841,322,3842,3844],{},[21,3843,3642],{}," when you need all key-value pairs",[14,3846,3847],{},"A simple rule:",[29,3849,3850,3858],{},[32,3851,3852,3855,3856],{},[2498,3853,3854],{},"Required key"," → use ",[21,3857,2680],{},[32,3859,3860,3855,3863],{},[2498,3861,3862],{},"Optional key",[21,3864,2515],{},[55,3866,3868],{"id":3867},"common-mistakes","Common mistakes",[14,3870,3871],{},"These are common reasons dictionary access fails:",[29,3873,3874,3877,3880,3883,3886],{},[32,3875,3876],{},"Using a key that is not in the dictionary",[32,3878,3879],{},"Using the wrong spelling or capitalization for a key",[32,3881,3882],{},"Assuming nested keys always exist",[32,3884,3885],{},"Confusing dictionary keys with list indexes",[32,3887,3888],{},"Trying to access values before the dictionary is fully built",[14,3890,3891],{},"These quick checks can help when debugging:",[60,3893,3895],{"className":62,"code":3894,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(my_dict)\nprint(my_dict.keys())\nprint(\"name\" in my_dict)\nprint(my_dict.get(\"name\"))\nprint(type(my_dict))\n",[21,3896,3897,3908,3924,3943,3965],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,3898,3899,3901,3903,3906],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,3900,2161],{"class":217},[69,3902,221],{"class":100},[69,3904,3905],{"class":292},"my_dict",[69,3907,301],{"class":100},[69,3909,3910,3912,3914,3916,3918,3921],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,3911,2161],{"class":217},[69,3913,221],{"class":100},[69,3915,3905],{"class":292},[69,3917,289],{"class":100},[69,3919,3920],{"class":292},"keys",[69,3922,3923],{"class":100},"())\n",[69,3925,3926,3928,3930,3932,3934,3936,3938,3941],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,3927,2161],{"class":217},[69,3929,221],{"class":100},[69,3931,111],{"class":110},[69,3933,115],{"class":114},[69,3935,111],{"class":110},[69,3937,3210],{"class":75},[69,3939,3940],{"class":292}," my_dict",[69,3942,301],{"class":100},[69,3944,3945,3947,3949,3951,3953,3955,3957,3959,3961,3963],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,3946,2161],{"class":217},[69,3948,221],{"class":100},[69,3950,3905],{"class":292},[69,3952,289],{"class":100},[69,3954,2610],{"class":292},[69,3956,221],{"class":100},[69,3958,111],{"class":110},[69,3960,115],{"class":114},[69,3962,111],{"class":110},[69,3964,2183],{"class":100},[69,3966,3967,3969,3971,3973,3975,3977],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,3968,2161],{"class":217},[69,3970,221],{"class":100},[69,3972,2176],{"class":1859},[69,3974,221],{"class":100},[69,3976,3905],{"class":292},[69,3978,2183],{"class":100},[14,3980,3981],{},"What these do:",[29,3983,3984,3990,3996,4005,4011],{},[32,3985,3986,3989],{},[21,3987,3988],{},"print(my_dict)"," shows the full dictionary",[32,3991,3992,3995],{},[21,3993,3994],{},"print(my_dict.keys())"," shows all available keys",[32,3997,3998,4001,4002,4004],{},[21,3999,4000],{},"print(\"name\" in my_dict)"," checks whether ",[21,4003,1115],{}," exists",[32,4006,4007,4010],{},[21,4008,4009],{},"print(my_dict.get(\"name\"))"," safely tries to get the value",[32,4012,4013,4016],{},[21,4014,4015],{},"print(type(my_dict))"," confirms that the object is really a dictionary",[14,4018,4019,4020,289],{},"If you are new to dictionaries, see ",[579,4021,4023],{"href":4022},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-dictionaries-explained","Python dictionaries explained",[55,4025,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,4027,4029],{"id":4028},"what-is-the-safest-way-to-access-a-dictionary-value","What is the safest way to access a dictionary value?",[14,4031,322,4032,4034,4035,289],{},[21,4033,2515],{}," if the key may be missing. It avoids a ",[21,4036,2816],{},[1647,4038,4040],{"id":4039},"what-happens-if-i-use-square-brackets-with-a-missing-key","What happens if I use square brackets with a missing key?",[14,4042,4043,4044,289],{},"Python raises a ",[21,4045,2816],{},[1647,4047,4049],{"id":4048},"how-do-i-return-a-default-value-if-a-key-is-missing","How do I return a default value if a key is missing?",[14,4051,322,4052,289],{},[21,4053,4054],{},"my_dict.get(\"key\", default_value)",[1647,4056,4058],{"id":4057},"how-do-i-get-all-values-from-a-dictionary","How do I get all values from a dictionary?",[14,4060,322,4061,4064,4065,289],{},[21,4062,4063],{},"my_dict.values()"," to view all values. You can also read ",[579,4066,4068],{"href":4067},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-get-all-values-from-a-dictionary-in-python\u002F","how to get all values from a dictionary in Python",[1647,4070,4072],{"id":4071},"how-do-i-access-a-nested-dictionary-value","How do I access a nested dictionary value?",[14,4074,4075,4076,4079,4080,4082],{},"Use multiple keys, such as ",[21,4077,4078],{},"data[\"user\"][\"name\"]",", or safer chained ",[21,4081,2515],{}," calls.",[55,4084,2414],{"id":2413},[29,4086,4087,4093,4099,4104,4110,4115,4122],{},[32,4088,4089],{},[579,4090,3138,4091,3141],{"href":3137},[21,4092,2515],{},[32,4094,4095],{},[579,4096,3138,4097,3141],{"href":3812},[21,4098,3815],{},[32,4100,4101],{},[579,4102,4103],{"href":3344},"How to check if a key exists in a dictionary in Python",[32,4105,4106],{},[579,4107,4109],{"href":4108},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-get-all-keys-from-a-dictionary-in-python\u002F","How to get all keys from a dictionary in Python",[32,4111,4112],{},[579,4113,4114],{"href":4067},"How to get all values from a dictionary in Python",[32,4116,4117],{},[579,4118,4119,4120,2895],{"href":2891},"How to fix ",[21,4121,2816],{},[32,4123,4124],{},[579,4125,4023],{"href":4022},[2450,4127,4128],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .srjyR, html code.shiki .srjyR{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:inherit;--shiki-default:#B31D28;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#FDAEB7;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":4130},[4131,4132,4133,4134,4135,4136,4137,4138,4139,4140,4147],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":2688,"depth":83,"text":2689},{"id":2898,"depth":83,"text":2899},{"id":3144,"depth":83,"text":3145},{"id":3348,"depth":83,"text":3349},{"id":3633,"depth":83,"text":3634},{"id":3818,"depth":83,"text":3819},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":4141},[4142,4143,4144,4145,4146],{"id":4028,"depth":90,"text":4029},{"id":4039,"depth":90,"text":4040},{"id":4048,"depth":90,"text":4049},{"id":4057,"depth":90,"text":4058},{"id":4071,"depth":90,"text":4072},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to access values in a dictionary in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-access-values-in-a-dictionary-in-python",{"title":2488,"description":4148},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-access-values-in-a-dictionary-in-python","r805gkCx2b9OXFV0-hqbOXHBIbCPgnExwLIGzFUzICM",{"id":4155,"title":4156,"body":4157,"description":5879,"extension":2479,"meta":5880,"navigation":86,"path":5881,"seo":5882,"stem":5883,"__hash__":5884},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-add-a-key-to-a-dictionary-in-python.md","How to Add a Key to a Dictionary in Python",{"type":7,"value":4158,"toc":5854},[4159,4162,4165,4167,4184,4186,4254,4257,4259,4271,4277,4281,4284,4304,4307,4310,4312,4387,4390,4404,4407,4494,4500,4507,4513,4518,4520,4609,4615,4618,4629,4632,4730,4736,4744,4748,4751,4754,4756,4840,4843,4854,4857,4861,4864,4867,4902,4904,4996,4999,5002,5103,5109,5114,5118,5121,5128,5133,5136,5170,5173,5238,5242,5248,5310,5313,5320,5325,5404,5408,5411,5486,5494,5497,5575,5581,5584,5645,5648,5662,5674,5676,5680,5683,5707,5711,5714,5718,5723,5765,5769,5772,5776,5779,5811,5813,5851],[10,4160,4156],{"id":4161},"how-to-add-a-key-to-a-dictionary-in-python",[14,4163,4164],{},"If you want to add a new key to a Python dictionary, the simplest way is to assign a value with square brackets.",[14,4166,27],{},[29,4168,4169,4172,4175,4181],{},[32,4170,4171],{},"Add one new key-value pair to a dictionary",[32,4173,4174],{},"Update a key if it already exists",[32,4176,4177,4178],{},"Choose between bracket assignment and ",[21,4179,4180],{},"update()",[32,4182,4183],{},"Understand what happens when the key is already present",[55,4185,58],{"id":57},[60,4187,4189],{"className":62,"code":4188,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\"}\nperson[\"age\"] = 25\n\nprint(person)\n# {'name': 'Ana', 'age': 25}\n",[21,4190,4191,4215,4235,4239,4249],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,4192,4193,4195,4197,4199,4201,4203,4205,4207,4209,4211,4213],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,4194,2536],{"class":79},[69,4196,97],{"class":96},[69,4198,1914],{"class":100},[69,4200,111],{"class":110},[69,4202,115],{"class":114},[69,4204,111],{"class":110},[69,4206,1174],{"class":100},[69,4208,123],{"class":110},[69,4210,2553],{"class":114},[69,4212,111],{"class":110},[69,4214,1260],{"class":100},[69,4216,4217,4219,4221,4223,4225,4227,4230,4233],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,4218,2582],{"class":79},[69,4220,1345],{"class":100},[69,4222,111],{"class":110},[69,4224,126],{"class":114},[69,4226,111],{"class":110},[69,4228,4229],{"class":100},"]",[69,4231,4232],{"class":96}," =",[69,4234,3414],{"class":157},[69,4236,4237],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,4238,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,4240,4241,4243,4245,4247],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,4242,2161],{"class":217},[69,4244,221],{"class":100},[69,4246,2582],{"class":292},[69,4248,301],{"class":100},[69,4250,4251],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,4252,4253],{"class":2596},"# {'name': 'Ana', 'age': 25}\n",[14,4255,4256],{},"Use square brackets with a new key name. If the key already exists, the value is replaced.",[55,4258,2666],{"id":2665},[29,4260,4261,4263,4265,4269],{},[32,4262,4171],{},[32,4264,4174],{},[32,4266,4177,4267],{},[21,4268,4180],{},[32,4270,4183],{},[14,4272,4019,4273,4276],{},[579,4274,4023],{"href":4275},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-dictionaries-explained\u002F"," first.",[55,4278,4280],{"id":4279},"add-a-key-with-square-brackets","Add a key with square brackets",[14,4282,4283],{},"The most direct way to add a key is:",[60,4285,4287],{"className":62,"code":4286,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_dict[key] = value\n",[21,4288,4289],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,4290,4291,4293,4295,4297,4299,4301],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,4292,3905],{"class":79},[69,4294,1345],{"class":100},[69,4296,3739],{"class":79},[69,4298,4229],{"class":100},[69,4300,4232],{"class":96},[69,4302,4303],{"class":79}," value\n",[14,4305,4306],{},"If the key does not exist, Python creates it.",[14,4308,4309],{},"If the key already exists, Python updates its value.",[14,4311,370],{},[60,4313,4315],{"className":62,"code":4314,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"student = {\"name\": \"Liam\"}\nstudent[\"grade\"] = \"A\"\n\nprint(student)\n# {'name': 'Liam', 'grade': 'A'}\n",[21,4316,4317,4343,4368,4372,4382],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,4318,4319,4322,4324,4326,4328,4330,4332,4334,4336,4339,4341],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,4320,4321],{"class":79},"student ",[69,4323,97],{"class":96},[69,4325,1914],{"class":100},[69,4327,111],{"class":110},[69,4329,115],{"class":114},[69,4331,111],{"class":110},[69,4333,1174],{"class":100},[69,4335,123],{"class":110},[69,4337,4338],{"class":114},"Liam",[69,4340,111],{"class":110},[69,4342,1260],{"class":100},[69,4344,4345,4348,4350,4352,4355,4357,4359,4361,4363,4366],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,4346,4347],{"class":79},"student",[69,4349,1345],{"class":100},[69,4351,111],{"class":110},[69,4353,4354],{"class":114},"grade",[69,4356,111],{"class":110},[69,4358,4229],{"class":100},[69,4360,4232],{"class":96},[69,4362,123],{"class":110},[69,4364,4365],{"class":114},"A",[69,4367,1825],{"class":110},[69,4369,4370],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,4371,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,4373,4374,4376,4378,4380],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,4375,2161],{"class":217},[69,4377,221],{"class":100},[69,4379,4347],{"class":292},[69,4381,301],{"class":100},[69,4383,4384],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,4385,4386],{"class":2596},"# {'name': 'Liam', 'grade': 'A'}\n",[14,4388,4389],{},"In this example:",[29,4391,4392,4398],{},[32,4393,4394,4397],{},[21,4395,4396],{},"\"grade\""," is the new key",[32,4399,4400,4403],{},[21,4401,4402],{},"\"A\""," is the value stored for that key",[14,4405,4406],{},"You can also update an existing key the same way:",[60,4408,4410],{"className":62,"code":4409,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"student = {\"name\": \"Liam\", \"grade\": \"A\"}\nstudent[\"grade\"] = \"B\"\n\nprint(student)\n# {'name': 'Liam', 'grade': 'B'}\n",[21,4411,4412,4452,4475,4479,4489],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,4413,4414,4416,4418,4420,4422,4424,4426,4428,4430,4432,4434,4436,4438,4440,4442,4444,4446,4448,4450],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,4415,4321],{"class":79},[69,4417,97],{"class":96},[69,4419,1914],{"class":100},[69,4421,111],{"class":110},[69,4423,115],{"class":114},[69,4425,111],{"class":110},[69,4427,1174],{"class":100},[69,4429,123],{"class":110},[69,4431,4338],{"class":114},[69,4433,111],{"class":110},[69,4435,120],{"class":100},[69,4437,123],{"class":110},[69,4439,4354],{"class":114},[69,4441,111],{"class":110},[69,4443,1174],{"class":100},[69,4445,123],{"class":110},[69,4447,4365],{"class":114},[69,4449,111],{"class":110},[69,4451,1260],{"class":100},[69,4453,4454,4456,4458,4460,4462,4464,4466,4468,4470,4473],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,4455,4347],{"class":79},[69,4457,1345],{"class":100},[69,4459,111],{"class":110},[69,4461,4354],{"class":114},[69,4463,111],{"class":110},[69,4465,4229],{"class":100},[69,4467,4232],{"class":96},[69,4469,123],{"class":110},[69,4471,4472],{"class":114},"B",[69,4474,1825],{"class":110},[69,4476,4477],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,4478,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,4480,4481,4483,4485,4487],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,4482,2161],{"class":217},[69,4484,221],{"class":100},[69,4486,4347],{"class":292},[69,4488,301],{"class":100},[69,4490,4491],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,4492,4493],{"class":2596},"# {'name': 'Liam', 'grade': 'B'}\n",[14,4495,4496,4497,4499],{},"This does not create a second ",[21,4498,4396],{}," key. It replaces the old value.",[14,4501,4502,4503,289],{},"If you need a refresher on creating dictionaries, see ",[579,4504,4506],{"href":4505},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-dictionary-creating-a-dictionary\u002F","creating a dictionary in Python",[55,4508,4510,4511],{"id":4509},"add-multiple-keys-with-update","Add multiple keys with ",[21,4512,4180],{},[14,4514,322,4515,4517],{},[21,4516,4180],{}," when you want to add several items at once.",[14,4519,370],{},[60,4521,4523],{"className":62,"code":4522,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\"}\nperson.update({\"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Madrid\"})\n\nprint(person)\n# {'name': 'Ana', 'age': 25, 'city': 'Madrid'}\n",[21,4524,4525,4549,4590,4594,4604],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,4526,4527,4529,4531,4533,4535,4537,4539,4541,4543,4545,4547],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,4528,2536],{"class":79},[69,4530,97],{"class":96},[69,4532,1914],{"class":100},[69,4534,111],{"class":110},[69,4536,115],{"class":114},[69,4538,111],{"class":110},[69,4540,1174],{"class":100},[69,4542,123],{"class":110},[69,4544,2553],{"class":114},[69,4546,111],{"class":110},[69,4548,1260],{"class":100},[69,4550,4551,4553,4555,4558,4561,4563,4565,4567,4569,4571,4573,4575,4577,4579,4581,4583,4585,4587],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,4552,2582],{"class":79},[69,4554,289],{"class":100},[69,4556,4557],{"class":292},"update",[69,4559,4560],{"class":100},"({",[69,4562,111],{"class":110},[69,4564,126],{"class":114},[69,4566,111],{"class":110},[69,4568,1174],{"class":100},[69,4570,186],{"class":157},[69,4572,120],{"class":100},[69,4574,123],{"class":110},[69,4576,135],{"class":114},[69,4578,111],{"class":110},[69,4580,1174],{"class":100},[69,4582,123],{"class":110},[69,4584,3697],{"class":114},[69,4586,111],{"class":110},[69,4588,4589],{"class":100},"})\n",[69,4591,4592],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,4593,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,4595,4596,4598,4600,4602],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,4597,2161],{"class":217},[69,4599,221],{"class":100},[69,4601,2582],{"class":292},[69,4603,301],{"class":100},[69,4605,4606],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,4607,4608],{"class":2596},"# {'name': 'Ana', 'age': 25, 'city': 'Madrid'}\n",[14,4610,4611,4612,4614],{},"Here, ",[21,4613,4180],{}," takes another dictionary and adds its key-value pairs.",[14,4616,4617],{},"It is useful when:",[29,4619,4620,4623,4626],{},[32,4621,4622],{},"You want to add several keys in one step",[32,4624,4625],{},"You already have another dictionary",[32,4627,4628],{},"You want a short way to merge small sets of values",[14,4630,4631],{},"Example with an existing key:",[60,4633,4635],{"className":62,"code":4634,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 20}\nperson.update({\"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Madrid\"})\n\nprint(person)\n# {'name': 'Ana', 'age': 25, 'city': 'Madrid'}\n",[21,4636,4637,4674,4712,4716,4726],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,4638,4639,4641,4643,4645,4647,4649,4651,4653,4655,4657,4659,4661,4663,4665,4667,4669,4672],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,4640,2536],{"class":79},[69,4642,97],{"class":96},[69,4644,1914],{"class":100},[69,4646,111],{"class":110},[69,4648,115],{"class":114},[69,4650,111],{"class":110},[69,4652,1174],{"class":100},[69,4654,123],{"class":110},[69,4656,2553],{"class":114},[69,4658,111],{"class":110},[69,4660,120],{"class":100},[69,4662,123],{"class":110},[69,4664,126],{"class":114},[69,4666,111],{"class":110},[69,4668,1174],{"class":100},[69,4670,4671],{"class":157}," 20",[69,4673,1260],{"class":100},[69,4675,4676,4678,4680,4682,4684,4686,4688,4690,4692,4694,4696,4698,4700,4702,4704,4706,4708,4710],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,4677,2582],{"class":79},[69,4679,289],{"class":100},[69,4681,4557],{"class":292},[69,4683,4560],{"class":100},[69,4685,111],{"class":110},[69,4687,126],{"class":114},[69,4689,111],{"class":110},[69,4691,1174],{"class":100},[69,4693,186],{"class":157},[69,4695,120],{"class":100},[69,4697,123],{"class":110},[69,4699,135],{"class":114},[69,4701,111],{"class":110},[69,4703,1174],{"class":100},[69,4705,123],{"class":110},[69,4707,3697],{"class":114},[69,4709,111],{"class":110},[69,4711,4589],{"class":100},[69,4713,4714],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,4715,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,4717,4718,4720,4722,4724],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,4719,2161],{"class":217},[69,4721,221],{"class":100},[69,4723,2582],{"class":292},[69,4725,301],{"class":100},[69,4727,4728],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,4729,4608],{"class":2596},[14,4731,4732,4733,4735],{},"Notice that ",[21,4734,1118],{}," was overwritten.",[14,4737,4738,4739,289],{},"If you want more detail, see the ",[579,4740,3138,4742,3141],{"href":4741},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-dictionary-update-method\u002F",[21,4743,4180],{},[55,4745,4747],{"id":4746},"what-happens-if-the-key-already-exists","What happens if the key already exists",[14,4749,4750],{},"A Python dictionary cannot store duplicate keys.",[14,4752,4753],{},"If you assign the same key again, Python replaces the old value.",[14,4755,370],{},[60,4757,4759],{"className":62,"code":4758,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"product = {\"name\": \"Book\", \"price\": 10}\nproduct[\"price\"] = 12\n\nprint(product)\n# {'name': 'Book', 'price': 12}\n",[21,4760,4761,4801,4821,4825,4835],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,4762,4763,4766,4768,4770,4772,4774,4776,4778,4780,4783,4785,4787,4789,4792,4794,4796,4799],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,4764,4765],{"class":79},"product ",[69,4767,97],{"class":96},[69,4769,1914],{"class":100},[69,4771,111],{"class":110},[69,4773,115],{"class":114},[69,4775,111],{"class":110},[69,4777,1174],{"class":100},[69,4779,123],{"class":110},[69,4781,4782],{"class":114},"Book",[69,4784,111],{"class":110},[69,4786,120],{"class":100},[69,4788,123],{"class":110},[69,4790,4791],{"class":114},"price",[69,4793,111],{"class":110},[69,4795,1174],{"class":100},[69,4797,4798],{"class":157}," 10",[69,4800,1260],{"class":100},[69,4802,4803,4806,4808,4810,4812,4814,4816,4818],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,4804,4805],{"class":79},"product",[69,4807,1345],{"class":100},[69,4809,111],{"class":110},[69,4811,4791],{"class":114},[69,4813,111],{"class":110},[69,4815,4229],{"class":100},[69,4817,4232],{"class":96},[69,4819,4820],{"class":157}," 12\n",[69,4822,4823],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,4824,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,4826,4827,4829,4831,4833],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,4828,2161],{"class":217},[69,4830,221],{"class":100},[69,4832,4805],{"class":292},[69,4834,301],{"class":100},[69,4836,4837],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,4838,4839],{"class":2596},"# {'name': 'Book', 'price': 12}\n",[14,4841,4842],{},"Important points:",[29,4844,4845,4848,4851],{},[32,4846,4847],{},"Dictionaries keep one value per key",[32,4849,4850],{},"Reusing a key updates the value",[32,4852,4853],{},"Python does not warn you when a value is overwritten",[14,4855,4856],{},"This is a common source of bugs for beginners, especially when the key name is typed incorrectly or reused by mistake.",[55,4858,4860],{"id":4859},"add-a-key-only-if-it-is-missing","Add a key only if it is missing",[14,4862,4863],{},"Sometimes you want to add a key only if it does not already exist.",[14,4865,4866],{},"A simple beginner-friendly pattern is:",[60,4868,4870],{"className":62,"code":4869,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"if key not in my_dict:\n    my_dict[key] = value\n",[21,4871,4872,4887],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,4873,4874,4876,4879,4881,4883,4885],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,4875,3201],{"class":75},[69,4877,4878],{"class":79}," key ",[69,4880,3315],{"class":96},[69,4882,3210],{"class":96},[69,4884,3940],{"class":79},[69,4886,275],{"class":100},[69,4888,4889,4892,4894,4896,4898,4900],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,4890,4891],{"class":79},"    my_dict",[69,4893,1345],{"class":100},[69,4895,3739],{"class":79},[69,4897,4229],{"class":100},[69,4899,4232],{"class":96},[69,4901,4303],{"class":79},[14,4903,370],{},[60,4905,4907],{"className":62,"code":4906,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user = {\"name\": \"Mina\"}\n\nif \"age\" not in user:\n    user[\"age\"] = 30\n\nprint(user)\n# {'name': 'Mina', 'age': 30}\n",[21,4908,4909,4934,4938,4958,4977,4981,4991],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,4910,4911,4913,4915,4917,4919,4921,4923,4925,4927,4930,4932],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,4912,3534],{"class":79},[69,4914,97],{"class":96},[69,4916,1914],{"class":100},[69,4918,111],{"class":110},[69,4920,115],{"class":114},[69,4922,111],{"class":110},[69,4924,1174],{"class":100},[69,4926,123],{"class":110},[69,4928,4929],{"class":114},"Mina",[69,4931,111],{"class":110},[69,4933,1260],{"class":100},[69,4935,4936],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,4937,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,4939,4940,4942,4944,4946,4948,4951,4953,4956],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,4941,3201],{"class":75},[69,4943,123],{"class":110},[69,4945,126],{"class":114},[69,4947,111],{"class":110},[69,4949,4950],{"class":96}," not",[69,4952,3210],{"class":96},[69,4954,4955],{"class":79}," user",[69,4957,275],{"class":100},[69,4959,4960,4963,4965,4967,4969,4971,4973,4975],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,4961,4962],{"class":79},"    user",[69,4964,1345],{"class":100},[69,4966,111],{"class":110},[69,4968,126],{"class":114},[69,4970,111],{"class":110},[69,4972,4229],{"class":100},[69,4974,4232],{"class":96},[69,4976,1835],{"class":157},[69,4978,4979],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,4980,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,4982,4983,4985,4987,4989],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,4984,2161],{"class":217},[69,4986,221],{"class":100},[69,4988,3375],{"class":292},[69,4990,301],{"class":100},[69,4992,4993],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,4994,4995],{"class":2596},"# {'name': 'Mina', 'age': 30}\n",[14,4997,4998],{},"This helps you avoid overwriting existing data.",[14,5000,5001],{},"Another example:",[60,5003,5005],{"className":62,"code":5004,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user = {\"name\": \"Mina\", \"age\": 22}\n\nif \"age\" not in user:\n    user[\"age\"] = 30\n\nprint(user)\n# {'name': 'Mina', 'age': 22}\n",[21,5006,5007,5044,5048,5066,5084,5088,5098],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,5008,5009,5011,5013,5015,5017,5019,5021,5023,5025,5027,5029,5031,5033,5035,5037,5039,5042],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,5010,3534],{"class":79},[69,5012,97],{"class":96},[69,5014,1914],{"class":100},[69,5016,111],{"class":110},[69,5018,115],{"class":114},[69,5020,111],{"class":110},[69,5022,1174],{"class":100},[69,5024,123],{"class":110},[69,5026,4929],{"class":114},[69,5028,111],{"class":110},[69,5030,120],{"class":100},[69,5032,123],{"class":110},[69,5034,126],{"class":114},[69,5036,111],{"class":110},[69,5038,1174],{"class":100},[69,5040,5041],{"class":157}," 22",[69,5043,1260],{"class":100},[69,5045,5046],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,5047,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,5049,5050,5052,5054,5056,5058,5060,5062,5064],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,5051,3201],{"class":75},[69,5053,123],{"class":110},[69,5055,126],{"class":114},[69,5057,111],{"class":110},[69,5059,4950],{"class":96},[69,5061,3210],{"class":96},[69,5063,4955],{"class":79},[69,5065,275],{"class":100},[69,5067,5068,5070,5072,5074,5076,5078,5080,5082],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,5069,4962],{"class":79},[69,5071,1345],{"class":100},[69,5073,111],{"class":110},[69,5075,126],{"class":114},[69,5077,111],{"class":110},[69,5079,4229],{"class":100},[69,5081,4232],{"class":96},[69,5083,1835],{"class":157},[69,5085,5086],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,5087,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,5089,5090,5092,5094,5096],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,5091,2161],{"class":217},[69,5093,221],{"class":100},[69,5095,3375],{"class":292},[69,5097,301],{"class":100},[69,5099,5100],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,5101,5102],{"class":2596},"# {'name': 'Mina', 'age': 22}\n",[14,5104,5105,5106,5108],{},"Because ",[21,5107,1118],{}," is already present, the value stays the same.",[14,5110,5111,5112,289],{},"If you want to learn this check in more detail, read ",[579,5113,3345],{"href":3344},[55,5115,5117],{"id":5116},"common-beginner-mistakes","Common beginner mistakes",[14,5119,5120],{},"Here are some common problems when adding keys to dictionaries.",[1647,5122,1628,5124,5127],{"id":5123},"using-append-on-a-dictionary",[21,5125,5126],{},"append()"," on a dictionary",[14,5129,5130,5132],{},[21,5131,5126],{}," is a list method, not a dictionary method.",[14,5134,5135],{},"This is wrong:",[60,5137,5139],{"className":62,"code":5138,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"data = {\"name\": \"Ana\"}\n# data.append(\"age\", 25)\n",[21,5140,5141,5165],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,5142,5143,5145,5147,5149,5151,5153,5155,5157,5159,5161,5163],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,5144,3362],{"class":79},[69,5146,97],{"class":96},[69,5148,1914],{"class":100},[69,5150,111],{"class":110},[69,5152,115],{"class":114},[69,5154,111],{"class":110},[69,5156,1174],{"class":100},[69,5158,123],{"class":110},[69,5160,2553],{"class":114},[69,5162,111],{"class":110},[69,5164,1260],{"class":100},[69,5166,5167],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,5168,5169],{"class":2596},"# data.append(\"age\", 25)\n",[14,5171,5172],{},"Use bracket assignment instead:",[60,5174,5176],{"className":62,"code":5175,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"data = {\"name\": \"Ana\"}\ndata[\"age\"] = 25\n\nprint(data)\n# {'name': 'Ana', 'age': 25}\n",[21,5177,5178,5202,5220,5224,5234],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,5179,5180,5182,5184,5186,5188,5190,5192,5194,5196,5198,5200],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,5181,3362],{"class":79},[69,5183,97],{"class":96},[69,5185,1914],{"class":100},[69,5187,111],{"class":110},[69,5189,115],{"class":114},[69,5191,111],{"class":110},[69,5193,1174],{"class":100},[69,5195,123],{"class":110},[69,5197,2553],{"class":114},[69,5199,111],{"class":110},[69,5201,1260],{"class":100},[69,5203,5204,5206,5208,5210,5212,5214,5216,5218],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,5205,3436],{"class":79},[69,5207,1345],{"class":100},[69,5209,111],{"class":110},[69,5211,126],{"class":114},[69,5213,111],{"class":110},[69,5215,4229],{"class":100},[69,5217,4232],{"class":96},[69,5219,3414],{"class":157},[69,5221,5222],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,5223,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,5225,5226,5228,5230,5232],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,5227,2161],{"class":217},[69,5229,221],{"class":100},[69,5231,3436],{"class":292},[69,5233,301],{"class":100},[69,5235,5236],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,5237,4253],{"class":2596},[1647,5239,5241],{"id":5240},"forgetting-that-keys-must-be-unique","Forgetting that keys must be unique",[14,5243,5244,5245,5247],{},"This code does not create two ",[21,5246,1118],{}," keys:",[60,5249,5251],{"className":62,"code":5250,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"age\": 20}\nperson[\"age\"] = 25\n\nprint(person)\n# {'age': 25}\n",[21,5252,5253,5273,5291,5295,5305],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,5254,5255,5257,5259,5261,5263,5265,5267,5269,5271],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,5256,2536],{"class":79},[69,5258,97],{"class":96},[69,5260,1914],{"class":100},[69,5262,111],{"class":110},[69,5264,126],{"class":114},[69,5266,111],{"class":110},[69,5268,1174],{"class":100},[69,5270,4671],{"class":157},[69,5272,1260],{"class":100},[69,5274,5275,5277,5279,5281,5283,5285,5287,5289],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,5276,2582],{"class":79},[69,5278,1345],{"class":100},[69,5280,111],{"class":110},[69,5282,126],{"class":114},[69,5284,111],{"class":110},[69,5286,4229],{"class":100},[69,5288,4232],{"class":96},[69,5290,3414],{"class":157},[69,5292,5293],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,5294,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,5296,5297,5299,5301,5303],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,5298,2161],{"class":217},[69,5300,221],{"class":100},[69,5302,2582],{"class":292},[69,5304,301],{"class":100},[69,5306,5307],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,5308,5309],{"class":2596},"# {'age': 25}\n",[14,5311,5312],{},"The old value is replaced.",[1647,5314,5316,5317,5319],{"id":5315},"expecting-update-to-keep-old-values-for-the-same-key","Expecting ",[21,5318,4180],{}," to keep old values for the same key",[14,5321,5322,5324],{},[21,5323,4180],{}," also overwrites matching keys:",[60,5326,5328],{"className":62,"code":5327,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"settings = {\"theme\": \"light\"}\nsettings.update({\"theme\": \"dark\"})\n\nprint(settings)\n# {'theme': 'dark'}\n",[21,5329,5330,5357,5385,5389,5399],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,5331,5332,5335,5337,5339,5341,5344,5346,5348,5350,5353,5355],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,5333,5334],{"class":79},"settings ",[69,5336,97],{"class":96},[69,5338,1914],{"class":100},[69,5340,111],{"class":110},[69,5342,5343],{"class":114},"theme",[69,5345,111],{"class":110},[69,5347,1174],{"class":100},[69,5349,123],{"class":110},[69,5351,5352],{"class":114},"light",[69,5354,111],{"class":110},[69,5356,1260],{"class":100},[69,5358,5359,5362,5364,5366,5368,5370,5372,5374,5376,5378,5381,5383],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,5360,5361],{"class":79},"settings",[69,5363,289],{"class":100},[69,5365,4557],{"class":292},[69,5367,4560],{"class":100},[69,5369,111],{"class":110},[69,5371,5343],{"class":114},[69,5373,111],{"class":110},[69,5375,1174],{"class":100},[69,5377,123],{"class":110},[69,5379,5380],{"class":114},"dark",[69,5382,111],{"class":110},[69,5384,4589],{"class":100},[69,5386,5387],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,5388,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,5390,5391,5393,5395,5397],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,5392,2161],{"class":217},[69,5394,221],{"class":100},[69,5396,5361],{"class":292},[69,5398,301],{"class":100},[69,5400,5401],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,5402,5403],{"class":2596},"# {'theme': 'dark'}\n",[1647,5405,5407],{"id":5406},"using-a-variable-name-as-a-string-by-mistake","Using a variable name as a string by mistake",[14,5409,5410],{},"This mistake is easy to make:",[60,5412,5414],{"className":62,"code":5413,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"key_name = \"age\"\nperson = {\"name\": \"Ana\"}\n\nperson[key_name] = 25\nprint(person)\n# {'name': 'Ana', 'age': 25}\n",[21,5415,5416,5429,5453,5457,5472,5482],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,5417,5418,5421,5423,5425,5427],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,5419,5420],{"class":79},"key_name ",[69,5422,97],{"class":96},[69,5424,123],{"class":110},[69,5426,126],{"class":114},[69,5428,1825],{"class":110},[69,5430,5431,5433,5435,5437,5439,5441,5443,5445,5447,5449,5451],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,5432,2536],{"class":79},[69,5434,97],{"class":96},[69,5436,1914],{"class":100},[69,5438,111],{"class":110},[69,5440,115],{"class":114},[69,5442,111],{"class":110},[69,5444,1174],{"class":100},[69,5446,123],{"class":110},[69,5448,2553],{"class":114},[69,5450,111],{"class":110},[69,5452,1260],{"class":100},[69,5454,5455],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,5456,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,5458,5459,5461,5463,5466,5468,5470],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,5460,2582],{"class":79},[69,5462,1345],{"class":100},[69,5464,5465],{"class":79},"key_name",[69,5467,4229],{"class":100},[69,5469,4232],{"class":96},[69,5471,3414],{"class":157},[69,5473,5474,5476,5478,5480],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,5475,2161],{"class":217},[69,5477,221],{"class":100},[69,5479,2582],{"class":292},[69,5481,301],{"class":100},[69,5483,5484],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,5485,4253],{"class":2596},[14,5487,5488,5489,5491,5492,289],{},"That uses the value inside ",[21,5490,5465],{},", which is ",[21,5493,1118],{},[14,5495,5496],{},"But this is different:",[60,5498,5500],{"className":62,"code":5499,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"key_name = \"age\"\nperson = {\"name\": \"Ana\"}\n\nperson[\"key_name\"] = 25\nprint(person)\n# {'name': 'Ana', 'key_name': 25}\n",[21,5501,5502,5514,5538,5542,5560,5570],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,5503,5504,5506,5508,5510,5512],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,5505,5420],{"class":79},[69,5507,97],{"class":96},[69,5509,123],{"class":110},[69,5511,126],{"class":114},[69,5513,1825],{"class":110},[69,5515,5516,5518,5520,5522,5524,5526,5528,5530,5532,5534,5536],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,5517,2536],{"class":79},[69,5519,97],{"class":96},[69,5521,1914],{"class":100},[69,5523,111],{"class":110},[69,5525,115],{"class":114},[69,5527,111],{"class":110},[69,5529,1174],{"class":100},[69,5531,123],{"class":110},[69,5533,2553],{"class":114},[69,5535,111],{"class":110},[69,5537,1260],{"class":100},[69,5539,5540],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,5541,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,5543,5544,5546,5548,5550,5552,5554,5556,5558],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,5545,2582],{"class":79},[69,5547,1345],{"class":100},[69,5549,111],{"class":110},[69,5551,5465],{"class":114},[69,5553,111],{"class":110},[69,5555,4229],{"class":100},[69,5557,4232],{"class":96},[69,5559,3414],{"class":157},[69,5561,5562,5564,5566,5568],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,5563,2161],{"class":217},[69,5565,221],{"class":100},[69,5567,2582],{"class":292},[69,5569,301],{"class":100},[69,5571,5572],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,5573,5574],{"class":2596},"# {'name': 'Ana', 'key_name': 25}\n",[14,5576,5577,5578,289],{},"Now the actual key is the text ",[21,5579,5580],{},"\"key_name\"",[14,5582,5583],{},"If your dictionary is not changing the way you expect, these quick checks can help:",[60,5585,5587],{"className":62,"code":5586,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(my_dict)\nprint(my_dict.keys())\nprint(\"age\" in my_dict)\nprint(type(my_dict))\n",[21,5588,5589,5599,5613,5631],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,5590,5591,5593,5595,5597],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,5592,2161],{"class":217},[69,5594,221],{"class":100},[69,5596,3905],{"class":292},[69,5598,301],{"class":100},[69,5600,5601,5603,5605,5607,5609,5611],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,5602,2161],{"class":217},[69,5604,221],{"class":100},[69,5606,3905],{"class":292},[69,5608,289],{"class":100},[69,5610,3920],{"class":292},[69,5612,3923],{"class":100},[69,5614,5615,5617,5619,5621,5623,5625,5627,5629],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,5616,2161],{"class":217},[69,5618,221],{"class":100},[69,5620,111],{"class":110},[69,5622,126],{"class":114},[69,5624,111],{"class":110},[69,5626,3210],{"class":75},[69,5628,3940],{"class":292},[69,5630,301],{"class":100},[69,5632,5633,5635,5637,5639,5641,5643],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,5634,2161],{"class":217},[69,5636,221],{"class":100},[69,5638,2176],{"class":1859},[69,5640,221],{"class":100},[69,5642,3905],{"class":292},[69,5644,2183],{"class":100},[14,5646,5647],{},"These checks help you:",[29,5649,5650,5653,5656,5659],{},[32,5651,5652],{},"See the current dictionary contents",[32,5654,5655],{},"See all keys",[32,5657,5658],{},"Check whether a key exists",[32,5660,5661],{},"Confirm that the object is really a dictionary",[14,5663,5664,5665,50,5669,289],{},"If you run into missing-key problems while reading values, see ",[579,5666,5668],{"href":5667},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-access-values-in-a-dictionary-in-python\u002F","how to access values in a dictionary in Python",[579,5670,2892,5672,2895],{"href":5671},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fkeyerror-when-accessing-dictionary-values-fix\u002F",[21,5673,2816],{},[55,5675,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,5677,5679],{"id":5678},"how-do-i-add-a-new-key-to-a-dictionary-in-python","How do I add a new key to a dictionary in Python?",[14,5681,5682],{},"Use square bracket assignment:",[60,5684,5686],{"className":62,"code":5685,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_dict[\"new_key\"] = value\n",[21,5687,5688],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,5689,5690,5692,5694,5696,5699,5701,5703,5705],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,5691,3905],{"class":79},[69,5693,1345],{"class":100},[69,5695,111],{"class":110},[69,5697,5698],{"class":114},"new_key",[69,5700,111],{"class":110},[69,5702,4229],{"class":100},[69,5704,4232],{"class":96},[69,5706,4303],{"class":79},[1647,5708,5710],{"id":5709},"what-if-the-key-already-exists","What if the key already exists?",[14,5712,5713],{},"Python updates the value for that key instead of creating a second copy.",[1647,5715,5717],{"id":5716},"how-do-i-add-many-keys-at-once","How do I add many keys at once?",[14,5719,322,5720,5722],{},[21,5721,4180],{}," with another dictionary:",[60,5724,5726],{"className":62,"code":5725,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_dict.update({\"a\": 1, \"b\": 2})\n",[21,5727,5728],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,5729,5730,5732,5734,5736,5738,5740,5742,5744,5746,5749,5751,5753,5756,5758,5760,5763],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,5731,3905],{"class":79},[69,5733,289],{"class":100},[69,5735,4557],{"class":292},[69,5737,4560],{"class":100},[69,5739,111],{"class":110},[69,5741,579],{"class":114},[69,5743,111],{"class":110},[69,5745,1174],{"class":100},[69,5747,5748],{"class":157}," 1",[69,5750,120],{"class":100},[69,5752,123],{"class":110},[69,5754,5755],{"class":114},"b",[69,5757,111],{"class":110},[69,5759,1174],{"class":100},[69,5761,5762],{"class":157}," 2",[69,5764,4589],{"class":100},[1647,5766,5768],{"id":5767},"can-a-python-dictionary-have-duplicate-keys","Can a Python dictionary have duplicate keys?",[14,5770,5771],{},"No. Each key must be unique. Reusing a key replaces the old value.",[1647,5773,5775],{"id":5774},"how-do-i-add-a-key-only-if-it-does-not-exist","How do I add a key only if it does not exist?",[14,5777,5778],{},"Check first, then assign:",[60,5780,5781],{"className":62,"code":4869,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,5782,5783,5797],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,5784,5785,5787,5789,5791,5793,5795],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,5786,3201],{"class":75},[69,5788,4878],{"class":79},[69,5790,3315],{"class":96},[69,5792,3210],{"class":96},[69,5794,3940],{"class":79},[69,5796,275],{"class":100},[69,5798,5799,5801,5803,5805,5807,5809],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,5800,4891],{"class":79},[69,5802,1345],{"class":100},[69,5804,3739],{"class":79},[69,5806,4229],{"class":100},[69,5808,4232],{"class":96},[69,5810,4303],{"class":79},[55,5812,2414],{"id":2413},[29,5814,5815,5819,5824,5830,5835,5839,5845],{},[32,5816,5817],{},[579,5818,4023],{"href":4275},[32,5820,5821],{},[579,5822,5823],{"href":4505},"Creating a dictionary in Python",[32,5825,5826],{},[579,5827,3138,5828,3141],{"href":4741},[21,5829,4180],{},[32,5831,5832],{},[579,5833,5834],{"href":5667},"How to access values in a dictionary in Python",[32,5836,5837],{},[579,5838,4103],{"href":3344},[32,5840,5841],{},[579,5842,5844],{"href":5843},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-remove-a-key-from-a-dictionary-in-python\u002F","How to remove a key from a dictionary in Python",[32,5846,5847],{},[579,5848,4119,5849,2895],{"href":5671},[21,5850,2816],{},[2450,5852,5853],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":5855},[5856,5857,5858,5859,5861,5862,5863,5871,5878],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":4279,"depth":83,"text":4280},{"id":4509,"depth":83,"text":5860},"Add multiple keys with update()",{"id":4746,"depth":83,"text":4747},{"id":4859,"depth":83,"text":4860},{"id":5116,"depth":83,"text":5117,"children":5864},[5865,5867,5868,5870],{"id":5123,"depth":90,"text":5866},"Using append() on a dictionary",{"id":5240,"depth":90,"text":5241},{"id":5315,"depth":90,"text":5869},"Expecting update() to keep old values for the same key",{"id":5406,"depth":90,"text":5407},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":5872},[5873,5874,5875,5876,5877],{"id":5678,"depth":90,"text":5679},{"id":5709,"depth":90,"text":5710},{"id":5716,"depth":90,"text":5717},{"id":5767,"depth":90,"text":5768},{"id":5774,"depth":90,"text":5775},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to add a key to a dictionary in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-add-a-key-to-a-dictionary-in-python",{"title":4156,"description":5879},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-add-a-key-to-a-dictionary-in-python","AXUIxPKKmyuXEG1pIUaiCD0V32QOOk3mhdphgZ1s5hw",{"id":5886,"title":5887,"body":5888,"description":7451,"extension":2479,"meta":7452,"navigation":86,"path":7453,"seo":7454,"stem":7455,"__hash__":7456},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-add-an-item-to-a-list-in-python.md","How to Add an Item to a List in Python",{"type":7,"value":5889,"toc":7422},[5890,5893,5896,5899,5922,5924,5984,5989,5991,6007,6011,6016,6019,6090,6094,6107,6110,6118,6122,6127,6130,6199,6203,6209,6271,6274,6280,6342,6347,6360,6364,6370,6373,6456,6460,6479,6481,6556,6561,6569,6573,6576,6593,6596,6730,6737,6739,6742,6746,6749,6809,6812,6822,6825,6885,6889,6891,6956,6958,6972,6974,7031,7035,7037,7109,7115,7121,7125,7128,7185,7239,7242,7246,7249,7310,7313,7327,7329,7333,7339,7343,7349,7353,7361,7365,7370,7374,7382,7384,7419],[10,5891,5887],{"id":5892},"how-to-add-an-item-to-a-list-in-python",[14,5894,5895],{},"If you want to add values to a Python list, the method you use depends on what result you want.",[14,5897,5898],{},"This page shows the simplest ways to:",[29,5900,5901,5904,5907,5910],{},[32,5902,5903],{},"Add one item to the end of a list",[32,5905,5906],{},"Add multiple items to a list",[32,5908,5909],{},"Add an item at a specific position",[32,5911,46,5912,5914,5915,5918,5919],{},[21,5913,5126],{},", ",[21,5916,5917],{},"extend()",", or ",[21,5920,5921],{},"insert()",[55,5923,58],{"id":57},[60,5925,5927],{"className":62,"code":5926,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\nnumbers.append(4)\nprint(numbers)\n# [1, 2, 3, 4]\n",[21,5928,5929,5952,5969,5979],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,5930,5931,5934,5936,5938,5941,5943,5945,5947,5950],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,5932,5933],{"class":79},"numbers ",[69,5935,97],{"class":96},[69,5937,636],{"class":100},[69,5939,5940],{"class":157},"1",[69,5942,120],{"class":100},[69,5944,5762],{"class":157},[69,5946,120],{"class":100},[69,5948,5949],{"class":157}," 3",[69,5951,198],{"class":100},[69,5953,5954,5957,5959,5962,5964,5967],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,5955,5956],{"class":79},"numbers",[69,5958,289],{"class":100},[69,5960,5961],{"class":292},"append",[69,5963,221],{"class":100},[69,5965,5966],{"class":157},"4",[69,5968,301],{"class":100},[69,5970,5971,5973,5975,5977],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,5972,2161],{"class":217},[69,5974,221],{"class":100},[69,5976,5956],{"class":292},[69,5978,301],{"class":100},[69,5980,5981],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,5982,5983],{"class":2596},"# [1, 2, 3, 4]\n",[14,5985,322,5986,5988],{},[21,5987,5126],{}," to add one item to the end of a list.",[55,5990,2666],{"id":2665},[29,5992,5993,5995,5997,5999],{},[32,5994,5903],{},[32,5996,5906],{},[32,5998,5909],{},[32,6000,46,6001,5914,6003,5918,6005],{},[21,6002,5126],{},[21,6004,5917],{},[21,6006,5921],{},[55,6008,6010],{"id":6009},"use-append-to-add-one-item","Use append() to add one item",[14,6012,6013,6015],{},[21,6014,5126],{}," adds one item to the end of a list.",[14,6017,6018],{},"It changes the original list. It does not create a new list.",[60,6020,6022],{"className":62,"code":6021,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\"]\nfruits.append(\"orange\")\n\nprint(fruits)\n# ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']\n",[21,6023,6024,6051,6071,6075,6085],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,6025,6026,6029,6031,6033,6035,6038,6040,6042,6044,6047,6049],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,6027,6028],{"class":79},"fruits ",[69,6030,97],{"class":96},[69,6032,636],{"class":100},[69,6034,111],{"class":110},[69,6036,6037],{"class":114},"apple",[69,6039,111],{"class":110},[69,6041,120],{"class":100},[69,6043,123],{"class":110},[69,6045,6046],{"class":114},"banana",[69,6048,111],{"class":110},[69,6050,198],{"class":100},[69,6052,6053,6056,6058,6060,6062,6064,6067,6069],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,6054,6055],{"class":79},"fruits",[69,6057,289],{"class":100},[69,6059,5961],{"class":292},[69,6061,221],{"class":100},[69,6063,111],{"class":110},[69,6065,6066],{"class":114},"orange",[69,6068,111],{"class":110},[69,6070,301],{"class":100},[69,6072,6073],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,6074,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,6076,6077,6079,6081,6083],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,6078,2161],{"class":217},[69,6080,221],{"class":100},[69,6082,6055],{"class":292},[69,6084,301],{"class":100},[69,6086,6087],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,6088,6089],{"class":2596},"# ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']\n",[1647,6091,6093],{"id":6092},"what-to-notice","What to notice",[29,6095,6096,6101,6104],{},[32,6097,6098,6100],{},[21,6099,5126],{}," adds one value",[32,6102,6103],{},"The new item goes at the end",[32,6105,6106],{},"The original list is modified",[14,6108,6109],{},"This is the best choice when you want to add a single value.",[14,6111,3134,6112,289],{},[579,6113,6115,6116,3141],{"href":6114},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-list-append-method\u002F","Python list ",[21,6117,5126],{},[55,6119,6121],{"id":6120},"use-extend-to-add-multiple-items","Use extend() to add multiple items",[14,6123,6124,6126],{},[21,6125,5917],{}," adds each item from another iterable to the list.",[14,6128,6129],{},"An iterable is something Python can loop through, such as a list or tuple.",[60,6131,6133],{"className":62,"code":6132,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\nnumbers.extend([4, 5, 6])\n\nprint(numbers)\n# [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]\n",[21,6134,6135,6155,6180,6184,6194],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,6136,6137,6139,6141,6143,6145,6147,6149,6151,6153],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,6138,5933],{"class":79},[69,6140,97],{"class":96},[69,6142,636],{"class":100},[69,6144,5940],{"class":157},[69,6146,120],{"class":100},[69,6148,5762],{"class":157},[69,6150,120],{"class":100},[69,6152,5949],{"class":157},[69,6154,198],{"class":100},[69,6156,6157,6159,6161,6164,6166,6168,6170,6173,6175,6178],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,6158,5956],{"class":79},[69,6160,289],{"class":100},[69,6162,6163],{"class":292},"extend",[69,6165,469],{"class":100},[69,6167,5966],{"class":157},[69,6169,120],{"class":100},[69,6171,6172],{"class":157}," 5",[69,6174,120],{"class":100},[69,6176,6177],{"class":157}," 6",[69,6179,494],{"class":100},[69,6181,6182],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,6183,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,6185,6186,6188,6190,6192],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,6187,2161],{"class":217},[69,6189,221],{"class":100},[69,6191,5956],{"class":292},[69,6193,301],{"class":100},[69,6195,6196],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,6197,6198],{"class":2596},"# [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]\n",[1647,6200,6202],{"id":6201},"why-not-use-append-here","Why not use append() here?",[14,6204,6205,6206,6208],{},"If you use ",[21,6207,5126],{}," with a list, Python adds the whole list as one item.",[60,6210,6212],{"className":62,"code":6211,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\nnumbers.append([4, 5])\n\nprint(numbers)\n# [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]\n",[21,6213,6214,6234,6252,6256,6266],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,6215,6216,6218,6220,6222,6224,6226,6228,6230,6232],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,6217,5933],{"class":79},[69,6219,97],{"class":96},[69,6221,636],{"class":100},[69,6223,5940],{"class":157},[69,6225,120],{"class":100},[69,6227,5762],{"class":157},[69,6229,120],{"class":100},[69,6231,5949],{"class":157},[69,6233,198],{"class":100},[69,6235,6236,6238,6240,6242,6244,6246,6248,6250],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,6237,5956],{"class":79},[69,6239,289],{"class":100},[69,6241,5961],{"class":292},[69,6243,469],{"class":100},[69,6245,5966],{"class":157},[69,6247,120],{"class":100},[69,6249,6172],{"class":157},[69,6251,494],{"class":100},[69,6253,6254],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,6255,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,6257,6258,6260,6262,6264],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,6259,2161],{"class":217},[69,6261,221],{"class":100},[69,6263,5956],{"class":292},[69,6265,301],{"class":100},[69,6267,6268],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,6269,6270],{"class":2596},"# [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]\n",[14,6272,6273],{},"This creates a nested list.",[14,6275,6276,6277,6279],{},"If you want a flat list, use ",[21,6278,5917],{}," instead:",[60,6281,6283],{"className":62,"code":6282,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\nnumbers.extend([4, 5])\n\nprint(numbers)\n# [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",[21,6284,6285,6305,6323,6327,6337],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,6286,6287,6289,6291,6293,6295,6297,6299,6301,6303],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,6288,5933],{"class":79},[69,6290,97],{"class":96},[69,6292,636],{"class":100},[69,6294,5940],{"class":157},[69,6296,120],{"class":100},[69,6298,5762],{"class":157},[69,6300,120],{"class":100},[69,6302,5949],{"class":157},[69,6304,198],{"class":100},[69,6306,6307,6309,6311,6313,6315,6317,6319,6321],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,6308,5956],{"class":79},[69,6310,289],{"class":100},[69,6312,6163],{"class":292},[69,6314,469],{"class":100},[69,6316,5966],{"class":157},[69,6318,120],{"class":100},[69,6320,6172],{"class":157},[69,6322,494],{"class":100},[69,6324,6325],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,6326,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,6328,6329,6331,6333,6335],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,6330,2161],{"class":217},[69,6332,221],{"class":100},[69,6334,5956],{"class":292},[69,6336,301],{"class":100},[69,6338,6339],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,6340,6341],{"class":2596},"# [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",[14,6343,322,6344,6346],{},[21,6345,5917],{}," when you want to add many values at once.",[14,6348,6349,6350,6355,6356,289],{},"You can learn more on the ",[579,6351,6115,6353,3141],{"href":6352},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-list-extend-method\u002F",[21,6354,5917],{}," page. If your goal is combining two lists, see ",[579,6357,6359],{"href":6358},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-merge-two-lists-in-python\u002F","how to merge two lists in Python",[55,6361,6363],{"id":6362},"use-insert-to-add-an-item-at-a-specific-index","Use insert() to add an item at a specific index",[14,6365,6366,6369],{},[21,6367,6368],{},"insert(index, value)"," adds an item before the given index.",[14,6371,6372],{},"This is useful when order matters.",[60,6374,6376],{"className":62,"code":6375,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"letters = [\"a\", \"c\", \"d\"]\nletters.insert(1, \"b\")\n\nprint(letters)\n# ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']\n",[21,6377,6378,6413,6437,6441,6451],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,6379,6380,6383,6385,6387,6389,6391,6393,6395,6397,6400,6402,6404,6406,6409,6411],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,6381,6382],{"class":79},"letters ",[69,6384,97],{"class":96},[69,6386,636],{"class":100},[69,6388,111],{"class":110},[69,6390,579],{"class":114},[69,6392,111],{"class":110},[69,6394,120],{"class":100},[69,6396,123],{"class":110},[69,6398,6399],{"class":114},"c",[69,6401,111],{"class":110},[69,6403,120],{"class":100},[69,6405,123],{"class":110},[69,6407,6408],{"class":114},"d",[69,6410,111],{"class":110},[69,6412,198],{"class":100},[69,6414,6415,6418,6420,6423,6425,6427,6429,6431,6433,6435],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,6416,6417],{"class":79},"letters",[69,6419,289],{"class":100},[69,6421,6422],{"class":292},"insert",[69,6424,221],{"class":100},[69,6426,5940],{"class":157},[69,6428,120],{"class":100},[69,6430,123],{"class":110},[69,6432,5755],{"class":114},[69,6434,111],{"class":110},[69,6436,301],{"class":100},[69,6438,6439],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,6440,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,6442,6443,6445,6447,6449],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,6444,2161],{"class":217},[69,6446,221],{"class":100},[69,6448,6417],{"class":292},[69,6450,301],{"class":100},[69,6452,6453],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,6454,6455],{"class":2596},"# ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']\n",[1647,6457,6459],{"id":6458},"how-it-works","How it works",[29,6461,6462,6468,6476],{},[32,6463,6464,6467],{},[21,6465,6466],{},"insert(0, item)"," adds at the beginning",[32,6469,6470,6473,6474],{},[21,6471,6472],{},"insert(1, item)"," adds before index ",[21,6475,5940],{},[32,6477,6478],{},"Items after that position are shifted to the right",[14,6480,370],{},[60,6482,6484],{"className":62,"code":6483,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"colors = [\"red\", \"blue\"]\ncolors.insert(0, \"green\")\n\nprint(colors)\n# ['green', 'red', 'blue']\n",[21,6485,6486,6513,6537,6541,6551],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,6487,6488,6491,6493,6495,6497,6500,6502,6504,6506,6509,6511],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,6489,6490],{"class":79},"colors ",[69,6492,97],{"class":96},[69,6494,636],{"class":100},[69,6496,111],{"class":110},[69,6498,6499],{"class":114},"red",[69,6501,111],{"class":110},[69,6503,120],{"class":100},[69,6505,123],{"class":110},[69,6507,6508],{"class":114},"blue",[69,6510,111],{"class":110},[69,6512,198],{"class":100},[69,6514,6515,6518,6520,6522,6524,6526,6528,6530,6533,6535],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,6516,6517],{"class":79},"colors",[69,6519,289],{"class":100},[69,6521,6422],{"class":292},[69,6523,221],{"class":100},[69,6525,2200],{"class":157},[69,6527,120],{"class":100},[69,6529,123],{"class":110},[69,6531,6532],{"class":114},"green",[69,6534,111],{"class":110},[69,6536,301],{"class":100},[69,6538,6539],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,6540,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,6542,6543,6545,6547,6549],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,6544,2161],{"class":217},[69,6546,221],{"class":100},[69,6548,6517],{"class":292},[69,6550,301],{"class":100},[69,6552,6553],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,6554,6555],{"class":2596},"# ['green', 'red', 'blue']\n",[14,6557,322,6558,6560],{},[21,6559,5921],{}," when you need to place an item in a specific position.",[14,6562,6563,6564,289],{},"For more details, see ",[579,6565,6115,6567,3141],{"href":6566},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-list-insert-method\u002F",[21,6568,5921],{},[55,6570,6572],{"id":6571},"choose-the-right-method","Choose the right method",[14,6574,6575],{},"Pick the method based on the result you want:",[29,6577,6578,6583,6588],{},[32,6579,322,6580,6582],{},[21,6581,5126],{}," for one item at the end",[32,6584,322,6585,6587],{},[21,6586,5917],{}," for many items",[32,6589,322,6590,6592],{},[21,6591,5921],{}," for a specific position",[14,6594,6595],{},"Here is a quick comparison:",[60,6597,6599],{"className":62,"code":6598,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [1, 2, 3]\n\nitems.append(4)\nprint(items)\n# [1, 2, 3, 4]\n\nitems.extend([5, 6])\nprint(items)\n# [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]\n\nitems.insert(0, 0)\nprint(items)\n# [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]\n",[21,6600,6601,6622,6626,6640,6650,6654,6658,6677,6687,6691,6695,6714,6724],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,6602,6603,6606,6608,6610,6612,6614,6616,6618,6620],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,6604,6605],{"class":79},"items ",[69,6607,97],{"class":96},[69,6609,636],{"class":100},[69,6611,5940],{"class":157},[69,6613,120],{"class":100},[69,6615,5762],{"class":157},[69,6617,120],{"class":100},[69,6619,5949],{"class":157},[69,6621,198],{"class":100},[69,6623,6624],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,6625,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,6627,6628,6630,6632,6634,6636,6638],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,6629,3727],{"class":79},[69,6631,289],{"class":100},[69,6633,5961],{"class":292},[69,6635,221],{"class":100},[69,6637,5966],{"class":157},[69,6639,301],{"class":100},[69,6641,6642,6644,6646,6648],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,6643,2161],{"class":217},[69,6645,221],{"class":100},[69,6647,3727],{"class":292},[69,6649,301],{"class":100},[69,6651,6652],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,6653,5983],{"class":2596},[69,6655,6656],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,6657,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,6659,6660,6662,6664,6666,6668,6671,6673,6675],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,6661,3727],{"class":79},[69,6663,289],{"class":100},[69,6665,6163],{"class":292},[69,6667,469],{"class":100},[69,6669,6670],{"class":157},"5",[69,6672,120],{"class":100},[69,6674,6177],{"class":157},[69,6676,494],{"class":100},[69,6678,6679,6681,6683,6685],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,6680,2161],{"class":217},[69,6682,221],{"class":100},[69,6684,3727],{"class":292},[69,6686,301],{"class":100},[69,6688,6689],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,6690,6198],{"class":2596},[69,6692,6693],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,6694,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,6696,6697,6699,6701,6703,6705,6707,6709,6712],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,6698,3727],{"class":79},[69,6700,289],{"class":100},[69,6702,6422],{"class":292},[69,6704,221],{"class":100},[69,6706,2200],{"class":157},[69,6708,120],{"class":100},[69,6710,6711],{"class":157}," 0",[69,6713,301],{"class":100},[69,6715,6716,6718,6720,6722],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,6717,2161],{"class":217},[69,6719,221],{"class":100},[69,6721,3727],{"class":292},[69,6723,301],{"class":100},[69,6725,6727],{"class":71,"line":6726},13,[69,6728,6729],{"class":2596},"# [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]\n",[14,6731,6732,6733,289],{},"If lists are still new to you, it may help to read ",[579,6734,6736],{"href":6735},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-lists-explained-beginner-guide\u002F","Python lists explained for beginners",[55,6738,5117],{"id":5116},[14,6740,6741],{},"Here are some common problems and how to spot them.",[1647,6743,6745],{"id":6744},"using-append-when-you-meant-to-add-items-from-another-list","Using append() when you meant to add items from another list",[14,6747,6748],{},"Problem:",[60,6750,6751],{"className":62,"code":6211,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,6752,6753,6773,6791,6795,6805],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,6754,6755,6757,6759,6761,6763,6765,6767,6769,6771],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,6756,5933],{"class":79},[69,6758,97],{"class":96},[69,6760,636],{"class":100},[69,6762,5940],{"class":157},[69,6764,120],{"class":100},[69,6766,5762],{"class":157},[69,6768,120],{"class":100},[69,6770,5949],{"class":157},[69,6772,198],{"class":100},[69,6774,6775,6777,6779,6781,6783,6785,6787,6789],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,6776,5956],{"class":79},[69,6778,289],{"class":100},[69,6780,5961],{"class":292},[69,6782,469],{"class":100},[69,6784,5966],{"class":157},[69,6786,120],{"class":100},[69,6788,6172],{"class":157},[69,6790,494],{"class":100},[69,6792,6793],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,6794,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,6796,6797,6799,6801,6803],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,6798,2161],{"class":217},[69,6800,221],{"class":100},[69,6802,5956],{"class":292},[69,6804,301],{"class":100},[69,6806,6807],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,6808,6270],{"class":2596},[14,6810,6811],{},"Why it happens:",[29,6813,6814,6819],{},[32,6815,6816,6818],{},[21,6817,5126],{}," adds its argument as one item",[32,6820,6821],{},"If that argument is a list, the list becomes a single element",[14,6823,6824],{},"Fix:",[60,6826,6827],{"className":62,"code":6282,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,6828,6829,6849,6867,6871,6881],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,6830,6831,6833,6835,6837,6839,6841,6843,6845,6847],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,6832,5933],{"class":79},[69,6834,97],{"class":96},[69,6836,636],{"class":100},[69,6838,5940],{"class":157},[69,6840,120],{"class":100},[69,6842,5762],{"class":157},[69,6844,120],{"class":100},[69,6846,5949],{"class":157},[69,6848,198],{"class":100},[69,6850,6851,6853,6855,6857,6859,6861,6863,6865],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,6852,5956],{"class":79},[69,6854,289],{"class":100},[69,6856,6163],{"class":292},[69,6858,469],{"class":100},[69,6860,5966],{"class":157},[69,6862,120],{"class":100},[69,6864,6172],{"class":157},[69,6866,494],{"class":100},[69,6868,6869],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,6870,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,6872,6873,6875,6877,6879],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,6874,2161],{"class":217},[69,6876,221],{"class":100},[69,6878,5956],{"class":292},[69,6880,301],{"class":100},[69,6882,6883],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,6884,6341],{"class":2596},[1647,6886,6888],{"id":6887},"expecting-append-to-return-the-new-list","Expecting append() to return the new list",[14,6890,6748],{},[60,6892,6894],{"className":62,"code":6893,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_list = [1, 2, 3]\nmy_list = my_list.append(4)\n\nprint(my_list)\n# None\n",[21,6895,6896,6917,6936,6940,6951],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,6897,6898,6901,6903,6905,6907,6909,6911,6913,6915],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,6899,6900],{"class":79},"my_list ",[69,6902,97],{"class":96},[69,6904,636],{"class":100},[69,6906,5940],{"class":157},[69,6908,120],{"class":100},[69,6910,5762],{"class":157},[69,6912,120],{"class":100},[69,6914,5949],{"class":157},[69,6916,198],{"class":100},[69,6918,6919,6921,6923,6926,6928,6930,6932,6934],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,6920,6900],{"class":79},[69,6922,97],{"class":96},[69,6924,6925],{"class":79}," my_list",[69,6927,289],{"class":100},[69,6929,5961],{"class":292},[69,6931,221],{"class":100},[69,6933,5966],{"class":157},[69,6935,301],{"class":100},[69,6937,6938],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,6939,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,6941,6942,6944,6946,6949],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,6943,2161],{"class":217},[69,6945,221],{"class":100},[69,6947,6948],{"class":292},"my_list",[69,6950,301],{"class":100},[69,6952,6953],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,6954,6955],{"class":2596},"# None\n",[14,6957,6811],{},[29,6959,6960,6966],{},[32,6961,6962,6963,6965],{},"List methods like ",[21,6964,5126],{}," usually modify the list in place",[32,6967,6968,3019,6970],{},[21,6969,5126],{},[21,6971,3022],{},[14,6973,6824],{},[60,6975,6977],{"className":62,"code":6976,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_list = [1, 2, 3]\nmy_list.append(4)\n\nprint(my_list)\n# [1, 2, 3, 4]\n",[21,6978,6979,6999,7013,7017,7027],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,6980,6981,6983,6985,6987,6989,6991,6993,6995,6997],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,6982,6900],{"class":79},[69,6984,97],{"class":96},[69,6986,636],{"class":100},[69,6988,5940],{"class":157},[69,6990,120],{"class":100},[69,6992,5762],{"class":157},[69,6994,120],{"class":100},[69,6996,5949],{"class":157},[69,6998,198],{"class":100},[69,7000,7001,7003,7005,7007,7009,7011],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,7002,6948],{"class":79},[69,7004,289],{"class":100},[69,7006,5961],{"class":292},[69,7008,221],{"class":100},[69,7010,5966],{"class":157},[69,7012,301],{"class":100},[69,7014,7015],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,7016,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,7018,7019,7021,7023,7025],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,7020,2161],{"class":217},[69,7022,221],{"class":100},[69,7024,6948],{"class":292},[69,7026,301],{"class":100},[69,7028,7029],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,7030,5983],{"class":2596},[1647,7032,7034],{"id":7033},"using-the-wrong-index-with-insert","Using the wrong index with insert()",[14,7036,6748],{},[60,7038,7040],{"className":62,"code":7039,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"names = [\"Ana\", \"Cara\"]\nnames.insert(1, \"Ben\")\n\nprint(names)\n# ['Ana', 'Ben', 'Cara']\n",[21,7041,7042,7066,7090,7094,7104],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,7043,7044,7046,7048,7050,7052,7054,7056,7058,7060,7062,7064],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,7045,631],{"class":79},[69,7047,97],{"class":96},[69,7049,636],{"class":100},[69,7051,111],{"class":110},[69,7053,2553],{"class":114},[69,7055,111],{"class":110},[69,7057,120],{"class":100},[69,7059,123],{"class":110},[69,7061,657],{"class":114},[69,7063,111],{"class":110},[69,7065,198],{"class":100},[69,7067,7068,7071,7073,7075,7077,7079,7081,7083,7086,7088],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,7069,7070],{"class":79},"names",[69,7072,289],{"class":100},[69,7074,6422],{"class":292},[69,7076,221],{"class":100},[69,7078,5940],{"class":157},[69,7080,120],{"class":100},[69,7082,123],{"class":110},[69,7084,7085],{"class":114},"Ben",[69,7087,111],{"class":110},[69,7089,301],{"class":100},[69,7091,7092],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,7093,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,7095,7096,7098,7100,7102],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,7097,2161],{"class":217},[69,7099,221],{"class":100},[69,7101,7070],{"class":292},[69,7103,301],{"class":100},[69,7105,7106],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,7107,7108],{"class":2596},"# ['Ana', 'Ben', 'Cara']\n",[14,7110,7111,7112,7114],{},"This code is correct, but beginners sometimes expect index ",[21,7113,5940],{}," to mean \"after everything.\" It means \"before the item currently at index 1.\"",[14,7116,7117,7118,7120],{},"If you want to add at the end, use ",[21,7119,5126],{}," instead.",[1647,7122,7124],{"id":7123},"confusing-a-nested-list-with-a-flat-list","Confusing a nested list with a flat list",[14,7126,7127],{},"Compare these two results:",[60,7129,7131],{"className":62,"code":7130,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"a = [1, 2]\na.append([3, 4])\nprint(a)\n# [1, 2, [3, 4]]\n",[21,7132,7133,7150,7170,7180],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,7134,7135,7138,7140,7142,7144,7146,7148],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,7136,7137],{"class":79},"a ",[69,7139,97],{"class":96},[69,7141,636],{"class":100},[69,7143,5940],{"class":157},[69,7145,120],{"class":100},[69,7147,5762],{"class":157},[69,7149,198],{"class":100},[69,7151,7152,7154,7156,7158,7160,7163,7165,7168],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,7153,579],{"class":79},[69,7155,289],{"class":100},[69,7157,5961],{"class":292},[69,7159,469],{"class":100},[69,7161,7162],{"class":157},"3",[69,7164,120],{"class":100},[69,7166,7167],{"class":157}," 4",[69,7169,494],{"class":100},[69,7171,7172,7174,7176,7178],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,7173,2161],{"class":217},[69,7175,221],{"class":100},[69,7177,579],{"class":292},[69,7179,301],{"class":100},[69,7181,7182],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,7183,7184],{"class":2596},"# [1, 2, [3, 4]]\n",[60,7186,7188],{"className":62,"code":7187,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"b = [1, 2]\nb.extend([3, 4])\nprint(b)\n# [1, 2, 3, 4]\n",[21,7189,7190,7207,7225,7235],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,7191,7192,7195,7197,7199,7201,7203,7205],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,7193,7194],{"class":79},"b ",[69,7196,97],{"class":96},[69,7198,636],{"class":100},[69,7200,5940],{"class":157},[69,7202,120],{"class":100},[69,7204,5762],{"class":157},[69,7206,198],{"class":100},[69,7208,7209,7211,7213,7215,7217,7219,7221,7223],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,7210,5755],{"class":79},[69,7212,289],{"class":100},[69,7214,6163],{"class":292},[69,7216,469],{"class":100},[69,7218,7162],{"class":157},[69,7220,120],{"class":100},[69,7222,7167],{"class":157},[69,7224,494],{"class":100},[69,7226,7227,7229,7231,7233],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,7228,2161],{"class":217},[69,7230,221],{"class":100},[69,7232,5755],{"class":292},[69,7234,301],{"class":100},[69,7236,7237],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,7238,5983],{"class":2596},[14,7240,7241],{},"The first list contains a list inside it. The second is a flat list.",[1647,7243,7245],{"id":7244},"quick-debugging-checks","Quick debugging checks",[14,7247,7248],{},"If your list is not changing the way you expected, these quick checks can help:",[60,7250,7252],{"className":62,"code":7251,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(my_list)\nprint(type(my_list))\nprint(len(my_list))\nprint(my_list[-1])\n",[21,7253,7254,7264,7278,7293],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,7255,7256,7258,7260,7262],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,7257,2161],{"class":217},[69,7259,221],{"class":100},[69,7261,6948],{"class":292},[69,7263,301],{"class":100},[69,7265,7266,7268,7270,7272,7274,7276],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,7267,2161],{"class":217},[69,7269,221],{"class":100},[69,7271,2176],{"class":1859},[69,7273,221],{"class":100},[69,7275,6948],{"class":292},[69,7277,2183],{"class":100},[69,7279,7280,7282,7284,7287,7289,7291],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,7281,2161],{"class":217},[69,7283,221],{"class":100},[69,7285,7286],{"class":217},"len",[69,7288,221],{"class":100},[69,7290,6948],{"class":292},[69,7292,2183],{"class":100},[69,7294,7295,7297,7299,7301,7303,7306,7308],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,7296,2161],{"class":217},[69,7298,221],{"class":100},[69,7300,6948],{"class":292},[69,7302,1345],{"class":100},[69,7304,7305],{"class":96},"-",[69,7307,5940],{"class":157},[69,7309,494],{"class":100},[14,7311,7312],{},"These show:",[29,7314,7315,7318,7321,7324],{},[32,7316,7317],{},"the current list contents",[32,7319,7320],{},"whether the variable is still a list",[32,7322,7323],{},"how many items are in the list",[32,7325,7326],{},"the last item in the list",[55,7328,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,7330,7332],{"id":7331},"how-do-i-add-one-item-to-a-list-in-python","How do I add one item to a list in Python?",[14,7334,322,7335,7338],{},[21,7336,7337],{},"list.append(item)",". It adds the item to the end of the list.",[1647,7340,7342],{"id":7341},"how-do-i-add-multiple-items-to-a-list","How do I add multiple items to a list?",[14,7344,322,7345,7348],{},[21,7346,7347],{},"list.extend(iterable)"," to add each item from another list, tuple, or similar iterable.",[1647,7350,7352],{"id":7351},"how-do-i-add-an-item-at-the-beginning-of-a-list","How do I add an item at the beginning of a list?",[14,7354,322,7355,7358,7359,289],{},[21,7356,7357],{},"list.insert(0, item)",". This puts the item at index ",[21,7360,2200],{},[1647,7362,7364],{"id":7363},"why-did-append-create-a-nested-list","Why did append() create a nested list?",[14,7366,7367,7369],{},[21,7368,5126],{}," adds its argument as one item. If that argument is a list, the whole list is added as a single element.",[1647,7371,7373],{"id":7372},"does-append-return-a-new-list","Does append() return a new list?",[14,7375,7376,7377,7379,7380,289],{},"No. ",[21,7378,5126],{}," changes the original list and returns ",[21,7381,3022],{},[55,7383,2414],{"id":2413},[29,7385,7386,7392,7398,7404,7408,7413],{},[32,7387,7388],{},[579,7389,6115,7390,3141],{"href":6114},[21,7391,5126],{},[32,7393,7394],{},[579,7395,6115,7396,3141],{"href":6352},[21,7397,5917],{},[32,7399,7400],{},[579,7401,6115,7402,3141],{"href":6566},[21,7403,5921],{},[32,7405,7406],{},[579,7407,6736],{"href":6735},[32,7409,7410],{},[579,7411,7412],{"href":6358},"How to merge two lists in Python",[32,7414,7415],{},[579,7416,7418],{"href":7417},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-remove-an-item-from-a-list-in-python\u002F","How to remove an item from a list in Python",[2450,7420,7421],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":7423},[7424,7425,7426,7429,7432,7435,7436,7443,7450],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":6009,"depth":83,"text":6010,"children":7427},[7428],{"id":6092,"depth":90,"text":6093},{"id":6120,"depth":83,"text":6121,"children":7430},[7431],{"id":6201,"depth":90,"text":6202},{"id":6362,"depth":83,"text":6363,"children":7433},[7434],{"id":6458,"depth":90,"text":6459},{"id":6571,"depth":83,"text":6572},{"id":5116,"depth":83,"text":5117,"children":7437},[7438,7439,7440,7441,7442],{"id":6744,"depth":90,"text":6745},{"id":6887,"depth":90,"text":6888},{"id":7033,"depth":90,"text":7034},{"id":7123,"depth":90,"text":7124},{"id":7244,"depth":90,"text":7245},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":7444},[7445,7446,7447,7448,7449],{"id":7331,"depth":90,"text":7332},{"id":7341,"depth":90,"text":7342},{"id":7351,"depth":90,"text":7352},{"id":7363,"depth":90,"text":7364},{"id":7372,"depth":90,"text":7373},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to add an item to a list in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-add-an-item-to-a-list-in-python",{"title":5887,"description":7451},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-add-an-item-to-a-list-in-python","aH3ZX71NVHLsoaMDFsPZ2Z0Osf7G2ZG6My90oHIe6FU",{"id":7458,"title":7459,"body":7460,"description":9389,"extension":2479,"meta":9390,"navigation":86,"path":9391,"seo":9392,"stem":9393,"__hash__":9394},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-add-methods-to-a-class-in-python.md","How to Add Methods to a Class in Python",{"type":7,"value":7461,"toc":9359},[7462,7465,7468,7471,7491,7493,7570,7572,7581,7587,7589,7592,7605,7612,7616,7619,7622,7664,7666,7687,7691,7694,7756,7758,7766,7769,7795,7802,7806,7811,7814,7829,7835,7838,7870,7875,7878,7896,7902,7906,7909,7923,8084,8086,8107,8110,8136,8146,8150,8155,8157,8302,8304,8321,8324,8335,8338,8342,8345,8349,8428,8430,8439,8442,8446,8533,8535,8543,8549,8556,8558,8561,8567,8570,8605,8608,8633,8640,8645,8684,8691,8695,8698,8700,8739,8741,8779,8785,8791,8793,8861,8870,8872,8943,8947,8950,8964,8967,8971,8974,8977,9137,9139,9148,9151,9162,9169,9171,9174,9236,9239,9265,9268,9283,9285,9289,9295,9299,9302,9306,9309,9313,9319,9321,9350,9356],[10,7463,7459],{"id":7464},"how-to-add-methods-to-a-class-in-python",[14,7466,7467],{},"A method is a function defined inside a class. In Python, you add methods to describe what an object can do.",[14,7469,7470],{},"On this page, you will learn how to:",[29,7472,7473,7476,7479,7482,7485],{},[32,7474,7475],{},"Define a method inside a class",[32,7477,7478],{},"Call that method on an object",[32,7480,7481],{},"Pass extra data into a method",[32,7483,7484],{},"Return a value from a method",[32,7486,7487,7488],{},"Understand why the first parameter is usually ",[21,7489,7490],{},"self",[55,7492,58],{"id":57},[60,7494,7496],{"className":62,"code":7495,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Dog:\n    def bark(self):\n        print(\"Woof!\")\n\nmy_dog = Dog()\nmy_dog.bark()\n",[21,7497,7498,7510,7527,7543,7547,7558],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,7499,7500,7504,7508],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,7501,7503],{"class":7502},"sbsja","class",[69,7505,7507],{"class":7506},"sbgvK"," Dog",[69,7509,275],{"class":100},[69,7511,7512,7515,7519,7521,7524],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,7513,7514],{"class":7502},"    def",[69,7516,7518],{"class":7517},"sGLFI"," bark",[69,7520,221],{"class":100},[69,7522,7490],{"class":7523},"smCYv",[69,7525,7526],{"class":100},"):\n",[69,7528,7529,7532,7534,7536,7539,7541],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,7530,7531],{"class":217},"        print",[69,7533,221],{"class":100},[69,7535,111],{"class":110},[69,7537,7538],{"class":114},"Woof!",[69,7540,111],{"class":110},[69,7542,301],{"class":100},[69,7544,7545],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,7546,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,7548,7549,7552,7554,7556],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,7550,7551],{"class":79},"my_dog ",[69,7553,97],{"class":96},[69,7555,7507],{"class":292},[69,7557,1385],{"class":100},[69,7559,7560,7563,7565,7568],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,7561,7562],{"class":79},"my_dog",[69,7564,289],{"class":100},[69,7566,7567],{"class":292},"bark",[69,7569,1385],{"class":100},[14,7571,2781],{},[60,7573,7575],{"className":62,"code":7574,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Woof!\n",[21,7576,7577],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,7578,7579],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,7580,7574],{"class":79},[14,7582,7583,7584,7586],{},"Define the method inside the class, include ",[21,7585,7490],{}," as the first parameter, then call it on an object.",[55,7588,2666],{"id":2665},[14,7590,7591],{},"By the end, you will be able to:",[29,7593,7594,7597,7600,7603],{},[32,7595,7596],{},"Add a method to a class",[32,7598,7599],{},"Call the method from an object",[32,7601,7602],{},"Pass data into a method with parameters",[32,7604,7484],{},[14,7606,7607,7608,4276],{},"If you are new to classes, it may help to read ",[579,7609,7611],{"href":7610},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-classes-and-objects-explained","Python classes and objects explained",[55,7613,7615],{"id":7614},"basic-method-syntax","Basic method syntax",[14,7617,7618],{},"A method is a function inside a class.",[14,7620,7621],{},"Here is the basic pattern:",[60,7623,7625],{"className":62,"code":7624,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class ClassName:\n    def method_name(self):\n        print(\"Hello\")\n",[21,7626,7627,7636,7649],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,7628,7629,7631,7634],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,7630,7503],{"class":7502},[69,7632,7633],{"class":7506}," ClassName",[69,7635,275],{"class":100},[69,7637,7638,7640,7643,7645,7647],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,7639,7514],{"class":7502},[69,7641,7642],{"class":7517}," method_name",[69,7644,221],{"class":100},[69,7646,7490],{"class":7523},[69,7648,7526],{"class":100},[69,7650,7651,7653,7655,7657,7660,7662],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,7652,7531],{"class":217},[69,7654,221],{"class":100},[69,7656,111],{"class":110},[69,7658,7659],{"class":114},"Hello",[69,7661,111],{"class":110},[69,7663,301],{"class":100},[14,7665,4842],{},[29,7667,7668,7671,7676,7681],{},[32,7669,7670],{},"The method must be indented inside the class",[32,7672,7673,7674],{},"The first parameter is usually ",[21,7675,7490],{},[32,7677,7678,7680],{},[21,7679,7490],{}," refers to the current object",[32,7682,7683,7684],{},"You call the method with dot notation, like ",[21,7685,7686],{},"object.method_name()",[55,7688,7690],{"id":7689},"simple-example-add-one-method","Simple example: add one method",[14,7692,7693],{},"Let’s create a class with one method and call it.",[60,7695,7696],{"className":62,"code":7495,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,7697,7698,7706,7718,7732,7736,7746],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,7699,7700,7702,7704],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,7701,7503],{"class":7502},[69,7703,7507],{"class":7506},[69,7705,275],{"class":100},[69,7707,7708,7710,7712,7714,7716],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,7709,7514],{"class":7502},[69,7711,7518],{"class":7517},[69,7713,221],{"class":100},[69,7715,7490],{"class":7523},[69,7717,7526],{"class":100},[69,7719,7720,7722,7724,7726,7728,7730],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,7721,7531],{"class":217},[69,7723,221],{"class":100},[69,7725,111],{"class":110},[69,7727,7538],{"class":114},[69,7729,111],{"class":110},[69,7731,301],{"class":100},[69,7733,7734],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,7735,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,7737,7738,7740,7742,7744],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,7739,7551],{"class":79},[69,7741,97],{"class":96},[69,7743,7507],{"class":292},[69,7745,1385],{"class":100},[69,7747,7748,7750,7752,7754],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,7749,7562],{"class":79},[69,7751,289],{"class":100},[69,7753,7567],{"class":292},[69,7755,1385],{"class":100},[14,7757,2781],{},[60,7759,7760],{"className":62,"code":7574,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,7761,7762],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,7763,7764],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,7765,7574],{"class":79},[14,7767,7768],{},"What this code does:",[29,7770,7771,7777,7783,7789],{},[32,7772,7773,7776],{},[21,7774,7775],{},"class Dog:"," creates a class",[32,7778,7779,7782],{},[21,7780,7781],{},"def bark(self):"," adds a method to that class",[32,7784,7785,7788],{},[21,7786,7787],{},"my_dog = Dog()"," creates an object",[32,7790,7791,7794],{},[21,7792,7793],{},"my_dog.bark()"," calls the method on that object",[14,7796,7797,7798,289],{},"If you need help with object creation, see ",[579,7799,7801],{"href":7800},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-create-an-object-in-python\u002F","how to create an object in Python",[55,7803,7805],{"id":7804},"how-self-works","How self works",[14,7807,7808,7810],{},[21,7809,7490],{}," is how a method refers to the current object.",[14,7812,7813],{},"When you write this:",[60,7815,7817],{"className":62,"code":7816,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_dog.bark()\n",[21,7818,7819],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,7820,7821,7823,7825,7827],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,7822,7562],{"class":79},[69,7824,289],{"class":100},[69,7826,7567],{"class":292},[69,7828,1385],{"class":100},[14,7830,7831,7832,7834],{},"Python automatically passes ",[21,7833,7562],{}," into the method as the first argument.",[14,7836,7837],{},"So this method:",[60,7839,7841],{"className":62,"code":7840,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def bark(self):\n    print(\"Woof!\")\n",[21,7842,7843,7856],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,7844,7845,7848,7850,7852,7854],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,7846,7847],{"class":7502},"def",[69,7849,7518],{"class":7517},[69,7851,221],{"class":100},[69,7853,7490],{"class":7523},[69,7855,7526],{"class":100},[69,7857,7858,7860,7862,7864,7866,7868],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,7859,3220],{"class":217},[69,7861,221],{"class":100},[69,7863,111],{"class":110},[69,7865,7538],{"class":114},[69,7867,111],{"class":110},[69,7869,301],{"class":100},[14,7871,7872,7873,289],{},"receives the object in ",[21,7874,7490],{},[14,7876,7877],{},"Why this matters:",[29,7879,7880,7885,7890],{},[32,7881,7882,7884],{},[21,7883,7490],{}," lets the method read data from the object",[32,7886,7887,7889],{},[21,7888,7490],{}," lets the method change data in the object",[32,7891,7892,7893,7895],{},"Without ",[21,7894,7490],{},", instance data cannot be accessed correctly",[14,7897,7898,7899,7901],{},"You do not normally pass ",[21,7900,7490],{}," yourself. Python does that when you call the method on an object.",[55,7903,7905],{"id":7904},"add-a-method-that-uses-instance-variables","Add a method that uses instance variables",[14,7907,7908],{},"Methods often work with data stored in the object.",[14,7910,7911,7912,7915,7916,289],{},"A common way to store that data is with ",[21,7913,7914],{},"__init__",". If that is new to you, see ",[579,7917,7919,7920,7922],{"href":7918},"\u002Flearn\u002Fthe-__init__-method-in-python-explained","the ",[21,7921,7914],{}," method in Python explained",[60,7924,7926],{"className":62,"code":7925,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Dog:\n    def __init__(self, name, age):\n        self.name = name\n        self.age = age\n\n    def describe(self):\n        print(f\"{self.name} is {self.age} years old.\")\n\nmy_dog = Dog(\"Buddy\", 3)\nmy_dog.describe()\n",[21,7927,7928,7936,7960,7975,7988,7992,8005,8046,8050,8073],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,7929,7930,7932,7934],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,7931,7503],{"class":7502},[69,7933,7507],{"class":7506},[69,7935,275],{"class":100},[69,7937,7938,7940,7943,7945,7947,7949,7953,7955,7958],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,7939,7514],{"class":7502},[69,7941,7942],{"class":217}," __init__",[69,7944,221],{"class":100},[69,7946,7490],{"class":7523},[69,7948,120],{"class":100},[69,7950,7952],{"class":7951},"sFwrP"," name",[69,7954,120],{"class":100},[69,7956,7957],{"class":7951}," age",[69,7959,7526],{"class":100},[69,7961,7962,7966,7968,7970,7972],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,7963,7965],{"class":7964},"s_hVV","        self",[69,7967,289],{"class":100},[69,7969,115],{"class":2216},[69,7971,4232],{"class":96},[69,7973,7974],{"class":79}," name\n",[69,7976,7977,7979,7981,7983,7985],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,7978,7965],{"class":7964},[69,7980,289],{"class":100},[69,7982,126],{"class":2216},[69,7984,4232],{"class":96},[69,7986,7987],{"class":79}," age\n",[69,7989,7990],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,7991,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,7993,7994,7996,7999,8001,8003],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,7995,7514],{"class":7502},[69,7997,7998],{"class":7517}," describe",[69,8000,221],{"class":100},[69,8002,7490],{"class":7523},[69,8004,7526],{"class":100},[69,8006,8007,8009,8011,8014,8016,8019,8021,8023,8025,8028,8031,8033,8035,8037,8039,8041,8044],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,8008,7531],{"class":217},[69,8010,221],{"class":100},[69,8012,8013],{"class":7502},"f",[69,8015,111],{"class":114},[69,8017,8018],{"class":157},"{",[69,8020,7490],{"class":7964},[69,8022,289],{"class":100},[69,8024,115],{"class":2216},[69,8026,8027],{"class":157},"}",[69,8029,8030],{"class":114}," is ",[69,8032,8018],{"class":157},[69,8034,7490],{"class":7964},[69,8036,289],{"class":100},[69,8038,126],{"class":2216},[69,8040,8027],{"class":157},[69,8042,8043],{"class":114}," years old.\"",[69,8045,301],{"class":100},[69,8047,8048],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,8049,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,8051,8052,8054,8056,8058,8060,8062,8065,8067,8069,8071],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,8053,7551],{"class":79},[69,8055,97],{"class":96},[69,8057,7507],{"class":292},[69,8059,221],{"class":100},[69,8061,111],{"class":110},[69,8063,8064],{"class":114},"Buddy",[69,8066,111],{"class":110},[69,8068,120],{"class":100},[69,8070,5949],{"class":157},[69,8072,301],{"class":100},[69,8074,8075,8077,8079,8082],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,8076,7562],{"class":79},[69,8078,289],{"class":100},[69,8080,8081],{"class":292},"describe",[69,8083,1385],{"class":100},[14,8085,2781],{},[60,8087,8089],{"className":62,"code":8088,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Buddy is 3 years old.\n",[21,8090,8091],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,8092,8093,8096,8099,8101,8104],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,8094,8095],{"class":79},"Buddy ",[69,8097,8098],{"class":96},"is",[69,8100,5949],{"class":157},[69,8102,8103],{"class":79}," years old",[69,8105,8106],{"class":100},".\n",[14,8108,8109],{},"Key lines:",[29,8111,8112,8118,8124],{},[32,8113,8114,8117],{},[21,8115,8116],{},"self.name = name"," stores the name in the object",[32,8119,8120,8123],{},[21,8121,8122],{},"self.age = age"," stores the age in the object",[32,8125,8126,50,8129,8132,8133],{},[21,8127,8128],{},"self.name",[21,8130,8131],{},"self.age"," are used inside ",[21,8134,8135],{},"describe()",[14,8137,7892,8138,8140,8141,50,8143,8145],{},[21,8139,7490],{},", Python would treat ",[21,8142,115],{},[21,8144,126],{}," as regular local variables, not object data.",[55,8147,8149],{"id":8148},"add-a-method-with-extra-parameters","Add a method with extra parameters",[14,8151,8152,8153,289],{},"A method can take more arguments after ",[21,8154,7490],{},[14,8156,370],{},[60,8158,8160],{"className":62,"code":8159,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n\n    def greet(self, other_name):\n        print(f\"Hello {other_name}, I am {self.name}.\")\n\nperson1 = Person(\"Maya\")\nperson1.greet(\"Leo\")\n",[21,8161,8162,8171,8187,8199,8203,8221,8257,8261,8281],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,8163,8164,8166,8169],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,8165,7503],{"class":7502},[69,8167,8168],{"class":7506}," Person",[69,8170,275],{"class":100},[69,8172,8173,8175,8177,8179,8181,8183,8185],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,8174,7514],{"class":7502},[69,8176,7942],{"class":217},[69,8178,221],{"class":100},[69,8180,7490],{"class":7523},[69,8182,120],{"class":100},[69,8184,7952],{"class":7951},[69,8186,7526],{"class":100},[69,8188,8189,8191,8193,8195,8197],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,8190,7965],{"class":7964},[69,8192,289],{"class":100},[69,8194,115],{"class":2216},[69,8196,4232],{"class":96},[69,8198,7974],{"class":79},[69,8200,8201],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,8202,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,8204,8205,8207,8210,8212,8214,8216,8219],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,8206,7514],{"class":7502},[69,8208,8209],{"class":7517}," greet",[69,8211,221],{"class":100},[69,8213,7490],{"class":7523},[69,8215,120],{"class":100},[69,8217,8218],{"class":7951}," other_name",[69,8220,7526],{"class":100},[69,8222,8223,8225,8227,8229,8232,8234,8237,8239,8242,8244,8246,8248,8250,8252,8255],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,8224,7531],{"class":217},[69,8226,221],{"class":100},[69,8228,8013],{"class":7502},[69,8230,8231],{"class":114},"\"Hello ",[69,8233,8018],{"class":157},[69,8235,8236],{"class":292},"other_name",[69,8238,8027],{"class":157},[69,8240,8241],{"class":114},", I am ",[69,8243,8018],{"class":157},[69,8245,7490],{"class":7964},[69,8247,289],{"class":100},[69,8249,115],{"class":2216},[69,8251,8027],{"class":157},[69,8253,8254],{"class":114},".\"",[69,8256,301],{"class":100},[69,8258,8259],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,8260,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,8262,8263,8266,8268,8270,8272,8274,8277,8279],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,8264,8265],{"class":79},"person1 ",[69,8267,97],{"class":96},[69,8269,8168],{"class":292},[69,8271,221],{"class":100},[69,8273,111],{"class":110},[69,8275,8276],{"class":114},"Maya",[69,8278,111],{"class":110},[69,8280,301],{"class":100},[69,8282,8283,8286,8288,8291,8293,8295,8298,8300],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,8284,8285],{"class":79},"person1",[69,8287,289],{"class":100},[69,8289,8290],{"class":292},"greet",[69,8292,221],{"class":100},[69,8294,111],{"class":110},[69,8296,8297],{"class":114},"Leo",[69,8299,111],{"class":110},[69,8301,301],{"class":100},[14,8303,2781],{},[60,8305,8307],{"className":62,"code":8306,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Hello Leo, I am Maya.\n",[21,8308,8309],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,8310,8311,8314,8316,8319],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,8312,8313],{"class":79},"Hello Leo",[69,8315,120],{"class":100},[69,8317,8318],{"class":79}," I am Maya",[69,8320,8106],{"class":100},[14,8322,8323],{},"Here:",[29,8325,8326,8330],{},[32,8327,8328,7680],{},[21,8329,7490],{},[32,8331,8332,8334],{},[21,8333,8236],{}," is extra input passed into the method",[14,8336,8337],{},"Use this pattern when the method needs outside data to do its job.",[55,8339,8341],{"id":8340},"add-a-method-that-returns-a-value","Add a method that returns a value",[14,8343,8344],{},"A method can either print something or return something.",[1647,8346,8348],{"id":8347},"example-that-prints","Example that prints",[60,8350,8352],{"className":62,"code":8351,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Calculator:\n    def double(self, number):\n        print(number * 2)\n\ncalc = Calculator()\ncalc.double(5)\n",[21,8353,8354,8363,8381,8397,8401,8412],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,8355,8356,8358,8361],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,8357,7503],{"class":7502},[69,8359,8360],{"class":7506}," Calculator",[69,8362,275],{"class":100},[69,8364,8365,8367,8370,8372,8374,8376,8379],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,8366,7514],{"class":7502},[69,8368,8369],{"class":7517}," double",[69,8371,221],{"class":100},[69,8373,7490],{"class":7523},[69,8375,120],{"class":100},[69,8377,8378],{"class":7951}," number",[69,8380,7526],{"class":100},[69,8382,8383,8385,8387,8390,8393,8395],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,8384,7531],{"class":217},[69,8386,221],{"class":100},[69,8388,8389],{"class":292},"number ",[69,8391,8392],{"class":96},"*",[69,8394,5762],{"class":157},[69,8396,301],{"class":100},[69,8398,8399],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,8400,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,8402,8403,8406,8408,8410],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,8404,8405],{"class":79},"calc ",[69,8407,97],{"class":96},[69,8409,8360],{"class":292},[69,8411,1385],{"class":100},[69,8413,8414,8417,8419,8422,8424,8426],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,8415,8416],{"class":79},"calc",[69,8418,289],{"class":100},[69,8420,8421],{"class":292},"double",[69,8423,221],{"class":100},[69,8425,6670],{"class":157},[69,8427,301],{"class":100},[14,8429,2781],{},[60,8431,8433],{"className":62,"code":8432,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"10\n",[21,8434,8435],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,8436,8437],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,8438,8432],{"class":157},[14,8440,8441],{},"This shows the result, but you cannot reuse it later.",[1647,8443,8445],{"id":8444},"example-that-returns","Example that returns",[60,8447,8449],{"className":62,"code":8448,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Calculator:\n    def double(self, number):\n        return number * 2\n\ncalc = Calculator()\nresult = calc.double(5)\nprint(result)\n",[21,8450,8451,8459,8475,8488,8492,8502,8522],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,8452,8453,8455,8457],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,8454,7503],{"class":7502},[69,8456,8360],{"class":7506},[69,8458,275],{"class":100},[69,8460,8461,8463,8465,8467,8469,8471,8473],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,8462,7514],{"class":7502},[69,8464,8369],{"class":7517},[69,8466,221],{"class":100},[69,8468,7490],{"class":7523},[69,8470,120],{"class":100},[69,8472,8378],{"class":7951},[69,8474,7526],{"class":100},[69,8476,8477,8480,8483,8485],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,8478,8479],{"class":75},"        return",[69,8481,8482],{"class":79}," number ",[69,8484,8392],{"class":96},[69,8486,8487],{"class":157}," 2\n",[69,8489,8490],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,8491,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,8493,8494,8496,8498,8500],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,8495,8405],{"class":79},[69,8497,97],{"class":96},[69,8499,8360],{"class":292},[69,8501,1385],{"class":100},[69,8503,8504,8507,8509,8512,8514,8516,8518,8520],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,8505,8506],{"class":79},"result ",[69,8508,97],{"class":96},[69,8510,8511],{"class":79}," calc",[69,8513,289],{"class":100},[69,8515,8421],{"class":292},[69,8517,221],{"class":100},[69,8519,6670],{"class":157},[69,8521,301],{"class":100},[69,8523,8524,8526,8528,8531],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,8525,2161],{"class":217},[69,8527,221],{"class":100},[69,8529,8530],{"class":292},"result",[69,8532,301],{"class":100},[14,8534,2781],{},[60,8536,8537],{"className":62,"code":8432,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,8538,8539],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,8540,8541],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,8542,8432],{"class":157},[14,8544,322,8545,8548],{},[21,8546,8547],{},"return"," when you want to save the result, reuse it, or combine it with other code.",[14,8550,8551,8552,289],{},"If you want more practice with functions first, see ",[579,8553,8555],{"href":8554},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-create-a-simple-function-in-python\u002F","how to create a simple function in Python",[55,8557,5117],{"id":5116},[14,8559,8560],{},"Here are some common problems when adding methods to a class.",[1647,8562,8564,8565],{"id":8563},"forgetting-self","Forgetting ",[21,8566,7490],{},[14,8568,8569],{},"This code is wrong:",[60,8571,8573],{"className":62,"code":8572,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Dog:\n    def bark():\n        print(\"Woof!\")\n",[21,8574,8575,8583,8591],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,8576,8577,8579,8581],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,8578,7503],{"class":7502},[69,8580,7507],{"class":7506},[69,8582,275],{"class":100},[69,8584,8585,8587,8589],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,8586,7514],{"class":7502},[69,8588,7518],{"class":7517},[69,8590,3730],{"class":100},[69,8592,8593,8595,8597,8599,8601,8603],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,8594,7531],{"class":217},[69,8596,221],{"class":100},[69,8598,111],{"class":110},[69,8600,7538],{"class":114},[69,8602,111],{"class":110},[69,8604,301],{"class":100},[14,8606,8607],{},"If you call it like this:",[60,8609,8611],{"className":62,"code":8610,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_dog = Dog()\nmy_dog.bark()\n",[21,8612,8613,8623],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,8614,8615,8617,8619,8621],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,8616,7551],{"class":79},[69,8618,97],{"class":96},[69,8620,7507],{"class":292},[69,8622,1385],{"class":100},[69,8624,8625,8627,8629,8631],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,8626,7562],{"class":79},[69,8628,289],{"class":100},[69,8630,7567],{"class":292},[69,8632,1385],{"class":100},[14,8634,8635,8636,8639],{},"You will get a ",[21,8637,8638],{},"TypeError"," because Python passes the object automatically, but the method does not accept it.",[14,8641,8642,8643,1174],{},"Fix it by adding ",[21,8644,7490],{},[60,8646,8648],{"className":62,"code":8647,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Dog:\n    def bark(self):\n        print(\"Woof!\")\n",[21,8649,8650,8658,8670],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,8651,8652,8654,8656],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,8653,7503],{"class":7502},[69,8655,7507],{"class":7506},[69,8657,275],{"class":100},[69,8659,8660,8662,8664,8666,8668],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,8661,7514],{"class":7502},[69,8663,7518],{"class":7517},[69,8665,221],{"class":100},[69,8667,7490],{"class":7523},[69,8669,7526],{"class":100},[69,8671,8672,8674,8676,8678,8680,8682],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,8673,7531],{"class":217},[69,8675,221],{"class":100},[69,8677,111],{"class":110},[69,8679,7538],{"class":114},[69,8681,111],{"class":110},[69,8683,301],{"class":100},[14,8685,8686,8687],{},"Related help: ",[579,8688,8690],{"href":8689},"\u002Ferrors\u002Ftypeerror-missing-required-positional-argument-fix","TypeError: missing required positional argument",[1647,8692,8694],{"id":8693},"wrong-indentation","Wrong indentation",[14,8696,8697],{},"Methods must be indented inside the class.",[14,8699,1658],{},[60,8701,8703],{"className":62,"code":8702,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Dog:\ndef bark(self):\n    print(\"Woof!\")\n",[21,8704,8705,8713,8725],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,8706,8707,8709,8711],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,8708,7503],{"class":7502},[69,8710,7507],{"class":7506},[69,8712,275],{"class":100},[69,8714,8715,8717,8719,8721,8723],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,8716,7847],{"class":7502},[69,8718,7518],{"class":7517},[69,8720,221],{"class":100},[69,8722,7490],{"class":7523},[69,8724,7526],{"class":100},[69,8726,8727,8729,8731,8733,8735,8737],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,8728,3220],{"class":217},[69,8730,221],{"class":100},[69,8732,111],{"class":110},[69,8734,7538],{"class":114},[69,8736,111],{"class":110},[69,8738,301],{"class":100},[14,8740,1726],{},[60,8742,8743],{"className":62,"code":8647,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,8744,8745,8753,8765],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,8746,8747,8749,8751],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,8748,7503],{"class":7502},[69,8750,7507],{"class":7506},[69,8752,275],{"class":100},[69,8754,8755,8757,8759,8761,8763],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,8756,7514],{"class":7502},[69,8758,7518],{"class":7517},[69,8760,221],{"class":100},[69,8762,7490],{"class":7523},[69,8764,7526],{"class":100},[69,8766,8767,8769,8771,8773,8775,8777],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,8768,7531],{"class":217},[69,8770,221],{"class":100},[69,8772,111],{"class":110},[69,8774,7538],{"class":114},[69,8776,111],{"class":110},[69,8778,301],{"class":100},[14,8780,8686,8781],{},[579,8782,8784],{"href":8783},"\u002Ferrors\u002Findentationerror-expected-an-indented-block-fix","IndentationError: expected an indented block",[1647,8786,8788,8789],{"id":8787},"using-instance-variables-without-self","Using instance variables without ",[21,8790,7490],{},[14,8792,1658],{},[60,8794,8796],{"className":62,"code":8795,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Dog:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n\n    def speak(self):\n        print(name)\n",[21,8797,8798,8806,8822,8834,8838,8851],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,8799,8800,8802,8804],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,8801,7503],{"class":7502},[69,8803,7507],{"class":7506},[69,8805,275],{"class":100},[69,8807,8808,8810,8812,8814,8816,8818,8820],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,8809,7514],{"class":7502},[69,8811,7942],{"class":217},[69,8813,221],{"class":100},[69,8815,7490],{"class":7523},[69,8817,120],{"class":100},[69,8819,7952],{"class":7951},[69,8821,7526],{"class":100},[69,8823,8824,8826,8828,8830,8832],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,8825,7965],{"class":7964},[69,8827,289],{"class":100},[69,8829,115],{"class":2216},[69,8831,4232],{"class":96},[69,8833,7974],{"class":79},[69,8835,8836],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,8837,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,8839,8840,8842,8845,8847,8849],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,8841,7514],{"class":7502},[69,8843,8844],{"class":7517}," speak",[69,8846,221],{"class":100},[69,8848,7490],{"class":7523},[69,8850,7526],{"class":100},[69,8852,8853,8855,8857,8859],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,8854,7531],{"class":217},[69,8856,221],{"class":100},[69,8858,115],{"class":292},[69,8860,301],{"class":100},[14,8862,8863,8864,8866,8867,289],{},"This fails because ",[21,8865,115],{}," is not defined inside ",[21,8868,8869],{},"speak()",[14,8871,1726],{},[60,8873,8875],{"className":62,"code":8874,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Dog:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n\n    def speak(self):\n        print(self.name)\n",[21,8876,8877,8885,8901,8913,8917,8929],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,8878,8879,8881,8883],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,8880,7503],{"class":7502},[69,8882,7507],{"class":7506},[69,8884,275],{"class":100},[69,8886,8887,8889,8891,8893,8895,8897,8899],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,8888,7514],{"class":7502},[69,8890,7942],{"class":217},[69,8892,221],{"class":100},[69,8894,7490],{"class":7523},[69,8896,120],{"class":100},[69,8898,7952],{"class":7951},[69,8900,7526],{"class":100},[69,8902,8903,8905,8907,8909,8911],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,8904,7965],{"class":7964},[69,8906,289],{"class":100},[69,8908,115],{"class":2216},[69,8910,4232],{"class":96},[69,8912,7974],{"class":79},[69,8914,8915],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,8916,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,8918,8919,8921,8923,8925,8927],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,8920,7514],{"class":7502},[69,8922,8844],{"class":7517},[69,8924,221],{"class":100},[69,8926,7490],{"class":7523},[69,8928,7526],{"class":100},[69,8930,8931,8933,8935,8937,8939,8941],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,8932,7531],{"class":217},[69,8934,221],{"class":100},[69,8936,7490],{"class":7964},[69,8938,289],{"class":100},[69,8940,115],{"class":2216},[69,8942,301],{"class":100},[1647,8944,8946],{"id":8945},"calling-the-method-incorrectly","Calling the method incorrectly",[14,8948,8949],{},"Usually, you should call an instance method on an object:",[60,8951,8952],{"className":62,"code":7816,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,8953,8954],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,8955,8956,8958,8960,8962],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,8957,7562],{"class":79},[69,8959,289],{"class":100},[69,8961,7567],{"class":292},[69,8963,1385],{"class":100},[14,8965,8966],{},"Not on the class itself unless you know exactly what you are doing.",[55,8968,8970],{"id":8969},"when-to-add-a-method","When to add a method",[14,8972,8973],{},"Add a method when an action belongs to the object.",[14,8975,8976],{},"For example, a bank account has data like a balance, and it can do actions like deposit money.",[60,8978,8980],{"className":62,"code":8979,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class BankAccount:\n    def __init__(self, balance):\n        self.balance = balance\n\n    def deposit(self, amount):\n        self.balance += amount\n\n    def show_balance(self):\n        print(self.balance)\n\naccount = BankAccount(100)\naccount.deposit(50)\naccount.show_balance()\n",[21,8981,8982,8991,9008,9022,9026,9044,9058,9062,9075,9089,9093,9109,9126],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,8983,8984,8986,8989],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,8985,7503],{"class":7502},[69,8987,8988],{"class":7506}," BankAccount",[69,8990,275],{"class":100},[69,8992,8993,8995,8997,8999,9001,9003,9006],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,8994,7514],{"class":7502},[69,8996,7942],{"class":217},[69,8998,221],{"class":100},[69,9000,7490],{"class":7523},[69,9002,120],{"class":100},[69,9004,9005],{"class":7951}," balance",[69,9007,7526],{"class":100},[69,9009,9010,9012,9014,9017,9019],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,9011,7965],{"class":7964},[69,9013,289],{"class":100},[69,9015,9016],{"class":2216},"balance",[69,9018,4232],{"class":96},[69,9020,9021],{"class":79}," balance\n",[69,9023,9024],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,9025,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,9027,9028,9030,9033,9035,9037,9039,9042],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,9029,7514],{"class":7502},[69,9031,9032],{"class":7517}," deposit",[69,9034,221],{"class":100},[69,9036,7490],{"class":7523},[69,9038,120],{"class":100},[69,9040,9041],{"class":7951}," amount",[69,9043,7526],{"class":100},[69,9045,9046,9048,9050,9052,9055],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,9047,7965],{"class":7964},[69,9049,289],{"class":100},[69,9051,9016],{"class":2216},[69,9053,9054],{"class":96}," +=",[69,9056,9057],{"class":79}," amount\n",[69,9059,9060],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,9061,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,9063,9064,9066,9069,9071,9073],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,9065,7514],{"class":7502},[69,9067,9068],{"class":7517}," show_balance",[69,9070,221],{"class":100},[69,9072,7490],{"class":7523},[69,9074,7526],{"class":100},[69,9076,9077,9079,9081,9083,9085,9087],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,9078,7531],{"class":217},[69,9080,221],{"class":100},[69,9082,7490],{"class":7964},[69,9084,289],{"class":100},[69,9086,9016],{"class":2216},[69,9088,301],{"class":100},[69,9090,9091],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,9092,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,9094,9095,9098,9100,9102,9104,9107],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,9096,9097],{"class":79},"account ",[69,9099,97],{"class":96},[69,9101,8988],{"class":292},[69,9103,221],{"class":100},[69,9105,9106],{"class":157},"100",[69,9108,301],{"class":100},[69,9110,9111,9114,9116,9119,9121,9124],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,9112,9113],{"class":79},"account",[69,9115,289],{"class":100},[69,9117,9118],{"class":292},"deposit",[69,9120,221],{"class":100},[69,9122,9123],{"class":157},"50",[69,9125,301],{"class":100},[69,9127,9128,9130,9132,9135],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,9129,9113],{"class":79},[69,9131,289],{"class":100},[69,9133,9134],{"class":292},"show_balance",[69,9136,1385],{"class":100},[14,9138,2781],{},[60,9140,9142],{"className":62,"code":9141,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"150\n",[21,9143,9144],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,9145,9146],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,9147,9141],{"class":157},[14,9149,9150],{},"This is useful because:",[29,9152,9153,9156,9159],{},[32,9154,9155],{},"The data and action stay together",[32,9157,9158],{},"The class is easier to understand",[32,9160,9161],{},"The object manages its own state",[14,9163,9164,9165,289],{},"If you have not created a class before, see ",[579,9166,9168],{"href":9167},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-create-a-class-in-python\u002F","how to create a class in Python",[55,9170,2148],{"id":2147},[14,9172,9173],{},"If your method is not working, these checks can help:",[60,9175,9177],{"className":62,"code":9176,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(type(my_object))\nprint(dir(my_object))\nhelp(MyClass)\nprint(my_object.__dict__)\n",[21,9178,9179,9194,9209,9221],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,9180,9181,9183,9185,9187,9189,9192],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,9182,2161],{"class":217},[69,9184,221],{"class":100},[69,9186,2176],{"class":1859},[69,9188,221],{"class":100},[69,9190,9191],{"class":292},"my_object",[69,9193,2183],{"class":100},[69,9195,9196,9198,9200,9203,9205,9207],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,9197,2161],{"class":217},[69,9199,221],{"class":100},[69,9201,9202],{"class":217},"dir",[69,9204,221],{"class":100},[69,9206,9191],{"class":292},[69,9208,2183],{"class":100},[69,9210,9211,9214,9216,9219],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,9212,9213],{"class":217},"help",[69,9215,221],{"class":100},[69,9217,9218],{"class":292},"MyClass",[69,9220,301],{"class":100},[69,9222,9223,9225,9227,9229,9231,9234],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,9224,2161],{"class":217},[69,9226,221],{"class":100},[69,9228,9191],{"class":292},[69,9230,289],{"class":100},[69,9232,9233],{"class":7964},"__dict__",[69,9235,301],{"class":100},[14,9237,9238],{},"What they do:",[29,9240,9241,9247,9253,9259],{},[32,9242,9243,9246],{},[21,9244,9245],{},"print(type(my_object))"," shows the object's type",[32,9248,9249,9252],{},[21,9250,9251],{},"print(dir(my_object))"," shows available attributes and methods",[32,9254,9255,9258],{},[21,9256,9257],{},"help(MyClass)"," shows information about the class",[32,9260,9261,9264],{},[21,9262,9263],{},"print(my_object.__dict__)"," shows the object's stored instance variables",[14,9266,9267],{},"These are useful when:",[29,9269,9270,9273,9276],{},[32,9271,9272],{},"You are not sure whether the object was created correctly",[32,9274,9275],{},"You want to check whether the method exists",[32,9277,9278,9279,364,9281],{},"You want to inspect stored values like ",[21,9280,115],{},[21,9282,126],{},[55,9284,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,9286,9288],{"id":9287},"do-all-class-methods-need-self","Do all class methods need self?",[14,9290,9291,9292,9294],{},"Instance methods do. The ",[21,9293,7490],{}," parameter gives access to the current object. Static methods and class methods work differently.",[1647,9296,9298],{"id":9297},"can-i-add-more-than-one-method-to-a-class","Can I add more than one method to a class?",[14,9300,9301],{},"Yes. A class can have many methods, each handling a different action.",[1647,9303,9305],{"id":9304},"what-is-the-difference-between-a-function-and-a-method","What is the difference between a function and a method?",[14,9307,9308],{},"A method is a function defined inside a class and usually works with objects created from that class.",[1647,9310,9312],{"id":9311},"can-a-method-return-a-value","Can a method return a value?",[14,9314,9315,9316,9318],{},"Yes. Use ",[21,9317,8547],{}," when you want the method to give data back.",[55,9320,2414],{"id":2413},[29,9322,9323,9327,9333,9340,9345],{},[32,9324,9325],{},[579,9326,7611],{"href":7610},[32,9328,9329],{},[579,9330,9332],{"href":9331},"\u002Flearn\u002Fbasic-methods-in-python-classes-explained","Basic methods in Python classes explained",[32,9334,9335],{},[579,9336,9337,9338,7922],{"href":7918},"The ",[21,9339,7914],{},[32,9341,9342],{},[579,9343,9344],{"href":9167},"How to create a class in Python",[32,9346,9347],{},[579,9348,9349],{"href":7800},"How to create an object in Python",[14,9351,9352,9353,9355],{},"Once you can add one method, the next step is building a small class with attributes, an ",[21,9354,7914],{}," method, and multiple methods that work together.",[2450,9357,9358],{},"html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sbgvK, html code.shiki .sbgvK{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sGLFI, html code.shiki .sGLFI{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .smCYv, html code.shiki .smCYv{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki 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.sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":9360},[9361,9362,9363,9364,9365,9366,9367,9368,9372,9380,9381,9382,9388],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":7614,"depth":83,"text":7615},{"id":7689,"depth":83,"text":7690},{"id":7804,"depth":83,"text":7805},{"id":7904,"depth":83,"text":7905},{"id":8148,"depth":83,"text":8149},{"id":8340,"depth":83,"text":8341,"children":9369},[9370,9371],{"id":8347,"depth":90,"text":8348},{"id":8444,"depth":90,"text":8445},{"id":5116,"depth":83,"text":5117,"children":9373},[9374,9376,9377,9379],{"id":8563,"depth":90,"text":9375},"Forgetting self",{"id":8693,"depth":90,"text":8694},{"id":8787,"depth":90,"text":9378},"Using instance variables without self",{"id":8945,"depth":90,"text":8946},{"id":8969,"depth":83,"text":8970},{"id":2147,"depth":83,"text":2148},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":9383},[9384,9385,9386,9387],{"id":9287,"depth":90,"text":9288},{"id":9297,"depth":90,"text":9298},{"id":9304,"depth":90,"text":9305},{"id":9311,"depth":90,"text":9312},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to add methods to a class in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-add-methods-to-a-class-in-python",{"title":7459,"description":9389},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-add-methods-to-a-class-in-python","G_L-ERO6Ziiz4siO_EdEwtdYsK2LgHs0_9JXxZoskgE",{"id":9396,"title":9397,"body":9398,"description":11183,"extension":2479,"meta":11184,"navigation":86,"path":1604,"seo":11185,"stem":11186,"__hash__":11187},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-append-to-a-file-in-python.md","How to Append to a File in Python",{"type":7,"value":9399,"toc":11135},[9400,9403,9409,9418,9420,9480,9486,9490,9493,9510,9513,9524,9531,9535,9538,9560,9562,9617,9621,9644,9650,9656,9659,9665,9675,9679,9684,9692,9698,9752,9755,9760,9763,9769,9775,9830,9833,9837,9842,9846,9849,9860,9862,9919,9924,9947,9951,9954,9960,10058,10062,10174,10177,10180,10186,10192,10196,10198,10216,10220,10276,10279,10283,10339,10342,10351,10358,10362,10365,10369,10371,10425,10428,10430,10485,10491,10493,10548,10551,10553,10607,10611,10617,10619,10669,10674,10676,10740,10744,10747,10749,10805,10811,10813,10824,10831,10838,10841,10844,10855,10865,10867,10870,10874,10906,10909,10913,10948,10956,10960,10997,11004,11008,11034,11037,11039,11043,11049,11056,11062,11072,11080,11084,11093,11095,11132],[10,9401,9397],{"id":9402},"how-to-append-to-a-file-in-python",[14,9404,9405,9406,289],{},"If you want to add text to an existing file without deleting what is already there, use ",[2498,9407,9408],{},"append mode",[14,9410,9411,9412,9414,9415,9417],{},"In Python, append mode is ",[21,9413,1457],{}," in the ",[21,9416,576],{}," function. It writes new content at the end of the file instead of replacing the old content.",[55,9419,58],{"id":57},[60,9421,9423],{"className":62,"code":9422,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"a\") as file:\n    file.write(\"New line of text\\n\")\n",[21,9424,9425,9456],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,9426,9427,9429,9431,9433,9435,9438,9440,9442,9444,9446,9448,9450,9452,9454],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,9428,214],{"class":75},[69,9430,218],{"class":217},[69,9432,221],{"class":100},[69,9434,111],{"class":110},[69,9436,9437],{"class":114},"notes.txt",[69,9439,111],{"class":110},[69,9441,120],{"class":100},[69,9443,123],{"class":110},[69,9445,579],{"class":114},[69,9447,111],{"class":110},[69,9449,265],{"class":100},[69,9451,268],{"class":75},[69,9453,272],{"class":271},[69,9455,275],{"class":100},[69,9457,9458,9461,9463,9466,9468,9470,9473,9476,9478],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,9459,9460],{"class":271},"    file",[69,9462,289],{"class":100},[69,9464,9465],{"class":292},"write",[69,9467,221],{"class":100},[69,9469,111],{"class":110},[69,9471,9472],{"class":114},"New line of text",[69,9474,9475],{"class":7964},"\\n",[69,9477,111],{"class":110},[69,9479,301],{"class":100},[14,9481,9482,9483,9485],{},"Open the file with mode ",[21,9484,1457],{}," to append. This adds text at the end instead of replacing the file.",[55,9487,9489],{"id":9488},"what-appending-means","What appending means",[14,9491,9492],{},"Appending means:",[29,9494,9495,9502,9505],{},[32,9496,9497,9498,9501],{},"Adding new content to the ",[2498,9499,9500],{},"end"," of a file",[32,9503,9504],{},"Keeping the existing content unchanged",[32,9506,9507,9508,351],{},"Using file mode ",[21,9509,1457],{},[14,9511,9512],{},"This is useful for things like:",[29,9514,9515,9518,9521],{},[32,9516,9517],{},"Notes files",[32,9519,9520],{},"Log files",[32,9522,9523],{},"Saving results from repeated runs of a program",[14,9525,9526,9527,289],{},"If you are new to file handling, see ",[579,9528,9530],{"href":9529},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-file-handling-basics-read-and-write","Python file handling basics: read and write",[55,9532,9534],{"id":9533},"basic-way-to-append-text","Basic way to append text",[14,9536,9537],{},"The simplest way is:",[9539,9540,9541,9547,9553],"ol",{},[32,9542,9543,9544],{},"Open the file with ",[21,9545,9546],{},"open(filename, \"a\")",[32,9548,9549,9550,9552],{},"Use a ",[21,9551,214],{}," statement so the file closes automatically",[32,9554,9555,9556,9559],{},"Call ",[21,9557,9558],{},"write()"," to add text",[14,9561,370],{},[60,9563,9565],{"className":62,"code":9564,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"a\") as file:\n    file.write(\"Hello\\n\")\n",[21,9566,9567,9597],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,9568,9569,9571,9573,9575,9577,9579,9581,9583,9585,9587,9589,9591,9593,9595],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,9570,214],{"class":75},[69,9572,218],{"class":217},[69,9574,221],{"class":100},[69,9576,111],{"class":110},[69,9578,9437],{"class":114},[69,9580,111],{"class":110},[69,9582,120],{"class":100},[69,9584,123],{"class":110},[69,9586,579],{"class":114},[69,9588,111],{"class":110},[69,9590,265],{"class":100},[69,9592,268],{"class":75},[69,9594,272],{"class":271},[69,9596,275],{"class":100},[69,9598,9599,9601,9603,9605,9607,9609,9611,9613,9615],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,9600,9460],{"class":271},[69,9602,289],{"class":100},[69,9604,9465],{"class":292},[69,9606,221],{"class":100},[69,9608,111],{"class":110},[69,9610,7659],{"class":114},[69,9612,9475],{"class":7964},[69,9614,111],{"class":110},[69,9616,301],{"class":100},[1647,9618,9620],{"id":9619},"what-this-code-does","What this code does",[29,9622,9623,9632,9638],{},[32,9624,9625,9628,9629,9631],{},[21,9626,9627],{},"open(\"notes.txt\", \"a\")"," opens ",[21,9630,9437],{}," in append mode",[32,9633,9634,9637],{},[21,9635,9636],{},"with ... as file:"," makes sure Python closes the file when done",[32,9639,9640,9643],{},[21,9641,9642],{},"file.write(\"Hello\\n\")"," adds text at the end of the file",[14,9645,9646,9647,9649],{},"If ",[21,9648,9437],{}," already contains:",[60,9651,9654],{"className":9652,"code":9653,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"First line\n",[21,9655,9653],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,9657,9658],{},"after running the code, it becomes:",[60,9660,9663],{"className":9661,"code":9662,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"First line\nHello\n",[21,9664,9662],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,9666,9667,9668,9670,9671,289],{},"If you want a broader explanation of ",[21,9669,576],{},", read ",[579,9672,9674],{"href":9673},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-open-function-explained","Python open() function explained",[55,9676,9678],{"id":9677},"append-a-new-line-correctly","Append a new line correctly",[14,9680,9681,9682,289],{},"A common beginner mistake is forgetting the newline character ",[21,9683,9475],{},[14,9685,9686,9688,9689,9691],{},[21,9687,9558],{}," does ",[2498,9690,3315],{}," add a new line automatically.",[1647,9693,9695,9696],{"id":9694},"example-without-n","Example without ",[21,9697,9475],{},[60,9699,9701],{"className":62,"code":9700,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"a\") as file:\n    file.write(\"Another line\")\n",[21,9702,9703,9733],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,9704,9705,9707,9709,9711,9713,9715,9717,9719,9721,9723,9725,9727,9729,9731],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,9706,214],{"class":75},[69,9708,218],{"class":217},[69,9710,221],{"class":100},[69,9712,111],{"class":110},[69,9714,9437],{"class":114},[69,9716,111],{"class":110},[69,9718,120],{"class":100},[69,9720,123],{"class":110},[69,9722,579],{"class":114},[69,9724,111],{"class":110},[69,9726,265],{"class":100},[69,9728,268],{"class":75},[69,9730,272],{"class":271},[69,9732,275],{"class":100},[69,9734,9735,9737,9739,9741,9743,9745,9748,9750],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,9736,9460],{"class":271},[69,9738,289],{"class":100},[69,9740,9465],{"class":292},[69,9742,221],{"class":100},[69,9744,111],{"class":110},[69,9746,9747],{"class":114},"Another line",[69,9749,111],{"class":110},[69,9751,301],{"class":100},[14,9753,9754],{},"If the file already ends with:",[60,9756,9758],{"className":9757,"code":9653,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],[21,9759,9653],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,9761,9762],{},"the result might be:",[60,9764,9767],{"className":9765,"code":9766,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"First lineAnother line\n",[21,9768,9766],{"__ignoreMap":65},[1647,9770,9772,9773],{"id":9771},"example-with-n","Example with ",[21,9774,9475],{},[60,9776,9778],{"className":62,"code":9777,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"a\") as file:\n    file.write(\"Another line\\n\")\n",[21,9779,9780,9810],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,9781,9782,9784,9786,9788,9790,9792,9794,9796,9798,9800,9802,9804,9806,9808],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,9783,214],{"class":75},[69,9785,218],{"class":217},[69,9787,221],{"class":100},[69,9789,111],{"class":110},[69,9791,9437],{"class":114},[69,9793,111],{"class":110},[69,9795,120],{"class":100},[69,9797,123],{"class":110},[69,9799,579],{"class":114},[69,9801,111],{"class":110},[69,9803,265],{"class":100},[69,9805,268],{"class":75},[69,9807,272],{"class":271},[69,9809,275],{"class":100},[69,9811,9812,9814,9816,9818,9820,9822,9824,9826,9828],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,9813,9460],{"class":271},[69,9815,289],{"class":100},[69,9817,9465],{"class":292},[69,9819,221],{"class":100},[69,9821,111],{"class":110},[69,9823,9747],{"class":114},[69,9825,9475],{"class":7964},[69,9827,111],{"class":110},[69,9829,301],{"class":100},[14,9831,9832],{},"This makes the new text start on its own line.",[1647,9834,9836],{"id":9835},"helpful-tip","Helpful tip",[14,9838,322,9839,9841],{},[21,9840,9475],{}," when you want each piece of text to appear as a separate line.",[55,9843,9845],{"id":9844},"create-the-file-if-it-does-not-exist","Create the file if it does not exist",[14,9847,9848],{},"Append mode has a helpful behavior:",[29,9850,9851,9854],{},[32,9852,9853],{},"If the file exists, Python adds text to the end",[32,9855,9856,9857,9859],{},"If the file does ",[2498,9858,3315],{}," exist, Python creates it automatically",[14,9861,370],{},[60,9863,9865],{"className":62,"code":9864,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"new_notes.txt\", \"a\") as file:\n    file.write(\"This file will be created\\n\")\n",[21,9866,9867,9898],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,9868,9869,9871,9873,9875,9877,9880,9882,9884,9886,9888,9890,9892,9894,9896],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,9870,214],{"class":75},[69,9872,218],{"class":217},[69,9874,221],{"class":100},[69,9876,111],{"class":110},[69,9878,9879],{"class":114},"new_notes.txt",[69,9881,111],{"class":110},[69,9883,120],{"class":100},[69,9885,123],{"class":110},[69,9887,579],{"class":114},[69,9889,111],{"class":110},[69,9891,265],{"class":100},[69,9893,268],{"class":75},[69,9895,272],{"class":271},[69,9897,275],{"class":100},[69,9899,9900,9902,9904,9906,9908,9910,9913,9915,9917],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,9901,9460],{"class":271},[69,9903,289],{"class":100},[69,9905,9465],{"class":292},[69,9907,221],{"class":100},[69,9909,111],{"class":110},[69,9911,9912],{"class":114},"This file will be created",[69,9914,9475],{"class":7964},[69,9916,111],{"class":110},[69,9918,301],{"class":100},[14,9920,9646,9921,9923],{},[21,9922,9879],{}," is missing, Python creates it and writes the text.",[14,9925,9926,9927,9930,9931,9934,9935,50,9939,289],{},"This is different from reading mode. If you open a missing file with ",[21,9928,9929],{},"\"r\"",", Python raises a ",[21,9932,9933],{},"FileNotFoundError",". For more on that, see ",[579,9936,9938],{"href":9937},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-read-a-file-in-python\u002F","how to read a file in Python",[579,9940,9942,9943,9946],{"href":9941},"\u002Ferrors\u002Ffilenotfounderror-errno-2-no-such-file-or-directory-fix","FileNotFoundError: ",[69,9944,9945],{},"Errno 2"," No such file or directory",[55,9948,9950],{"id":9949},"append-multiple-lines","Append multiple lines",[14,9952,9953],{},"You can append more than one line in a few ways.",[1647,9955,9555,9957,9959],{"id":9956},"call-write-multiple-times",[21,9958,9558],{}," multiple times",[60,9961,9963],{"className":62,"code":9962,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"a\") as file:\n    file.write(\"Line 1\\n\")\n    file.write(\"Line 2\\n\")\n    file.write(\"Line 3\\n\")\n",[21,9964,9965,9995,10016,10037],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,9966,9967,9969,9971,9973,9975,9977,9979,9981,9983,9985,9987,9989,9991,9993],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,9968,214],{"class":75},[69,9970,218],{"class":217},[69,9972,221],{"class":100},[69,9974,111],{"class":110},[69,9976,9437],{"class":114},[69,9978,111],{"class":110},[69,9980,120],{"class":100},[69,9982,123],{"class":110},[69,9984,579],{"class":114},[69,9986,111],{"class":110},[69,9988,265],{"class":100},[69,9990,268],{"class":75},[69,9992,272],{"class":271},[69,9994,275],{"class":100},[69,9996,9997,9999,10001,10003,10005,10007,10010,10012,10014],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,9998,9460],{"class":271},[69,10000,289],{"class":100},[69,10002,9465],{"class":292},[69,10004,221],{"class":100},[69,10006,111],{"class":110},[69,10008,10009],{"class":114},"Line 1",[69,10011,9475],{"class":7964},[69,10013,111],{"class":110},[69,10015,301],{"class":100},[69,10017,10018,10020,10022,10024,10026,10028,10031,10033,10035],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,10019,9460],{"class":271},[69,10021,289],{"class":100},[69,10023,9465],{"class":292},[69,10025,221],{"class":100},[69,10027,111],{"class":110},[69,10029,10030],{"class":114},"Line 2",[69,10032,9475],{"class":7964},[69,10034,111],{"class":110},[69,10036,301],{"class":100},[69,10038,10039,10041,10043,10045,10047,10049,10052,10054,10056],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,10040,9460],{"class":271},[69,10042,289],{"class":100},[69,10044,9465],{"class":292},[69,10046,221],{"class":100},[69,10048,111],{"class":110},[69,10050,10051],{"class":114},"Line 3",[69,10053,9475],{"class":7964},[69,10055,111],{"class":110},[69,10057,301],{"class":100},[1647,10059,10061],{"id":10060},"loop-through-a-list-of-strings","Loop through a list of strings",[60,10063,10065],{"className":62,"code":10064,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"lines = [\"Apple\", \"Banana\", \"Cherry\"]\n\nwith open(\"notes.txt\", \"a\") as file:\n    for line in lines:\n        file.write(line + \"\\n\")\n",[21,10066,10067,10103,10107,10137,10151],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,10068,10069,10072,10074,10076,10078,10081,10083,10085,10087,10090,10092,10094,10096,10099,10101],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,10070,10071],{"class":79},"lines ",[69,10073,97],{"class":96},[69,10075,636],{"class":100},[69,10077,111],{"class":110},[69,10079,10080],{"class":114},"Apple",[69,10082,111],{"class":110},[69,10084,120],{"class":100},[69,10086,123],{"class":110},[69,10088,10089],{"class":114},"Banana",[69,10091,111],{"class":110},[69,10093,120],{"class":100},[69,10095,123],{"class":110},[69,10097,10098],{"class":114},"Cherry",[69,10100,111],{"class":110},[69,10102,198],{"class":100},[69,10104,10105],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,10106,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,10108,10109,10111,10113,10115,10117,10119,10121,10123,10125,10127,10129,10131,10133,10135],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,10110,214],{"class":75},[69,10112,218],{"class":217},[69,10114,221],{"class":100},[69,10116,111],{"class":110},[69,10118,9437],{"class":114},[69,10120,111],{"class":110},[69,10122,120],{"class":100},[69,10124,123],{"class":110},[69,10126,579],{"class":114},[69,10128,111],{"class":110},[69,10130,265],{"class":100},[69,10132,268],{"class":75},[69,10134,272],{"class":271},[69,10136,275],{"class":100},[69,10138,10139,10141,10144,10146,10149],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,10140,765],{"class":75},[69,10142,10143],{"class":79}," line ",[69,10145,771],{"class":75},[69,10147,10148],{"class":79}," lines",[69,10150,275],{"class":100},[69,10152,10153,10156,10158,10160,10162,10164,10166,10168,10170,10172],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,10154,10155],{"class":271},"        file",[69,10157,289],{"class":100},[69,10159,9465],{"class":292},[69,10161,221],{"class":100},[69,10163,1840],{"class":292},[69,10165,1847],{"class":96},[69,10167,123],{"class":110},[69,10169,9475],{"class":7964},[69,10171,111],{"class":110},[69,10173,301],{"class":100},[14,10175,10176],{},"This adds each item on a separate line.",[14,10178,10179],{},"Expected file content:",[60,10181,10184],{"className":10182,"code":10183,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"Apple\nBanana\nCherry\n",[21,10185,10183],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,10187,10188,10189,10191],{},"Make sure each line ends with ",[21,10190,9475],{}," if you want line breaks.",[55,10193,10195],{"id":10194},"when-to-use-append-instead-of-write","When to use append instead of write",[14,10197,1081],{},[29,10199,10200,10209],{},[32,10201,10202,10204,10205,10208],{},[21,10203,1457],{}," when you want to ",[2498,10206,10207],{},"keep old content"," and add new content at the end",[32,10210,10211,10204,10213],{},[21,10212,346],{},[2498,10214,10215],{},"replace the file's old content",[1647,10217,10219],{"id":10218},"append-mode-example","Append mode example",[60,10221,10223],{"className":62,"code":10222,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"a\") as file:\n    file.write(\"New item\\n\")\n",[21,10224,10225,10255],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,10226,10227,10229,10231,10233,10235,10237,10239,10241,10243,10245,10247,10249,10251,10253],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,10228,214],{"class":75},[69,10230,218],{"class":217},[69,10232,221],{"class":100},[69,10234,111],{"class":110},[69,10236,9437],{"class":114},[69,10238,111],{"class":110},[69,10240,120],{"class":100},[69,10242,123],{"class":110},[69,10244,579],{"class":114},[69,10246,111],{"class":110},[69,10248,265],{"class":100},[69,10250,268],{"class":75},[69,10252,272],{"class":271},[69,10254,275],{"class":100},[69,10256,10257,10259,10261,10263,10265,10267,10270,10272,10274],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,10258,9460],{"class":271},[69,10260,289],{"class":100},[69,10262,9465],{"class":292},[69,10264,221],{"class":100},[69,10266,111],{"class":110},[69,10268,10269],{"class":114},"New item",[69,10271,9475],{"class":7964},[69,10273,111],{"class":110},[69,10275,301],{"class":100},[14,10277,10278],{},"This keeps everything already in the file.",[1647,10280,10282],{"id":10281},"write-mode-example","Write mode example",[60,10284,10286],{"className":62,"code":10285,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n    file.write(\"Only this text remains\\n\")\n",[21,10287,10288,10318],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,10289,10290,10292,10294,10296,10298,10300,10302,10304,10306,10308,10310,10312,10314,10316],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,10291,214],{"class":75},[69,10293,218],{"class":217},[69,10295,221],{"class":100},[69,10297,111],{"class":110},[69,10299,9437],{"class":114},[69,10301,111],{"class":110},[69,10303,120],{"class":100},[69,10305,123],{"class":110},[69,10307,235],{"class":114},[69,10309,111],{"class":110},[69,10311,265],{"class":100},[69,10313,268],{"class":75},[69,10315,272],{"class":271},[69,10317,275],{"class":100},[69,10319,10320,10322,10324,10326,10328,10330,10333,10335,10337],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,10321,9460],{"class":271},[69,10323,289],{"class":100},[69,10325,9465],{"class":292},[69,10327,221],{"class":100},[69,10329,111],{"class":110},[69,10331,10332],{"class":114},"Only this text remains",[69,10334,9475],{"class":7964},[69,10336,111],{"class":110},[69,10338,301],{"class":100},[14,10340,10341],{},"This clears the old file content before writing.",[14,10343,10344,10345,10347,10348,10350],{},"So if you accidentally use ",[21,10346,346],{}," instead of ",[21,10349,1457],{},", you may delete the file's previous contents.",[14,10352,10353,10354,289],{},"If you want a separate guide for replacing file contents, see ",[579,10355,10357],{"href":10356},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-write-to-a-file-in-python\u002F","how to write to a file in Python",[55,10359,10361],{"id":10360},"common-problems-when-appending","Common problems when appending",[14,10363,10364],{},"Here are the most common issues beginners run into.",[1647,10366,10368],{"id":10367},"forgetting-the-newline-character","Forgetting the newline character",[14,10370,6748],{},[60,10372,10374],{"className":62,"code":10373,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"a\") as file:\n    file.write(\"New text\")\n",[21,10375,10376,10406],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,10377,10378,10380,10382,10384,10386,10388,10390,10392,10394,10396,10398,10400,10402,10404],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,10379,214],{"class":75},[69,10381,218],{"class":217},[69,10383,221],{"class":100},[69,10385,111],{"class":110},[69,10387,9437],{"class":114},[69,10389,111],{"class":110},[69,10391,120],{"class":100},[69,10393,123],{"class":110},[69,10395,579],{"class":114},[69,10397,111],{"class":110},[69,10399,265],{"class":100},[69,10401,268],{"class":75},[69,10403,272],{"class":271},[69,10405,275],{"class":100},[69,10407,10408,10410,10412,10414,10416,10418,10421,10423],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,10409,9460],{"class":271},[69,10411,289],{"class":100},[69,10413,9465],{"class":292},[69,10415,221],{"class":100},[69,10417,111],{"class":110},[69,10419,10420],{"class":114},"New text",[69,10422,111],{"class":110},[69,10424,301],{"class":100},[14,10426,10427],{},"This may place the new text directly after the old text.",[14,10429,6824],{},[60,10431,10433],{"className":62,"code":10432,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"a\") as file:\n    file.write(\"New text\\n\")\n",[21,10434,10435,10465],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,10436,10437,10439,10441,10443,10445,10447,10449,10451,10453,10455,10457,10459,10461,10463],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,10438,214],{"class":75},[69,10440,218],{"class":217},[69,10442,221],{"class":100},[69,10444,111],{"class":110},[69,10446,9437],{"class":114},[69,10448,111],{"class":110},[69,10450,120],{"class":100},[69,10452,123],{"class":110},[69,10454,579],{"class":114},[69,10456,111],{"class":110},[69,10458,265],{"class":100},[69,10460,268],{"class":75},[69,10462,272],{"class":271},[69,10464,275],{"class":100},[69,10466,10467,10469,10471,10473,10475,10477,10479,10481,10483],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,10468,9460],{"class":271},[69,10470,289],{"class":100},[69,10472,9465],{"class":292},[69,10474,221],{"class":100},[69,10476,111],{"class":110},[69,10478,10420],{"class":114},[69,10480,9475],{"class":7964},[69,10482,111],{"class":110},[69,10484,301],{"class":100},[1647,10486,1628,10488,10490],{"id":10487},"using-w-by-mistake",[21,10489,346],{}," by mistake",[14,10492,6748],{},[60,10494,10496],{"className":62,"code":10495,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n    file.write(\"New text\\n\")\n",[21,10497,10498,10528],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,10499,10500,10502,10504,10506,10508,10510,10512,10514,10516,10518,10520,10522,10524,10526],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,10501,214],{"class":75},[69,10503,218],{"class":217},[69,10505,221],{"class":100},[69,10507,111],{"class":110},[69,10509,9437],{"class":114},[69,10511,111],{"class":110},[69,10513,120],{"class":100},[69,10515,123],{"class":110},[69,10517,235],{"class":114},[69,10519,111],{"class":110},[69,10521,265],{"class":100},[69,10523,268],{"class":75},[69,10525,272],{"class":271},[69,10527,275],{"class":100},[69,10529,10530,10532,10534,10536,10538,10540,10542,10544,10546],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,10531,9460],{"class":271},[69,10533,289],{"class":100},[69,10535,9465],{"class":292},[69,10537,221],{"class":100},[69,10539,111],{"class":110},[69,10541,10420],{"class":114},[69,10543,9475],{"class":7964},[69,10545,111],{"class":110},[69,10547,301],{"class":100},[14,10549,10550],{},"This replaces the old file content.",[14,10552,6824],{},[60,10554,10555],{"className":62,"code":10432,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,10556,10557,10587],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,10558,10559,10561,10563,10565,10567,10569,10571,10573,10575,10577,10579,10581,10583,10585],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,10560,214],{"class":75},[69,10562,218],{"class":217},[69,10564,221],{"class":100},[69,10566,111],{"class":110},[69,10568,9437],{"class":114},[69,10570,111],{"class":110},[69,10572,120],{"class":100},[69,10574,123],{"class":110},[69,10576,579],{"class":114},[69,10578,111],{"class":110},[69,10580,265],{"class":100},[69,10582,268],{"class":75},[69,10584,272],{"class":271},[69,10586,275],{"class":100},[69,10588,10589,10591,10593,10595,10597,10599,10601,10603,10605],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,10590,9460],{"class":271},[69,10592,289],{"class":100},[69,10594,9465],{"class":292},[69,10596,221],{"class":100},[69,10598,111],{"class":110},[69,10600,10420],{"class":114},[69,10602,9475],{"class":7964},[69,10604,111],{"class":110},[69,10606,301],{"class":100},[1647,10608,10610],{"id":10609},"writing-a-number-instead-of-a-string","Writing a number instead of a string",[14,10612,10613,10616],{},[21,10614,10615],{},"file.write()"," expects a string.",[14,10618,6748],{},[60,10620,10622],{"className":62,"code":10621,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"a\") as file:\n    file.write(123)\n",[21,10623,10624,10654],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,10625,10626,10628,10630,10632,10634,10636,10638,10640,10642,10644,10646,10648,10650,10652],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,10627,214],{"class":75},[69,10629,218],{"class":217},[69,10631,221],{"class":100},[69,10633,111],{"class":110},[69,10635,9437],{"class":114},[69,10637,111],{"class":110},[69,10639,120],{"class":100},[69,10641,123],{"class":110},[69,10643,579],{"class":114},[69,10645,111],{"class":110},[69,10647,265],{"class":100},[69,10649,268],{"class":75},[69,10651,272],{"class":271},[69,10653,275],{"class":100},[69,10655,10656,10658,10660,10662,10664,10667],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,10657,9460],{"class":271},[69,10659,289],{"class":100},[69,10661,9465],{"class":292},[69,10663,221],{"class":100},[69,10665,10666],{"class":157},"123",[69,10668,301],{"class":100},[14,10670,10671,10672,289],{},"This raises a ",[21,10673,8638],{},[14,10675,6824],{},[60,10677,10679],{"className":62,"code":10678,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"a\") as file:\n    file.write(str(123) + \"\\n\")\n",[21,10680,10681,10711],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,10682,10683,10685,10687,10689,10691,10693,10695,10697,10699,10701,10703,10705,10707,10709],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,10684,214],{"class":75},[69,10686,218],{"class":217},[69,10688,221],{"class":100},[69,10690,111],{"class":110},[69,10692,9437],{"class":114},[69,10694,111],{"class":110},[69,10696,120],{"class":100},[69,10698,123],{"class":110},[69,10700,579],{"class":114},[69,10702,111],{"class":110},[69,10704,265],{"class":100},[69,10706,268],{"class":75},[69,10708,272],{"class":271},[69,10710,275],{"class":100},[69,10712,10713,10715,10717,10719,10721,10724,10726,10728,10730,10732,10734,10736,10738],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,10714,9460],{"class":271},[69,10716,289],{"class":100},[69,10718,9465],{"class":292},[69,10720,221],{"class":100},[69,10722,10723],{"class":1859},"str",[69,10725,221],{"class":100},[69,10727,10666],{"class":157},[69,10729,265],{"class":100},[69,10731,1856],{"class":96},[69,10733,123],{"class":110},[69,10735,9475],{"class":7964},[69,10737,111],{"class":110},[69,10739,301],{"class":100},[1647,10741,10743],{"id":10742},"using-the-wrong-file-path","Using the wrong file path",[14,10745,10746],{},"If Python cannot find the folder, the file may not be created where you expect.",[14,10748,370],{},[60,10750,10752],{"className":62,"code":10751,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"missing_folder\u002Fnotes.txt\", \"a\") as file:\n    file.write(\"Hello\\n\")\n",[21,10753,10754,10785],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,10755,10756,10758,10760,10762,10764,10767,10769,10771,10773,10775,10777,10779,10781,10783],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,10757,214],{"class":75},[69,10759,218],{"class":217},[69,10761,221],{"class":100},[69,10763,111],{"class":110},[69,10765,10766],{"class":114},"missing_folder\u002Fnotes.txt",[69,10768,111],{"class":110},[69,10770,120],{"class":100},[69,10772,123],{"class":110},[69,10774,579],{"class":114},[69,10776,111],{"class":110},[69,10778,265],{"class":100},[69,10780,268],{"class":75},[69,10782,272],{"class":271},[69,10784,275],{"class":100},[69,10786,10787,10789,10791,10793,10795,10797,10799,10801,10803],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,10788,9460],{"class":271},[69,10790,289],{"class":100},[69,10792,9465],{"class":292},[69,10794,221],{"class":100},[69,10796,111],{"class":110},[69,10798,7659],{"class":114},[69,10800,9475],{"class":7964},[69,10802,111],{"class":110},[69,10804,301],{"class":100},[14,10806,9646,10807,10810],{},[21,10808,10809],{},"missing_folder"," does not exist, this will fail.",[14,10812,6824],{},[29,10814,10815,10818,10821],{},[32,10816,10817],{},"Check your current working folder",[32,10819,10820],{},"Make sure the folder exists",[32,10822,10823],{},"Use the correct path",[14,10825,10826,10827,289],{},"For help with paths, see ",[579,10828,10830],{"href":10829},"\u002Flearn\u002Fworking-with-file-paths-in-python","working with file paths in Python",[1647,10832,10834,10835],{"id":10833},"getting-a-permissionerror","Getting a ",[21,10836,10837],{},"PermissionError",[14,10839,10840],{},"Sometimes the file exists, but Python is not allowed to change it.",[14,10842,10843],{},"This can happen when:",[29,10845,10846,10849,10852],{},[32,10847,10848],{},"The file is read-only",[32,10850,10851],{},"The folder has restricted permissions",[32,10853,10854],{},"Another system rule blocks access",[14,10856,10857,10858,289],{},"If that happens, see ",[579,10859,10860,10861,10864],{"href":2447},"PermissionError: ",[69,10862,10863],{},"Errno 13"," Permission denied",[55,10866,2148],{"id":2147},[14,10868,10869],{},"If appending is not working as expected, these quick checks can help.",[1647,10871,10873],{"id":10872},"check-that-the-file-opens","Check that the file opens",[60,10875,10877],{"className":62,"code":10876,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(open(\"notes.txt\", \"a\"))\n",[21,10878,10879],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,10880,10881,10883,10885,10888,10890,10892,10894,10896,10898,10900,10902,10904],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,10882,2161],{"class":217},[69,10884,221],{"class":100},[69,10886,10887],{"class":217},"open",[69,10889,221],{"class":100},[69,10891,111],{"class":110},[69,10893,9437],{"class":114},[69,10895,111],{"class":110},[69,10897,120],{"class":100},[69,10899,123],{"class":110},[69,10901,579],{"class":114},[69,10903,111],{"class":110},[69,10905,2183],{"class":100},[14,10907,10908],{},"This shows that Python can create a file object for append mode.",[1647,10910,10912],{"id":10911},"check-the-exact-text-being-written","Check the exact text being written",[60,10914,10916],{"className":62,"code":10915,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(\"Line to write:\", repr(\"New line of text\\n\"))\n",[21,10917,10918],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,10919,10920,10922,10924,10926,10929,10931,10933,10936,10938,10940,10942,10944,10946],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,10921,2161],{"class":217},[69,10923,221],{"class":100},[69,10925,111],{"class":110},[69,10927,10928],{"class":114},"Line to write:",[69,10930,111],{"class":110},[69,10932,120],{"class":100},[69,10934,10935],{"class":217}," repr",[69,10937,221],{"class":100},[69,10939,111],{"class":110},[69,10941,9472],{"class":114},[69,10943,9475],{"class":7964},[69,10945,111],{"class":110},[69,10947,2183],{"class":100},[14,10949,10950,10953,10954,289],{},[21,10951,10952],{},"repr()"," helps you see special characters like ",[21,10955,9475],{},[1647,10957,10959],{"id":10958},"check-whether-the-file-exists","Check whether the file exists",[60,10961,10963],{"className":62,"code":10962,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\nprint(os.path.exists(\"notes.txt\"))\n",[21,10964,10965,10971],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,10966,10967,10969],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,10968,76],{"class":75},[69,10970,2229],{"class":79},[69,10972,10973,10975,10977,10979,10981,10983,10985,10987,10989,10991,10993,10995],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,10974,2161],{"class":217},[69,10976,221],{"class":100},[69,10978,2238],{"class":292},[69,10980,289],{"class":100},[69,10982,2243],{"class":2216},[69,10984,289],{"class":100},[69,10986,2248],{"class":292},[69,10988,221],{"class":100},[69,10990,111],{"class":110},[69,10992,9437],{"class":114},[69,10994,111],{"class":110},[69,10996,2183],{"class":100},[14,10998,10999,11000,11003],{},"This returns ",[21,11001,11002],{},"True"," if the file is present.",[1647,11005,11007],{"id":11006},"check-the-current-working-directory","Check the current working directory",[60,11009,11011],{"className":62,"code":11010,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\nprint(os.getcwd())\n",[21,11012,11013,11019],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,11014,11015,11017],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,11016,76],{"class":75},[69,11018,2229],{"class":79},[69,11020,11021,11023,11025,11027,11029,11032],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,11022,2161],{"class":217},[69,11024,221],{"class":100},[69,11026,2238],{"class":292},[69,11028,289],{"class":100},[69,11030,11031],{"class":292},"getcwd",[69,11033,3923],{"class":100},[14,11035,11036],{},"This helps you find where Python is looking for the file.",[55,11038,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,11040,11042],{"id":11041},"does-append-mode-create-a-file-if-it-does-not-exist","Does append mode create a file if it does not exist?",[14,11044,11045,11046,11048],{},"Yes. Opening a file with mode ",[21,11047,1457],{}," creates the file if Python cannot find it.",[1647,11050,11052,11053,11055],{"id":11051},"does-write-add-a-new-line-automatically","Does ",[21,11054,9558],{}," add a new line automatically?",[14,11057,11058,11059,11061],{},"No. You must add ",[21,11060,9475],{}," yourself if you want the next text on a new line.",[1647,11063,2372,11065,50,11067,11069,11070,1414],{"id":11064},"what-is-the-difference-between-a-and-w-in-open",[21,11066,1457],{},[21,11068,346],{}," in ",[21,11071,576],{},[14,11073,11074,11076,11077,11079],{},[21,11075,1457],{}," adds to the end of the file. ",[21,11078,346],{}," clears the file and writes new content from the start.",[1647,11081,11083],{"id":11082},"can-i-append-numbers-to-a-file","Can I append numbers to a file?",[14,11085,11086,11087,11090,11091,10616],{},"Yes, but convert them to strings first with ",[21,11088,11089],{},"str()",". ",[21,11092,10615],{},[55,11094,2414],{"id":2413},[29,11096,11097,11101,11106,11111,11116,11120,11126],{},[32,11098,11099],{},[579,11100,9674],{"href":9673},[32,11102,11103],{},[579,11104,11105],{"href":10356},"How to write to a file in Python",[32,11107,11108],{},[579,11109,11110],{"href":9937},"How to read a file in Python",[32,11112,11113],{},[579,11114,11115],{"href":10829},"Working with file paths in Python",[32,11117,11118],{},[579,11119,9530],{"href":9529},[32,11121,11122],{},[579,11123,10860,11124,10864],{"href":2447},[69,11125,10863],{},[32,11127,11128],{},[579,11129,9942,11130,9946],{"href":9941},[69,11131,9945],{},[2450,11133,11134],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html 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.skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":11136},[11137,11138,11139,11142,11149,11150,11155,11159,11168,11174,11182],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":9488,"depth":83,"text":9489},{"id":9533,"depth":83,"text":9534,"children":11140},[11141],{"id":9619,"depth":90,"text":9620},{"id":9677,"depth":83,"text":9678,"children":11143},[11144,11146,11148],{"id":9694,"depth":90,"text":11145},"Example without \\n",{"id":9771,"depth":90,"text":11147},"Example with \\n",{"id":9835,"depth":90,"text":9836},{"id":9844,"depth":83,"text":9845},{"id":9949,"depth":83,"text":9950,"children":11151},[11152,11154],{"id":9956,"depth":90,"text":11153},"Call write() multiple times",{"id":10060,"depth":90,"text":10061},{"id":10194,"depth":83,"text":10195,"children":11156},[11157,11158],{"id":10218,"depth":90,"text":10219},{"id":10281,"depth":90,"text":10282},{"id":10360,"depth":83,"text":10361,"children":11160},[11161,11162,11164,11165,11166],{"id":10367,"depth":90,"text":10368},{"id":10487,"depth":90,"text":11163},"Using \"w\" by mistake",{"id":10609,"depth":90,"text":10610},{"id":10742,"depth":90,"text":10743},{"id":10833,"depth":90,"text":11167},"Getting a PermissionError",{"id":2147,"depth":83,"text":2148,"children":11169},[11170,11171,11172,11173],{"id":10872,"depth":90,"text":10873},{"id":10911,"depth":90,"text":10912},{"id":10958,"depth":90,"text":10959},{"id":11006,"depth":90,"text":11007},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":11175},[11176,11177,11179,11181],{"id":11041,"depth":90,"text":11042},{"id":11051,"depth":90,"text":11178},"Does write() add a new line automatically?",{"id":11064,"depth":90,"text":11180},"What is the difference between \"a\" and \"w\" in open()?",{"id":11082,"depth":90,"text":11083},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to append to a file in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},{"title":9397,"description":11183},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-append-to-a-file-in-python","fdZYJpgTLrchCFgyL5GQTQGkp7DTi2w0p8CvlVu5lHw",{"id":11189,"title":11190,"body":11191,"description":13075,"extension":2479,"meta":13076,"navigation":86,"path":13077,"seo":13078,"stem":13079,"__hash__":13080},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-catch-multiple-exceptions-in-python.md","How to Catch Multiple Exceptions in Python",{"type":7,"value":11192,"toc":13040},[11193,11196,11199,11202,11216,11223,11226,11249,11253,11341,11346,11348,11370,11374,11377,11380,11394,11401,11405,11410,11416,11420,11513,11515,11543,11549,11643,11647,11652,11655,11666,11669,11780,11783,11791,11795,11801,11804,11815,11818,11942,11945,11952,11956,11962,11965,11968,12044,12046,12065,12068,12072,12075,12078,12153,12156,12230,12241,12252,12254,12258,12261,12319,12322,12377,12380,12387,12390,12442,12445,12448,12500,12507,12511,12514,12517,12591,12594,12685,12692,12696,12699,12702,12716,12719,12723,12726,12744,12756,12758,12761,12858,12861,12910,12913,12924,12926,12930,12935,12954,12958,12961,12963,12988,12992,12995,12998,13002,13005,13007,13037],[10,11194,11190],{"id":11195},"how-to-catch-multiple-exceptions-in-python",[14,11197,11198],{},"Sometimes the same piece of Python code can fail in more than one way.",[14,11200,11201],{},"For example:",[29,11203,11204,11210],{},[32,11205,11206,11207],{},"converting text to a number can raise a ",[21,11208,11209],{},"ValueError",[32,11211,11212,11213],{},"dividing by that number can raise a ",[21,11214,11215],{},"ZeroDivisionError",[14,11217,11218,11219,11222],{},"In cases like this, you can catch multiple exceptions with one ",[21,11220,11221],{},"except"," block.",[14,11224,11225],{},"This page shows you:",[29,11227,11228,11235,11238,11243],{},[32,11229,11230,11231,11234],{},"how to catch more than one exception in a ",[21,11232,11233],{},"try"," block",[32,11236,11237],{},"the correct syntax for grouped exceptions",[32,11239,11240,11241,11234],{},"when to use one ",[21,11242,11221],{},[32,11244,11245,11246,11248],{},"when separate ",[21,11247,11221],{}," blocks are better",[55,11250,11252],{"id":11251},"quick-fix","Quick fix",[60,11254,11256],{"className":62,"code":11255,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(user_input)\n    result = 10 \u002F number\nexcept (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError) as e:\n    print(f\"Error: {e}\")\n",[21,11257,11258,11264,11281,11296,11319],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,11259,11260,11262],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,11261,11233],{"class":75},[69,11263,275],{"class":100},[69,11265,11266,11269,11271,11274,11276,11279],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,11267,11268],{"class":79},"    number ",[69,11270,97],{"class":96},[69,11272,11273],{"class":1859}," int",[69,11275,221],{"class":100},[69,11277,11278],{"class":292},"user_input",[69,11280,301],{"class":100},[69,11282,11283,11286,11288,11290,11293],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,11284,11285],{"class":79},"    result ",[69,11287,97],{"class":96},[69,11289,4798],{"class":157},[69,11291,11292],{"class":96}," \u002F",[69,11294,11295],{"class":79}," number\n",[69,11297,11298,11300,11303,11305,11307,11310,11312,11314,11317],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,11299,11221],{"class":75},[69,11301,11302],{"class":100}," (",[69,11304,11209],{"class":1859},[69,11306,120],{"class":100},[69,11308,11309],{"class":1859}," ZeroDivisionError",[69,11311,265],{"class":100},[69,11313,268],{"class":75},[69,11315,11316],{"class":79}," e",[69,11318,275],{"class":100},[69,11320,11321,11323,11325,11327,11330,11332,11335,11337,11339],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,11322,3220],{"class":217},[69,11324,221],{"class":100},[69,11326,8013],{"class":7502},[69,11328,11329],{"class":114},"\"Error: ",[69,11331,8018],{"class":157},[69,11333,11334],{"class":292},"e",[69,11336,8027],{"class":157},[69,11338,111],{"class":114},[69,11340,301],{"class":100},[14,11342,11343,11344,11222],{},"Use parentheses to catch multiple exception types in one ",[21,11345,11221],{},[55,11347,2666],{"id":2665},[29,11349,11350,11355,11361,11367],{},[32,11351,11352,11353,11234],{},"Catch more than one exception in a ",[21,11354,11233],{},[32,11356,11357,11358,11360],{},"Use one ",[21,11359,11221],{}," block for multiple error types",[32,11362,11363,11364,11366],{},"Decide when to use separate ",[21,11365,11221],{}," blocks instead",[32,11368,11369],{},"Avoid common beginner syntax mistakes",[55,11371,11373],{"id":11372},"when-catching-multiple-exceptions-is-useful","When catching multiple exceptions is useful",[14,11375,11376],{},"Catching multiple exceptions is useful when one block of code can fail in different expected ways.",[14,11378,11379],{},"Common examples:",[29,11381,11382,11385,11388,11391],{},[32,11383,11384],{},"A single line of code can fail in different ways",[32,11386,11387],{},"User input often causes more than one kind of error",[32,11389,11390],{},"File handling and type conversion commonly need this pattern",[32,11392,11393],{},"It helps keep error handling short and readable",[14,11395,11396,11397,289],{},"For a general introduction to exception handling, see ",[579,11398,11400],{"href":11399},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-try-except-blocks-in-python","how to use try and except blocks in Python",[55,11402,11404],{"id":11403},"basic-syntax","Basic syntax",[14,11406,322,11407,11409],{},[21,11408,11233],{}," for code that might fail.",[14,11411,322,11412,11415],{},[21,11413,11414],{},"except (ErrorType1, ErrorType2):"," to catch several exceptions in one block.",[1647,11417,11419],{"id":11418},"example","Example",[60,11421,11423],{"className":62,"code":11422,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user_input = \"0\"\n\ntry:\n    number = int(user_input)\n    result = 10 \u002F number\n    print(result)\nexcept (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError):\n    print(\"Please enter a valid non-zero number.\")\n",[21,11424,11425,11438,11442,11448,11462,11474,11484,11498],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,11426,11427,11430,11432,11434,11436],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,11428,11429],{"class":79},"user_input ",[69,11431,97],{"class":96},[69,11433,123],{"class":110},[69,11435,2200],{"class":114},[69,11437,1825],{"class":110},[69,11439,11440],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,11441,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,11443,11444,11446],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,11445,11233],{"class":75},[69,11447,275],{"class":100},[69,11449,11450,11452,11454,11456,11458,11460],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,11451,11268],{"class":79},[69,11453,97],{"class":96},[69,11455,11273],{"class":1859},[69,11457,221],{"class":100},[69,11459,11278],{"class":292},[69,11461,301],{"class":100},[69,11463,11464,11466,11468,11470,11472],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,11465,11285],{"class":79},[69,11467,97],{"class":96},[69,11469,4798],{"class":157},[69,11471,11292],{"class":96},[69,11473,11295],{"class":79},[69,11475,11476,11478,11480,11482],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,11477,3220],{"class":217},[69,11479,221],{"class":100},[69,11481,8530],{"class":292},[69,11483,301],{"class":100},[69,11485,11486,11488,11490,11492,11494,11496],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,11487,11221],{"class":75},[69,11489,11302],{"class":100},[69,11491,11209],{"class":1859},[69,11493,120],{"class":100},[69,11495,11309],{"class":1859},[69,11497,7526],{"class":100},[69,11499,11500,11502,11504,11506,11509,11511],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,11501,3220],{"class":217},[69,11503,221],{"class":100},[69,11505,111],{"class":110},[69,11507,11508],{"class":114},"Please enter a valid non-zero number.",[69,11510,111],{"class":110},[69,11512,301],{"class":100},[1647,11514,6459],{"id":6458},[29,11516,11517,11523,11531,11538],{},[32,11518,11519,11522],{},[21,11520,11521],{},"try:"," contains the risky code",[32,11524,11525,11528,11529],{},[21,11526,11527],{},"int(user_input)"," may raise ",[21,11530,11209],{},[32,11532,11533,11528,11536],{},[21,11534,11535],{},"10 \u002F number",[21,11537,11215],{},[32,11539,7919,11540,11542],{},[21,11541,11221],{}," block catches either error",[14,11544,11545,11546,289],{},"If you want to see the actual error message, use ",[21,11547,11548],{},"as e",[60,11550,11552],{"className":62,"code":11551,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user_input = \"hello\"\n\ntry:\n    number = int(user_input)\n    result = 10 \u002F number\nexcept (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError) as e:\n    print(f\"Error: {e}\")\n",[21,11553,11554,11567,11571,11577,11591,11603,11623],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,11555,11556,11558,11560,11562,11565],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,11557,11429],{"class":79},[69,11559,97],{"class":96},[69,11561,123],{"class":110},[69,11563,11564],{"class":114},"hello",[69,11566,1825],{"class":110},[69,11568,11569],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,11570,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,11572,11573,11575],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,11574,11233],{"class":75},[69,11576,275],{"class":100},[69,11578,11579,11581,11583,11585,11587,11589],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,11580,11268],{"class":79},[69,11582,97],{"class":96},[69,11584,11273],{"class":1859},[69,11586,221],{"class":100},[69,11588,11278],{"class":292},[69,11590,301],{"class":100},[69,11592,11593,11595,11597,11599,11601],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,11594,11285],{"class":79},[69,11596,97],{"class":96},[69,11598,4798],{"class":157},[69,11600,11292],{"class":96},[69,11602,11295],{"class":79},[69,11604,11605,11607,11609,11611,11613,11615,11617,11619,11621],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,11606,11221],{"class":75},[69,11608,11302],{"class":100},[69,11610,11209],{"class":1859},[69,11612,120],{"class":100},[69,11614,11309],{"class":1859},[69,11616,265],{"class":100},[69,11618,268],{"class":75},[69,11620,11316],{"class":79},[69,11622,275],{"class":100},[69,11624,11625,11627,11629,11631,11633,11635,11637,11639,11641],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,11626,3220],{"class":217},[69,11628,221],{"class":100},[69,11630,8013],{"class":7502},[69,11632,11329],{"class":114},[69,11634,8018],{"class":157},[69,11636,11334],{"class":292},[69,11638,8027],{"class":157},[69,11640,111],{"class":114},[69,11642,301],{"class":100},[55,11644,11646],{"id":11645},"single-except-block-for-multiple-exceptions","Single except block for multiple exceptions",[14,11648,11357,11649,11651],{},[21,11650,11221],{}," block when the response should be the same for all the errors you expect.",[14,11653,11654],{},"This is best when:",[29,11656,11657,11660,11663],{},[32,11658,11659],{},"the fix is the same",[32,11661,11662],{},"the message to the user is the same",[32,11664,11665],{},"you want to avoid repeating code",[1647,11667,11419],{"id":11668},"example-1",[60,11670,11672],{"className":62,"code":11671,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user_input = input(\"Enter a number: \")\n\ntry:\n    number = int(user_input)\n    result = 100 \u002F number\n    print(\"Result:\", result)\nexcept (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError):\n    print(\"Please enter a valid number that is not zero.\")\n",[21,11673,11674,11694,11698,11704,11718,11731,11751,11765],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,11675,11676,11678,11680,11683,11685,11687,11690,11692],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,11677,11429],{"class":79},[69,11679,97],{"class":96},[69,11681,11682],{"class":217}," input",[69,11684,221],{"class":100},[69,11686,111],{"class":110},[69,11688,11689],{"class":114},"Enter a number: ",[69,11691,111],{"class":110},[69,11693,301],{"class":100},[69,11695,11696],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,11697,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,11699,11700,11702],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,11701,11233],{"class":75},[69,11703,275],{"class":100},[69,11705,11706,11708,11710,11712,11714,11716],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,11707,11268],{"class":79},[69,11709,97],{"class":96},[69,11711,11273],{"class":1859},[69,11713,221],{"class":100},[69,11715,11278],{"class":292},[69,11717,301],{"class":100},[69,11719,11720,11722,11724,11727,11729],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,11721,11285],{"class":79},[69,11723,97],{"class":96},[69,11725,11726],{"class":157}," 100",[69,11728,11292],{"class":96},[69,11730,11295],{"class":79},[69,11732,11733,11735,11737,11739,11742,11744,11746,11749],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,11734,3220],{"class":217},[69,11736,221],{"class":100},[69,11738,111],{"class":110},[69,11740,11741],{"class":114},"Result:",[69,11743,111],{"class":110},[69,11745,120],{"class":100},[69,11747,11748],{"class":292}," result",[69,11750,301],{"class":100},[69,11752,11753,11755,11757,11759,11761,11763],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,11754,11221],{"class":75},[69,11756,11302],{"class":100},[69,11758,11209],{"class":1859},[69,11760,120],{"class":100},[69,11762,11309],{"class":1859},[69,11764,7526],{"class":100},[69,11766,11767,11769,11771,11773,11776,11778],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,11768,3220],{"class":217},[69,11770,221],{"class":100},[69,11772,111],{"class":110},[69,11774,11775],{"class":114},"Please enter a valid number that is not zero.",[69,11777,111],{"class":110},[69,11779,301],{"class":100},[14,11781,11782],{},"This works well because both errors lead to the same advice:",[29,11784,11785,11788],{},[32,11786,11787],{},"if the input is not a number, the user should enter a valid number",[32,11789,11790],{},"if the input is zero, the user should enter a non-zero number",[55,11792,11794],{"id":11793},"using-separate-except-blocks","Using separate except blocks",[14,11796,11797,11798,11800],{},"Use separate ",[21,11799,11221],{}," blocks when each error needs a different message or different handling.",[14,11802,11803],{},"This is often clearer when:",[29,11805,11806,11809,11812],{},[32,11807,11808],{},"the solution depends on the error type",[32,11810,11811],{},"you want more helpful feedback",[32,11813,11814],{},"you are debugging and need to know exactly what failed",[1647,11816,11419],{"id":11817},"example-2",[60,11819,11821],{"className":62,"code":11820,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user_input = input(\"Enter a number: \")\n\ntry:\n    number = int(user_input)\n    result = 100 \u002F number\n    print(\"Result:\", result)\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"That was not a valid number.\")\nexcept ZeroDivisionError:\n    print(\"You cannot divide by zero.\")\n",[21,11822,11823,11841,11845,11851,11865,11877,11895,11904,11919,11927],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,11824,11825,11827,11829,11831,11833,11835,11837,11839],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,11826,11429],{"class":79},[69,11828,97],{"class":96},[69,11830,11682],{"class":217},[69,11832,221],{"class":100},[69,11834,111],{"class":110},[69,11836,11689],{"class":114},[69,11838,111],{"class":110},[69,11840,301],{"class":100},[69,11842,11843],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,11844,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,11846,11847,11849],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,11848,11233],{"class":75},[69,11850,275],{"class":100},[69,11852,11853,11855,11857,11859,11861,11863],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,11854,11268],{"class":79},[69,11856,97],{"class":96},[69,11858,11273],{"class":1859},[69,11860,221],{"class":100},[69,11862,11278],{"class":292},[69,11864,301],{"class":100},[69,11866,11867,11869,11871,11873,11875],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,11868,11285],{"class":79},[69,11870,97],{"class":96},[69,11872,11726],{"class":157},[69,11874,11292],{"class":96},[69,11876,11295],{"class":79},[69,11878,11879,11881,11883,11885,11887,11889,11891,11893],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,11880,3220],{"class":217},[69,11882,221],{"class":100},[69,11884,111],{"class":110},[69,11886,11741],{"class":114},[69,11888,111],{"class":110},[69,11890,120],{"class":100},[69,11892,11748],{"class":292},[69,11894,301],{"class":100},[69,11896,11897,11899,11902],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,11898,11221],{"class":75},[69,11900,11901],{"class":1859}," ValueError",[69,11903,275],{"class":100},[69,11905,11906,11908,11910,11912,11915,11917],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,11907,3220],{"class":217},[69,11909,221],{"class":100},[69,11911,111],{"class":110},[69,11913,11914],{"class":114},"That was not a valid number.",[69,11916,111],{"class":110},[69,11918,301],{"class":100},[69,11920,11921,11923,11925],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,11922,11221],{"class":75},[69,11924,11309],{"class":1859},[69,11926,275],{"class":100},[69,11928,11929,11931,11933,11935,11938,11940],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,11930,3220],{"class":217},[69,11932,221],{"class":100},[69,11934,111],{"class":110},[69,11936,11937],{"class":114},"You cannot divide by zero.",[69,11939,111],{"class":110},[69,11941,301],{"class":100},[14,11943,11944],{},"This version is better if you want specific feedback.",[14,11946,11947,11948,289],{},"If you are still learning the full structure of exception handling, see ",[579,11949,11951],{"href":11950},"\u002Flearn\u002Fusing-try-except-else-and-finally-in-python","using try, except, else, and finally in Python",[55,11953,11955],{"id":11954},"how-python-checks-except-blocks","How Python checks except blocks",[14,11957,11958,11959,11961],{},"Python checks ",[21,11960,11221],{}," blocks from top to bottom.",[14,11963,11964],{},"The first matching block runs.",[1647,11966,11419],{"id":11967},"example-3",[60,11969,11971],{"className":62,"code":11970,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(\"hello\")\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"This is a ValueError.\")\nexcept Exception:\n    print(\"This catches many other errors.\")\n",[21,11972,11973,11979,11997,12005,12020,12029],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,11974,11975,11977],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,11976,11233],{"class":75},[69,11978,275],{"class":100},[69,11980,11981,11983,11985,11987,11989,11991,11993,11995],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,11982,11268],{"class":79},[69,11984,97],{"class":96},[69,11986,11273],{"class":1859},[69,11988,221],{"class":100},[69,11990,111],{"class":110},[69,11992,11564],{"class":114},[69,11994,111],{"class":110},[69,11996,301],{"class":100},[69,11998,11999,12001,12003],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,12000,11221],{"class":75},[69,12002,11901],{"class":1859},[69,12004,275],{"class":100},[69,12006,12007,12009,12011,12013,12016,12018],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,12008,3220],{"class":217},[69,12010,221],{"class":100},[69,12012,111],{"class":110},[69,12014,12015],{"class":114},"This is a ValueError.",[69,12017,111],{"class":110},[69,12019,301],{"class":100},[69,12021,12022,12024,12027],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,12023,11221],{"class":75},[69,12025,12026],{"class":1859}," Exception",[69,12028,275],{"class":100},[69,12030,12031,12033,12035,12037,12040,12042],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,12032,3220],{"class":217},[69,12034,221],{"class":100},[69,12036,111],{"class":110},[69,12038,12039],{"class":114},"This catches many other errors.",[69,12041,111],{"class":110},[69,12043,301],{"class":100},[14,12045,2781],{},[60,12047,12049],{"className":62,"code":12048,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"This is a ValueError.\n",[21,12050,12051],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,12052,12053,12056,12058,12061,12063],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,12054,12055],{"class":79},"This ",[69,12057,8098],{"class":96},[69,12059,12060],{"class":79}," a ",[69,12062,11209],{"class":1859},[69,12064,8106],{"class":100},[14,12066,12067],{},"Python stops at the first match.",[1647,12069,12071],{"id":12070},"important-rule","Important rule",[14,12073,12074],{},"Put more specific exceptions before broader ones.",[14,12076,12077],{},"Good:",[60,12079,12081],{"className":62,"code":12080,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(\"hello\")\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"Invalid number\")\nexcept Exception:\n    print(\"Something else went wrong\")\n",[21,12082,12083,12089,12107,12115,12130,12138],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,12084,12085,12087],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,12086,11233],{"class":75},[69,12088,275],{"class":100},[69,12090,12091,12093,12095,12097,12099,12101,12103,12105],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,12092,11268],{"class":79},[69,12094,97],{"class":96},[69,12096,11273],{"class":1859},[69,12098,221],{"class":100},[69,12100,111],{"class":110},[69,12102,11564],{"class":114},[69,12104,111],{"class":110},[69,12106,301],{"class":100},[69,12108,12109,12111,12113],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,12110,11221],{"class":75},[69,12112,11901],{"class":1859},[69,12114,275],{"class":100},[69,12116,12117,12119,12121,12123,12126,12128],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,12118,3220],{"class":217},[69,12120,221],{"class":100},[69,12122,111],{"class":110},[69,12124,12125],{"class":114},"Invalid number",[69,12127,111],{"class":110},[69,12129,301],{"class":100},[69,12131,12132,12134,12136],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,12133,11221],{"class":75},[69,12135,12026],{"class":1859},[69,12137,275],{"class":100},[69,12139,12140,12142,12144,12146,12149,12151],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,12141,3220],{"class":217},[69,12143,221],{"class":100},[69,12145,111],{"class":110},[69,12147,12148],{"class":114},"Something else went wrong",[69,12150,111],{"class":110},[69,12152,301],{"class":100},[14,12154,12155],{},"Less helpful:",[60,12157,12159],{"className":62,"code":12158,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(\"hello\")\nexcept Exception:\n    print(\"Something went wrong\")\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"Invalid number\")\n",[21,12160,12161,12167,12185,12193,12208,12216],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,12162,12163,12165],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,12164,11233],{"class":75},[69,12166,275],{"class":100},[69,12168,12169,12171,12173,12175,12177,12179,12181,12183],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,12170,11268],{"class":79},[69,12172,97],{"class":96},[69,12174,11273],{"class":1859},[69,12176,221],{"class":100},[69,12178,111],{"class":110},[69,12180,11564],{"class":114},[69,12182,111],{"class":110},[69,12184,301],{"class":100},[69,12186,12187,12189,12191],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,12188,11221],{"class":75},[69,12190,12026],{"class":1859},[69,12192,275],{"class":100},[69,12194,12195,12197,12199,12201,12204,12206],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,12196,3220],{"class":217},[69,12198,221],{"class":100},[69,12200,111],{"class":110},[69,12202,12203],{"class":114},"Something went wrong",[69,12205,111],{"class":110},[69,12207,301],{"class":100},[69,12209,12210,12212,12214],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,12211,11221],{"class":75},[69,12213,11901],{"class":1859},[69,12215,275],{"class":100},[69,12217,12218,12220,12222,12224,12226,12228],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,12219,3220],{"class":217},[69,12221,221],{"class":100},[69,12223,111],{"class":110},[69,12225,12125],{"class":114},[69,12227,111],{"class":110},[69,12229,301],{"class":100},[14,12231,12232,12233,12236,12237,12240],{},"In the second example, ",[21,12234,12235],{},"except ValueError"," will never run because ",[21,12238,12239],{},"Exception"," catches it first.",[14,12242,12243,12244,12247,12248,289],{},"A broad ",[21,12245,12246],{},"except Exception"," can hide useful details if you place it too early. Beginners should usually catch specific exceptions first. You can learn more in ",[579,12249,12251],{"href":12250},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-handle-exceptions-in-python","how to handle exceptions in Python",[55,12253,5117],{"id":5116},[1647,12255,12257],{"id":12256},"forgetting-parentheses","Forgetting parentheses",[14,12259,12260],{},"This is correct:",[60,12262,12264],{"className":62,"code":12263,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(\"hello\")\nexcept (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError):\n    print(\"Handled error\")\n",[21,12265,12266,12272,12290,12304],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,12267,12268,12270],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,12269,11233],{"class":75},[69,12271,275],{"class":100},[69,12273,12274,12276,12278,12280,12282,12284,12286,12288],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,12275,11268],{"class":79},[69,12277,97],{"class":96},[69,12279,11273],{"class":1859},[69,12281,221],{"class":100},[69,12283,111],{"class":110},[69,12285,11564],{"class":114},[69,12287,111],{"class":110},[69,12289,301],{"class":100},[69,12291,12292,12294,12296,12298,12300,12302],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,12293,11221],{"class":75},[69,12295,11302],{"class":100},[69,12297,11209],{"class":1859},[69,12299,120],{"class":100},[69,12301,11309],{"class":1859},[69,12303,7526],{"class":100},[69,12305,12306,12308,12310,12312,12315,12317],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,12307,3220],{"class":217},[69,12309,221],{"class":100},[69,12311,111],{"class":110},[69,12313,12314],{"class":114},"Handled error",[69,12316,111],{"class":110},[69,12318,301],{"class":100},[14,12320,12321],{},"This is not correct in modern Python:",[60,12323,12325],{"className":62,"code":12324,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(\"hello\")\nexcept ValueError, ZeroDivisionError:\n    print(\"Handled error\")\n",[21,12326,12327,12333,12351,12363],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,12328,12329,12331],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,12330,11233],{"class":75},[69,12332,275],{"class":100},[69,12334,12335,12337,12339,12341,12343,12345,12347,12349],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,12336,11268],{"class":79},[69,12338,97],{"class":96},[69,12340,11273],{"class":1859},[69,12342,221],{"class":100},[69,12344,111],{"class":110},[69,12346,11564],{"class":114},[69,12348,111],{"class":110},[69,12350,301],{"class":100},[69,12352,12353,12355,12357,12359,12361],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,12354,11221],{"class":75},[69,12356,11901],{"class":1859},[69,12358,120],{"class":100},[69,12360,11309],{"class":1859},[69,12362,275],{"class":100},[69,12364,12365,12367,12369,12371,12373,12375],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,12366,3220],{"class":217},[69,12368,221],{"class":100},[69,12370,111],{"class":110},[69,12372,12314],{"class":114},[69,12374,111],{"class":110},[69,12376,301],{"class":100},[14,12378,12379],{},"When you catch multiple exception types in one block, put them inside parentheses.",[1647,12381,12383,12384,12386],{"id":12382},"catching-exception-too-early","Catching ",[21,12385,12239],{}," too early",[14,12388,12389],{},"This catches too much:",[60,12391,12393],{"className":62,"code":12392,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(\"hello\")\nexcept Exception:\n    print(\"Error\")\n",[21,12394,12395,12401,12419,12427],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,12396,12397,12399],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,12398,11233],{"class":75},[69,12400,275],{"class":100},[69,12402,12403,12405,12407,12409,12411,12413,12415,12417],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,12404,11268],{"class":79},[69,12406,97],{"class":96},[69,12408,11273],{"class":1859},[69,12410,221],{"class":100},[69,12412,111],{"class":110},[69,12414,11564],{"class":114},[69,12416,111],{"class":110},[69,12418,301],{"class":100},[69,12420,12421,12423,12425],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,12422,11221],{"class":75},[69,12424,12026],{"class":1859},[69,12426,275],{"class":100},[69,12428,12429,12431,12433,12435,12438,12440],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,12430,3220],{"class":217},[69,12432,221],{"class":100},[69,12434,111],{"class":110},[69,12436,12437],{"class":114},"Error",[69,12439,111],{"class":110},[69,12441,301],{"class":100},[14,12443,12444],{},"It works, but it hides which error you expected.",[14,12446,12447],{},"This is usually better:",[60,12449,12451],{"className":62,"code":12450,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(\"hello\")\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"Please enter a valid number.\")\n",[21,12452,12453,12459,12477,12485],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,12454,12455,12457],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,12456,11233],{"class":75},[69,12458,275],{"class":100},[69,12460,12461,12463,12465,12467,12469,12471,12473,12475],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,12462,11268],{"class":79},[69,12464,97],{"class":96},[69,12466,11273],{"class":1859},[69,12468,221],{"class":100},[69,12470,111],{"class":110},[69,12472,11564],{"class":114},[69,12474,111],{"class":110},[69,12476,301],{"class":100},[69,12478,12479,12481,12483],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,12480,11221],{"class":75},[69,12482,11901],{"class":1859},[69,12484,275],{"class":100},[69,12486,12487,12489,12491,12493,12496,12498],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,12488,3220],{"class":217},[69,12490,221],{"class":100},[69,12492,111],{"class":110},[69,12494,12495],{"class":114},"Please enter a valid number.",[69,12497,111],{"class":110},[69,12499,301],{"class":100},[14,12501,12502,12503,289],{},"If you want to understand this error better, see ",[579,12504,12506],{"href":12505},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fvalueerror-in-python-causes-and-fixes","ValueError in Python: causes and fixes",[1647,12508,12510],{"id":12509},"grouping-exceptions-that-need-different-handling","Grouping exceptions that need different handling",[14,12512,12513],{},"Do not group exceptions just because you can.",[14,12515,12516],{},"Bad fit:",[60,12518,12520],{"className":62,"code":12519,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(input(\"Enter a number: \"))\n    result = 10 \u002F number\nexcept (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError):\n    print(\"Error\")\n",[21,12521,12522,12528,12551,12563,12577],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,12523,12524,12526],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,12525,11233],{"class":75},[69,12527,275],{"class":100},[69,12529,12530,12532,12534,12536,12538,12541,12543,12545,12547,12549],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,12531,11268],{"class":79},[69,12533,97],{"class":96},[69,12535,11273],{"class":1859},[69,12537,221],{"class":100},[69,12539,12540],{"class":217},"input",[69,12542,221],{"class":100},[69,12544,111],{"class":110},[69,12546,11689],{"class":114},[69,12548,111],{"class":110},[69,12550,2183],{"class":100},[69,12552,12553,12555,12557,12559,12561],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,12554,11285],{"class":79},[69,12556,97],{"class":96},[69,12558,4798],{"class":157},[69,12560,11292],{"class":96},[69,12562,11295],{"class":79},[69,12564,12565,12567,12569,12571,12573,12575],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,12566,11221],{"class":75},[69,12568,11302],{"class":100},[69,12570,11209],{"class":1859},[69,12572,120],{"class":100},[69,12574,11309],{"class":1859},[69,12576,7526],{"class":100},[69,12578,12579,12581,12583,12585,12587,12589],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,12580,3220],{"class":217},[69,12582,221],{"class":100},[69,12584,111],{"class":110},[69,12586,12437],{"class":114},[69,12588,111],{"class":110},[69,12590,301],{"class":100},[14,12592,12593],{},"Better:",[60,12595,12597],{"className":62,"code":12596,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(input(\"Enter a number: \"))\n    result = 10 \u002F number\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"Please enter digits only.\")\nexcept ZeroDivisionError:\n    print(\"Zero is not allowed.\")\n",[21,12598,12599,12605,12627,12639,12647,12662,12670],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,12600,12601,12603],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,12602,11233],{"class":75},[69,12604,275],{"class":100},[69,12606,12607,12609,12611,12613,12615,12617,12619,12621,12623,12625],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,12608,11268],{"class":79},[69,12610,97],{"class":96},[69,12612,11273],{"class":1859},[69,12614,221],{"class":100},[69,12616,12540],{"class":217},[69,12618,221],{"class":100},[69,12620,111],{"class":110},[69,12622,11689],{"class":114},[69,12624,111],{"class":110},[69,12626,2183],{"class":100},[69,12628,12629,12631,12633,12635,12637],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,12630,11285],{"class":79},[69,12632,97],{"class":96},[69,12634,4798],{"class":157},[69,12636,11292],{"class":96},[69,12638,11295],{"class":79},[69,12640,12641,12643,12645],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,12642,11221],{"class":75},[69,12644,11901],{"class":1859},[69,12646,275],{"class":100},[69,12648,12649,12651,12653,12655,12658,12660],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,12650,3220],{"class":217},[69,12652,221],{"class":100},[69,12654,111],{"class":110},[69,12656,12657],{"class":114},"Please enter digits only.",[69,12659,111],{"class":110},[69,12661,301],{"class":100},[69,12663,12664,12666,12668],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,12665,11221],{"class":75},[69,12667,11309],{"class":1859},[69,12669,275],{"class":100},[69,12671,12672,12674,12676,12678,12681,12683],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,12673,3220],{"class":217},[69,12675,221],{"class":100},[69,12677,111],{"class":110},[69,12679,12680],{"class":114},"Zero is not allowed.",[69,12682,111],{"class":110},[69,12684,301],{"class":100},[14,12686,12687,12688,289],{},"If you need help with division errors, see ",[579,12689,12691],{"href":12690},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fzerodivisionerror-division-by-zero-fix","ZeroDivisionError: division by zero fix",[55,12693,12695],{"id":12694},"when-not-to-catch-multiple-exceptions-together","When not to catch multiple exceptions together",[14,12697,12698],{},"Do not group exceptions if that makes your code less clear.",[14,12700,12701],{},"Avoid grouping errors together when:",[29,12703,12704,12707,12710,12713],{},[32,12705,12706],{},"the user needs different guidance for each one",[32,12708,12709],{},"you might hide a real programming mistake",[32,12711,12712],{},"simple input validation would solve the problem first",[32,12714,12715],{},"you are catching errors you do not understand",[14,12717,12718],{},"For example, if you know a value should be checked before division, input validation may be clearer than relying only on exceptions.",[55,12720,12722],{"id":12721},"common-causes","Common causes",[14,12724,12725],{},"You will often need this pattern in situations like these:",[29,12727,12728,12735,12738,12741],{},[32,12729,12730,12731,12734],{},"Converting user input with ",[21,12732,12733],{},"int()"," when the input is not a number",[32,12736,12737],{},"Dividing by zero after converting input",[32,12739,12740],{},"Opening files when the file may not exist or access may fail",[32,12742,12743],{},"Calling code that can raise more than one expected exception",[14,12745,9646,12746,12748,12749,289],{},[21,12747,12733],{}," is part of your code, you may also want to read ",[579,12750,12752,12753,12755],{"href":12751},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-int-function-explained","the Python ",[21,12754,12733],{}," function explained",[55,12757,2148],{"id":2147},[14,12759,12760],{},"If you are not sure which exception happened, inspect the error object.",[60,12762,12764],{"className":62,"code":12763,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user_input = \"hello\"\n\ntry:\n    number = int(user_input)\n    result = 10 \u002F number\nexcept (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError) as e:\n    print(type(e))\n    print(e)\n",[21,12765,12766,12778,12782,12788,12802,12814,12834,12848],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,12767,12768,12770,12772,12774,12776],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,12769,11429],{"class":79},[69,12771,97],{"class":96},[69,12773,123],{"class":110},[69,12775,11564],{"class":114},[69,12777,1825],{"class":110},[69,12779,12780],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,12781,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,12783,12784,12786],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,12785,11233],{"class":75},[69,12787,275],{"class":100},[69,12789,12790,12792,12794,12796,12798,12800],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,12791,11268],{"class":79},[69,12793,97],{"class":96},[69,12795,11273],{"class":1859},[69,12797,221],{"class":100},[69,12799,11278],{"class":292},[69,12801,301],{"class":100},[69,12803,12804,12806,12808,12810,12812],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,12805,11285],{"class":79},[69,12807,97],{"class":96},[69,12809,4798],{"class":157},[69,12811,11292],{"class":96},[69,12813,11295],{"class":79},[69,12815,12816,12818,12820,12822,12824,12826,12828,12830,12832],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,12817,11221],{"class":75},[69,12819,11302],{"class":100},[69,12821,11209],{"class":1859},[69,12823,120],{"class":100},[69,12825,11309],{"class":1859},[69,12827,265],{"class":100},[69,12829,268],{"class":75},[69,12831,11316],{"class":79},[69,12833,275],{"class":100},[69,12835,12836,12838,12840,12842,12844,12846],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,12837,3220],{"class":217},[69,12839,221],{"class":100},[69,12841,2176],{"class":1859},[69,12843,221],{"class":100},[69,12845,11334],{"class":292},[69,12847,2183],{"class":100},[69,12849,12850,12852,12854,12856],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,12851,3220],{"class":217},[69,12853,221],{"class":100},[69,12855,11334],{"class":292},[69,12857,301],{"class":100},[14,12859,12860],{},"Useful debugging commands:",[60,12862,12864],{"className":62,"code":12863,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(type(e))\nprint(e)\nhelp(ValueError)\nhelp(ZeroDivisionError)\n",[21,12865,12866,12880,12890,12900],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,12867,12868,12870,12872,12874,12876,12878],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,12869,2161],{"class":217},[69,12871,221],{"class":100},[69,12873,2176],{"class":1859},[69,12875,221],{"class":100},[69,12877,11334],{"class":292},[69,12879,2183],{"class":100},[69,12881,12882,12884,12886,12888],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,12883,2161],{"class":217},[69,12885,221],{"class":100},[69,12887,11334],{"class":292},[69,12889,301],{"class":100},[69,12891,12892,12894,12896,12898],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,12893,9213],{"class":217},[69,12895,221],{"class":100},[69,12897,11209],{"class":1859},[69,12899,301],{"class":100},[69,12901,12902,12904,12906,12908],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,12903,9213],{"class":217},[69,12905,221],{"class":100},[69,12907,11215],{"class":1859},[69,12909,301],{"class":100},[14,12911,12912],{},"These help you learn:",[29,12914,12915,12918,12921],{},[32,12916,12917],{},"the exact exception type",[32,12919,12920],{},"the error message",[32,12922,12923],{},"what the exception means",[55,12925,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,12927,12929],{"id":12928},"how-do-you-catch-two-exceptions-in-python","How do you catch two exceptions in Python?",[14,12931,11357,12932,12934],{},[21,12933,11221],{}," block with parentheses:",[60,12936,12938],{"className":62,"code":12937,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"except (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError):\n",[21,12939,12940],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,12941,12942,12944,12946,12948,12950,12952],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,12943,11221],{"class":75},[69,12945,11302],{"class":100},[69,12947,11209],{"class":1859},[69,12949,120],{"class":100},[69,12951,11309],{"class":1859},[69,12953,7526],{"class":100},[1647,12955,12957],{"id":12956},"can-i-use-as-e-when-catching-multiple-exceptions","Can I use as e when catching multiple exceptions?",[14,12959,12960],{},"Yes.",[14,12962,370],{},[60,12964,12966],{"className":62,"code":12965,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"except (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError) as e:\n",[21,12967,12968],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,12969,12970,12972,12974,12976,12978,12980,12982,12984,12986],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,12971,11221],{"class":75},[69,12973,11302],{"class":100},[69,12975,11209],{"class":1859},[69,12977,120],{"class":100},[69,12979,11309],{"class":1859},[69,12981,265],{"class":100},[69,12983,268],{"class":75},[69,12985,11316],{"class":79},[69,12987,275],{"class":100},[1647,12989,12991],{"id":12990},"should-i-use-one-except-block-or-separate-ones","Should I use one except block or separate ones?",[14,12993,12994],{},"Use one block if the response is the same.",[14,12996,12997],{},"Use separate blocks if each error needs a different message or fix.",[1647,12999,13001],{"id":13000},"can-i-catch-all-errors-with-exception","Can I catch all errors with Exception?",[14,13003,13004],{},"Yes, but beginners should prefer specific exceptions first so errors are easier to understand and debug.",[55,13006,2414],{"id":2413},[29,13008,13009,13014,13019,13024,13028,13032],{},[32,13010,13011],{},[579,13012,13013],{"href":11399},"How to use try and except blocks in Python",[32,13015,13016],{},[579,13017,13018],{"href":11950},"Using try, except, else, and finally in Python",[32,13020,13021],{},[579,13022,13023],{"href":12250},"How to handle exceptions in Python",[32,13025,13026],{},[579,13027,12506],{"href":12505},[32,13029,13030],{},[579,13031,12691],{"href":12690},[32,13033,13034],{},[579,13035,13036],{"href":12751},"Python int() function explained",[2450,13038,13039],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":13041},[13042,13043,13044,13045,13049,13052,13055,13059,13065,13066,13067,13068,13074],{"id":11251,"depth":83,"text":11252},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":11372,"depth":83,"text":11373},{"id":11403,"depth":83,"text":11404,"children":13046},[13047,13048],{"id":11418,"depth":90,"text":11419},{"id":6458,"depth":90,"text":6459},{"id":11645,"depth":83,"text":11646,"children":13050},[13051],{"id":11668,"depth":90,"text":11419},{"id":11793,"depth":83,"text":11794,"children":13053},[13054],{"id":11817,"depth":90,"text":11419},{"id":11954,"depth":83,"text":11955,"children":13056},[13057,13058],{"id":11967,"depth":90,"text":11419},{"id":12070,"depth":90,"text":12071},{"id":5116,"depth":83,"text":5117,"children":13060},[13061,13062,13064],{"id":12256,"depth":90,"text":12257},{"id":12382,"depth":90,"text":13063},"Catching Exception too early",{"id":12509,"depth":90,"text":12510},{"id":12694,"depth":83,"text":12695},{"id":12721,"depth":83,"text":12722},{"id":2147,"depth":83,"text":2148},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":13069},[13070,13071,13072,13073],{"id":12928,"depth":90,"text":12929},{"id":12956,"depth":90,"text":12957},{"id":12990,"depth":90,"text":12991},{"id":13000,"depth":90,"text":13001},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to catch multiple exceptions in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-catch-multiple-exceptions-in-python",{"title":11190,"description":13075},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-catch-multiple-exceptions-in-python","-Dkl-IW-v_jveI1_k6B5D1R6GomZNzpe5sCsLSx1igs",{"id":13082,"title":13083,"body":13084,"description":14703,"extension":2479,"meta":14704,"navigation":86,"path":2284,"seo":14705,"stem":14706,"__hash__":14707},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-check-if-a-file-exists-in-python.md","How to Check if a File Exists in Python",{"type":7,"value":13085,"toc":14675},[13086,13089,13092,13094,13203,13213,13215,13226,13233,13239,13242,13269,13271,13366,13370,13469,13472,13487,13492,13499,13504,13507,13524,13526,13631,13641,13645,13648,13787,13790,13797,13806,13810,13813,13821,13829,13831,13925,13927,13944,13948,13951,13962,13964,14076,14083,14086,14089,14100,14103,14247,14250,14260,14262,14265,14284,14287,14326,14329,14353,14356,14393,14396,14433,14436,14480,14483,14487,14490,14493,14516,14519,14558,14561,14579,14581,14585,14596,14603,14611,14618,14627,14635,14641,14643,14672],[10,13087,13083],{"id":13088},"how-to-check-if-a-file-exists-in-python",[14,13090,13091],{},"Learn the simplest ways to check whether a file exists before reading, writing, renaming, or deleting it in Python.",[55,13093,58],{"id":57},[60,13095,13097],{"className":62,"code":13096,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nfile_path = Path(\"data.txt\")\n\nif file_path.exists() and file_path.is_file():\n    print(\"File exists\")\nelse:\n    print(\"File does not exist\")\n",[21,13098,13099,13112,13116,13137,13141,13167,13182,13188],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,13100,13101,13104,13107,13109],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,13102,13103],{"class":75},"from",[69,13105,13106],{"class":79}," pathlib ",[69,13108,76],{"class":75},[69,13110,13111],{"class":79}," Path\n",[69,13113,13114],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,13115,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,13117,13118,13121,13123,13126,13128,13130,13133,13135],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,13119,13120],{"class":79},"file_path ",[69,13122,97],{"class":96},[69,13124,13125],{"class":292}," Path",[69,13127,221],{"class":100},[69,13129,111],{"class":110},[69,13131,13132],{"class":114},"data.txt",[69,13134,111],{"class":110},[69,13136,301],{"class":100},[69,13138,13139],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,13140,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,13142,13143,13145,13148,13150,13152,13155,13158,13160,13162,13165],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,13144,3201],{"class":75},[69,13146,13147],{"class":79}," file_path",[69,13149,289],{"class":100},[69,13151,2248],{"class":292},[69,13153,13154],{"class":100},"()",[69,13156,13157],{"class":96}," and",[69,13159,13147],{"class":79},[69,13161,289],{"class":100},[69,13163,13164],{"class":292},"is_file",[69,13166,3730],{"class":100},[69,13168,13169,13171,13173,13175,13178,13180],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,13170,3220],{"class":217},[69,13172,221],{"class":100},[69,13174,111],{"class":110},[69,13176,13177],{"class":114},"File exists",[69,13179,111],{"class":110},[69,13181,301],{"class":100},[69,13183,13184,13186],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,13185,3277],{"class":75},[69,13187,275],{"class":100},[69,13189,13190,13192,13194,13196,13199,13201],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,13191,3220],{"class":217},[69,13193,221],{"class":100},[69,13195,111],{"class":110},[69,13197,13198],{"class":114},"File does not exist",[69,13200,111],{"class":110},[69,13202,301],{"class":100},[14,13204,322,13205,13208,13209,13212],{},[21,13206,13207],{},"exists()"," to check whether the path is there, and ",[21,13210,13211],{},"is_file()"," to make sure it is a file, not a folder.",[55,13214,2666],{"id":2665},[29,13216,13217,13220,13223],{},[32,13218,13219],{},"Check whether a file is present before using it",[32,13221,13222],{},"Avoid errors when opening or deleting files",[32,13224,13225],{},"Understand the difference between a file path and a directory path",[55,13227,13229,13230],{"id":13228},"best-beginner-option-pathlib","Best beginner option: ",[21,13231,13232],{},"pathlib",[14,13234,13235,13236,13238],{},"For new Python code, ",[21,13237,13232],{}," is usually the easiest option to read and understand.",[14,13240,13241],{},"Steps:",[29,13243,13244,13253,13259,13264],{},[32,13245,13246,13247,13250,13251],{},"Import ",[21,13248,13249],{},"Path"," from ",[21,13252,13232],{},[32,13254,13255,13256,13258],{},"Create a ",[21,13257,13249],{}," object with the file name or full path",[32,13260,322,13261,13263],{},[21,13262,13207],{}," to check whether the path exists",[32,13265,322,13266,13268],{},[21,13267,13211],{}," when you specifically need a file",[14,13270,370],{},[60,13272,13274],{"className":62,"code":13273,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nfile_path = Path(\"data.txt\")\n\nprint(file_path.exists())   # True if the path exists\nprint(file_path.is_file())  # True if it is a file\nprint(file_path.is_dir())   # True if it is a folder\n",[21,13275,13276,13286,13290,13308,13312,13331,13348],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,13277,13278,13280,13282,13284],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,13279,13103],{"class":75},[69,13281,13106],{"class":79},[69,13283,76],{"class":75},[69,13285,13111],{"class":79},[69,13287,13288],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,13289,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,13291,13292,13294,13296,13298,13300,13302,13304,13306],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,13293,13120],{"class":79},[69,13295,97],{"class":96},[69,13297,13125],{"class":292},[69,13299,221],{"class":100},[69,13301,111],{"class":110},[69,13303,13132],{"class":114},[69,13305,111],{"class":110},[69,13307,301],{"class":100},[69,13309,13310],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,13311,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,13313,13314,13316,13318,13321,13323,13325,13328],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,13315,2161],{"class":217},[69,13317,221],{"class":100},[69,13319,13320],{"class":292},"file_path",[69,13322,289],{"class":100},[69,13324,2248],{"class":292},[69,13326,13327],{"class":100},"())",[69,13329,13330],{"class":2596},"   # True if the path exists\n",[69,13332,13333,13335,13337,13339,13341,13343,13345],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,13334,2161],{"class":217},[69,13336,221],{"class":100},[69,13338,13320],{"class":292},[69,13340,289],{"class":100},[69,13342,13164],{"class":292},[69,13344,13327],{"class":100},[69,13346,13347],{"class":2596},"  # True if it is a file\n",[69,13349,13350,13352,13354,13356,13358,13361,13363],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,13351,2161],{"class":217},[69,13353,221],{"class":100},[69,13355,13320],{"class":292},[69,13357,289],{"class":100},[69,13359,13360],{"class":292},"is_dir",[69,13362,13327],{"class":100},[69,13364,13365],{"class":2596},"   # True if it is a folder\n",[1647,13367,13369],{"id":13368},"check-if-a-file-exists","Check if a file exists",[60,13371,13373],{"className":62,"code":13372,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nfile_path = Path(\"data.txt\")\n\nif file_path.exists() and file_path.is_file():\n    print(\"The file exists.\")\nelse:\n    print(\"The file does not exist.\")\n",[21,13374,13375,13385,13389,13407,13411,13433,13448,13454],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,13376,13377,13379,13381,13383],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,13378,13103],{"class":75},[69,13380,13106],{"class":79},[69,13382,76],{"class":75},[69,13384,13111],{"class":79},[69,13386,13387],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,13388,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,13390,13391,13393,13395,13397,13399,13401,13403,13405],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,13392,13120],{"class":79},[69,13394,97],{"class":96},[69,13396,13125],{"class":292},[69,13398,221],{"class":100},[69,13400,111],{"class":110},[69,13402,13132],{"class":114},[69,13404,111],{"class":110},[69,13406,301],{"class":100},[69,13408,13409],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,13410,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,13412,13413,13415,13417,13419,13421,13423,13425,13427,13429,13431],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,13414,3201],{"class":75},[69,13416,13147],{"class":79},[69,13418,289],{"class":100},[69,13420,2248],{"class":292},[69,13422,13154],{"class":100},[69,13424,13157],{"class":96},[69,13426,13147],{"class":79},[69,13428,289],{"class":100},[69,13430,13164],{"class":292},[69,13432,3730],{"class":100},[69,13434,13435,13437,13439,13441,13444,13446],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,13436,3220],{"class":217},[69,13438,221],{"class":100},[69,13440,111],{"class":110},[69,13442,13443],{"class":114},"The file exists.",[69,13445,111],{"class":110},[69,13447,301],{"class":100},[69,13449,13450,13452],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,13451,3277],{"class":75},[69,13453,275],{"class":100},[69,13455,13456,13458,13460,13462,13465,13467],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,13457,3220],{"class":217},[69,13459,221],{"class":100},[69,13461,111],{"class":110},[69,13463,13464],{"class":114},"The file does not exist.",[69,13466,111],{"class":110},[69,13468,301],{"class":100},[14,13470,13471],{},"Expected output if the file is present:",[60,13473,13475],{"className":62,"code":13474,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"The file exists.\n",[21,13476,13477],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,13478,13479,13481,13483,13485],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,13480,9337],{"class":79},[69,13482,298],{"class":271},[69,13484,4004],{"class":79},[69,13486,8106],{"class":100},[14,13488,13489,13490,289],{},"If you want to learn more about file paths, see ",[579,13491,10830],{"href":10829},[55,13493,13495,13496],{"id":13494},"alternative-option-ospathexists","Alternative option: ",[21,13497,13498],{},"os.path.exists()",[14,13500,13501,13502,289],{},"You can also check file existence with ",[21,13503,13498],{},[14,13505,13506],{},"This version:",[29,13508,13509,13512,13515,13518],{},[32,13510,13511],{},"Works with string file paths",[32,13513,13514],{},"Is common in older Python code",[32,13516,13517],{},"Checks whether the path exists",[32,13519,13520,13521],{},"Does not confirm that the path is a file unless you also use ",[21,13522,13523],{},"os.path.isfile()",[14,13525,370],{},[60,13527,13529],{"className":62,"code":13528,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nfile_path = \"data.txt\"\n\nif os.path.exists(file_path) and os.path.isfile(file_path):\n    print(\"File exists\")\nelse:\n    print(\"File does not exist\")\n",[21,13530,13531,13537,13541,13553,13557,13597,13611,13617],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,13532,13533,13535],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,13534,76],{"class":75},[69,13536,2229],{"class":79},[69,13538,13539],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,13540,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,13542,13543,13545,13547,13549,13551],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,13544,13120],{"class":79},[69,13546,97],{"class":96},[69,13548,123],{"class":110},[69,13550,13132],{"class":114},[69,13552,1825],{"class":110},[69,13554,13555],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,13556,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,13558,13559,13561,13564,13566,13568,13570,13572,13574,13576,13578,13580,13582,13584,13586,13588,13591,13593,13595],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,13560,3201],{"class":75},[69,13562,13563],{"class":79}," os",[69,13565,289],{"class":100},[69,13567,2243],{"class":2216},[69,13569,289],{"class":100},[69,13571,2248],{"class":292},[69,13573,221],{"class":100},[69,13575,13320],{"class":292},[69,13577,265],{"class":100},[69,13579,13157],{"class":96},[69,13581,13563],{"class":79},[69,13583,289],{"class":100},[69,13585,2243],{"class":2216},[69,13587,289],{"class":100},[69,13589,13590],{"class":292},"isfile",[69,13592,221],{"class":100},[69,13594,13320],{"class":292},[69,13596,7526],{"class":100},[69,13598,13599,13601,13603,13605,13607,13609],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,13600,3220],{"class":217},[69,13602,221],{"class":100},[69,13604,111],{"class":110},[69,13606,13177],{"class":114},[69,13608,111],{"class":110},[69,13610,301],{"class":100},[69,13612,13613,13615],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,13614,3277],{"class":75},[69,13616,275],{"class":100},[69,13618,13619,13621,13623,13625,13627,13629],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,13620,3220],{"class":217},[69,13622,221],{"class":100},[69,13624,111],{"class":110},[69,13626,13198],{"class":114},[69,13628,111],{"class":110},[69,13630,301],{"class":100},[14,13632,13633,13634,13636,13637,289],{},"For new code, ",[21,13635,13232],{}," is usually clearer. If you want a function-by-function explanation, see ",[579,13638,13640],{"href":13639},"\u002Fstandard-library\u002Fos.path.exists-function-explained","os.path.exists() explained",[55,13642,13644],{"id":13643},"check-before-opening-a-file","Check before opening a file",[14,13646,13647],{},"Checking first can be useful when you are reading a file that may not be there.",[60,13649,13651],{"className":62,"code":13650,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nfile_path = Path(\"data.txt\")\n\nif file_path.exists() and file_path.is_file():\n    with file_path.open(\"r\") as file:\n        content = file.read()\n        print(content)\nelse:\n    print(\"The file was not found.\")\n",[21,13652,13653,13663,13667,13685,13689,13711,13739,13755,13766,13772],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,13654,13655,13657,13659,13661],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,13656,13103],{"class":75},[69,13658,13106],{"class":79},[69,13660,76],{"class":75},[69,13662,13111],{"class":79},[69,13664,13665],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,13666,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,13668,13669,13671,13673,13675,13677,13679,13681,13683],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,13670,13120],{"class":79},[69,13672,97],{"class":96},[69,13674,13125],{"class":292},[69,13676,221],{"class":100},[69,13678,111],{"class":110},[69,13680,13132],{"class":114},[69,13682,111],{"class":110},[69,13684,301],{"class":100},[69,13686,13687],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,13688,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,13690,13691,13693,13695,13697,13699,13701,13703,13705,13707,13709],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,13692,3201],{"class":75},[69,13694,13147],{"class":79},[69,13696,289],{"class":100},[69,13698,2248],{"class":292},[69,13700,13154],{"class":100},[69,13702,13157],{"class":96},[69,13704,13147],{"class":79},[69,13706,289],{"class":100},[69,13708,13164],{"class":292},[69,13710,3730],{"class":100},[69,13712,13713,13716,13718,13720,13722,13724,13726,13729,13731,13733,13735,13737],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,13714,13715],{"class":75},"    with",[69,13717,13147],{"class":79},[69,13719,289],{"class":100},[69,13721,10887],{"class":292},[69,13723,221],{"class":100},[69,13725,111],{"class":110},[69,13727,13728],{"class":114},"r",[69,13730,111],{"class":110},[69,13732,265],{"class":100},[69,13734,268],{"class":75},[69,13736,272],{"class":271},[69,13738,275],{"class":100},[69,13740,13741,13744,13746,13748,13750,13753],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,13742,13743],{"class":79},"        content ",[69,13745,97],{"class":96},[69,13747,272],{"class":271},[69,13749,289],{"class":100},[69,13751,13752],{"class":292},"read",[69,13754,1385],{"class":100},[69,13756,13757,13759,13761,13764],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,13758,7531],{"class":217},[69,13760,221],{"class":100},[69,13762,13763],{"class":292},"content",[69,13765,301],{"class":100},[69,13767,13768,13770],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,13769,3277],{"class":75},[69,13771,275],{"class":100},[69,13773,13774,13776,13778,13780,13783,13785],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,13775,3220],{"class":217},[69,13777,221],{"class":100},[69,13779,111],{"class":110},[69,13781,13782],{"class":114},"The file was not found.",[69,13784,111],{"class":110},[69,13786,301],{"class":100},[14,13788,13789],{},"This can help beginners avoid confusion.",[14,13791,13792,13793,13796],{},"However, in real programs, ",[21,13794,13795],{},"try-except"," is often better because a file can still fail to open even if it exists. For example, it may be deleted or moved after your check.",[14,13798,13799,13800,50,13802,289],{},"If you are learning how to open files, see ",[579,13801,9938],{"href":9937},[579,13803,12752,13804,12755],{"href":9673},[21,13805,576],{},[55,13807,13809],{"id":13808},"understand-file-vs-directory","Understand file vs directory",[14,13811,13812],{},"A path can point to either:",[29,13814,13815,13818],{},[32,13816,13817],{},"A file",[32,13819,13820],{},"A folder",[14,13822,13823,13824,3019,13826,13828],{},"This matters because ",[21,13825,13207],{},[21,13827,11002],{}," for both.",[14,13830,370],{},[60,13832,13834],{"className":62,"code":13833,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\npath = Path(\"my_folder\")\n\nprint(path.exists())   # True if the folder exists\nprint(path.is_file())  # False for a folder\nprint(path.is_dir())   # True for a folder\n",[21,13835,13836,13846,13850,13870,13874,13891,13908],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,13837,13838,13840,13842,13844],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,13839,13103],{"class":75},[69,13841,13106],{"class":79},[69,13843,76],{"class":75},[69,13845,13111],{"class":79},[69,13847,13848],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,13849,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,13851,13852,13855,13857,13859,13861,13863,13866,13868],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,13853,13854],{"class":79},"path ",[69,13856,97],{"class":96},[69,13858,13125],{"class":292},[69,13860,221],{"class":100},[69,13862,111],{"class":110},[69,13864,13865],{"class":114},"my_folder",[69,13867,111],{"class":110},[69,13869,301],{"class":100},[69,13871,13872],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,13873,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,13875,13876,13878,13880,13882,13884,13886,13888],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,13877,2161],{"class":217},[69,13879,221],{"class":100},[69,13881,2243],{"class":292},[69,13883,289],{"class":100},[69,13885,2248],{"class":292},[69,13887,13327],{"class":100},[69,13889,13890],{"class":2596},"   # True if the folder exists\n",[69,13892,13893,13895,13897,13899,13901,13903,13905],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,13894,2161],{"class":217},[69,13896,221],{"class":100},[69,13898,2243],{"class":292},[69,13900,289],{"class":100},[69,13902,13164],{"class":292},[69,13904,13327],{"class":100},[69,13906,13907],{"class":2596},"  # False for a folder\n",[69,13909,13910,13912,13914,13916,13918,13920,13922],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,13911,2161],{"class":217},[69,13913,221],{"class":100},[69,13915,2243],{"class":292},[69,13917,289],{"class":100},[69,13919,13360],{"class":292},[69,13921,13327],{"class":100},[69,13923,13924],{"class":2596},"   # True for a folder\n",[14,13926,1081],{},[29,13928,13929,13934,13938],{},[32,13930,13931,13933],{},[21,13932,13207],{}," to check whether the path is there",[32,13935,13936,13268],{},[21,13937,13211],{},[32,13939,13940,13943],{},[21,13941,13942],{},"is_dir()"," when you specifically need a folder",[55,13945,13947],{"id":13946},"when-checking-first-is-useful","When checking first is useful",[14,13949,13950],{},"Checking first is often helpful:",[29,13952,13953,13956,13959],{},[32,13954,13955],{},"Before reading a file",[32,13957,13958],{},"Before renaming or deleting a file",[32,13960,13961],{},"Before showing a custom message to the user",[14,13963,370],{},[60,13965,13967],{"className":62,"code":13966,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nfile_path = Path(\"report.txt\")\n\nif file_path.exists() and file_path.is_file():\n    file_path.unlink()\n    print(\"File deleted.\")\nelse:\n    print(\"File not found.\")\n",[21,13968,13969,13979,13983,14002,14006,14028,14040,14055,14061],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,13970,13971,13973,13975,13977],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,13972,13103],{"class":75},[69,13974,13106],{"class":79},[69,13976,76],{"class":75},[69,13978,13111],{"class":79},[69,13980,13981],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,13982,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,13984,13985,13987,13989,13991,13993,13995,13998,14000],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,13986,13120],{"class":79},[69,13988,97],{"class":96},[69,13990,13125],{"class":292},[69,13992,221],{"class":100},[69,13994,111],{"class":110},[69,13996,13997],{"class":114},"report.txt",[69,13999,111],{"class":110},[69,14001,301],{"class":100},[69,14003,14004],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,14005,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,14007,14008,14010,14012,14014,14016,14018,14020,14022,14024,14026],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,14009,3201],{"class":75},[69,14011,13147],{"class":79},[69,14013,289],{"class":100},[69,14015,2248],{"class":292},[69,14017,13154],{"class":100},[69,14019,13157],{"class":96},[69,14021,13147],{"class":79},[69,14023,289],{"class":100},[69,14025,13164],{"class":292},[69,14027,3730],{"class":100},[69,14029,14030,14033,14035,14038],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,14031,14032],{"class":79},"    file_path",[69,14034,289],{"class":100},[69,14036,14037],{"class":292},"unlink",[69,14039,1385],{"class":100},[69,14041,14042,14044,14046,14048,14051,14053],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,14043,3220],{"class":217},[69,14045,221],{"class":100},[69,14047,111],{"class":110},[69,14049,14050],{"class":114},"File deleted.",[69,14052,111],{"class":110},[69,14054,301],{"class":100},[69,14056,14057,14059],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,14058,3277],{"class":75},[69,14060,275],{"class":100},[69,14062,14063,14065,14067,14069,14072,14074],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,14064,3220],{"class":217},[69,14066,221],{"class":100},[69,14068,111],{"class":110},[69,14070,14071],{"class":114},"File not found.",[69,14073,111],{"class":110},[69,14075,301],{"class":100},[55,14077,14079,14080,14082],{"id":14078},"when-try-except-may-be-better","When ",[21,14081,13795],{}," may be better",[14,14084,14085],{},"Checking first is not always enough.",[14,14087,14088],{},"Problems can still happen because:",[29,14090,14091,14094,14097],{},[32,14092,14093],{},"Another program can change the file after you check",[32,14095,14096],{},"The file may exist but still fail to open",[32,14098,14099],{},"You may not have permission to access it",[14,14101,14102],{},"A safer pattern is to try the operation and handle errors if they happen.",[60,14104,14106],{"className":62,"code":14105,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nfile_path = Path(\"data.txt\")\n\ntry:\n    with file_path.open(\"r\") as file:\n        content = file.read()\n        print(content)\nexcept FileNotFoundError:\n    print(\"The file does not exist.\")\nexcept PermissionError:\n    print(\"You do not have permission to open this file.\")\n",[21,14107,14108,14118,14122,14140,14144,14150,14176,14190,14200,14209,14223,14232],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,14109,14110,14112,14114,14116],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,14111,13103],{"class":75},[69,14113,13106],{"class":79},[69,14115,76],{"class":75},[69,14117,13111],{"class":79},[69,14119,14120],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,14121,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,14123,14124,14126,14128,14130,14132,14134,14136,14138],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,14125,13120],{"class":79},[69,14127,97],{"class":96},[69,14129,13125],{"class":292},[69,14131,221],{"class":100},[69,14133,111],{"class":110},[69,14135,13132],{"class":114},[69,14137,111],{"class":110},[69,14139,301],{"class":100},[69,14141,14142],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,14143,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,14145,14146,14148],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,14147,11233],{"class":75},[69,14149,275],{"class":100},[69,14151,14152,14154,14156,14158,14160,14162,14164,14166,14168,14170,14172,14174],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,14153,13715],{"class":75},[69,14155,13147],{"class":79},[69,14157,289],{"class":100},[69,14159,10887],{"class":292},[69,14161,221],{"class":100},[69,14163,111],{"class":110},[69,14165,13728],{"class":114},[69,14167,111],{"class":110},[69,14169,265],{"class":100},[69,14171,268],{"class":75},[69,14173,272],{"class":271},[69,14175,275],{"class":100},[69,14177,14178,14180,14182,14184,14186,14188],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,14179,13743],{"class":79},[69,14181,97],{"class":96},[69,14183,272],{"class":271},[69,14185,289],{"class":100},[69,14187,13752],{"class":292},[69,14189,1385],{"class":100},[69,14191,14192,14194,14196,14198],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,14193,7531],{"class":217},[69,14195,221],{"class":100},[69,14197,13763],{"class":292},[69,14199,301],{"class":100},[69,14201,14202,14204,14207],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,14203,11221],{"class":75},[69,14205,14206],{"class":1859}," FileNotFoundError",[69,14208,275],{"class":100},[69,14210,14211,14213,14215,14217,14219,14221],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,14212,3220],{"class":217},[69,14214,221],{"class":100},[69,14216,111],{"class":110},[69,14218,13464],{"class":114},[69,14220,111],{"class":110},[69,14222,301],{"class":100},[69,14224,14225,14227,14230],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,14226,11221],{"class":75},[69,14228,14229],{"class":1859}," PermissionError",[69,14231,275],{"class":100},[69,14233,14234,14236,14238,14240,14243,14245],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,14235,3220],{"class":217},[69,14237,221],{"class":100},[69,14239,111],{"class":110},[69,14241,14242],{"class":114},"You do not have permission to open this file.",[69,14244,111],{"class":110},[69,14246,301],{"class":100},[14,14248,14249],{},"This approach is often better for real applications.",[14,14251,14252,14253,50,14256,289],{},"If you run into these problems, see ",[579,14254,14255],{"href":2441},"FileNotFoundError in Python: causes and fixes",[579,14257,14259],{"href":14258},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fpermissionerror-in-python-causes-and-fixes","PermissionError in Python: causes and fixes",[55,14261,3868],{"id":3867},[14,14263,14264],{},"Here are some common reasons a file check does not work as expected:",[29,14266,14267,14272,14275,14278,14281],{},[32,14268,1628,14269,14271],{},[21,14270,13207],{}," and assuming the path must be a file",[32,14273,14274],{},"Checking a relative path from the wrong working directory",[32,14276,14277],{},"Misspelling the file name or extension",[32,14279,14280],{},"Using backslashes incorrectly in Windows paths",[32,14282,14283],{},"Expecting a file to exist before it has been created",[14,14285,14286],{},"Helpful debugging commands:",[60,14288,14290],{"className":62,"code":14289,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\nprint(Path(\"data.txt\").resolve())\n",[21,14291,14292,14302],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,14293,14294,14296,14298,14300],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,14295,13103],{"class":75},[69,14297,13106],{"class":79},[69,14299,76],{"class":75},[69,14301,13111],{"class":79},[69,14303,14304,14306,14308,14310,14312,14314,14316,14318,14321,14324],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,14305,2161],{"class":217},[69,14307,221],{"class":100},[69,14309,13249],{"class":292},[69,14311,221],{"class":100},[69,14313,111],{"class":110},[69,14315,13132],{"class":114},[69,14317,111],{"class":110},[69,14319,14320],{"class":100},").",[69,14322,14323],{"class":292},"resolve",[69,14325,3923],{"class":100},[14,14327,14328],{},"This shows the full path Python is using.",[60,14330,14331],{"className":62,"code":11010,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,14332,14333,14339],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,14334,14335,14337],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,14336,76],{"class":75},[69,14338,2229],{"class":79},[69,14340,14341,14343,14345,14347,14349,14351],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,14342,2161],{"class":217},[69,14344,221],{"class":100},[69,14346,2238],{"class":292},[69,14348,289],{"class":100},[69,14350,11031],{"class":292},[69,14352,3923],{"class":100},[14,14354,14355],{},"This shows the current working directory.",[60,14357,14359],{"className":62,"code":14358,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\nprint(Path(\"data.txt\").exists())\n",[21,14360,14361,14371],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,14362,14363,14365,14367,14369],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,14364,13103],{"class":75},[69,14366,13106],{"class":79},[69,14368,76],{"class":75},[69,14370,13111],{"class":79},[69,14372,14373,14375,14377,14379,14381,14383,14385,14387,14389,14391],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,14374,2161],{"class":217},[69,14376,221],{"class":100},[69,14378,13249],{"class":292},[69,14380,221],{"class":100},[69,14382,111],{"class":110},[69,14384,13132],{"class":114},[69,14386,111],{"class":110},[69,14388,14320],{"class":100},[69,14390,2248],{"class":292},[69,14392,3923],{"class":100},[14,14394,14395],{},"This checks whether the path exists.",[60,14397,14399],{"className":62,"code":14398,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\nprint(Path(\"data.txt\").is_file())\n",[21,14400,14401,14411],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,14402,14403,14405,14407,14409],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,14404,13103],{"class":75},[69,14406,13106],{"class":79},[69,14408,76],{"class":75},[69,14410,13111],{"class":79},[69,14412,14413,14415,14417,14419,14421,14423,14425,14427,14429,14431],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,14414,2161],{"class":217},[69,14416,221],{"class":100},[69,14418,13249],{"class":292},[69,14420,221],{"class":100},[69,14422,111],{"class":110},[69,14424,13132],{"class":114},[69,14426,111],{"class":110},[69,14428,14320],{"class":100},[69,14430,13164],{"class":292},[69,14432,3923],{"class":100},[14,14434,14435],{},"This checks whether the path is a file.",[60,14437,14439],{"className":62,"code":14438,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\nprint(list(Path(\".\").iterdir()))\n",[21,14440,14441,14451],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,14442,14443,14445,14447,14449],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,14444,13103],{"class":75},[69,14446,13106],{"class":79},[69,14448,76],{"class":75},[69,14450,13111],{"class":79},[69,14452,14453,14455,14457,14460,14462,14464,14466,14468,14470,14472,14474,14477],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,14454,2161],{"class":217},[69,14456,221],{"class":100},[69,14458,14459],{"class":1859},"list",[69,14461,221],{"class":100},[69,14463,13249],{"class":292},[69,14465,221],{"class":100},[69,14467,111],{"class":110},[69,14469,289],{"class":114},[69,14471,111],{"class":110},[69,14473,14320],{"class":100},[69,14475,14476],{"class":292},"iterdir",[69,14478,14479],{"class":100},"()))\n",[14,14481,14482],{},"This lists the files and folders in the current directory.",[1647,14484,14486],{"id":14485},"windows-path-tip","Windows path tip",[14,14488,14489],{},"If you use backslashes in a Windows path, be careful. Some backslashes are treated as escape characters.",[14,14491,14492],{},"This can cause problems:",[60,14494,14496],{"className":62,"code":14495,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"file_path = \"C:\\new\\data.txt\"\n",[21,14497,14498],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,14499,14500,14502,14504,14506,14509,14511,14514],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,14501,13120],{"class":79},[69,14503,97],{"class":96},[69,14505,123],{"class":110},[69,14507,14508],{"class":114},"C:",[69,14510,9475],{"class":7964},[69,14512,14513],{"class":114},"ew\\data.txt",[69,14515,1825],{"class":110},[14,14517,14518],{},"A safer option is to use a raw string or forward slashes:",[60,14520,14522],{"className":62,"code":14521,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"file_path = r\"C:\\new\\data.txt\"\n",[21,14523,14524],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,14525,14526,14528,14530,14533,14535,14538,14541,14544,14548,14551,14553,14556],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,14527,13120],{"class":79},[69,14529,97],{"class":96},[69,14531,14532],{"class":7502}," r",[69,14534,111],{"class":110},[69,14536,14508],{"class":14537},"sQRbd",[69,14539,9475],{"class":14540},"sjYin",[69,14542,14543],{"class":14537},"ew",[69,14545,14547],{"class":14546},"stzsN","\\d",[69,14549,14550],{"class":14537},"ata",[69,14552,289],{"class":14546},[69,14554,14555],{"class":14537},"txt",[69,14557,1825],{"class":110},[14,14559,14560],{},"or:",[60,14562,14564],{"className":62,"code":14563,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"file_path = \"C:\u002Fnew\u002Fdata.txt\"\n",[21,14565,14566],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,14567,14568,14570,14572,14574,14577],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,14569,13120],{"class":79},[69,14571,97],{"class":96},[69,14573,123],{"class":110},[69,14575,14576],{"class":114},"C:\u002Fnew\u002Fdata.txt",[69,14578,1825],{"class":110},[55,14580,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,14582,14584],{"id":14583},"what-is-the-simplest-way-to-check-if-a-file-exists-in-python","What is the simplest way to check if a file exists in Python?",[14,14586,322,14587,14590,14591,50,14593,14595],{},[21,14588,14589],{},"pathlib.Path"," with ",[21,14592,13207],{},[21,14594,13211],{},". It is clear and beginner-friendly.",[1647,14597,2372,14599,50,14601,1414],{"id":14598},"what-is-the-difference-between-exists-and-is_file",[21,14600,13207],{},[21,14602,13211],{},[14,14604,14605,14607,14608,14610],{},[21,14606,13207],{}," checks whether the path exists. ",[21,14609,13211],{}," checks whether that path is a file.",[1647,14612,2392,14614,364,14616,1414],{"id":14613},"should-i-use-ospathexists-or-pathlib",[21,14615,13498],{},[21,14617,13232],{},[14,14619,13633,14620,14622,14623,14626],{},[21,14621,13232],{}," is usually easier to read. ",[21,14624,14625],{},"os.path"," is still common in older code.",[1647,14628,14630,14631,3019,14633,1414],{"id":14629},"can-a-file-still-fail-to-open-after-exists-returns-true","Can a file still fail to open after ",[21,14632,13207],{},[21,14634,11002],{},[14,14636,14637,14638,14640],{},"Yes. The file could be deleted, moved, or blocked after the check. ",[21,14639,13795],{}," is safer for real programs.",[55,14642,2414],{"id":2413},[29,14644,14645,14652,14656,14660,14664,14668],{},[32,14646,14647],{},[579,14648,14649,14650,12755],{"href":9673},"Python ",[21,14651,576],{},[32,14653,14654],{},[579,14655,11115],{"href":10829},[32,14657,14658],{},[579,14659,11110],{"href":9937},[32,14661,14662],{},[579,14663,14255],{"href":2441},[32,14665,14666],{},[579,14667,14259],{"href":14258},[32,14669,14670],{},[579,14671,13640],{"href":13639},[2450,14673,14674],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sMMDD, html code.shiki .sMMDD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70}html pre.shiki code .skxfh, html code.shiki .skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s_hVV, html code.shiki .s_hVV{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sQRbd, html code.shiki .sQRbd{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#DBEDFF}html pre.shiki code .sjYin, html code.shiki .sjYin{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-weight:inherit;--shiki-default:#22863A;--shiki-default-font-weight:bold;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;--shiki-dark-font-weight:bold}html pre.shiki code .stzsN, html code.shiki .stzsN{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":14676},[14677,14678,14679,14683,14685,14686,14687,14688,14690,14693,14702],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":13228,"depth":83,"text":14680,"children":14681},"Best beginner option: pathlib",[14682],{"id":13368,"depth":90,"text":13369},{"id":13494,"depth":83,"text":14684},"Alternative option: os.path.exists()",{"id":13643,"depth":83,"text":13644},{"id":13808,"depth":83,"text":13809},{"id":13946,"depth":83,"text":13947},{"id":14078,"depth":83,"text":14689},"When try-except may be better",{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":14691},[14692],{"id":14485,"depth":90,"text":14486},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":14694},[14695,14696,14698,14700],{"id":14583,"depth":90,"text":14584},{"id":14598,"depth":90,"text":14697},"What is the difference between exists() and is_file()?",{"id":14613,"depth":90,"text":14699},"Should I use os.path.exists() or pathlib?",{"id":14629,"depth":90,"text":14701},"Can a file still fail to open after exists() returns True?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to check if a file exists in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},{"title":13083,"description":14703},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-check-if-a-file-exists-in-python","p7FHfJiUxOFs7uXdXJAvwuGhUUMdtiGreG1AR8IO9bM",{"id":14709,"title":14710,"body":14711,"description":16596,"extension":2479,"meta":16597,"navigation":86,"path":16598,"seo":16599,"stem":16600,"__hash__":16601},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-check-if-a-key-exists-in-a-dictionary-in-python.md","How to Check if a Key Exists in a Dictionary in Python",{"type":7,"value":14712,"toc":16561},[14713,14716,14719,14721,14819,14824,14826,14848,14854,14857,14872,14875,14888,14894,14970,14974,14983,14986,15065,15069,15078,15083,15090,15095,15162,15166,15181,15184,15268,15272,15311,15318,15324,15329,15335,15424,15428,15441,15444,15531,15535,15544,15549,15559,15565,15570,15581,15672,15676,15689,15695,15711,15716,15797,15801,15816,15822,15825,15906,15910,15925,15934,15940,15950,15952,15955,15959,15965,16046,16050,16062,16068,16096,16106,16109,16180,16185,16192,16195,16246,16254,16261,16264,16315,16323,16325,16328,16349,16353,16356,16443,16446,16475,16477,16483,16486,16490,16496,16503,16511,16521,16527,16529,16558],[10,14714,14710],{"id":14715},"how-to-check-if-a-key-exists-in-a-dictionary-in-python",[14,14717,14718],{},"Learn the simplest ways to check whether a dictionary contains a key in Python. This page focuses on practical lookup patterns beginners use most often.",[55,14720,58],{"id":57},[60,14722,14724],{"className":62,"code":14723,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user = {\"name\": \"Sam\", \"age\": 25}\n\nif \"name\" in user:\n    print(\"Key exists\")\nelse:\n    print(\"Key does not exist\")\n",[21,14725,14726,14763,14767,14783,14798,14804],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,14727,14728,14730,14732,14734,14736,14738,14740,14742,14744,14747,14749,14751,14753,14755,14757,14759,14761],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,14729,3534],{"class":79},[69,14731,97],{"class":96},[69,14733,1914],{"class":100},[69,14735,111],{"class":110},[69,14737,115],{"class":114},[69,14739,111],{"class":110},[69,14741,1174],{"class":100},[69,14743,123],{"class":110},[69,14745,14746],{"class":114},"Sam",[69,14748,111],{"class":110},[69,14750,120],{"class":100},[69,14752,123],{"class":110},[69,14754,126],{"class":114},[69,14756,111],{"class":110},[69,14758,1174],{"class":100},[69,14760,186],{"class":157},[69,14762,1260],{"class":100},[69,14764,14765],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,14766,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,14768,14769,14771,14773,14775,14777,14779,14781],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,14770,3201],{"class":75},[69,14772,123],{"class":110},[69,14774,115],{"class":114},[69,14776,111],{"class":110},[69,14778,3210],{"class":96},[69,14780,4955],{"class":79},[69,14782,275],{"class":100},[69,14784,14785,14787,14789,14791,14794,14796],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,14786,3220],{"class":217},[69,14788,221],{"class":100},[69,14790,111],{"class":110},[69,14792,14793],{"class":114},"Key exists",[69,14795,111],{"class":110},[69,14797,301],{"class":100},[69,14799,14800,14802],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,14801,3277],{"class":75},[69,14803,275],{"class":100},[69,14805,14806,14808,14810,14812,14815,14817],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,14807,3220],{"class":217},[69,14809,221],{"class":100},[69,14811,111],{"class":110},[69,14813,14814],{"class":114},"Key does not exist",[69,14816,111],{"class":110},[69,14818,301],{"class":100},[14,14820,1872,14821,14823],{},[21,14822,771],{}," operator for the clearest and most common solution.",[55,14825,2666],{"id":2665},[29,14827,14828,14831,14837],{},[32,14829,14830],{},"Check whether a dictionary has a specific key",[32,14832,14833,14834,14836],{},"Avoid ",[21,14835,2816],{}," when reading dictionary values",[32,14838,14839,14840,5914,14842,14844,14845,14847],{},"Choose between ",[21,14841,771],{},[21,14843,2515],{},", and ",[21,14846,13795],{}," for different situations",[55,14849,14851,14852],{"id":14850},"best-method-for-most-cases-use-in","Best method for most cases: use ",[21,14853,771],{},[14,14855,14856],{},"In Python, the best way to check whether a dictionary contains a key is:",[60,14858,14860],{"className":62,"code":14859,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"key in my_dict\n",[21,14861,14862],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,14863,14864,14867,14869],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,14865,14866],{"class":79},"key ",[69,14868,771],{"class":96},[69,14870,14871],{"class":79}," my_dict\n",[14,14873,14874],{},"It returns:",[29,14876,14877,14882],{},[32,14878,14879,14881],{},[21,14880,11002],{}," if the key exists",[32,14883,14884,14887],{},[21,14885,14886],{},"False"," if the key does not exist",[14,14889,14890,14891,14893],{},"This works especially well inside an ",[21,14892,3201],{}," statement.",[60,14895,14897],{"className":62,"code":14896,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user = {\"name\": \"Sam\", \"age\": 25}\n\nif \"age\" in user:\n    print(\"The age key exists\")\n",[21,14898,14899,14935,14939,14955],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,14900,14901,14903,14905,14907,14909,14911,14913,14915,14917,14919,14921,14923,14925,14927,14929,14931,14933],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,14902,3534],{"class":79},[69,14904,97],{"class":96},[69,14906,1914],{"class":100},[69,14908,111],{"class":110},[69,14910,115],{"class":114},[69,14912,111],{"class":110},[69,14914,1174],{"class":100},[69,14916,123],{"class":110},[69,14918,14746],{"class":114},[69,14920,111],{"class":110},[69,14922,120],{"class":100},[69,14924,123],{"class":110},[69,14926,126],{"class":114},[69,14928,111],{"class":110},[69,14930,1174],{"class":100},[69,14932,186],{"class":157},[69,14934,1260],{"class":100},[69,14936,14937],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,14938,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,14940,14941,14943,14945,14947,14949,14951,14953],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,14942,3201],{"class":75},[69,14944,123],{"class":110},[69,14946,126],{"class":114},[69,14948,111],{"class":110},[69,14950,3210],{"class":96},[69,14952,4955],{"class":79},[69,14954,275],{"class":100},[69,14956,14957,14959,14961,14963,14966,14968],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,14958,3220],{"class":217},[69,14960,221],{"class":100},[69,14962,111],{"class":110},[69,14964,14965],{"class":114},"The age key exists",[69,14967,111],{"class":110},[69,14969,301],{"class":100},[14,14971,14972],{},[2498,14973,2781],{},[60,14975,14977],{"className":62,"code":14976,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"The age key exists\n",[21,14978,14979],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,14980,14981],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,14982,14976],{"class":79},[14,14984,14985],{},"You can then safely read the value after checking:",[60,14987,14989],{"className":62,"code":14988,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user = {\"name\": \"Sam\", \"age\": 25}\n\nif \"name\" in user:\n    print(user[\"name\"])\n",[21,14990,14991,15027,15031,15047],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,14992,14993,14995,14997,14999,15001,15003,15005,15007,15009,15011,15013,15015,15017,15019,15021,15023,15025],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,14994,3534],{"class":79},[69,14996,97],{"class":96},[69,14998,1914],{"class":100},[69,15000,111],{"class":110},[69,15002,115],{"class":114},[69,15004,111],{"class":110},[69,15006,1174],{"class":100},[69,15008,123],{"class":110},[69,15010,14746],{"class":114},[69,15012,111],{"class":110},[69,15014,120],{"class":100},[69,15016,123],{"class":110},[69,15018,126],{"class":114},[69,15020,111],{"class":110},[69,15022,1174],{"class":100},[69,15024,186],{"class":157},[69,15026,1260],{"class":100},[69,15028,15029],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,15030,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,15032,15033,15035,15037,15039,15041,15043,15045],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,15034,3201],{"class":75},[69,15036,123],{"class":110},[69,15038,115],{"class":114},[69,15040,111],{"class":110},[69,15042,3210],{"class":96},[69,15044,4955],{"class":79},[69,15046,275],{"class":100},[69,15048,15049,15051,15053,15055,15057,15059,15061,15063],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,15050,3220],{"class":217},[69,15052,221],{"class":100},[69,15054,3375],{"class":292},[69,15056,1345],{"class":100},[69,15058,111],{"class":110},[69,15060,115],{"class":114},[69,15062,111],{"class":110},[69,15064,494],{"class":100},[14,15066,15067],{},[2498,15068,2781],{},[60,15070,15072],{"className":62,"code":15071,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Sam\n",[21,15073,15074],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,15075,15076],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,15077,15071],{"class":79},[14,15079,15080,15081,289],{},"If you are still learning how dictionaries work, see ",[579,15082,4023],{"href":4022},[55,15084,1628,15086,15089],{"id":15085},"using-not-in-for-missing-keys",[21,15087,15088],{},"not in"," for missing keys",[14,15091,322,15092,15094],{},[21,15093,15088],{}," when you want to handle the missing case first.",[60,15096,15098],{"className":62,"code":15097,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user = {\"name\": \"Sam\"}\n\nif \"email\" not in user:\n    print(\"Email is missing\")\n",[21,15099,15100,15124,15128,15147],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,15101,15102,15104,15106,15108,15110,15112,15114,15116,15118,15120,15122],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,15103,3534],{"class":79},[69,15105,97],{"class":96},[69,15107,1914],{"class":100},[69,15109,111],{"class":110},[69,15111,115],{"class":114},[69,15113,111],{"class":110},[69,15115,1174],{"class":100},[69,15117,123],{"class":110},[69,15119,14746],{"class":114},[69,15121,111],{"class":110},[69,15123,1260],{"class":100},[69,15125,15126],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,15127,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,15129,15130,15132,15134,15137,15139,15141,15143,15145],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,15131,3201],{"class":75},[69,15133,123],{"class":110},[69,15135,15136],{"class":114},"email",[69,15138,111],{"class":110},[69,15140,4950],{"class":96},[69,15142,3210],{"class":96},[69,15144,4955],{"class":79},[69,15146,275],{"class":100},[69,15148,15149,15151,15153,15155,15158,15160],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,15150,3220],{"class":217},[69,15152,221],{"class":100},[69,15154,111],{"class":110},[69,15156,15157],{"class":114},"Email is missing",[69,15159,111],{"class":110},[69,15161,301],{"class":100},[14,15163,15164],{},[2498,15165,2781],{},[60,15167,15169],{"className":62,"code":15168,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Email is missing\n",[21,15170,15171],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,15172,15173,15176,15178],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,15174,15175],{"class":79},"Email ",[69,15177,8098],{"class":96},[69,15179,15180],{"class":79}," missing\n",[14,15182,15183],{},"This is useful when validating data before adding or updating it.",[60,15185,15187],{"className":62,"code":15186,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user = {\"name\": \"Sam\"}\n\nif \"age\" not in user:\n    user[\"age\"] = 0\n\nprint(user)\n",[21,15188,15189,15213,15217,15235,15254,15258],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,15190,15191,15193,15195,15197,15199,15201,15203,15205,15207,15209,15211],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,15192,3534],{"class":79},[69,15194,97],{"class":96},[69,15196,1914],{"class":100},[69,15198,111],{"class":110},[69,15200,115],{"class":114},[69,15202,111],{"class":110},[69,15204,1174],{"class":100},[69,15206,123],{"class":110},[69,15208,14746],{"class":114},[69,15210,111],{"class":110},[69,15212,1260],{"class":100},[69,15214,15215],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,15216,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,15218,15219,15221,15223,15225,15227,15229,15231,15233],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,15220,3201],{"class":75},[69,15222,123],{"class":110},[69,15224,126],{"class":114},[69,15226,111],{"class":110},[69,15228,4950],{"class":96},[69,15230,3210],{"class":96},[69,15232,4955],{"class":79},[69,15234,275],{"class":100},[69,15236,15237,15239,15241,15243,15245,15247,15249,15251],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,15238,4962],{"class":79},[69,15240,1345],{"class":100},[69,15242,111],{"class":110},[69,15244,126],{"class":114},[69,15246,111],{"class":110},[69,15248,4229],{"class":100},[69,15250,4232],{"class":96},[69,15252,15253],{"class":157}," 0\n",[69,15255,15256],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,15257,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,15259,15260,15262,15264,15266],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,15261,2161],{"class":217},[69,15263,221],{"class":100},[69,15265,3375],{"class":292},[69,15267,301],{"class":100},[14,15269,15270],{},[2498,15271,2781],{},[60,15273,15275],{"className":62,"code":15274,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'name': 'Sam', 'age': 0}\n",[21,15276,15277],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,15278,15279,15281,15284,15286,15288,15290,15293,15295,15297,15299,15301,15303,15305,15307,15309],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,15280,8018],{"class":100},[69,15282,15283],{"class":110},"'",[69,15285,115],{"class":114},[69,15287,15283],{"class":110},[69,15289,1174],{"class":100},[69,15291,15292],{"class":110}," '",[69,15294,14746],{"class":114},[69,15296,15283],{"class":110},[69,15298,120],{"class":100},[69,15300,15292],{"class":110},[69,15302,126],{"class":114},[69,15304,15283],{"class":110},[69,15306,1174],{"class":100},[69,15308,6711],{"class":157},[69,15310,1260],{"class":100},[14,15312,15313,15314,289],{},"This style is often easy to read in guard clauses because it handles the problem early. If you want to update dictionaries, see ",[579,15315,15317],{"href":15316},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-add-a-key-to-a-dictionary-in-python\u002F","how to add a key to a dictionary in Python",[55,15319,322,15321,15323],{"id":15320},"use-get-when-you-also-want-the-value",[21,15322,2515],{}," when you also want the value",[14,15325,9337,15326,15328],{},[21,15327,2515],{}," method returns the value for a key if it exists.",[14,15330,15331,15332,15334],{},"If the key is missing, it returns ",[21,15333,3022],{}," by default instead of raising an error.",[60,15336,15338],{"className":62,"code":15337,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user = {\"name\": \"Sam\", \"age\": 25}\n\nprint(user.get(\"name\"))\nprint(user.get(\"email\"))\n",[21,15339,15340,15376,15380,15402],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,15341,15342,15344,15346,15348,15350,15352,15354,15356,15358,15360,15362,15364,15366,15368,15370,15372,15374],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,15343,3534],{"class":79},[69,15345,97],{"class":96},[69,15347,1914],{"class":100},[69,15349,111],{"class":110},[69,15351,115],{"class":114},[69,15353,111],{"class":110},[69,15355,1174],{"class":100},[69,15357,123],{"class":110},[69,15359,14746],{"class":114},[69,15361,111],{"class":110},[69,15363,120],{"class":100},[69,15365,123],{"class":110},[69,15367,126],{"class":114},[69,15369,111],{"class":110},[69,15371,1174],{"class":100},[69,15373,186],{"class":157},[69,15375,1260],{"class":100},[69,15377,15378],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,15379,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,15381,15382,15384,15386,15388,15390,15392,15394,15396,15398,15400],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,15383,2161],{"class":217},[69,15385,221],{"class":100},[69,15387,3375],{"class":292},[69,15389,289],{"class":100},[69,15391,2610],{"class":292},[69,15393,221],{"class":100},[69,15395,111],{"class":110},[69,15397,115],{"class":114},[69,15399,111],{"class":110},[69,15401,2183],{"class":100},[69,15403,15404,15406,15408,15410,15412,15414,15416,15418,15420,15422],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,15405,2161],{"class":217},[69,15407,221],{"class":100},[69,15409,3375],{"class":292},[69,15411,289],{"class":100},[69,15413,2610],{"class":292},[69,15415,221],{"class":100},[69,15417,111],{"class":110},[69,15419,15136],{"class":114},[69,15421,111],{"class":110},[69,15423,2183],{"class":100},[14,15425,15426],{},[2498,15427,2781],{},[60,15429,15431],{"className":62,"code":15430,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Sam\nNone\n",[21,15432,15433,15437],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,15434,15435],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,15436,15071],{"class":79},[69,15438,15439],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,15440,3013],{"class":3012},[14,15442,15443],{},"You can also provide your own default value:",[60,15445,15447],{"className":62,"code":15446,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user = {\"name\": \"Sam\", \"age\": 25}\n\nemail = user.get(\"email\", \"No email found\")\nprint(email)\n",[21,15448,15449,15485,15489,15521],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,15450,15451,15453,15455,15457,15459,15461,15463,15465,15467,15469,15471,15473,15475,15477,15479,15481,15483],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,15452,3534],{"class":79},[69,15454,97],{"class":96},[69,15456,1914],{"class":100},[69,15458,111],{"class":110},[69,15460,115],{"class":114},[69,15462,111],{"class":110},[69,15464,1174],{"class":100},[69,15466,123],{"class":110},[69,15468,14746],{"class":114},[69,15470,111],{"class":110},[69,15472,120],{"class":100},[69,15474,123],{"class":110},[69,15476,126],{"class":114},[69,15478,111],{"class":110},[69,15480,1174],{"class":100},[69,15482,186],{"class":157},[69,15484,1260],{"class":100},[69,15486,15487],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,15488,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,15490,15491,15494,15496,15498,15500,15502,15504,15506,15508,15510,15512,15514,15517,15519],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,15492,15493],{"class":79},"email ",[69,15495,97],{"class":96},[69,15497,4955],{"class":79},[69,15499,289],{"class":100},[69,15501,2610],{"class":292},[69,15503,221],{"class":100},[69,15505,111],{"class":110},[69,15507,15136],{"class":114},[69,15509,111],{"class":110},[69,15511,120],{"class":100},[69,15513,123],{"class":110},[69,15515,15516],{"class":114},"No email found",[69,15518,111],{"class":110},[69,15520,301],{"class":100},[69,15522,15523,15525,15527,15529],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,15524,2161],{"class":217},[69,15526,221],{"class":100},[69,15528,15136],{"class":292},[69,15530,301],{"class":100},[14,15532,15533],{},[2498,15534,2781],{},[60,15536,15538],{"className":62,"code":15537,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"No email found\n",[21,15539,15540],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,15541,15542],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,15543,15537],{"class":79},[14,15545,15546,15547,289],{},"This is useful when you want to continue safely without getting a ",[21,15548,2816],{},[14,15550,15551,15552,15556,15557,289],{},"If you want a full explanation of this method, see the ",[579,15553,3138,15554,3141],{"href":3137},[21,15555,2515],{},". If your goal is reading values safely, you may also want ",[579,15558,5668],{"href":5667},[55,15560,15562,15563,3753],{"id":15561},"know-the-difference-between-a-missing-key-and-a-none-value","Know the difference between a missing key and a ",[21,15564,3022],{},[14,15566,15567,15568,289],{},"A key can exist in a dictionary and still store ",[21,15569,3022],{},[14,15571,15572,15573,15575,15576,9688,15578,15580],{},"That means ",[21,15574,2515],{}," returning ",[21,15577,3022],{},[2498,15579,3315],{}," always mean the key is missing.",[60,15582,15584],{"className":62,"code":15583,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user = {\"name\": \"Sam\", \"email\": None}\n\nprint(user.get(\"email\"))\nprint(user.get(\"phone\"))\n",[21,15585,15586,15623,15627,15649],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,15587,15588,15590,15592,15594,15596,15598,15600,15602,15604,15606,15608,15610,15612,15614,15616,15618,15621],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,15589,3534],{"class":79},[69,15591,97],{"class":96},[69,15593,1914],{"class":100},[69,15595,111],{"class":110},[69,15597,115],{"class":114},[69,15599,111],{"class":110},[69,15601,1174],{"class":100},[69,15603,123],{"class":110},[69,15605,14746],{"class":114},[69,15607,111],{"class":110},[69,15609,120],{"class":100},[69,15611,123],{"class":110},[69,15613,15136],{"class":114},[69,15615,111],{"class":110},[69,15617,1174],{"class":100},[69,15619,15620],{"class":3012}," None",[69,15622,1260],{"class":100},[69,15624,15625],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,15626,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,15628,15629,15631,15633,15635,15637,15639,15641,15643,15645,15647],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,15630,2161],{"class":217},[69,15632,221],{"class":100},[69,15634,3375],{"class":292},[69,15636,289],{"class":100},[69,15638,2610],{"class":292},[69,15640,221],{"class":100},[69,15642,111],{"class":110},[69,15644,15136],{"class":114},[69,15646,111],{"class":110},[69,15648,2183],{"class":100},[69,15650,15651,15653,15655,15657,15659,15661,15663,15665,15668,15670],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,15652,2161],{"class":217},[69,15654,221],{"class":100},[69,15656,3375],{"class":292},[69,15658,289],{"class":100},[69,15660,2610],{"class":292},[69,15662,221],{"class":100},[69,15664,111],{"class":110},[69,15666,15667],{"class":114},"phone",[69,15669,111],{"class":110},[69,15671,2183],{"class":100},[14,15673,15674],{},[2498,15675,2781],{},[60,15677,15679],{"className":62,"code":15678,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"None\nNone\n",[21,15680,15681,15685],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,15682,15683],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,15684,3013],{"class":3012},[69,15686,15687],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,15688,3013],{"class":3012},[14,15690,15691,15692,15694],{},"Both lines return ",[21,15693,3022],{},", but they mean different things:",[29,15696,15697,15705],{},[32,15698,15699,15702,15703],{},[21,15700,15701],{},"\"email\""," exists and its value is ",[21,15704,3022],{},[32,15706,15707,15710],{},[21,15708,15709],{},"\"phone\""," does not exist at all",[14,15712,15713,15714,1174],{},"If you need to confirm that the key itself exists, use ",[21,15715,771],{},[60,15717,15719],{"className":62,"code":15718,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user = {\"name\": \"Sam\", \"email\": None}\n\nprint(\"email\" in user)\nprint(\"phone\" in user)\n",[21,15720,15721,15757,15761,15779],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,15722,15723,15725,15727,15729,15731,15733,15735,15737,15739,15741,15743,15745,15747,15749,15751,15753,15755],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,15724,3534],{"class":79},[69,15726,97],{"class":96},[69,15728,1914],{"class":100},[69,15730,111],{"class":110},[69,15732,115],{"class":114},[69,15734,111],{"class":110},[69,15736,1174],{"class":100},[69,15738,123],{"class":110},[69,15740,14746],{"class":114},[69,15742,111],{"class":110},[69,15744,120],{"class":100},[69,15746,123],{"class":110},[69,15748,15136],{"class":114},[69,15750,111],{"class":110},[69,15752,1174],{"class":100},[69,15754,15620],{"class":3012},[69,15756,1260],{"class":100},[69,15758,15759],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,15760,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,15762,15763,15765,15767,15769,15771,15773,15775,15777],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,15764,2161],{"class":217},[69,15766,221],{"class":100},[69,15768,111],{"class":110},[69,15770,15136],{"class":114},[69,15772,111],{"class":110},[69,15774,3210],{"class":75},[69,15776,4955],{"class":292},[69,15778,301],{"class":100},[69,15780,15781,15783,15785,15787,15789,15791,15793,15795],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,15782,2161],{"class":217},[69,15784,221],{"class":100},[69,15786,111],{"class":110},[69,15788,15667],{"class":114},[69,15790,111],{"class":110},[69,15792,3210],{"class":75},[69,15794,4955],{"class":292},[69,15796,301],{"class":100},[14,15798,15799],{},[2498,15800,2781],{},[60,15802,15804],{"className":62,"code":15803,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"True\nFalse\n",[21,15805,15806,15811],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,15807,15808],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,15809,15810],{"class":3012},"True\n",[69,15812,15813],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,15814,15815],{"class":3012},"False\n",[55,15817,14079,15819,15821],{"id":15818},"when-try-except-makes-sense",[21,15820,13795],{}," makes sense",[14,15823,15824],{},"You can also access the key directly and catch the error if it is missing.",[60,15826,15828],{"className":62,"code":15827,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user = {\"name\": \"Sam\"}\n\ntry:\n    print(user[\"email\"])\nexcept KeyError:\n    print(\"The key does not exist\")\n",[21,15829,15830,15854,15858,15864,15882,15891],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,15831,15832,15834,15836,15838,15840,15842,15844,15846,15848,15850,15852],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,15833,3534],{"class":79},[69,15835,97],{"class":96},[69,15837,1914],{"class":100},[69,15839,111],{"class":110},[69,15841,115],{"class":114},[69,15843,111],{"class":110},[69,15845,1174],{"class":100},[69,15847,123],{"class":110},[69,15849,14746],{"class":114},[69,15851,111],{"class":110},[69,15853,1260],{"class":100},[69,15855,15856],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,15857,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,15859,15860,15862],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,15861,11233],{"class":75},[69,15863,275],{"class":100},[69,15865,15866,15868,15870,15872,15874,15876,15878,15880],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,15867,3220],{"class":217},[69,15869,221],{"class":100},[69,15871,3375],{"class":292},[69,15873,1345],{"class":100},[69,15875,111],{"class":110},[69,15877,15136],{"class":114},[69,15879,111],{"class":110},[69,15881,494],{"class":100},[69,15883,15884,15886,15889],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,15885,11221],{"class":75},[69,15887,15888],{"class":1859}," KeyError",[69,15890,275],{"class":100},[69,15892,15893,15895,15897,15899,15902,15904],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,15894,3220],{"class":217},[69,15896,221],{"class":100},[69,15898,111],{"class":110},[69,15900,15901],{"class":114},"The key does not exist",[69,15903,111],{"class":110},[69,15905,301],{"class":100},[14,15907,15908],{},[2498,15909,2781],{},[60,15911,15913],{"className":62,"code":15912,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"The key does not exist\n",[21,15914,15915],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,15916,15917,15920,15922],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,15918,15919],{"class":79},"The key does ",[69,15921,3315],{"class":96},[69,15923,15924],{"class":79}," exist\n",[14,15926,15927,15928,15931,15932,289],{},"This works because reading a missing key with ",[21,15929,15930],{},"my_dict[key]"," raises a ",[21,15933,2816],{},[14,15935,15936,15937,15939],{},"Use this approach when you want to try the access directly and handle failure. For most beginners, checking with ",[21,15938,771],{}," first is usually easier to read.",[14,15941,15942,15943,364,15947,289],{},"If you are seeing this error already, read ",[579,15944,15946],{"href":15945},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fkeyerror-in-python-causes-and-fixes","KeyError in Python: causes and fixes",[579,15948,15949],{"href":2891},"KeyError when accessing dictionary values",[55,15951,5117],{"id":5116},[14,15953,15954],{},"Here are some common problems when checking dictionary keys.",[1647,15956,15958],{"id":15957},"_1-checking-values-instead-of-keys-by-accident","1. Checking values instead of keys by accident",[14,15960,15961,15962,15964],{},"In a dictionary, ",[21,15963,771],{}," checks keys, not values.",[60,15966,15968],{"className":62,"code":15967,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user = {\"name\": \"Sam\", \"age\": 25}\n\nprint(\"name\" in user)\nprint(\"Sam\" in user)\n",[21,15969,15970,16006,16010,16028],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,15971,15972,15974,15976,15978,15980,15982,15984,15986,15988,15990,15992,15994,15996,15998,16000,16002,16004],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,15973,3534],{"class":79},[69,15975,97],{"class":96},[69,15977,1914],{"class":100},[69,15979,111],{"class":110},[69,15981,115],{"class":114},[69,15983,111],{"class":110},[69,15985,1174],{"class":100},[69,15987,123],{"class":110},[69,15989,14746],{"class":114},[69,15991,111],{"class":110},[69,15993,120],{"class":100},[69,15995,123],{"class":110},[69,15997,126],{"class":114},[69,15999,111],{"class":110},[69,16001,1174],{"class":100},[69,16003,186],{"class":157},[69,16005,1260],{"class":100},[69,16007,16008],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,16009,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,16011,16012,16014,16016,16018,16020,16022,16024,16026],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,16013,2161],{"class":217},[69,16015,221],{"class":100},[69,16017,111],{"class":110},[69,16019,115],{"class":114},[69,16021,111],{"class":110},[69,16023,3210],{"class":75},[69,16025,4955],{"class":292},[69,16027,301],{"class":100},[69,16029,16030,16032,16034,16036,16038,16040,16042,16044],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,16031,2161],{"class":217},[69,16033,221],{"class":100},[69,16035,111],{"class":110},[69,16037,14746],{"class":114},[69,16039,111],{"class":110},[69,16041,3210],{"class":75},[69,16043,4955],{"class":292},[69,16045,301],{"class":100},[14,16047,16048],{},[2498,16049,2781],{},[60,16051,16052],{"className":62,"code":15803,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,16053,16054,16058],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,16055,16056],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,16057,15810],{"class":3012},[69,16059,16060],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,16061,15815],{"class":3012},[14,16063,16064,16065,1174],{},"If you want to check values, use ",[21,16066,16067],{},".values()",[60,16069,16071],{"className":62,"code":16070,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(\"Sam\" in user.values())\n",[21,16072,16073],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,16074,16075,16077,16079,16081,16083,16085,16087,16089,16091,16094],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,16076,2161],{"class":217},[69,16078,221],{"class":100},[69,16080,111],{"class":110},[69,16082,14746],{"class":114},[69,16084,111],{"class":110},[69,16086,3210],{"class":75},[69,16088,4955],{"class":292},[69,16090,289],{"class":100},[69,16092,16093],{"class":292},"values",[69,16095,3923],{"class":100},[1647,16097,16099,16100,16102,16103,16105],{"id":16098},"_2-using-get-to-test-existence-when-none-may-be-a-real-value","2. Using ",[21,16101,2515],{}," to test existence when ",[21,16104,3022],{}," may be a real value",[14,16107,16108],{},"This can cause confusion:",[60,16110,16112],{"className":62,"code":16111,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user = {\"email\": None}\n\nif user.get(\"email\") is None:\n    print(\"This does not prove the key is missing\")\n",[21,16113,16114,16134,16138,16165],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,16115,16116,16118,16120,16122,16124,16126,16128,16130,16132],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,16117,3534],{"class":79},[69,16119,97],{"class":96},[69,16121,1914],{"class":100},[69,16123,111],{"class":110},[69,16125,15136],{"class":114},[69,16127,111],{"class":110},[69,16129,1174],{"class":100},[69,16131,15620],{"class":3012},[69,16133,1260],{"class":100},[69,16135,16136],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,16137,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,16139,16140,16142,16144,16146,16148,16150,16152,16154,16156,16158,16161,16163],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,16141,3201],{"class":75},[69,16143,4955],{"class":79},[69,16145,289],{"class":100},[69,16147,2610],{"class":292},[69,16149,221],{"class":100},[69,16151,111],{"class":110},[69,16153,15136],{"class":114},[69,16155,111],{"class":110},[69,16157,265],{"class":100},[69,16159,16160],{"class":96}," is",[69,16162,15620],{"class":3012},[69,16164,275],{"class":100},[69,16166,16167,16169,16171,16173,16176,16178],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,16168,3220],{"class":217},[69,16170,221],{"class":100},[69,16172,111],{"class":110},[69,16174,16175],{"class":114},"This does not prove the key is missing",[69,16177,111],{"class":110},[69,16179,301],{"class":100},[14,16181,16182,16183,289],{},"The key may exist and still have the value ",[21,16184,3022],{},[1647,16186,16188,16189,16191],{"id":16187},"_3-accessing-my_dictkey-before-checking-if-the-key-exists","3. Accessing ",[21,16190,15930],{}," before checking if the key exists",[14,16193,16194],{},"This can raise an error:",[60,16196,16198],{"className":62,"code":16197,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user = {\"name\": \"Sam\"}\n\nprint(user[\"email\"])\n",[21,16199,16200,16224,16228],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,16201,16202,16204,16206,16208,16210,16212,16214,16216,16218,16220,16222],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,16203,3534],{"class":79},[69,16205,97],{"class":96},[69,16207,1914],{"class":100},[69,16209,111],{"class":110},[69,16211,115],{"class":114},[69,16213,111],{"class":110},[69,16215,1174],{"class":100},[69,16217,123],{"class":110},[69,16219,14746],{"class":114},[69,16221,111],{"class":110},[69,16223,1260],{"class":100},[69,16225,16226],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,16227,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,16229,16230,16232,16234,16236,16238,16240,16242,16244],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,16231,2161],{"class":217},[69,16233,221],{"class":100},[69,16235,3375],{"class":292},[69,16237,1345],{"class":100},[69,16239,111],{"class":110},[69,16241,15136],{"class":114},[69,16243,111],{"class":110},[69,16245,494],{"class":100},[14,16247,10671,16248,16250,16251,16253],{},[21,16249,2816],{}," because ",[21,16252,15701],{}," is not in the dictionary.",[1647,16255,16257,16258,16260],{"id":16256},"_4-assuming-in-checks-values-in-a-dictionary","4. Assuming ",[21,16259,771],{}," checks values in a dictionary",[14,16262,16263],{},"This is a very common mistake for beginners.",[60,16265,16267],{"className":62,"code":16266,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user = {\"name\": \"Sam\"}\n\nprint(\"Sam\" in user)\n",[21,16268,16269,16293,16297],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,16270,16271,16273,16275,16277,16279,16281,16283,16285,16287,16289,16291],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,16272,3534],{"class":79},[69,16274,97],{"class":96},[69,16276,1914],{"class":100},[69,16278,111],{"class":110},[69,16280,115],{"class":114},[69,16282,111],{"class":110},[69,16284,1174],{"class":100},[69,16286,123],{"class":110},[69,16288,14746],{"class":114},[69,16290,111],{"class":110},[69,16292,1260],{"class":100},[69,16294,16295],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,16296,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,16298,16299,16301,16303,16305,16307,16309,16311,16313],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,16300,2161],{"class":217},[69,16302,221],{"class":100},[69,16304,111],{"class":110},[69,16306,14746],{"class":114},[69,16308,111],{"class":110},[69,16310,3210],{"class":75},[69,16312,4955],{"class":292},[69,16314,301],{"class":100},[14,16316,10999,16317,16250,16319,16322],{},[21,16318,14886],{},[21,16320,16321],{},"\"Sam\""," is a value, not a key.",[55,16324,12722],{"id":12721},[14,16326,16327],{},"These are the most common reasons beginners run into problems here:",[29,16329,16330,16336,16339,16344],{},[32,16331,16332,16333,16335],{},"Trying to read ",[21,16334,15930],{}," when the key is missing",[32,16337,16338],{},"Confusing dictionary keys with dictionary values",[32,16340,1628,16341,16343],{},[21,16342,2515],{}," without understanding its default return value",[32,16345,5316,16346,16348],{},[21,16347,771],{}," to search values instead of keys",[55,16350,16352],{"id":16351},"helpful-debugging-checks","Helpful debugging checks",[14,16354,16355],{},"If your dictionary lookup is not working as expected, these quick checks can help:",[60,16357,16359],{"className":62,"code":16358,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(my_dict)\nprint(my_dict.keys())\nprint(\"name\" in my_dict)\nprint(my_dict.get(\"name\"))\nprint(list(my_dict.items()))\n",[21,16360,16361,16371,16385,16403,16425],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,16362,16363,16365,16367,16369],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,16364,2161],{"class":217},[69,16366,221],{"class":100},[69,16368,3905],{"class":292},[69,16370,301],{"class":100},[69,16372,16373,16375,16377,16379,16381,16383],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,16374,2161],{"class":217},[69,16376,221],{"class":100},[69,16378,3905],{"class":292},[69,16380,289],{"class":100},[69,16382,3920],{"class":292},[69,16384,3923],{"class":100},[69,16386,16387,16389,16391,16393,16395,16397,16399,16401],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,16388,2161],{"class":217},[69,16390,221],{"class":100},[69,16392,111],{"class":110},[69,16394,115],{"class":114},[69,16396,111],{"class":110},[69,16398,3210],{"class":75},[69,16400,3940],{"class":292},[69,16402,301],{"class":100},[69,16404,16405,16407,16409,16411,16413,16415,16417,16419,16421,16423],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,16406,2161],{"class":217},[69,16408,221],{"class":100},[69,16410,3905],{"class":292},[69,16412,289],{"class":100},[69,16414,2610],{"class":292},[69,16416,221],{"class":100},[69,16418,111],{"class":110},[69,16420,115],{"class":114},[69,16422,111],{"class":110},[69,16424,2183],{"class":100},[69,16426,16427,16429,16431,16433,16435,16437,16439,16441],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,16428,2161],{"class":217},[69,16430,221],{"class":100},[69,16432,14459],{"class":1859},[69,16434,221],{"class":100},[69,16436,3905],{"class":292},[69,16438,289],{"class":100},[69,16440,3727],{"class":292},[69,16442,14479],{"class":100},[14,16444,16445],{},"What these show:",[29,16447,16448,16452,16457,16462,16469],{},[32,16449,16450,3989],{},[21,16451,3988],{},[32,16453,16454,16456],{},[21,16455,3994],{}," shows all keys",[32,16458,16459,16461],{},[21,16460,4000],{}," tests one key directly",[32,16463,16464,16466,16467],{},[21,16465,4009],{}," shows the value or ",[21,16468,3022],{},[32,16470,16471,16474],{},[21,16472,16473],{},"print(list(my_dict.items()))"," shows key-value pairs",[55,16476,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,16478,11052,16480,16482],{"id":16479},"does-in-check-keys-or-values-in-a-dictionary",[21,16481,771],{}," check keys or values in a dictionary?",[14,16484,16485],{},"It checks keys, not values.",[1647,16487,16489],{"id":16488},"how-do-i-check-if-a-value-exists-in-a-dictionary","How do I check if a value exists in a dictionary?",[14,16491,322,16492,16495],{},[21,16493,16494],{},"value in my_dict.values()",". This is different from checking keys.",[1647,16497,2392,16499,364,16501,1414],{"id":16498},"should-i-use-get-or-in",[21,16500,2515],{},[21,16502,771],{},[14,16504,322,16505,16507,16508,16510],{},[21,16506,771],{}," when you only want to know if the key exists. Use ",[21,16509,2515],{}," when you want the value and a safe default.",[1647,16512,16514,16515,16517,16518,16520],{"id":16513},"why-did-get-return-none-even-though-i-expected-a-value","Why did ",[21,16516,2515],{}," return ",[21,16519,3022],{}," even though I expected a value?",[14,16522,16523,16524,16526],{},"The key may be missing, or the key may exist with ",[21,16525,3022],{}," stored as its value.",[55,16528,2414],{"id":2413},[29,16530,16531,16535,16541,16545,16550,16554],{},[32,16532,16533],{},[579,16534,4023],{"href":4022},[32,16536,16537],{},[579,16538,3138,16539,3141],{"href":3137},[21,16540,2515],{},[32,16542,16543],{},[579,16544,5834],{"href":5667},[32,16546,16547],{},[579,16548,16549],{"href":15316},"How to add a key to a dictionary in Python",[32,16551,16552],{},[579,16553,15946],{"href":15945},[32,16555,16556],{},[579,16557,15949],{"href":2891},[2450,16559,16560],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":16562},[16563,16564,16565,16567,16569,16571,16573,16575,16584,16585,16586,16595],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":14850,"depth":83,"text":16566},"Best method for most cases: use in",{"id":15085,"depth":83,"text":16568},"Using not in for missing keys",{"id":15320,"depth":83,"text":16570},"Use get() when you also want the value",{"id":15561,"depth":83,"text":16572},"Know the difference between a missing key and a None value",{"id":15818,"depth":83,"text":16574},"When try-except makes sense",{"id":5116,"depth":83,"text":5117,"children":16576},[16577,16578,16580,16582],{"id":15957,"depth":90,"text":15958},{"id":16098,"depth":90,"text":16579},"2. Using get() to test existence when None may be a real value",{"id":16187,"depth":90,"text":16581},"3. Accessing my_dict[key] before checking if the key exists",{"id":16256,"depth":90,"text":16583},"4. Assuming in checks values in a dictionary",{"id":12721,"depth":83,"text":12722},{"id":16351,"depth":83,"text":16352},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":16587},[16588,16590,16591,16593],{"id":16479,"depth":90,"text":16589},"Does in check keys or values in a dictionary?",{"id":16488,"depth":90,"text":16489},{"id":16498,"depth":90,"text":16592},"Should I use get() or in?",{"id":16513,"depth":90,"text":16594},"Why did get() return None even though I expected a value?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to check if a key exists in a dictionary in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-check-if-a-key-exists-in-a-dictionary-in-python",{"title":14710,"description":16596},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-check-if-a-key-exists-in-a-dictionary-in-python","Wnu5QrJZCbJjC2rsmo-6BVSjTc3Fda7epWq2DISAa9Y",{"id":16603,"title":16604,"body":16605,"description":18329,"extension":2479,"meta":18330,"navigation":86,"path":18331,"seo":18332,"stem":18333,"__hash__":18334},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-check-if-a-string-contains-a-substring-in-python.md","How to Check if a String Contains a Substring in Python",{"type":7,"value":16606,"toc":18300},[16607,16610,16613,16619,16622,16644,16646,16733,16735,16744,16750,16752,16771,16777,16782,16784,16796,16799,16813,16815,16863,16865,16873,16875,16923,16925,16933,16936,16940,16943,16946,16956,17003,17005,17013,17016,17025,17084,17086,17094,17100,17108,17113,17124,17126,17190,17192,17201,17208,17211,17273,17275,17287,17290,17298,17304,17314,17317,17379,17381,17389,17392,17406,17408,17469,17472,17489,17495,17502,17506,17514,17519,17610,17612,17620,17627,17686,17688,17696,17699,17701,17704,17726,17734,17736,17795,17800,17804,17863,17867,17870,17922,17924,17932,17935,17939,17942,17991,17994,18000,18032,18034,18050,18054,18057,18170,18172,18188,18190,18194,18199,18203,18206,18213,18227,18234,18241,18245,18253,18255,18297],[10,16608,16604],{"id":16609},"how-to-check-if-a-string-contains-a-substring-in-python",[14,16611,16612],{},"If you want to check whether one piece of text appears inside another piece of text in Python, there are a few simple ways to do it.",[14,16614,16615,16616,16618],{},"For beginners, the best option is usually the ",[21,16617,771],{}," operator. It is easy to read, easy to write, and works well when you only need a yes-or-no answer.",[14,16620,16621],{},"This page shows:",[29,16623,16624,16627,16630,16633],{},[32,16625,16626],{},"how to check if a smaller string exists inside a larger string",[32,16628,16629],{},"the simplest beginner-friendly method first",[32,16631,16632],{},"how case-sensitive matching works",[32,16634,16635,16636,5914,16638,14844,16641],{},"when to use ",[21,16637,771],{},[21,16639,16640],{},"find()",[21,16642,16643],{},"index()",[55,16645,58],{"id":57},[60,16647,16649],{"className":62,"code":16648,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Hello, world!\"\nsubstring = \"world\"\n\nif substring in text:\n    print(\"Found\")\nelse:\n    print(\"Not found\")\n",[21,16650,16651,16665,16679,16683,16697,16712,16718],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,16652,16653,16656,16658,16660,16663],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,16654,16655],{"class":79},"text ",[69,16657,97],{"class":96},[69,16659,123],{"class":110},[69,16661,16662],{"class":114},"Hello, world!",[69,16664,1825],{"class":110},[69,16666,16667,16670,16672,16674,16677],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,16668,16669],{"class":79},"substring ",[69,16671,97],{"class":96},[69,16673,123],{"class":110},[69,16675,16676],{"class":114},"world",[69,16678,1825],{"class":110},[69,16680,16681],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,16682,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,16684,16685,16687,16690,16692,16695],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,16686,3201],{"class":75},[69,16688,16689],{"class":79}," substring ",[69,16691,771],{"class":96},[69,16693,16694],{"class":79}," text",[69,16696,275],{"class":100},[69,16698,16699,16701,16703,16705,16708,16710],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,16700,3220],{"class":217},[69,16702,221],{"class":100},[69,16704,111],{"class":110},[69,16706,16707],{"class":114},"Found",[69,16709,111],{"class":110},[69,16711,301],{"class":100},[69,16713,16714,16716],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,16715,3277],{"class":75},[69,16717,275],{"class":100},[69,16719,16720,16722,16724,16726,16729,16731],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,16721,3220],{"class":217},[69,16723,221],{"class":100},[69,16725,111],{"class":110},[69,16727,16728],{"class":114},"Not found",[69,16730,111],{"class":110},[69,16732,301],{"class":100},[14,16734,2781],{},[60,16736,16738],{"className":62,"code":16737,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Found\n",[21,16739,16740],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,16741,16742],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,16743,16737],{"class":79},[14,16745,16746,16747,16749],{},"For most cases, use the ",[21,16748,771],{}," operator. It is the simplest and most readable option.",[55,16751,2666],{"id":2665},[29,16753,16754,16757,16760,16763],{},[32,16755,16756],{},"Check whether a smaller string exists inside a larger string",[32,16758,16759],{},"Use the simplest beginner-friendly method first",[32,16761,16762],{},"Understand case-sensitive matching",[32,16764,14839,16765,5914,16767,14844,16769],{},[21,16766,771],{},[21,16768,16640],{},[21,16770,16643],{},[55,16772,1872,16774,16776],{"id":16773},"use-the-in-operator",[21,16775,771],{}," operator",[14,16778,9337,16779,16781],{},[21,16780,771],{}," operator is the best choice for a simple substring check.",[14,16783,14874],{},[29,16785,16786,16791],{},[32,16787,16788,16790],{},[21,16789,11002],{}," if the substring exists",[32,16792,16793,16795],{},[21,16794,14886],{}," if it does not exist",[14,16797,16798],{},"It reads almost like plain English:",[60,16800,16802],{"className":62,"code":16801,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"substring in text\n",[21,16803,16804],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,16805,16806,16808,16810],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,16807,16669],{"class":79},[69,16809,771],{"class":96},[69,16811,16812],{"class":79}," text\n",[14,16814,370],{},[60,16816,16818],{"className":62,"code":16817,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Python is fun\"\nsubstring = \"is\"\n\nprint(substring in text)\n",[21,16819,16820,16833,16845,16849],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,16821,16822,16824,16826,16828,16831],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,16823,16655],{"class":79},[69,16825,97],{"class":96},[69,16827,123],{"class":110},[69,16829,16830],{"class":114},"Python is fun",[69,16832,1825],{"class":110},[69,16834,16835,16837,16839,16841,16843],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,16836,16669],{"class":79},[69,16838,97],{"class":96},[69,16840,123],{"class":110},[69,16842,8098],{"class":114},[69,16844,1825],{"class":110},[69,16846,16847],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,16848,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,16850,16851,16853,16855,16857,16859,16861],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,16852,2161],{"class":217},[69,16854,221],{"class":100},[69,16856,16669],{"class":292},[69,16858,771],{"class":75},[69,16860,16694],{"class":292},[69,16862,301],{"class":100},[14,16864,2781],{},[60,16866,16867],{"className":62,"code":15810,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,16868,16869],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,16870,16871],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,16872,15810],{"class":3012},[14,16874,5001],{},[60,16876,16878],{"className":62,"code":16877,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Python is fun\"\nsubstring = \"java\"\n\nprint(substring in text)\n",[21,16879,16880,16892,16905,16909],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,16881,16882,16884,16886,16888,16890],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,16883,16655],{"class":79},[69,16885,97],{"class":96},[69,16887,123],{"class":110},[69,16889,16830],{"class":114},[69,16891,1825],{"class":110},[69,16893,16894,16896,16898,16900,16903],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,16895,16669],{"class":79},[69,16897,97],{"class":96},[69,16899,123],{"class":110},[69,16901,16902],{"class":114},"java",[69,16904,1825],{"class":110},[69,16906,16907],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,16908,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,16910,16911,16913,16915,16917,16919,16921],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,16912,2161],{"class":217},[69,16914,221],{"class":100},[69,16916,16669],{"class":292},[69,16918,771],{"class":75},[69,16920,16694],{"class":292},[69,16922,301],{"class":100},[14,16924,2781],{},[60,16926,16927],{"className":62,"code":15815,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,16928,16929],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,16930,16931],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,16932,15815],{"class":3012},[14,16934,16935],{},"Use this approach when you only need to know whether the text is present.",[55,16937,16939],{"id":16938},"case-sensitivity-matters","Case sensitivity matters",[14,16941,16942],{},"String matching in Python is case-sensitive.",[14,16944,16945],{},"That means uppercase and lowercase letters are treated as different characters.",[14,16947,16948,16949,50,16952,16955],{},"For example, ",[21,16950,16951],{},"\"Hello\"",[21,16953,16954],{},"\"hello\""," are not the same:",[60,16957,16959],{"className":62,"code":16958,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Hello, world!\"\nsubstring = \"hello\"\n\nprint(substring in text)\n",[21,16960,16961,16973,16985,16989],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,16962,16963,16965,16967,16969,16971],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,16964,16655],{"class":79},[69,16966,97],{"class":96},[69,16968,123],{"class":110},[69,16970,16662],{"class":114},[69,16972,1825],{"class":110},[69,16974,16975,16977,16979,16981,16983],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,16976,16669],{"class":79},[69,16978,97],{"class":96},[69,16980,123],{"class":110},[69,16982,11564],{"class":114},[69,16984,1825],{"class":110},[69,16986,16987],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,16988,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,16990,16991,16993,16995,16997,16999,17001],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,16992,2161],{"class":217},[69,16994,221],{"class":100},[69,16996,16669],{"class":292},[69,16998,771],{"class":75},[69,17000,16694],{"class":292},[69,17002,301],{"class":100},[14,17004,2781],{},[60,17006,17007],{"className":62,"code":15815,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,17008,17009],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17010,17011],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17012,15815],{"class":3012},[14,17014,17015],{},"Even though the words look similar, Python does not treat them as a match because the first letter has different casing.",[14,17017,17018,17019,289],{},"If you want to ignore case, convert both strings before checking. The most common choice is ",[579,17020,17022],{"href":17021},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-string-lower-method\u002F",[21,17023,17024],{},"lower()",[60,17026,17028],{"className":62,"code":17027,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Hello, world!\"\nsubstring = \"hello\"\n\nprint(substring.lower() in text.lower())\n",[21,17029,17030,17042,17054,17058],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17031,17032,17034,17036,17038,17040],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17033,16655],{"class":79},[69,17035,97],{"class":96},[69,17037,123],{"class":110},[69,17039,16662],{"class":114},[69,17041,1825],{"class":110},[69,17043,17044,17046,17048,17050,17052],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,17045,16669],{"class":79},[69,17047,97],{"class":96},[69,17049,123],{"class":110},[69,17051,11564],{"class":114},[69,17053,1825],{"class":110},[69,17055,17056],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,17057,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,17059,17060,17062,17064,17067,17069,17072,17074,17076,17078,17080,17082],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,17061,2161],{"class":217},[69,17063,221],{"class":100},[69,17065,17066],{"class":292},"substring",[69,17068,289],{"class":100},[69,17070,17071],{"class":292},"lower",[69,17073,13154],{"class":100},[69,17075,3210],{"class":75},[69,17077,16694],{"class":292},[69,17079,289],{"class":100},[69,17081,17071],{"class":292},[69,17083,3923],{"class":100},[14,17085,2781],{},[60,17087,17088],{"className":62,"code":15810,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,17089,17090],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17091,17092],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17093,15810],{"class":3012},[55,17095,322,17097,17099],{"id":17096},"use-find-when-you-need-the-position",[21,17098,16640],{}," when you need the position",[14,17101,322,17102,17107],{},[579,17103,17105],{"href":17104},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-string-find-method\u002F",[21,17106,16640],{}," when you want to know where the substring starts.",[14,17109,17110,17112],{},[21,17111,16640],{}," returns:",[29,17114,17115,17118],{},[32,17116,17117],{},"the starting index of the first match",[32,17119,17120,17123],{},[21,17121,17122],{},"-1"," if the substring is not found",[14,17125,370],{},[60,17127,17129],{"className":62,"code":17128,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Hello, world!\"\nsubstring = \"world\"\n\nposition = text.find(substring)\nprint(position)\n",[21,17130,17131,17143,17155,17159,17179],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17132,17133,17135,17137,17139,17141],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17134,16655],{"class":79},[69,17136,97],{"class":96},[69,17138,123],{"class":110},[69,17140,16662],{"class":114},[69,17142,1825],{"class":110},[69,17144,17145,17147,17149,17151,17153],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,17146,16669],{"class":79},[69,17148,97],{"class":96},[69,17150,123],{"class":110},[69,17152,16676],{"class":114},[69,17154,1825],{"class":110},[69,17156,17157],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,17158,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,17160,17161,17164,17166,17168,17170,17173,17175,17177],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,17162,17163],{"class":79},"position ",[69,17165,97],{"class":96},[69,17167,16694],{"class":79},[69,17169,289],{"class":100},[69,17171,17172],{"class":292},"find",[69,17174,221],{"class":100},[69,17176,17066],{"class":292},[69,17178,301],{"class":100},[69,17180,17181,17183,17185,17188],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,17182,2161],{"class":217},[69,17184,221],{"class":100},[69,17186,17187],{"class":292},"position",[69,17189,301],{"class":100},[14,17191,2781],{},[60,17193,17195],{"className":62,"code":17194,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"7\n",[21,17196,17197],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17198,17199],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17200,17194],{"class":157},[14,17202,17203,17204,17207],{},"The value ",[21,17205,17206],{},"7"," means the substring starts at index 7.",[14,17209,17210],{},"If the substring does not exist:",[60,17212,17214],{"className":62,"code":17213,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Hello, world!\"\nsubstring = \"Python\"\n\nposition = text.find(substring)\nprint(position)\n",[21,17215,17216,17228,17241,17245,17263],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17217,17218,17220,17222,17224,17226],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17219,16655],{"class":79},[69,17221,97],{"class":96},[69,17223,123],{"class":110},[69,17225,16662],{"class":114},[69,17227,1825],{"class":110},[69,17229,17230,17232,17234,17236,17239],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,17231,16669],{"class":79},[69,17233,97],{"class":96},[69,17235,123],{"class":110},[69,17237,17238],{"class":114},"Python",[69,17240,1825],{"class":110},[69,17242,17243],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,17244,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,17246,17247,17249,17251,17253,17255,17257,17259,17261],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,17248,17163],{"class":79},[69,17250,97],{"class":96},[69,17252,16694],{"class":79},[69,17254,289],{"class":100},[69,17256,17172],{"class":292},[69,17258,221],{"class":100},[69,17260,17066],{"class":292},[69,17262,301],{"class":100},[69,17264,17265,17267,17269,17271],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,17266,2161],{"class":217},[69,17268,221],{"class":100},[69,17270,17187],{"class":292},[69,17272,301],{"class":100},[14,17274,2781],{},[60,17276,17278],{"className":62,"code":17277,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"-1\n",[21,17279,17280],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17281,17282,17284],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17283,7305],{"class":96},[69,17285,17286],{"class":157},"1\n",[14,17288,17289],{},"This is useful when you need both:",[29,17291,17292,17295],{},[32,17293,17294],{},"a check for existence",[32,17296,17297],{},"the position of the match",[55,17299,322,17301,17303],{"id":17300},"use-index-only-if-you-expect-a-match",[21,17302,16643],{}," only if you expect a match",[14,17305,17306,17311,17312,289],{},[579,17307,17309],{"href":17308},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-string-index-method\u002F",[21,17310,16643],{}," is similar to ",[21,17313,16640],{},[14,17315,17316],{},"It also returns the starting position of the substring:",[60,17318,17320],{"className":62,"code":17319,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Hello, world!\"\nsubstring = \"world\"\n\nposition = text.index(substring)\nprint(position)\n",[21,17321,17322,17334,17346,17350,17369],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17323,17324,17326,17328,17330,17332],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17325,16655],{"class":79},[69,17327,97],{"class":96},[69,17329,123],{"class":110},[69,17331,16662],{"class":114},[69,17333,1825],{"class":110},[69,17335,17336,17338,17340,17342,17344],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,17337,16669],{"class":79},[69,17339,97],{"class":96},[69,17341,123],{"class":110},[69,17343,16676],{"class":114},[69,17345,1825],{"class":110},[69,17347,17348],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,17349,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,17351,17352,17354,17356,17358,17360,17363,17365,17367],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,17353,17163],{"class":79},[69,17355,97],{"class":96},[69,17357,16694],{"class":79},[69,17359,289],{"class":100},[69,17361,17362],{"class":292},"index",[69,17364,221],{"class":100},[69,17366,17066],{"class":292},[69,17368,301],{"class":100},[69,17370,17371,17373,17375,17377],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,17372,2161],{"class":217},[69,17374,221],{"class":100},[69,17376,17187],{"class":292},[69,17378,301],{"class":100},[14,17380,2781],{},[60,17382,17383],{"className":62,"code":17194,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,17384,17385],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17386,17387],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17388,17194],{"class":157},[14,17390,17391],{},"But there is one important difference:",[29,17393,17394,17401],{},[32,17395,17396,3019,17398,17400],{},[21,17397,16640],{},[21,17399,17122],{}," if the substring is missing",[32,17402,17403,17405],{},[21,17404,16643],{}," raises an error if the substring is missing",[14,17407,370],{},[60,17409,17411],{"className":62,"code":17410,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Hello, world!\"\nsubstring = \"Python\"\n\nposition = text.index(substring)\nprint(position)\n",[21,17412,17413,17425,17437,17441,17459],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17414,17415,17417,17419,17421,17423],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17416,16655],{"class":79},[69,17418,97],{"class":96},[69,17420,123],{"class":110},[69,17422,16662],{"class":114},[69,17424,1825],{"class":110},[69,17426,17427,17429,17431,17433,17435],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,17428,16669],{"class":79},[69,17430,97],{"class":96},[69,17432,123],{"class":110},[69,17434,17238],{"class":114},[69,17436,1825],{"class":110},[69,17438,17439],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,17440,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,17442,17443,17445,17447,17449,17451,17453,17455,17457],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,17444,17163],{"class":79},[69,17446,97],{"class":96},[69,17448,16694],{"class":79},[69,17450,289],{"class":100},[69,17452,17362],{"class":292},[69,17454,221],{"class":100},[69,17456,17066],{"class":292},[69,17458,301],{"class":100},[69,17460,17461,17463,17465,17467],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,17462,2161],{"class":217},[69,17464,221],{"class":100},[69,17466,17187],{"class":292},[69,17468,301],{"class":100},[14,17470,17471],{},"This causes:",[60,17473,17475],{"className":62,"code":17474,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"ValueError: substring not found\n",[21,17476,17477],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17478,17479,17481,17483,17485,17487],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17480,11209],{"class":1859},[69,17482,1174],{"class":100},[69,17484,16689],{"class":79},[69,17486,3315],{"class":96},[69,17488,3318],{"class":79},[14,17490,17491,17492,17494],{},"Because of that, ",[21,17493,16643],{}," is usually not the best first choice for beginners when the substring may not exist.",[14,17496,17497,17498,289],{},"If you want to learn more about this error, see ",[579,17499,17501],{"href":17500},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fvalueerror-substring-not-found-fix\u002F","ValueError: substring not found",[55,17503,17505],{"id":17504},"how-to-do-a-case-insensitive-check","How to do a case-insensitive check",[14,17507,17508,17509,50,17511,17513],{},"If you want ",[21,17510,16951],{},[21,17512,16954],{}," to match, convert both strings to the same case before checking.",[14,17515,17516,17517,1174],{},"A common approach is ",[21,17518,17024],{},[60,17520,17522],{"className":62,"code":17521,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Hello, World!\"\nsubstring = \"world\"\n\nif substring.lower() in text.lower():\n    print(\"Found\")\nelse:\n    print(\"Not found\")\n",[21,17523,17524,17537,17549,17553,17576,17590,17596],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17525,17526,17528,17530,17532,17535],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17527,16655],{"class":79},[69,17529,97],{"class":96},[69,17531,123],{"class":110},[69,17533,17534],{"class":114},"Hello, World!",[69,17536,1825],{"class":110},[69,17538,17539,17541,17543,17545,17547],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,17540,16669],{"class":79},[69,17542,97],{"class":96},[69,17544,123],{"class":110},[69,17546,16676],{"class":114},[69,17548,1825],{"class":110},[69,17550,17551],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,17552,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,17554,17555,17557,17560,17562,17564,17566,17568,17570,17572,17574],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,17556,3201],{"class":75},[69,17558,17559],{"class":79}," substring",[69,17561,289],{"class":100},[69,17563,17071],{"class":292},[69,17565,13154],{"class":100},[69,17567,3210],{"class":96},[69,17569,16694],{"class":79},[69,17571,289],{"class":100},[69,17573,17071],{"class":292},[69,17575,3730],{"class":100},[69,17577,17578,17580,17582,17584,17586,17588],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,17579,3220],{"class":217},[69,17581,221],{"class":100},[69,17583,111],{"class":110},[69,17585,16707],{"class":114},[69,17587,111],{"class":110},[69,17589,301],{"class":100},[69,17591,17592,17594],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,17593,3277],{"class":75},[69,17595,275],{"class":100},[69,17597,17598,17600,17602,17604,17606,17608],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,17599,3220],{"class":217},[69,17601,221],{"class":100},[69,17603,111],{"class":110},[69,17605,16728],{"class":114},[69,17607,111],{"class":110},[69,17609,301],{"class":100},[14,17611,2781],{},[60,17613,17614],{"className":62,"code":16737,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,17615,17616],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17617,17618],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17619,16737],{"class":79},[14,17621,17622,17623,17626],{},"You can also use ",[21,17624,17625],{},"casefold()",", which is often better for more complete case-insensitive matching:",[60,17628,17630],{"className":62,"code":17629,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Hello, World!\"\nsubstring = \"WORLD\"\n\nprint(substring.casefold() in text.casefold())\n",[21,17631,17632,17644,17657,17661],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17633,17634,17636,17638,17640,17642],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17635,16655],{"class":79},[69,17637,97],{"class":96},[69,17639,123],{"class":110},[69,17641,17534],{"class":114},[69,17643,1825],{"class":110},[69,17645,17646,17648,17650,17652,17655],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,17647,16669],{"class":79},[69,17649,97],{"class":96},[69,17651,123],{"class":110},[69,17653,17654],{"class":114},"WORLD",[69,17656,1825],{"class":110},[69,17658,17659],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,17660,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,17662,17663,17665,17667,17669,17671,17674,17676,17678,17680,17682,17684],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,17664,2161],{"class":217},[69,17666,221],{"class":100},[69,17668,17066],{"class":292},[69,17670,289],{"class":100},[69,17672,17673],{"class":292},"casefold",[69,17675,13154],{"class":100},[69,17677,3210],{"class":75},[69,17679,16694],{"class":292},[69,17681,289],{"class":100},[69,17683,17673],{"class":292},[69,17685,3923],{"class":100},[14,17687,2781],{},[60,17689,17690],{"className":62,"code":15810,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,17691,17692],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17693,17694],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17695,15810],{"class":3012},[14,17697,17698],{},"A good habit is to check the converted values, but keep the original text unchanged if you still need it later.",[55,17700,5117],{"id":5116},[14,17702,17703],{},"Here are some common problems when checking for a substring:",[29,17705,17706,17715,17718,17723],{},[32,17707,1628,17708,10347,17710,364,17713],{},[21,17709,97],{},[21,17711,17712],{},"==",[21,17714,771],{},[32,17716,17717],{},"Forgetting that matching is case-sensitive",[32,17719,1628,17720,17722],{},[21,17721,16643],{}," without handling missing text",[32,17724,17725],{},"Checking a non-string value without converting it first",[1647,17727,17729,17730,10347,17732],{"id":17728},"mistake-using-instead-of-in","Mistake: using ",[21,17731,97],{},[21,17733,771],{},[14,17735,5135],{},[60,17737,17739],{"className":62,"code":17738,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Hello, world!\"\nsubstring = \"world\"\n\nif substring = text:\n    print(\"Found\")\n",[21,17740,17741,17753,17765,17769,17781],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17742,17743,17745,17747,17749,17751],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17744,16655],{"class":79},[69,17746,97],{"class":96},[69,17748,123],{"class":110},[69,17750,16662],{"class":114},[69,17752,1825],{"class":110},[69,17754,17755,17757,17759,17761,17763],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,17756,16669],{"class":79},[69,17758,97],{"class":96},[69,17760,123],{"class":110},[69,17762,16676],{"class":114},[69,17764,1825],{"class":110},[69,17766,17767],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,17768,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,17770,17771,17773,17775,17777,17779],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,17772,3201],{"class":75},[69,17774,16689],{"class":79},[69,17776,97],{"class":96},[69,17778,16694],{"class":79},[69,17780,275],{"class":100},[69,17782,17783,17785,17787,17789,17791,17793],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,17784,3220],{"class":217},[69,17786,221],{"class":100},[69,17788,111],{"class":110},[69,17790,16707],{"class":114},[69,17792,111],{"class":110},[69,17794,301],{"class":100},[14,17796,17797,17799],{},[21,17798,97],{}," is for assignment, not comparison or membership checking.",[14,17801,322,17802,6279],{},[21,17803,771],{},[60,17805,17807],{"className":62,"code":17806,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Hello, world!\"\nsubstring = \"world\"\n\nif substring in text:\n    print(\"Found\")\n",[21,17808,17809,17821,17833,17837,17849],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17810,17811,17813,17815,17817,17819],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17812,16655],{"class":79},[69,17814,97],{"class":96},[69,17816,123],{"class":110},[69,17818,16662],{"class":114},[69,17820,1825],{"class":110},[69,17822,17823,17825,17827,17829,17831],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,17824,16669],{"class":79},[69,17826,97],{"class":96},[69,17828,123],{"class":110},[69,17830,16676],{"class":114},[69,17832,1825],{"class":110},[69,17834,17835],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,17836,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,17838,17839,17841,17843,17845,17847],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,17840,3201],{"class":75},[69,17842,16689],{"class":79},[69,17844,771],{"class":96},[69,17846,16694],{"class":79},[69,17848,275],{"class":100},[69,17850,17851,17853,17855,17857,17859,17861],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,17852,3220],{"class":217},[69,17854,221],{"class":100},[69,17856,111],{"class":110},[69,17858,16707],{"class":114},[69,17860,111],{"class":110},[69,17862,301],{"class":100},[1647,17864,17866],{"id":17865},"mistake-checking-values-that-are-not-strings","Mistake: checking values that are not strings",[14,17868,17869],{},"If one of your values is not a string, convert it first.",[60,17871,17873],{"className":62,"code":17872,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Order number: 12345\"\nnumber = 12345\n\nprint(str(number) in text)\n",[21,17874,17875,17888,17897,17901],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17876,17877,17879,17881,17883,17886],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17878,16655],{"class":79},[69,17880,97],{"class":96},[69,17882,123],{"class":110},[69,17884,17885],{"class":114},"Order number: 12345",[69,17887,1825],{"class":110},[69,17889,17890,17892,17894],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,17891,8389],{"class":79},[69,17893,97],{"class":96},[69,17895,17896],{"class":157}," 12345\n",[69,17898,17899],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,17900,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,17902,17903,17905,17907,17909,17911,17914,17916,17918,17920],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,17904,2161],{"class":217},[69,17906,221],{"class":100},[69,17908,10723],{"class":1859},[69,17910,221],{"class":100},[69,17912,17913],{"class":292},"number",[69,17915,265],{"class":100},[69,17917,3210],{"class":75},[69,17919,16694],{"class":292},[69,17921,301],{"class":100},[14,17923,2781],{},[60,17925,17926],{"className":62,"code":15810,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,17927,17928],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17929,17930],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17931,15810],{"class":3012},[14,17933,17934],{},"If you do not convert the number, Python will raise a type-related error.",[1647,17936,17938],{"id":17937},"mistake-extra-spaces","Mistake: extra spaces",[14,17940,17941],{},"Sometimes the text looks correct, but it contains spaces you did not notice.",[60,17943,17945],{"className":62,"code":17944,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Hello, world! \"\nsubstring = \"world!\"\n\nprint(substring in text)\n",[21,17946,17947,17960,17973,17977],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,17948,17949,17951,17953,17955,17958],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,17950,16655],{"class":79},[69,17952,97],{"class":96},[69,17954,123],{"class":110},[69,17956,17957],{"class":114},"Hello, world! ",[69,17959,1825],{"class":110},[69,17961,17962,17964,17966,17968,17971],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,17963,16669],{"class":79},[69,17965,97],{"class":96},[69,17967,123],{"class":110},[69,17969,17970],{"class":114},"world!",[69,17972,1825],{"class":110},[69,17974,17975],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,17976,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,17978,17979,17981,17983,17985,17987,17989],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,17980,2161],{"class":217},[69,17982,221],{"class":100},[69,17984,16669],{"class":292},[69,17986,771],{"class":75},[69,17988,16694],{"class":292},[69,17990,301],{"class":100},[14,17992,17993],{},"This still works, but hidden spaces often cause confusing results in other situations.",[14,17995,17996,17997,17999],{},"When debugging, ",[21,17998,10952],{}," helps you see the exact string contents:",[60,18001,18003],{"className":62,"code":18002,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Hello, world! \"\nprint(repr(text))\n",[21,18004,18005,18017],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,18006,18007,18009,18011,18013,18015],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,18008,16655],{"class":79},[69,18010,97],{"class":96},[69,18012,123],{"class":110},[69,18014,17957],{"class":114},[69,18016,1825],{"class":110},[69,18018,18019,18021,18023,18026,18028,18030],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,18020,2161],{"class":217},[69,18022,221],{"class":100},[69,18024,18025],{"class":217},"repr",[69,18027,221],{"class":100},[69,18029,568],{"class":292},[69,18031,2183],{"class":100},[14,18033,2781],{},[60,18035,18037],{"className":62,"code":18036,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"'Hello, world! '\n",[21,18038,18039],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,18040,18041,18044,18047],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,18042,15283],{"class":18043},"s2W-s",[69,18045,17957],{"class":18046},"sithA",[69,18048,18049],{"class":18043},"'\n",[55,18051,18053],{"id":18052},"debugging-checks-that-do-not-work","Debugging checks that do not work",[14,18055,18056],{},"If your code gives an unexpected result, these checks can help:",[60,18058,18060],{"className":62,"code":18059,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(text)\nprint(substring)\nprint(repr(text))\nprint(repr(substring))\nprint(type(text))\nprint(type(substring))\nprint(substring in text)\nprint(text.find(substring))\n",[21,18061,18062,18072,18082,18096,18110,18124,18138,18152],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,18063,18064,18066,18068,18070],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,18065,2161],{"class":217},[69,18067,221],{"class":100},[69,18069,568],{"class":292},[69,18071,301],{"class":100},[69,18073,18074,18076,18078,18080],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,18075,2161],{"class":217},[69,18077,221],{"class":100},[69,18079,17066],{"class":292},[69,18081,301],{"class":100},[69,18083,18084,18086,18088,18090,18092,18094],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,18085,2161],{"class":217},[69,18087,221],{"class":100},[69,18089,18025],{"class":217},[69,18091,221],{"class":100},[69,18093,568],{"class":292},[69,18095,2183],{"class":100},[69,18097,18098,18100,18102,18104,18106,18108],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,18099,2161],{"class":217},[69,18101,221],{"class":100},[69,18103,18025],{"class":217},[69,18105,221],{"class":100},[69,18107,17066],{"class":292},[69,18109,2183],{"class":100},[69,18111,18112,18114,18116,18118,18120,18122],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,18113,2161],{"class":217},[69,18115,221],{"class":100},[69,18117,2176],{"class":1859},[69,18119,221],{"class":100},[69,18121,568],{"class":292},[69,18123,2183],{"class":100},[69,18125,18126,18128,18130,18132,18134,18136],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,18127,2161],{"class":217},[69,18129,221],{"class":100},[69,18131,2176],{"class":1859},[69,18133,221],{"class":100},[69,18135,17066],{"class":292},[69,18137,2183],{"class":100},[69,18139,18140,18142,18144,18146,18148,18150],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,18141,2161],{"class":217},[69,18143,221],{"class":100},[69,18145,16669],{"class":292},[69,18147,771],{"class":75},[69,18149,16694],{"class":292},[69,18151,301],{"class":100},[69,18153,18154,18156,18158,18160,18162,18164,18166,18168],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,18155,2161],{"class":217},[69,18157,221],{"class":100},[69,18159,568],{"class":292},[69,18161,289],{"class":100},[69,18163,17172],{"class":292},[69,18165,221],{"class":100},[69,18167,17066],{"class":292},[69,18169,2183],{"class":100},[14,18171,9267],{},[29,18173,18174,18177,18180,18183],{},[32,18175,18176],{},"the substring exists but uses different letter casing",[32,18178,18179],{},"extra spaces make the text different than expected",[32,18181,18182],{},"the variable is not a string",[32,18184,18185,18187],{},[21,18186,16643],{}," is used when the substring may not exist",[55,18189,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,18191,18193],{"id":18192},"what-is-the-easiest-way-to-check-for-a-substring-in-python","What is the easiest way to check for a substring in Python?",[14,18195,1872,18196,18198],{},[21,18197,771],{}," operator. It is the simplest and most readable choice for a yes or no check.",[1647,18200,18202],{"id":18201},"is-substring-matching-case-sensitive-in-python","Is substring matching case-sensitive in Python?",[14,18204,18205],{},"Yes. Uppercase and lowercase letters are treated as different unless you convert both strings first.",[1647,18207,2372,18209,50,18211,1414],{"id":18208},"what-is-the-difference-between-in-and-find",[21,18210,771],{},[21,18212,16640],{},[14,18214,18215,3019,18217,364,18219,11090,18221,18223,18224,18226],{},[21,18216,771],{},[21,18218,11002],{},[21,18220,14886],{},[21,18222,16640],{}," returns the position of the match or ",[21,18225,17122],{}," if not found.",[1647,18228,18230,18231,18233],{"id":18229},"why-does-index-give-an-error","Why does ",[21,18232,16643],{}," give an error?",[14,18235,18236,15931,18238,18240],{},[21,18237,16643],{},[21,18239,11209],{}," when the substring is not found.",[1647,18242,18244],{"id":18243},"how-do-i-ignore-uppercase-and-lowercase-when-checking","How do I ignore uppercase and lowercase when checking?",[14,18246,18247,18248,364,18250,18252],{},"Convert both strings with ",[21,18249,17024],{},[21,18251,17625],{},", then compare those values.",[55,18254,2414],{"id":2413},[29,18256,18257,18264,18271,18278,18284,18290],{},[32,18258,18259],{},[579,18260,18261,3141],{"href":17104},[21,18262,18263],{},"str.find()",[32,18265,18266],{},[579,18267,18268,3141],{"href":17308},[21,18269,18270],{},"str.index()",[32,18272,18273],{},[579,18274,18275,3141],{"href":17021},[21,18276,18277],{},"str.lower()",[32,18279,18280],{},[579,18281,18283],{"href":18282},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-replace-text-in-a-string-in-python\u002F","How to replace text in a string in Python",[32,18285,18286],{},[579,18287,18289],{"href":18288},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-split-a-string-in-python\u002F","How to split a string in Python",[32,18291,18292],{},[579,18293,18294,18295],{"href":17500},"Fix ",[21,18296,17501],{},[2450,18298,18299],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s2W-s, html code.shiki .s2W-s{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sithA, html code.shiki .sithA{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":18301},[18302,18303,18304,18306,18307,18309,18311,18312,18318,18319,18328],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":16773,"depth":83,"text":18305},"Use the in operator",{"id":16938,"depth":83,"text":16939},{"id":17096,"depth":83,"text":18308},"Use find() when you need the position",{"id":17300,"depth":83,"text":18310},"Use index() only if you expect a match",{"id":17504,"depth":83,"text":17505},{"id":5116,"depth":83,"text":5117,"children":18313},[18314,18316,18317],{"id":17728,"depth":90,"text":18315},"Mistake: using = instead of in",{"id":17865,"depth":90,"text":17866},{"id":17937,"depth":90,"text":17938},{"id":18052,"depth":83,"text":18053},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":18320},[18321,18322,18323,18325,18327],{"id":18192,"depth":90,"text":18193},{"id":18201,"depth":90,"text":18202},{"id":18208,"depth":90,"text":18324},"What is the difference between in and find()?",{"id":18229,"depth":90,"text":18326},"Why does index() give an error?",{"id":18243,"depth":90,"text":18244},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to check if a string contains a substring in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-check-if-a-string-contains-a-substring-in-python",{"title":16604,"description":18329},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-check-if-a-string-contains-a-substring-in-python","QtQl71mRSHX7vSIgGt6xQCZQtUm0_uE9T1blhcH8P00",{"id":18336,"title":18337,"body":18338,"description":20640,"extension":2479,"meta":20641,"navigation":86,"path":20642,"seo":20643,"stem":20644,"__hash__":20645},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-check-if-a-value-exists-in-a-list-in-python.md","How to Check if a Value Exists in a List in Python",{"type":7,"value":18339,"toc":20609},[18340,18343,18349,18352,18354,18446,18448,18456,18466,18470,18475,18478,18490,18492,18558,18560,18572,18578,18651,18658,18664,18672,18674,18752,18754,18776,18779,18782,18880,18882,18923,18930,18934,18943,18946,18975,18979,18982,19060,19062,19074,19078,19084,19166,19168,19181,19191,19195,19198,19274,19276,19288,19291,19295,19305,19308,19435,19437,19445,19448,19460,19463,19590,19592,19601,19605,19610,19613,19627,19633,19749,19751,19759,19762,19765,19901,19903,19911,19920,19927,19929,19932,19939,19942,19944,20003,20005,20028,20032,20035,20094,20097,20101,20104,20155,20162,20165,20169,20172,20245,20253,20257,20260,20332,20334,20346,20353,20357,20360,20464,20467,20478,20486,20488,20492,20497,20511,20515,20519,20534,20538,20546,20552,20558,20561,20565,20574,20576,20606],[10,18341,18337],{"id":18342},"how-to-check-if-a-value-exists-in-a-list-in-python",[14,18344,18345,18346,18348],{},"If you want to check whether a value is inside a Python list, the simplest solution is the ",[21,18347,771],{}," operator.",[14,18350,18351],{},"This is the most common beginner-friendly way to test list membership. It works for strings, numbers, and other values stored in a list.",[55,18353,58],{"id":57},[60,18355,18357],{"className":62,"code":18356,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\n\nif \"banana\" in items:\n    print(\"Found\")\nelse:\n    print(\"Not found\")\n",[21,18358,18359,18391,18395,18412,18426,18432],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,18360,18361,18363,18365,18367,18369,18371,18373,18375,18377,18379,18381,18383,18385,18387,18389],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,18362,6605],{"class":79},[69,18364,97],{"class":96},[69,18366,636],{"class":100},[69,18368,111],{"class":110},[69,18370,6037],{"class":114},[69,18372,111],{"class":110},[69,18374,120],{"class":100},[69,18376,123],{"class":110},[69,18378,6046],{"class":114},[69,18380,111],{"class":110},[69,18382,120],{"class":100},[69,18384,123],{"class":110},[69,18386,6066],{"class":114},[69,18388,111],{"class":110},[69,18390,198],{"class":100},[69,18392,18393],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,18394,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,18396,18397,18399,18401,18403,18405,18407,18410],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,18398,3201],{"class":75},[69,18400,123],{"class":110},[69,18402,6046],{"class":114},[69,18404,111],{"class":110},[69,18406,3210],{"class":96},[69,18408,18409],{"class":79}," items",[69,18411,275],{"class":100},[69,18413,18414,18416,18418,18420,18422,18424],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,18415,3220],{"class":217},[69,18417,221],{"class":100},[69,18419,111],{"class":110},[69,18421,16707],{"class":114},[69,18423,111],{"class":110},[69,18425,301],{"class":100},[69,18427,18428,18430],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,18429,3277],{"class":75},[69,18431,275],{"class":100},[69,18433,18434,18436,18438,18440,18442,18444],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,18435,3220],{"class":217},[69,18437,221],{"class":100},[69,18439,111],{"class":110},[69,18441,16728],{"class":114},[69,18443,111],{"class":110},[69,18445,301],{"class":100},[14,18447,2781],{},[60,18449,18450],{"className":62,"code":16737,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,18451,18452],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,18453,18454],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,18455,16737],{"class":79},[14,18457,322,18458,18460,18461,18463,18464,289],{},[21,18459,771],{}," for a simple membership check. It returns ",[21,18462,11002],{}," if the value is present, otherwise ",[21,18465,14886],{},[55,18467,1872,18468,16776],{"id":16773},[21,18469,771],{},[14,18471,18472,18473,289],{},"The main way to check whether a value exists in a list is with ",[21,18474,771],{},[14,18476,18477],{},"It gives you a Boolean result:",[29,18479,18480,18485],{},[32,18481,18482,18484],{},[21,18483,11002],{}," if the value exists in the list",[32,18486,18487,18489],{},[21,18488,14886],{}," if it does not",[14,18491,370],{},[60,18493,18495],{"className":62,"code":18494,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]\n\nprint(20 in numbers)\nprint(99 in numbers)\n",[21,18496,18497,18523,18527,18543],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,18498,18499,18501,18503,18505,18508,18510,18512,18514,18516,18518,18521],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,18500,5933],{"class":79},[69,18502,97],{"class":96},[69,18504,636],{"class":100},[69,18506,18507],{"class":157},"10",[69,18509,120],{"class":100},[69,18511,4671],{"class":157},[69,18513,120],{"class":100},[69,18515,158],{"class":157},[69,18517,120],{"class":100},[69,18519,18520],{"class":157}," 40",[69,18522,198],{"class":100},[69,18524,18525],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,18526,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,18528,18529,18531,18533,18536,18538,18541],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,18530,2161],{"class":217},[69,18532,221],{"class":100},[69,18534,18535],{"class":157},"20",[69,18537,3210],{"class":75},[69,18539,18540],{"class":292}," numbers",[69,18542,301],{"class":100},[69,18544,18545,18547,18549,18552,18554,18556],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,18546,2161],{"class":217},[69,18548,221],{"class":100},[69,18550,18551],{"class":157},"99",[69,18553,3210],{"class":75},[69,18555,18540],{"class":292},[69,18557,301],{"class":100},[14,18559,2781],{},[60,18561,18562],{"className":62,"code":15803,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,18563,18564,18568],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,18565,18566],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,18567,15810],{"class":3012},[69,18569,18570],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,18571,15815],{"class":3012},[14,18573,18574,18575,18577],{},"You can also use it inside an ",[21,18576,3201],{}," statement:",[60,18579,18581],{"className":62,"code":18580,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"colors = [\"red\", \"green\", \"blue\"]\n\nif \"green\" in colors:\n    print(\"The list contains green\")\n",[21,18582,18583,18615,18619,18636],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,18584,18585,18587,18589,18591,18593,18595,18597,18599,18601,18603,18605,18607,18609,18611,18613],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,18586,6490],{"class":79},[69,18588,97],{"class":96},[69,18590,636],{"class":100},[69,18592,111],{"class":110},[69,18594,6499],{"class":114},[69,18596,111],{"class":110},[69,18598,120],{"class":100},[69,18600,123],{"class":110},[69,18602,6532],{"class":114},[69,18604,111],{"class":110},[69,18606,120],{"class":100},[69,18608,123],{"class":110},[69,18610,6508],{"class":114},[69,18612,111],{"class":110},[69,18614,198],{"class":100},[69,18616,18617],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,18618,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,18620,18621,18623,18625,18627,18629,18631,18634],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,18622,3201],{"class":75},[69,18624,123],{"class":110},[69,18626,6532],{"class":114},[69,18628,111],{"class":110},[69,18630,3210],{"class":96},[69,18632,18633],{"class":79}," colors",[69,18635,275],{"class":100},[69,18637,18638,18640,18642,18644,18647,18649],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,18639,3220],{"class":217},[69,18641,221],{"class":100},[69,18643,111],{"class":110},[69,18645,18646],{"class":114},"The list contains green",[69,18648,111],{"class":110},[69,18650,301],{"class":100},[14,18652,18653,18654,289],{},"This is usually the best starting point for beginners. If you are still learning how lists work, see the guide to ",[579,18655,18657],{"href":18656},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-lists-explained-beginner-guide","Python lists for beginners",[55,18659,322,18661,18663],{"id":18660},"use-not-in-to-check-that-a-value-is-missing",[21,18662,15088],{}," to check that a value is missing",[14,18665,322,18666,18668,18669,18671],{},[21,18667,15088],{}," when you want to confirm that a value is ",[2498,18670,3315],{}," present.",[14,18673,370],{},[60,18675,18677],{"className":62,"code":18676,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"pen\", \"pencil\", \"eraser\"]\n\nif \"marker\" not in items:\n    print(\"marker is not in the list\")\n",[21,18678,18679,18714,18718,18737],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,18680,18681,18683,18685,18687,18689,18692,18694,18696,18698,18701,18703,18705,18707,18710,18712],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,18682,6605],{"class":79},[69,18684,97],{"class":96},[69,18686,636],{"class":100},[69,18688,111],{"class":110},[69,18690,18691],{"class":114},"pen",[69,18693,111],{"class":110},[69,18695,120],{"class":100},[69,18697,123],{"class":110},[69,18699,18700],{"class":114},"pencil",[69,18702,111],{"class":110},[69,18704,120],{"class":100},[69,18706,123],{"class":110},[69,18708,18709],{"class":114},"eraser",[69,18711,111],{"class":110},[69,18713,198],{"class":100},[69,18715,18716],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,18717,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,18719,18720,18722,18724,18727,18729,18731,18733,18735],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,18721,3201],{"class":75},[69,18723,123],{"class":110},[69,18725,18726],{"class":114},"marker",[69,18728,111],{"class":110},[69,18730,4950],{"class":96},[69,18732,3210],{"class":96},[69,18734,18409],{"class":79},[69,18736,275],{"class":100},[69,18738,18739,18741,18743,18745,18748,18750],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,18740,3220],{"class":217},[69,18742,221],{"class":100},[69,18744,111],{"class":110},[69,18746,18747],{"class":114},"marker is not in the list",[69,18749,111],{"class":110},[69,18751,301],{"class":100},[14,18753,2781],{},[60,18755,18757],{"className":62,"code":18756,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"marker is not in the list\n",[21,18758,18759],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,18760,18761,18764,18766,18768,18770,18773],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,18762,18763],{"class":79},"marker ",[69,18765,8098],{"class":96},[69,18767,4950],{"class":96},[69,18769,3210],{"class":96},[69,18771,18772],{"class":79}," the ",[69,18774,18775],{"class":1859},"list\n",[14,18777,18778],{},"This often makes conditions easier to read.",[14,18780,18781],{},"It is also useful before adding a new item:",[60,18783,18785],{"className":62,"code":18784,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"tags = [\"python\", \"beginner\", \"lists\"]\n\nif \"loops\" not in tags:\n    tags.append(\"loops\")\n\nprint(tags)\n",[21,18786,18787,18822,18826,18846,18865,18869],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,18788,18789,18792,18794,18796,18798,18800,18802,18804,18806,18809,18811,18813,18815,18818,18820],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,18790,18791],{"class":79},"tags ",[69,18793,97],{"class":96},[69,18795,636],{"class":100},[69,18797,111],{"class":110},[69,18799,64],{"class":114},[69,18801,111],{"class":110},[69,18803,120],{"class":100},[69,18805,123],{"class":110},[69,18807,18808],{"class":114},"beginner",[69,18810,111],{"class":110},[69,18812,120],{"class":100},[69,18814,123],{"class":110},[69,18816,18817],{"class":114},"lists",[69,18819,111],{"class":110},[69,18821,198],{"class":100},[69,18823,18824],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,18825,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,18827,18828,18830,18832,18835,18837,18839,18841,18844],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,18829,3201],{"class":75},[69,18831,123],{"class":110},[69,18833,18834],{"class":114},"loops",[69,18836,111],{"class":110},[69,18838,4950],{"class":96},[69,18840,3210],{"class":96},[69,18842,18843],{"class":79}," tags",[69,18845,275],{"class":100},[69,18847,18848,18851,18853,18855,18857,18859,18861,18863],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,18849,18850],{"class":79},"    tags",[69,18852,289],{"class":100},[69,18854,5961],{"class":292},[69,18856,221],{"class":100},[69,18858,111],{"class":110},[69,18860,18834],{"class":114},[69,18862,111],{"class":110},[69,18864,301],{"class":100},[69,18866,18867],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,18868,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,18870,18871,18873,18875,18878],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,18872,2161],{"class":217},[69,18874,221],{"class":100},[69,18876,18877],{"class":292},"tags",[69,18879,301],{"class":100},[14,18881,2781],{},[60,18883,18885],{"className":62,"code":18884,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['python', 'beginner', 'lists', 'loops']\n",[21,18886,18887],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,18888,18889,18891,18893,18895,18897,18899,18901,18903,18905,18907,18909,18911,18913,18915,18917,18919,18921],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,18890,1345],{"class":100},[69,18892,15283],{"class":110},[69,18894,64],{"class":114},[69,18896,15283],{"class":110},[69,18898,120],{"class":100},[69,18900,15292],{"class":110},[69,18902,18808],{"class":114},[69,18904,15283],{"class":110},[69,18906,120],{"class":100},[69,18908,15292],{"class":110},[69,18910,18817],{"class":114},[69,18912,15283],{"class":110},[69,18914,120],{"class":100},[69,18916,15292],{"class":110},[69,18918,18834],{"class":114},[69,18920,15283],{"class":110},[69,18922,198],{"class":100},[14,18924,18925,18926,289],{},"If you want to do more than just check membership, such as locating an item, read ",[579,18927,18929],{"href":18928},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-find-an-item-in-a-list-in-python\u002F","how to find an item in a list in Python",[55,18931,18933],{"id":18932},"understand-exact-matching","Understand exact matching",[14,18935,9337,18936,18938,18939,18942],{},[21,18937,771],{}," operator checks for an ",[2498,18940,18941],{},"exact item match"," in the list.",[14,18944,18945],{},"That means:",[29,18947,18948,18956,18966],{},[32,18949,18950,18953,18954],{},[21,18951,18952],{},"\"apple\""," matches ",[21,18955,18952],{},[32,18957,18958,9688,18961,18963,18964],{},[21,18959,18960],{},"\"Apple\"",[2498,18962,3315],{}," match ",[21,18965,18952],{},[32,18967,18968,9688,18970,18963,18972],{},[21,18969,5940],{},[2498,18971,3315],{},[21,18973,18974],{},"\"1\"",[1647,18976,18978],{"id":18977},"case-sensitive-string-matching","Case-sensitive string matching",[14,18980,18981],{},"String membership checks are case-sensitive.",[60,18983,18985],{"className":62,"code":18984,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\n\nprint(\"apple\" in fruits)\nprint(\"Apple\" in fruits)\n",[21,18986,18987,19019,19023,19042],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,18988,18989,18991,18993,18995,18997,18999,19001,19003,19005,19007,19009,19011,19013,19015,19017],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,18990,6028],{"class":79},[69,18992,97],{"class":96},[69,18994,636],{"class":100},[69,18996,111],{"class":110},[69,18998,6037],{"class":114},[69,19000,111],{"class":110},[69,19002,120],{"class":100},[69,19004,123],{"class":110},[69,19006,6046],{"class":114},[69,19008,111],{"class":110},[69,19010,120],{"class":100},[69,19012,123],{"class":110},[69,19014,6066],{"class":114},[69,19016,111],{"class":110},[69,19018,198],{"class":100},[69,19020,19021],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,19022,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,19024,19025,19027,19029,19031,19033,19035,19037,19040],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,19026,2161],{"class":217},[69,19028,221],{"class":100},[69,19030,111],{"class":110},[69,19032,6037],{"class":114},[69,19034,111],{"class":110},[69,19036,3210],{"class":75},[69,19038,19039],{"class":292}," fruits",[69,19041,301],{"class":100},[69,19043,19044,19046,19048,19050,19052,19054,19056,19058],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,19045,2161],{"class":217},[69,19047,221],{"class":100},[69,19049,111],{"class":110},[69,19051,10080],{"class":114},[69,19053,111],{"class":110},[69,19055,3210],{"class":75},[69,19057,19039],{"class":292},[69,19059,301],{"class":100},[14,19061,2781],{},[60,19063,19064],{"className":62,"code":15803,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,19065,19066,19070],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,19067,19068],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,19069,15810],{"class":3012},[69,19071,19072],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,19073,15815],{"class":3012},[1647,19075,19077],{"id":19076},"full-item-match-not-substring-match","Full item match, not substring match",[14,19079,19080,19081,19083],{},"If a list contains full strings, ",[21,19082,771],{}," checks whether one full string is an item in the list.",[60,19085,19087],{"className":62,"code":19086,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"words = [\"apple pie\", \"banana bread\", \"orange juice\"]\n\nprint(\"apple\" in words)\nprint(\"apple pie\" in words)\n",[21,19088,19089,19125,19129,19148],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,19090,19091,19094,19096,19098,19100,19103,19105,19107,19109,19112,19114,19116,19118,19121,19123],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,19092,19093],{"class":79},"words ",[69,19095,97],{"class":96},[69,19097,636],{"class":100},[69,19099,111],{"class":110},[69,19101,19102],{"class":114},"apple pie",[69,19104,111],{"class":110},[69,19106,120],{"class":100},[69,19108,123],{"class":110},[69,19110,19111],{"class":114},"banana bread",[69,19113,111],{"class":110},[69,19115,120],{"class":100},[69,19117,123],{"class":110},[69,19119,19120],{"class":114},"orange juice",[69,19122,111],{"class":110},[69,19124,198],{"class":100},[69,19126,19127],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,19128,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,19130,19131,19133,19135,19137,19139,19141,19143,19146],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,19132,2161],{"class":217},[69,19134,221],{"class":100},[69,19136,111],{"class":110},[69,19138,6037],{"class":114},[69,19140,111],{"class":110},[69,19142,3210],{"class":75},[69,19144,19145],{"class":292}," words",[69,19147,301],{"class":100},[69,19149,19150,19152,19154,19156,19158,19160,19162,19164],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,19151,2161],{"class":217},[69,19153,221],{"class":100},[69,19155,111],{"class":110},[69,19157,19102],{"class":114},[69,19159,111],{"class":110},[69,19161,3210],{"class":75},[69,19163,19145],{"class":292},[69,19165,301],{"class":100},[14,19167,2781],{},[60,19169,19171],{"className":62,"code":19170,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"False\nTrue\n",[21,19172,19173,19177],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,19174,19175],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,19176,15815],{"class":3012},[69,19178,19179],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,19180,15810],{"class":3012},[14,19182,19183,19184,19186,19187,19190],{},"Even though ",[21,19185,18952],{}," is part of ",[21,19188,19189],{},"\"apple pie\"",", it is not a full list item.",[1647,19192,19194],{"id":19193},"matching-data-types","Matching data types",[14,19196,19197],{},"Different types are treated as different values.",[60,19199,19201],{"className":62,"code":19200,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"values = [\"1\", \"2\", \"3\"]\n\nprint(1 in values)\nprint(\"1\" in values)\n",[21,19202,19203,19237,19241,19256],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,19204,19205,19208,19210,19212,19214,19216,19218,19220,19222,19225,19227,19229,19231,19233,19235],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,19206,19207],{"class":79},"values ",[69,19209,97],{"class":96},[69,19211,636],{"class":100},[69,19213,111],{"class":110},[69,19215,5940],{"class":114},[69,19217,111],{"class":110},[69,19219,120],{"class":100},[69,19221,123],{"class":110},[69,19223,19224],{"class":114},"2",[69,19226,111],{"class":110},[69,19228,120],{"class":100},[69,19230,123],{"class":110},[69,19232,7162],{"class":114},[69,19234,111],{"class":110},[69,19236,198],{"class":100},[69,19238,19239],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,19240,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,19242,19243,19245,19247,19249,19251,19254],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,19244,2161],{"class":217},[69,19246,221],{"class":100},[69,19248,5940],{"class":157},[69,19250,3210],{"class":75},[69,19252,19253],{"class":292}," values",[69,19255,301],{"class":100},[69,19257,19258,19260,19262,19264,19266,19268,19270,19272],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,19259,2161],{"class":217},[69,19261,221],{"class":100},[69,19263,111],{"class":110},[69,19265,5940],{"class":114},[69,19267,111],{"class":110},[69,19269,3210],{"class":75},[69,19271,19253],{"class":292},[69,19273,301],{"class":100},[14,19275,2781],{},[60,19277,19278],{"className":62,"code":19170,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,19279,19280,19284],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,19281,19282],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,19283,15815],{"class":3012},[69,19285,19286],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,19287,15810],{"class":3012},[14,19289,19290],{},"If you are working with user input or mixed data, this is a very common source of bugs.",[55,19292,19294],{"id":19293},"check-lists-of-strings-safely","Check lists of strings safely",[14,19296,19297,19298,50,19301,19304],{},"Sometimes case should not matter. For example, you may want ",[21,19299,19300],{},"\"ADMIN\"",[21,19302,19303],{},"\"admin\""," to count as the same value.",[14,19306,19307],{},"A common solution is to convert both the value and the list items to lowercase.",[60,19309,19311],{"className":62,"code":19310,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"names = [\"Alice\", \"Bob\", \"Charlie\"]\nsearch_name = \"alice\"\n\nif search_name.lower() in [name.lower() for name in names]:\n    print(\"Found\")\nelse:\n    print(\"Not found\")\n",[21,19312,19313,19346,19360,19364,19401,19415,19421],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,19314,19315,19317,19319,19321,19323,19325,19327,19329,19331,19333,19335,19337,19339,19342,19344],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,19316,631],{"class":79},[69,19318,97],{"class":96},[69,19320,636],{"class":100},[69,19322,111],{"class":110},[69,19324,150],{"class":114},[69,19326,111],{"class":110},[69,19328,120],{"class":100},[69,19330,123],{"class":110},[69,19332,179],{"class":114},[69,19334,111],{"class":110},[69,19336,120],{"class":100},[69,19338,123],{"class":110},[69,19340,19341],{"class":114},"Charlie",[69,19343,111],{"class":110},[69,19345,198],{"class":100},[69,19347,19348,19351,19353,19355,19358],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,19349,19350],{"class":79},"search_name ",[69,19352,97],{"class":96},[69,19354,123],{"class":110},[69,19356,19357],{"class":114},"alice",[69,19359,1825],{"class":110},[69,19361,19362],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,19363,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,19365,19366,19368,19371,19373,19375,19377,19379,19381,19383,19385,19387,19389,19392,19394,19396,19398],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,19367,3201],{"class":75},[69,19369,19370],{"class":79}," search_name",[69,19372,289],{"class":100},[69,19374,17071],{"class":292},[69,19376,13154],{"class":100},[69,19378,3210],{"class":96},[69,19380,636],{"class":100},[69,19382,115],{"class":79},[69,19384,289],{"class":100},[69,19386,17071],{"class":292},[69,19388,13154],{"class":100},[69,19390,19391],{"class":75}," for",[69,19393,768],{"class":79},[69,19395,771],{"class":75},[69,19397,774],{"class":79},[69,19399,19400],{"class":100},"]:\n",[69,19402,19403,19405,19407,19409,19411,19413],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,19404,3220],{"class":217},[69,19406,221],{"class":100},[69,19408,111],{"class":110},[69,19410,16707],{"class":114},[69,19412,111],{"class":110},[69,19414,301],{"class":100},[69,19416,19417,19419],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,19418,3277],{"class":75},[69,19420,275],{"class":100},[69,19422,19423,19425,19427,19429,19431,19433],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,19424,3220],{"class":217},[69,19426,221],{"class":100},[69,19428,111],{"class":110},[69,19430,16728],{"class":114},[69,19432,111],{"class":110},[69,19434,301],{"class":100},[14,19436,2781],{},[60,19438,19439],{"className":62,"code":16737,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,19440,19441],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,19442,19443],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,19444,16737],{"class":79},[14,19446,19447],{},"This is useful for:",[29,19449,19450,19452,19455,19457],{},[32,19451,7070],{},[32,19453,19454],{},"commands",[32,19456,18877],{},[32,19458,19459],{},"user input",[14,19461,19462],{},"You can also store the lowercase version in a variable to make the code clearer:",[60,19464,19466],{"className":62,"code":19465,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"commands = [\"Start\", \"Stop\", \"Pause\"]\nuser_input = \"start\"\n\nnormalized_commands = [command.lower() for command in commands]\n\nif user_input.lower() in normalized_commands:\n    print(\"Valid command\")\n",[21,19467,19468,19504,19517,19521,19551,19555,19575],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,19469,19470,19473,19475,19477,19479,19482,19484,19486,19488,19491,19493,19495,19497,19500,19502],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,19471,19472],{"class":79},"commands ",[69,19474,97],{"class":96},[69,19476,636],{"class":100},[69,19478,111],{"class":110},[69,19480,19481],{"class":114},"Start",[69,19483,111],{"class":110},[69,19485,120],{"class":100},[69,19487,123],{"class":110},[69,19489,19490],{"class":114},"Stop",[69,19492,111],{"class":110},[69,19494,120],{"class":100},[69,19496,123],{"class":110},[69,19498,19499],{"class":114},"Pause",[69,19501,111],{"class":110},[69,19503,198],{"class":100},[69,19505,19506,19508,19510,19512,19515],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,19507,11429],{"class":79},[69,19509,97],{"class":96},[69,19511,123],{"class":110},[69,19513,19514],{"class":114},"start",[69,19516,1825],{"class":110},[69,19518,19519],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,19520,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,19522,19523,19526,19528,19530,19533,19535,19537,19539,19541,19544,19546,19549],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,19524,19525],{"class":79},"normalized_commands ",[69,19527,97],{"class":96},[69,19529,636],{"class":100},[69,19531,19532],{"class":79},"command",[69,19534,289],{"class":100},[69,19536,17071],{"class":292},[69,19538,13154],{"class":100},[69,19540,19391],{"class":75},[69,19542,19543],{"class":79}," command ",[69,19545,771],{"class":75},[69,19547,19548],{"class":79}," commands",[69,19550,198],{"class":100},[69,19552,19553],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,19554,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,19556,19557,19559,19562,19564,19566,19568,19570,19573],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,19558,3201],{"class":75},[69,19560,19561],{"class":79}," user_input",[69,19563,289],{"class":100},[69,19565,17071],{"class":292},[69,19567,13154],{"class":100},[69,19569,3210],{"class":96},[69,19571,19572],{"class":79}," normalized_commands",[69,19574,275],{"class":100},[69,19576,19577,19579,19581,19583,19586,19588],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,19578,3220],{"class":217},[69,19580,221],{"class":100},[69,19582,111],{"class":110},[69,19584,19585],{"class":114},"Valid command",[69,19587,111],{"class":110},[69,19589,301],{"class":100},[14,19591,2781],{},[60,19593,19595],{"className":62,"code":19594,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Valid command\n",[21,19596,19597],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,19598,19599],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,19600,19594],{"class":79},[55,19602,19604],{"id":19603},"when-to-use-a-loop-instead","When to use a loop instead",[14,19606,322,19607,19609],{},[21,19608,771],{}," when you only need a simple exact match.",[14,19611,19612],{},"Use a loop when you need something more flexible, such as:",[29,19614,19615,19618,19621,19624],{},[32,19616,19617],{},"partial matches",[32,19619,19620],{},"ignoring extra spaces",[32,19622,19623],{},"checking only part of each item",[32,19625,19626],{},"custom comparison rules",[14,19628,19629,19630,19632],{},"For example, to find whether any list item contains ",[21,19631,18952],{}," as part of a larger string:",[60,19634,19636],{"className":62,"code":19635,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple pie\", \"banana bread\", \"orange juice\"]\n\nfound = False\n\nfor item in items:\n    if \"apple\" in item:\n        found = True\n        break\n\nprint(found)\n",[21,19637,19638,19670,19674,19684,19688,19701,19719,19729,19734,19738],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,19639,19640,19642,19644,19646,19648,19650,19652,19654,19656,19658,19660,19662,19664,19666,19668],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,19641,6605],{"class":79},[69,19643,97],{"class":96},[69,19645,636],{"class":100},[69,19647,111],{"class":110},[69,19649,19102],{"class":114},[69,19651,111],{"class":110},[69,19653,120],{"class":100},[69,19655,123],{"class":110},[69,19657,19111],{"class":114},[69,19659,111],{"class":110},[69,19661,120],{"class":100},[69,19663,123],{"class":110},[69,19665,19120],{"class":114},[69,19667,111],{"class":110},[69,19669,198],{"class":100},[69,19671,19672],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,19673,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,19675,19676,19679,19681],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,19677,19678],{"class":79},"found ",[69,19680,97],{"class":96},[69,19682,19683],{"class":3012}," False\n",[69,19685,19686],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,19687,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,19689,19690,19692,19695,19697,19699],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,19691,3710],{"class":75},[69,19693,19694],{"class":79}," item ",[69,19696,771],{"class":75},[69,19698,18409],{"class":79},[69,19700,275],{"class":100},[69,19702,19703,19706,19708,19710,19712,19714,19717],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,19704,19705],{"class":75},"    if",[69,19707,123],{"class":110},[69,19709,6037],{"class":114},[69,19711,111],{"class":110},[69,19713,3210],{"class":96},[69,19715,19716],{"class":79}," item",[69,19718,275],{"class":100},[69,19720,19721,19724,19726],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,19722,19723],{"class":79},"        found ",[69,19725,97],{"class":96},[69,19727,19728],{"class":3012}," True\n",[69,19730,19731],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,19732,19733],{"class":75},"        break\n",[69,19735,19736],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,19737,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,19739,19740,19742,19744,19747],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,19741,2161],{"class":217},[69,19743,221],{"class":100},[69,19745,19746],{"class":292},"found",[69,19748,301],{"class":100},[14,19750,2781],{},[60,19752,19753],{"className":62,"code":15810,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,19754,19755],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,19756,19757],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,19758,15810],{"class":3012},[14,19760,19761],{},"Here, the loop checks inside each string item.",[14,19763,19764],{},"You might also use a loop when cleaning text before comparing:",[60,19766,19768],{"className":62,"code":19767,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"  Apple  \", \"Banana\", \"Orange\"]\nsearch = \"apple\"\n\nfound = False\n\nfor item in items:\n    if item.strip().lower() == search.lower():\n        found = True\n        break\n\nprint(found)\n",[21,19769,19770,19804,19817,19821,19829,19833,19845,19875,19883,19887,19891],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,19771,19772,19774,19776,19778,19780,19783,19785,19787,19789,19791,19793,19795,19797,19800,19802],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,19773,6605],{"class":79},[69,19775,97],{"class":96},[69,19777,636],{"class":100},[69,19779,111],{"class":110},[69,19781,19782],{"class":114},"  Apple  ",[69,19784,111],{"class":110},[69,19786,120],{"class":100},[69,19788,123],{"class":110},[69,19790,10089],{"class":114},[69,19792,111],{"class":110},[69,19794,120],{"class":100},[69,19796,123],{"class":110},[69,19798,19799],{"class":114},"Orange",[69,19801,111],{"class":110},[69,19803,198],{"class":100},[69,19805,19806,19809,19811,19813,19815],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,19807,19808],{"class":79},"search ",[69,19810,97],{"class":96},[69,19812,123],{"class":110},[69,19814,6037],{"class":114},[69,19816,1825],{"class":110},[69,19818,19819],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,19820,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,19822,19823,19825,19827],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,19824,19678],{"class":79},[69,19826,97],{"class":96},[69,19828,19683],{"class":3012},[69,19830,19831],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,19832,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,19834,19835,19837,19839,19841,19843],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,19836,3710],{"class":75},[69,19838,19694],{"class":79},[69,19840,771],{"class":75},[69,19842,18409],{"class":79},[69,19844,275],{"class":100},[69,19846,19847,19849,19851,19853,19856,19859,19861,19863,19866,19869,19871,19873],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,19848,19705],{"class":75},[69,19850,19716],{"class":79},[69,19852,289],{"class":100},[69,19854,19855],{"class":292},"strip",[69,19857,19858],{"class":100},"().",[69,19860,17071],{"class":292},[69,19862,13154],{"class":100},[69,19864,19865],{"class":96}," ==",[69,19867,19868],{"class":79}," search",[69,19870,289],{"class":100},[69,19872,17071],{"class":292},[69,19874,3730],{"class":100},[69,19876,19877,19879,19881],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,19878,19723],{"class":79},[69,19880,97],{"class":96},[69,19882,19728],{"class":3012},[69,19884,19885],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,19886,19733],{"class":75},[69,19888,19889],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,19890,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,19892,19893,19895,19897,19899],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,19894,2161],{"class":217},[69,19896,221],{"class":100},[69,19898,19746],{"class":292},[69,19900,301],{"class":100},[14,19902,2781],{},[60,19904,19905],{"className":62,"code":15810,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,19906,19907],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,19908,19909],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,19910,15810],{"class":3012},[14,19912,19913,19914,19916,19917,19919],{},"Do not use a loop for a simple exact check if ",[21,19915,771],{}," already solves the problem. The ",[21,19918,771],{}," operator is shorter and easier to read.",[14,19921,19922,19923,289],{},"If you need to keep only matching items, see ",[579,19924,19926],{"href":19925},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-filter-a-list-in-python\u002F","how to filter a list in Python",[55,19928,3868],{"id":3867},[14,19930,19931],{},"Here are some common reasons a list membership check does not work as expected.",[1647,19933,1628,19935,10347,19937],{"id":19934},"using-instead-of-in",[21,19936,17712],{},[21,19938,771],{},[14,19940,19941],{},"This compares one value to the whole list, which is usually not what you want.",[14,19943,1658],{},[60,19945,19947],{"className":62,"code":19946,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\n\nprint(\"banana\" == items)\n",[21,19948,19949,19981,19985],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,19950,19951,19953,19955,19957,19959,19961,19963,19965,19967,19969,19971,19973,19975,19977,19979],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,19952,6605],{"class":79},[69,19954,97],{"class":96},[69,19956,636],{"class":100},[69,19958,111],{"class":110},[69,19960,6037],{"class":114},[69,19962,111],{"class":110},[69,19964,120],{"class":100},[69,19966,123],{"class":110},[69,19968,6046],{"class":114},[69,19970,111],{"class":110},[69,19972,120],{"class":100},[69,19974,123],{"class":110},[69,19976,6066],{"class":114},[69,19978,111],{"class":110},[69,19980,198],{"class":100},[69,19982,19983],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,19984,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,19986,19987,19989,19991,19993,19995,19997,19999,20001],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,19988,2161],{"class":217},[69,19990,221],{"class":100},[69,19992,111],{"class":110},[69,19994,6046],{"class":114},[69,19996,111],{"class":110},[69,19998,19865],{"class":96},[69,20000,18409],{"class":292},[69,20002,301],{"class":100},[14,20004,1726],{},[60,20006,20008],{"className":62,"code":20007,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(\"banana\" in items)\n",[21,20009,20010],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,20011,20012,20014,20016,20018,20020,20022,20024,20026],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,20013,2161],{"class":217},[69,20015,221],{"class":100},[69,20017,111],{"class":110},[69,20019,6046],{"class":114},[69,20021,111],{"class":110},[69,20023,3210],{"class":75},[69,20025,18409],{"class":292},[69,20027,301],{"class":100},[1647,20029,20031],{"id":20030},"expecting-case-insensitive-matching-without-converting-text","Expecting case-insensitive matching without converting text",[14,20033,20034],{},"This will fail because the strings do not match exactly:",[60,20036,20038],{"className":62,"code":20037,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\n\nprint(\"Apple\" in items)\n",[21,20039,20040,20072,20076],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,20041,20042,20044,20046,20048,20050,20052,20054,20056,20058,20060,20062,20064,20066,20068,20070],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,20043,6605],{"class":79},[69,20045,97],{"class":96},[69,20047,636],{"class":100},[69,20049,111],{"class":110},[69,20051,6037],{"class":114},[69,20053,111],{"class":110},[69,20055,120],{"class":100},[69,20057,123],{"class":110},[69,20059,6046],{"class":114},[69,20061,111],{"class":110},[69,20063,120],{"class":100},[69,20065,123],{"class":110},[69,20067,6066],{"class":114},[69,20069,111],{"class":110},[69,20071,198],{"class":100},[69,20073,20074],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,20075,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,20077,20078,20080,20082,20084,20086,20088,20090,20092],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,20079,2161],{"class":217},[69,20081,221],{"class":100},[69,20083,111],{"class":110},[69,20085,10080],{"class":114},[69,20087,111],{"class":110},[69,20089,3210],{"class":75},[69,20091,18409],{"class":292},[69,20093,301],{"class":100},[14,20095,20096],{},"If case should not matter, convert both sides to lowercase.",[1647,20098,20100],{"id":20099},"checking-for-a-substring-when-the-list-contains-full-strings","Checking for a substring when the list contains full strings",[14,20102,20103],{},"This can be confusing:",[60,20105,20107],{"className":62,"code":20106,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple pie\", \"banana bread\"]\n\nprint(\"apple\" in items)\n",[21,20108,20109,20133,20137],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,20110,20111,20113,20115,20117,20119,20121,20123,20125,20127,20129,20131],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,20112,6605],{"class":79},[69,20114,97],{"class":96},[69,20116,636],{"class":100},[69,20118,111],{"class":110},[69,20120,19102],{"class":114},[69,20122,111],{"class":110},[69,20124,120],{"class":100},[69,20126,123],{"class":110},[69,20128,19111],{"class":114},[69,20130,111],{"class":110},[69,20132,198],{"class":100},[69,20134,20135],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,20136,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,20138,20139,20141,20143,20145,20147,20149,20151,20153],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,20140,2161],{"class":217},[69,20142,221],{"class":100},[69,20144,111],{"class":110},[69,20146,6037],{"class":114},[69,20148,111],{"class":110},[69,20150,3210],{"class":75},[69,20152,18409],{"class":292},[69,20154,301],{"class":100},[14,20156,10999,20157,16250,20159,20161],{},[21,20158,14886],{},[21,20160,18952],{}," is not a full item in the list.",[14,20163,20164],{},"If you need substring matching, use a loop.",[1647,20166,20168],{"id":20167},"comparing-different-data-types","Comparing different data types",[14,20170,20171],{},"Be careful with numbers and strings:",[60,20173,20175],{"className":62,"code":20174,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"1\", \"2\", \"3\"]\n\nprint(1 in items)\nprint(\"1\" in items)\n",[21,20176,20177,20209,20213,20227],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,20178,20179,20181,20183,20185,20187,20189,20191,20193,20195,20197,20199,20201,20203,20205,20207],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,20180,6605],{"class":79},[69,20182,97],{"class":96},[69,20184,636],{"class":100},[69,20186,111],{"class":110},[69,20188,5940],{"class":114},[69,20190,111],{"class":110},[69,20192,120],{"class":100},[69,20194,123],{"class":110},[69,20196,19224],{"class":114},[69,20198,111],{"class":110},[69,20200,120],{"class":100},[69,20202,123],{"class":110},[69,20204,7162],{"class":114},[69,20206,111],{"class":110},[69,20208,198],{"class":100},[69,20210,20211],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,20212,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,20214,20215,20217,20219,20221,20223,20225],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,20216,2161],{"class":217},[69,20218,221],{"class":100},[69,20220,5940],{"class":157},[69,20222,3210],{"class":75},[69,20224,18409],{"class":292},[69,20226,301],{"class":100},[69,20228,20229,20231,20233,20235,20237,20239,20241,20243],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,20230,2161],{"class":217},[69,20232,221],{"class":100},[69,20234,111],{"class":110},[69,20236,5940],{"class":114},[69,20238,111],{"class":110},[69,20240,3210],{"class":75},[69,20242,18409],{"class":292},[69,20244,301],{"class":100},[14,20246,20247,20248,50,20250,20252],{},"These produce different results because ",[21,20249,5940],{},[21,20251,18974],{}," are different types.",[1647,20254,20256],{"id":20255},"forgetting-that-nested-lists-need-a-different-check","Forgetting that nested lists need a different check",[14,20258,20259],{},"If your list contains lists, you are checking for a full nested item.",[60,20261,20263],{"className":62,"code":20262,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"data = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]\n\nprint([1, 2] in data)\nprint(1 in data)\n",[21,20264,20265,20294,20298,20318],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,20266,20267,20269,20271,20274,20276,20278,20280,20283,20285,20287,20289,20291],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,20268,3362],{"class":79},[69,20270,97],{"class":96},[69,20272,20273],{"class":100}," [[",[69,20275,5940],{"class":157},[69,20277,120],{"class":100},[69,20279,5762],{"class":157},[69,20281,20282],{"class":100},"],",[69,20284,636],{"class":100},[69,20286,7162],{"class":157},[69,20288,120],{"class":100},[69,20290,7167],{"class":157},[69,20292,20293],{"class":100},"]]\n",[69,20295,20296],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,20297,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,20299,20300,20302,20304,20306,20308,20310,20312,20314,20316],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,20301,2161],{"class":217},[69,20303,469],{"class":100},[69,20305,5940],{"class":157},[69,20307,120],{"class":100},[69,20309,5762],{"class":157},[69,20311,4229],{"class":100},[69,20313,3210],{"class":75},[69,20315,3539],{"class":292},[69,20317,301],{"class":100},[69,20319,20320,20322,20324,20326,20328,20330],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,20321,2161],{"class":217},[69,20323,221],{"class":100},[69,20325,5940],{"class":157},[69,20327,3210],{"class":75},[69,20329,3539],{"class":292},[69,20331,301],{"class":100},[14,20333,2781],{},[60,20335,20336],{"className":62,"code":15803,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,20337,20338,20342],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,20339,20340],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,20341,15810],{"class":3012},[69,20343,20344],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,20345,15815],{"class":3012},[14,20347,20348,20350,20351,289],{},[21,20349,5940],{}," is inside a nested list, but it is not a top-level item in ",[21,20352,3436],{},[1647,20354,20356],{"id":20355},"simple-debugging-checks","Simple debugging checks",[14,20358,20359],{},"If your result is not what you expect, print the values you are comparing:",[60,20361,20363],{"className":62,"code":20362,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(my_list)\nprint(value)\nprint(type(value))\nprint(value in my_list)\nprint([type(item) for item in my_list])\nprint([item.lower() for item in my_list])\n",[21,20364,20365,20375,20386,20400,20415,20440],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,20366,20367,20369,20371,20373],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,20368,2161],{"class":217},[69,20370,221],{"class":100},[69,20372,6948],{"class":292},[69,20374,301],{"class":100},[69,20376,20377,20379,20381,20384],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,20378,2161],{"class":217},[69,20380,221],{"class":100},[69,20382,20383],{"class":292},"value",[69,20385,301],{"class":100},[69,20387,20388,20390,20392,20394,20396,20398],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,20389,2161],{"class":217},[69,20391,221],{"class":100},[69,20393,2176],{"class":1859},[69,20395,221],{"class":100},[69,20397,20383],{"class":292},[69,20399,2183],{"class":100},[69,20401,20402,20404,20406,20409,20411,20413],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,20403,2161],{"class":217},[69,20405,221],{"class":100},[69,20407,20408],{"class":292},"value ",[69,20410,771],{"class":75},[69,20412,6925],{"class":292},[69,20414,301],{"class":100},[69,20416,20417,20419,20421,20423,20425,20428,20430,20432,20434,20436,20438],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,20418,2161],{"class":217},[69,20420,469],{"class":100},[69,20422,2176],{"class":1859},[69,20424,221],{"class":100},[69,20426,20427],{"class":292},"item",[69,20429,265],{"class":100},[69,20431,19391],{"class":75},[69,20433,19694],{"class":292},[69,20435,771],{"class":75},[69,20437,6925],{"class":292},[69,20439,494],{"class":100},[69,20441,20442,20444,20446,20448,20450,20452,20454,20456,20458,20460,20462],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,20443,2161],{"class":217},[69,20445,469],{"class":100},[69,20447,20427],{"class":292},[69,20449,289],{"class":100},[69,20451,17071],{"class":292},[69,20453,13154],{"class":100},[69,20455,19391],{"class":75},[69,20457,19694],{"class":292},[69,20459,771],{"class":75},[69,20461,6925],{"class":292},[69,20463,494],{"class":100},[14,20465,20466],{},"These quick checks help you spot:",[29,20468,20469,20472,20475],{},[32,20470,20471],{},"wrong values",[32,20473,20474],{},"wrong types",[32,20476,20477],{},"unexpected capitalization",[14,20479,20480,20481,289],{},"If you run into string search problems elsewhere, you may also want to read ",[579,20482,2892,20484],{"href":20483},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fvalueerror-substring-not-found-fix",[21,20485,17501],{},[55,20487,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,20489,20491],{"id":20490},"how-do-i-check-if-a-value-is-in-a-list-in-python","How do I check if a value is in a list in Python?",[14,20493,1872,20494,20496],{},[21,20495,771],{}," operator:",[60,20498,20500],{"className":62,"code":20499,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"value in my_list\n",[21,20501,20502],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,20503,20504,20506,20508],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,20505,20408],{"class":79},[69,20507,771],{"class":96},[69,20509,20510],{"class":79}," my_list\n",[1647,20512,20514],{"id":20513},"how-do-i-check-if-a-value-is-not-in-a-list","How do I check if a value is not in a list?",[14,20516,322,20517,1174],{},[21,20518,15088],{},[60,20520,20522],{"className":62,"code":20521,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"value not in my_list\n",[21,20523,20524],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,20525,20526,20528,20530,20532],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,20527,20408],{"class":79},[69,20529,3315],{"class":96},[69,20531,3210],{"class":96},[69,20533,20510],{"class":79},[1647,20535,20537],{"id":20536},"is-the-check-case-sensitive","Is the check case-sensitive?",[14,20539,20540,20541,50,20543,20545],{},"Yes. ",[21,20542,18960],{},[21,20544,18952],{}," are different strings.",[1647,20547,20549,20550,1414],{"id":20548},"can-i-check-part-of-a-string-inside-a-list-item-with-in","Can I check part of a string inside a list item with ",[21,20551,771],{},[14,20553,20554,20555,20557],{},"Not directly for list membership. ",[21,20556,771],{}," checks whether a full item exists in the list.",[14,20559,20560],{},"If you want to check whether part of a string appears inside any list item, use a loop.",[1647,20562,20564],{"id":20563},"what-if-my-list-contains-numbers-as-strings","What if my list contains numbers as strings?",[14,20566,20567,20568,20570,20571,289],{},"Make sure the types match. ",[21,20569,6670],{}," is different from ",[21,20572,20573],{},"\"5\"",[55,20575,2414],{"id":2413},[29,20577,20578,20582,20587,20592,20600],{},[32,20579,20580],{},[579,20581,18657],{"href":18656},[32,20583,20584],{},[579,20585,20586],{"href":18928},"How to find an item in a list in Python",[32,20588,20589],{},[579,20590,20591],{"href":19925},"How to filter a list in Python",[32,20593,20594],{},[579,20595,14649,20597,12755],{"href":20596},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-len-function-explained",[21,20598,20599],{},"len()",[32,20601,20602],{},[579,20603,4119,20604],{"href":20483},[21,20605,17501],{},[2450,20607,20608],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":20610},[20611,20612,20613,20615,20620,20621,20622,20631,20639],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":16773,"depth":83,"text":18305},{"id":18660,"depth":83,"text":20614},"Use not in to check that a value is missing",{"id":18932,"depth":83,"text":18933,"children":20616},[20617,20618,20619],{"id":18977,"depth":90,"text":18978},{"id":19076,"depth":90,"text":19077},{"id":19193,"depth":90,"text":19194},{"id":19293,"depth":83,"text":19294},{"id":19603,"depth":83,"text":19604},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":20623},[20624,20626,20627,20628,20629,20630],{"id":19934,"depth":90,"text":20625},"Using == instead of in",{"id":20030,"depth":90,"text":20031},{"id":20099,"depth":90,"text":20100},{"id":20167,"depth":90,"text":20168},{"id":20255,"depth":90,"text":20256},{"id":20355,"depth":90,"text":20356},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":20632},[20633,20634,20635,20636,20638],{"id":20490,"depth":90,"text":20491},{"id":20513,"depth":90,"text":20514},{"id":20536,"depth":90,"text":20537},{"id":20548,"depth":90,"text":20637},"Can I check part of a string inside a list item with in?",{"id":20563,"depth":90,"text":20564},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to check if a value exists in a list in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-check-if-a-value-exists-in-a-list-in-python",{"title":18337,"description":20640},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-check-if-a-value-exists-in-a-list-in-python","pGdC4jwY7Oex93oIwBtCUyEjKL5ktlXAmKLljhqx8U4",{"id":20647,"title":20648,"body":20649,"description":22856,"extension":2479,"meta":22857,"navigation":86,"path":22858,"seo":22859,"stem":22860,"__hash__":22861},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-dictionary-to-json-in-python.md","How to Convert Dictionary to JSON in Python",{"type":7,"value":20650,"toc":22829},[20651,20654,20661,20681,20684,20686,20784,20786,20836,20844,20846,20863,20867,20870,20884,20890,20896,20904,20906,20921,21042,21044,21109,21111,21131,21134,21148,21155,21161,21166,21168,21181,21307,21311,21314,21364,21367,21374,21378,21381,21384,21398,21402,21523,21525,21583,21587,21726,21729,21740,21747,21751,21754,21844,21846,21978,21980,22073,22076,22083,22087,22090,22092,22105,22111,22206,22209,22238,22242,22245,22253,22359,22361,22427,22430,22441,22445,22448,22464,22466,22495,22532,22535,22549,22556,22558,22561,22586,22589,22655,22658,22749,22751,22758,22766,22770,22773,22777,22780,22784,22793,22795,22826],[10,20652,20648],{"id":20653},"how-to-convert-dictionary-to-json-in-python",[14,20655,20656,20657,20660],{},"If you want to turn a Python dictionary into JSON, use the built-in ",[21,20658,20659],{},"json"," module.",[29,20662,20663,20672],{},[32,20664,322,20665,20668,20669],{},[21,20666,20667],{},"json.dumps()"," when you want a JSON ",[2498,20670,20671],{},"string",[32,20673,322,20674,20677,20678],{},[21,20675,20676],{},"json.dump()"," when you want to write JSON ",[2498,20679,20680],{},"to a file",[14,20682,20683],{},"This page shows both methods with simple examples.",[55,20685,58],{"id":57},[60,20687,20689],{"className":62,"code":20688,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\"name\": \"Alice\", \"age\": 25, \"active\": True}\njson_text = json.dumps(data)\nprint(json_text)\n",[21,20690,20691,20698,20702,20752,20773],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,20692,20693,20695],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,20694,76],{"class":75},[69,20696,20697],{"class":79}," json\n",[69,20699,20700],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,20701,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,20703,20704,20706,20708,20710,20712,20714,20716,20718,20720,20722,20724,20726,20728,20730,20732,20734,20736,20738,20740,20743,20745,20747,20750],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,20705,3362],{"class":79},[69,20707,97],{"class":96},[69,20709,1914],{"class":100},[69,20711,111],{"class":110},[69,20713,115],{"class":114},[69,20715,111],{"class":110},[69,20717,1174],{"class":100},[69,20719,123],{"class":110},[69,20721,150],{"class":114},[69,20723,111],{"class":110},[69,20725,120],{"class":100},[69,20727,123],{"class":110},[69,20729,126],{"class":114},[69,20731,111],{"class":110},[69,20733,1174],{"class":100},[69,20735,186],{"class":157},[69,20737,120],{"class":100},[69,20739,123],{"class":110},[69,20741,20742],{"class":114},"active",[69,20744,111],{"class":110},[69,20746,1174],{"class":100},[69,20748,20749],{"class":3012}," True",[69,20751,1260],{"class":100},[69,20753,20754,20757,20759,20762,20764,20767,20769,20771],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,20755,20756],{"class":79},"json_text ",[69,20758,97],{"class":96},[69,20760,20761],{"class":79}," json",[69,20763,289],{"class":100},[69,20765,20766],{"class":292},"dumps",[69,20768,221],{"class":100},[69,20770,3436],{"class":292},[69,20772,301],{"class":100},[69,20774,20775,20777,20779,20782],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,20776,2161],{"class":217},[69,20778,221],{"class":100},[69,20780,20781],{"class":292},"json_text",[69,20783,301],{"class":100},[14,20785,2781],{},[60,20787,20789],{"className":62,"code":20788,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{\"name\": \"Alice\", \"age\": 25, \"active\": true}\n",[21,20790,20791],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,20792,20793,20795,20797,20799,20801,20803,20805,20807,20809,20811,20813,20815,20817,20819,20821,20823,20825,20827,20829,20831,20834],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,20794,8018],{"class":100},[69,20796,111],{"class":110},[69,20798,115],{"class":114},[69,20800,111],{"class":110},[69,20802,1174],{"class":100},[69,20804,123],{"class":110},[69,20806,150],{"class":114},[69,20808,111],{"class":110},[69,20810,120],{"class":100},[69,20812,123],{"class":110},[69,20814,126],{"class":114},[69,20816,111],{"class":110},[69,20818,1174],{"class":100},[69,20820,186],{"class":157},[69,20822,120],{"class":100},[69,20824,123],{"class":110},[69,20826,20742],{"class":114},[69,20828,111],{"class":110},[69,20830,1174],{"class":100},[69,20832,20833],{"class":79}," true",[69,20835,1260],{"class":100},[14,20837,322,20838,20840,20841,20843],{},[21,20839,20667],{}," when you want a JSON string. Use ",[21,20842,20676],{}," when you want to save JSON directly to a file.",[55,20845,2666],{"id":2665},[29,20847,20848,20851,20854,20860],{},[32,20849,20850],{},"Convert a Python dictionary into a JSON string",[32,20852,20853],{},"Save dictionary data as JSON in a file",[32,20855,2677,20856,50,20858],{},[21,20857,20667],{},[21,20859,20676],{},[32,20861,20862],{},"Avoid common beginner mistakes when working with JSON",[55,20864,20866],{"id":20865},"when-to-use-dictionary-to-json-conversion","When to use dictionary to JSON conversion",[14,20868,20869],{},"Convert a dictionary to JSON when:",[29,20871,20872,20875,20878,20881],{},[32,20873,20874],{},"Sending data to an API",[32,20876,20877],{},"Saving structured data to a file",[32,20879,20880],{},"Sharing data between Python and other languages",[32,20882,20883],{},"Creating text output in JSON format",[14,20885,4019,20886,289],{},[579,20887,20889],{"href":20888},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwhat-is-a-dictionary-in-python","what a Python dictionary is",[55,20891,20893,20894],{"id":20892},"convert-a-dictionary-to-a-json-string-with-jsondumps","Convert a dictionary to a JSON string with ",[21,20895,20667],{},[14,20897,20898,20900,20901,20903],{},[21,20899,20667],{}," takes a Python object and returns a ",[2498,20902,20671],{}," in JSON format.",[14,20905,13241],{},[29,20907,20908,20913,20918],{},[32,20909,20910,20911,43],{},"Import the built-in ",[21,20912,20659],{},[32,20914,20915,20916],{},"Pass the dictionary to ",[21,20917,20667],{},[32,20919,20920],{},"Store or print the returned string",[60,20922,20924],{"className":62,"code":20923,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\n    \"name\": \"Alice\",\n    \"age\": 25,\n    \"active\": True\n}\n\njson_text = json.dumps(data)\n\nprint(json_text)\nprint(type(json_text))\n",[21,20925,20926,20932,20936,20944,20962,20976,20988,20992,20996,21014,21018,21028],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,20927,20928,20930],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,20929,76],{"class":75},[69,20931,20697],{"class":79},[69,20933,20934],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,20935,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,20937,20938,20940,20942],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,20939,3362],{"class":79},[69,20941,97],{"class":96},[69,20943,3367],{"class":100},[69,20945,20946,20948,20950,20952,20954,20956,20958,20960],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,20947,3372],{"class":110},[69,20949,115],{"class":114},[69,20951,111],{"class":110},[69,20953,1174],{"class":100},[69,20955,123],{"class":110},[69,20957,150],{"class":114},[69,20959,111],{"class":110},[69,20961,3401],{"class":100},[69,20963,20964,20966,20968,20970,20972,20974],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,20965,3372],{"class":110},[69,20967,126],{"class":114},[69,20969,111],{"class":110},[69,20971,1174],{"class":100},[69,20973,186],{"class":157},[69,20975,3401],{"class":100},[69,20977,20978,20980,20982,20984,20986],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,20979,3372],{"class":110},[69,20981,20742],{"class":114},[69,20983,111],{"class":110},[69,20985,1174],{"class":100},[69,20987,19728],{"class":3012},[69,20989,20990],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,20991,1260],{"class":100},[69,20993,20994],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,20995,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,20997,20998,21000,21002,21004,21006,21008,21010,21012],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,20999,20756],{"class":79},[69,21001,97],{"class":96},[69,21003,20761],{"class":79},[69,21005,289],{"class":100},[69,21007,20766],{"class":292},[69,21009,221],{"class":100},[69,21011,3436],{"class":292},[69,21013,301],{"class":100},[69,21015,21016],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,21017,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,21019,21020,21022,21024,21026],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,21021,2161],{"class":217},[69,21023,221],{"class":100},[69,21025,20781],{"class":292},[69,21027,301],{"class":100},[69,21029,21030,21032,21034,21036,21038,21040],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,21031,2161],{"class":217},[69,21033,221],{"class":100},[69,21035,2176],{"class":1859},[69,21037,221],{"class":100},[69,21039,20781],{"class":292},[69,21041,2183],{"class":100},[14,21043,2781],{},[60,21045,21047],{"className":62,"code":21046,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{\"name\": \"Alice\", \"age\": 25, \"active\": true}\n\u003Cclass 'str'>\n",[21,21048,21049,21093],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,21050,21051,21053,21055,21057,21059,21061,21063,21065,21067,21069,21071,21073,21075,21077,21079,21081,21083,21085,21087,21089,21091],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,21052,8018],{"class":100},[69,21054,111],{"class":110},[69,21056,115],{"class":114},[69,21058,111],{"class":110},[69,21060,1174],{"class":100},[69,21062,123],{"class":110},[69,21064,150],{"class":114},[69,21066,111],{"class":110},[69,21068,120],{"class":100},[69,21070,123],{"class":110},[69,21072,126],{"class":114},[69,21074,111],{"class":110},[69,21076,1174],{"class":100},[69,21078,186],{"class":157},[69,21080,120],{"class":100},[69,21082,123],{"class":110},[69,21084,20742],{"class":114},[69,21086,111],{"class":110},[69,21088,1174],{"class":100},[69,21090,20833],{"class":79},[69,21092,1260],{"class":100},[69,21094,21095,21098,21100,21102,21104,21106],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,21096,21097],{"class":96},"\u003C",[69,21099,7503],{"class":7502},[69,21101,15292],{"class":110},[69,21103,10723],{"class":114},[69,21105,15283],{"class":110},[69,21107,21108],{"class":96},">\n",[14,21110,4842],{},[29,21112,21113,21118,21123],{},[32,21114,21115,21117],{},[21,21116,3436],{}," is a Python dictionary",[32,21119,21120,21122],{},[21,21121,20781],{}," is a string",[32,21124,14649,21125,21127,21128],{},[21,21126,11002],{}," becomes JSON ",[21,21129,21130],{},"true",[14,21132,21133],{},"Use this when you want to:",[29,21135,21136,21139,21142,21145],{},[32,21137,21138],{},"Print JSON",[32,21140,21141],{},"Send JSON in a web request",[32,21143,21144],{},"Return JSON from a function",[32,21146,21147],{},"Store JSON in a variable",[14,21149,21150,21151,289],{},"For a deeper explanation, see ",[579,21152,21154],{"href":21153},"\u002Fstandard-library\u002Fjson.dumps-function-explained","json.dumps() explained",[55,21156,21158,21159],{"id":21157},"write-a-dictionary-to-a-json-file-with-jsondump","Write a dictionary to a JSON file with ",[21,21160,20676],{},[14,21162,21163,21165],{},[21,21164,20676],{}," writes JSON directly into a file.",[14,21167,13241],{},[29,21169,21170,21173,21178],{},[32,21171,21172],{},"Open a file in write mode",[32,21174,21175,21176],{},"Pass the dictionary and file object to ",[21,21177,20676],{},[32,21179,21180],{},"The JSON text is written to the file",[60,21182,21184],{"className":62,"code":21183,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\n    \"name\": \"Alice\",\n    \"age\": 25,\n    \"active\": True\n}\n\nwith open(\"data.json\", \"w\") as file:\n    json.dump(data, file)\n",[21,21185,21186,21192,21196,21204,21222,21236,21248,21252,21256,21287],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,21187,21188,21190],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,21189,76],{"class":75},[69,21191,20697],{"class":79},[69,21193,21194],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,21195,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,21197,21198,21200,21202],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,21199,3362],{"class":79},[69,21201,97],{"class":96},[69,21203,3367],{"class":100},[69,21205,21206,21208,21210,21212,21214,21216,21218,21220],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,21207,3372],{"class":110},[69,21209,115],{"class":114},[69,21211,111],{"class":110},[69,21213,1174],{"class":100},[69,21215,123],{"class":110},[69,21217,150],{"class":114},[69,21219,111],{"class":110},[69,21221,3401],{"class":100},[69,21223,21224,21226,21228,21230,21232,21234],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,21225,3372],{"class":110},[69,21227,126],{"class":114},[69,21229,111],{"class":110},[69,21231,1174],{"class":100},[69,21233,186],{"class":157},[69,21235,3401],{"class":100},[69,21237,21238,21240,21242,21244,21246],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,21239,3372],{"class":110},[69,21241,20742],{"class":114},[69,21243,111],{"class":110},[69,21245,1174],{"class":100},[69,21247,19728],{"class":3012},[69,21249,21250],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,21251,1260],{"class":100},[69,21253,21254],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,21255,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,21257,21258,21260,21262,21264,21266,21269,21271,21273,21275,21277,21279,21281,21283,21285],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,21259,214],{"class":75},[69,21261,218],{"class":217},[69,21263,221],{"class":100},[69,21265,111],{"class":110},[69,21267,21268],{"class":114},"data.json",[69,21270,111],{"class":110},[69,21272,120],{"class":100},[69,21274,123],{"class":110},[69,21276,235],{"class":114},[69,21278,111],{"class":110},[69,21280,265],{"class":100},[69,21282,268],{"class":75},[69,21284,272],{"class":271},[69,21286,275],{"class":100},[69,21288,21289,21292,21294,21297,21299,21301,21303,21305],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,21290,21291],{"class":79},"    json",[69,21293,289],{"class":100},[69,21295,21296],{"class":292},"dump",[69,21298,221],{"class":100},[69,21300,3436],{"class":292},[69,21302,120],{"class":100},[69,21304,272],{"class":271},[69,21306,301],{"class":100},[14,21308,557,21309,289],{},[21,21310,21268],{},[14,21312,21313],{},"The file content will look like this:",[60,21315,21317],{"className":21316,"code":20788,"language":20659,"meta":65,"style":65},"language-json shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter github-light github-dark",[21,21318,21319],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,21320,21321,21323,21325,21328,21330,21332,21334,21336,21338,21340,21342,21344,21346,21348,21350,21352,21354,21356,21358,21360,21362],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,21322,8018],{"class":100},[69,21324,111],{"class":3012},[69,21326,115],{"class":21327},"sseR_",[69,21329,111],{"class":3012},[69,21331,1174],{"class":100},[69,21333,123],{"class":110},[69,21335,150],{"class":114},[69,21337,111],{"class":110},[69,21339,120],{"class":100},[69,21341,123],{"class":3012},[69,21343,126],{"class":21327},[69,21345,111],{"class":3012},[69,21347,1174],{"class":100},[69,21349,186],{"class":157},[69,21351,120],{"class":100},[69,21353,123],{"class":3012},[69,21355,20742],{"class":21327},[69,21357,111],{"class":3012},[69,21359,1174],{"class":100},[69,21361,20833],{"class":3012},[69,21363,1260],{"class":100},[14,21365,21366],{},"Use this when you want to save JSON to disk instead of keeping it in a Python string.",[14,21368,21369,21370,289],{},"For more detail, see ",[579,21371,21373],{"href":21372},"\u002Fstandard-library\u002Fjson.dump-function-explained","json.dump() explained",[55,21375,21377],{"id":21376},"make-json-easier-to-read","Make JSON easier to read",[14,21379,21380],{},"JSON often looks better when it is formatted.",[14,21382,21383],{},"You can use:",[29,21385,21386,21392],{},[32,21387,21388,21391],{},[21,21389,21390],{},"indent=4"," to add spacing",[32,21393,21394,21397],{},[21,21395,21396],{},"sort_keys=True"," to sort keys alphabetically",[1647,21399,21401],{"id":21400},"pretty-print-a-json-string","Pretty-print a JSON string",[60,21403,21405],{"className":62,"code":21404,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\n    \"name\": \"Alice\",\n    \"age\": 25,\n    \"active\": True\n}\n\njson_text = json.dumps(data, indent=4, sort_keys=True)\nprint(json_text)\n",[21,21406,21407,21413,21417,21425,21443,21457,21469,21473,21477,21513],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,21408,21409,21411],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,21410,76],{"class":75},[69,21412,20697],{"class":79},[69,21414,21415],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,21416,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,21418,21419,21421,21423],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,21420,3362],{"class":79},[69,21422,97],{"class":96},[69,21424,3367],{"class":100},[69,21426,21427,21429,21431,21433,21435,21437,21439,21441],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,21428,3372],{"class":110},[69,21430,115],{"class":114},[69,21432,111],{"class":110},[69,21434,1174],{"class":100},[69,21436,123],{"class":110},[69,21438,150],{"class":114},[69,21440,111],{"class":110},[69,21442,3401],{"class":100},[69,21444,21445,21447,21449,21451,21453,21455],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,21446,3372],{"class":110},[69,21448,126],{"class":114},[69,21450,111],{"class":110},[69,21452,1174],{"class":100},[69,21454,186],{"class":157},[69,21456,3401],{"class":100},[69,21458,21459,21461,21463,21465,21467],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,21460,3372],{"class":110},[69,21462,20742],{"class":114},[69,21464,111],{"class":110},[69,21466,1174],{"class":100},[69,21468,19728],{"class":3012},[69,21470,21471],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,21472,1260],{"class":100},[69,21474,21475],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,21476,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,21478,21479,21481,21483,21485,21487,21489,21491,21493,21495,21498,21500,21502,21504,21507,21509,21511],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,21480,20756],{"class":79},[69,21482,97],{"class":96},[69,21484,20761],{"class":79},[69,21486,289],{"class":100},[69,21488,20766],{"class":292},[69,21490,221],{"class":100},[69,21492,3436],{"class":292},[69,21494,120],{"class":100},[69,21496,21497],{"class":242}," indent",[69,21499,97],{"class":96},[69,21501,5966],{"class":157},[69,21503,120],{"class":100},[69,21505,21506],{"class":242}," sort_keys",[69,21508,97],{"class":96},[69,21510,11002],{"class":3012},[69,21512,301],{"class":100},[69,21514,21515,21517,21519,21521],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,21516,2161],{"class":217},[69,21518,221],{"class":100},[69,21520,20781],{"class":292},[69,21522,301],{"class":100},[14,21524,2781],{},[60,21526,21528],{"className":21316,"code":21527,"language":20659,"meta":65,"style":65},"{\n    \"active\": true,\n    \"age\": 25,\n    \"name\": \"Alice\"\n}\n",[21,21529,21530,21535,21549,21563,21579],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,21531,21532],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,21533,21534],{"class":100},"{\n",[69,21536,21537,21539,21541,21543,21545,21547],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,21538,3372],{"class":3012},[69,21540,20742],{"class":21327},[69,21542,111],{"class":3012},[69,21544,1174],{"class":100},[69,21546,20833],{"class":3012},[69,21548,3401],{"class":100},[69,21550,21551,21553,21555,21557,21559,21561],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,21552,3372],{"class":3012},[69,21554,126],{"class":21327},[69,21556,111],{"class":3012},[69,21558,1174],{"class":100},[69,21560,186],{"class":157},[69,21562,3401],{"class":100},[69,21564,21565,21567,21569,21571,21573,21575,21577],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,21566,3372],{"class":3012},[69,21568,115],{"class":21327},[69,21570,111],{"class":3012},[69,21572,1174],{"class":100},[69,21574,123],{"class":110},[69,21576,150],{"class":114},[69,21578,1825],{"class":110},[69,21580,21581],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,21582,1260],{"class":100},[1647,21584,21586],{"id":21585},"write-formatted-json-to-a-file","Write formatted JSON to a file",[60,21588,21590],{"className":62,"code":21589,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\n    \"name\": \"Alice\",\n    \"age\": 25,\n    \"active\": True\n}\n\nwith open(\"data.json\", \"w\") as file:\n    json.dump(data, file, indent=4, sort_keys=True)\n",[21,21591,21592,21598,21602,21610,21628,21642,21654,21658,21662,21692],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,21593,21594,21596],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,21595,76],{"class":75},[69,21597,20697],{"class":79},[69,21599,21600],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,21601,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,21603,21604,21606,21608],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,21605,3362],{"class":79},[69,21607,97],{"class":96},[69,21609,3367],{"class":100},[69,21611,21612,21614,21616,21618,21620,21622,21624,21626],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,21613,3372],{"class":110},[69,21615,115],{"class":114},[69,21617,111],{"class":110},[69,21619,1174],{"class":100},[69,21621,123],{"class":110},[69,21623,150],{"class":114},[69,21625,111],{"class":110},[69,21627,3401],{"class":100},[69,21629,21630,21632,21634,21636,21638,21640],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,21631,3372],{"class":110},[69,21633,126],{"class":114},[69,21635,111],{"class":110},[69,21637,1174],{"class":100},[69,21639,186],{"class":157},[69,21641,3401],{"class":100},[69,21643,21644,21646,21648,21650,21652],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,21645,3372],{"class":110},[69,21647,20742],{"class":114},[69,21649,111],{"class":110},[69,21651,1174],{"class":100},[69,21653,19728],{"class":3012},[69,21655,21656],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,21657,1260],{"class":100},[69,21659,21660],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,21661,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,21663,21664,21666,21668,21670,21672,21674,21676,21678,21680,21682,21684,21686,21688,21690],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,21665,214],{"class":75},[69,21667,218],{"class":217},[69,21669,221],{"class":100},[69,21671,111],{"class":110},[69,21673,21268],{"class":114},[69,21675,111],{"class":110},[69,21677,120],{"class":100},[69,21679,123],{"class":110},[69,21681,235],{"class":114},[69,21683,111],{"class":110},[69,21685,265],{"class":100},[69,21687,268],{"class":75},[69,21689,272],{"class":271},[69,21691,275],{"class":100},[69,21693,21694,21696,21698,21700,21702,21704,21706,21708,21710,21712,21714,21716,21718,21720,21722,21724],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,21695,21291],{"class":79},[69,21697,289],{"class":100},[69,21699,21296],{"class":292},[69,21701,221],{"class":100},[69,21703,3436],{"class":292},[69,21705,120],{"class":100},[69,21707,272],{"class":271},[69,21709,120],{"class":100},[69,21711,21497],{"class":242},[69,21713,97],{"class":96},[69,21715,5966],{"class":157},[69,21717,120],{"class":100},[69,21719,21506],{"class":242},[69,21721,97],{"class":96},[69,21723,11002],{"class":3012},[69,21725,301],{"class":100},[14,21727,21728],{},"Pretty formatting is useful when:",[29,21730,21731,21734,21737],{},[32,21732,21733],{},"Reading saved files",[32,21735,21736],{},"Checking your output",[32,21738,21739],{},"Debugging data problems",[14,21741,21742,21743,289],{},"You can also read ",[579,21744,21746],{"href":21745},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-pretty-print-json-in-python","how to pretty-print JSON in Python",[55,21748,21750],{"id":21749},"how-python-values-map-to-json-values","How Python values map to JSON values",[14,21752,21753],{},"When you convert a dictionary to JSON, Python values are changed into JSON values.",[21755,21756,21757,21769],"table",{},[21758,21759,21760],"thead",{},[21761,21762,21763,21766],"tr",{},[21764,21765,17238],"th",{},[21764,21767,21768],{},"JSON",[21770,21771,21772,21783,21792,21802,21813,21824,21832],"tbody",{},[21761,21773,21774,21780],{},[21775,21776,21777],"td",{},[21,21778,21779],{},"dict",[21775,21781,21782],{},"object",[21761,21784,21785,21789],{},[21775,21786,21787],{},[21,21788,14459],{},[21775,21790,21791],{},"array",[21761,21793,21794,21798],{},[21775,21795,21796],{},[21,21797,11002],{},[21775,21799,21800],{},[21,21801,21130],{},[21761,21803,21804,21808],{},[21775,21805,21806],{},[21,21807,14886],{},[21775,21809,21810],{},[21,21811,21812],{},"false",[21761,21814,21815,21819],{},[21775,21816,21817],{},[21,21818,3022],{},[21775,21820,21821],{},[21,21822,21823],{},"null",[21761,21825,21826,21830],{},[21775,21827,21828],{},[21,21829,10723],{},[21775,21831,20671],{},[21761,21833,21834,21842],{},[21775,21835,21836,5914,21839],{},[21,21837,21838],{},"int",[21,21840,21841],{},"float",[21775,21843,17913],{},[14,21845,370],{},[60,21847,21849],{"className":62,"code":21848,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\n    \"name\": \"Alice\",\n    \"skills\": [\"Python\", \"JSON\"],\n    \"active\": True,\n    \"manager\": None\n}\n\nprint(json.dumps(data, indent=4))\n",[21,21850,21851,21857,21861,21869,21887,21916,21930,21944,21948,21952],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,21852,21853,21855],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,21854,76],{"class":75},[69,21856,20697],{"class":79},[69,21858,21859],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,21860,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,21862,21863,21865,21867],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,21864,3362],{"class":79},[69,21866,97],{"class":96},[69,21868,3367],{"class":100},[69,21870,21871,21873,21875,21877,21879,21881,21883,21885],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,21872,3372],{"class":110},[69,21874,115],{"class":114},[69,21876,111],{"class":110},[69,21878,1174],{"class":100},[69,21880,123],{"class":110},[69,21882,150],{"class":114},[69,21884,111],{"class":110},[69,21886,3401],{"class":100},[69,21888,21889,21891,21894,21896,21898,21900,21902,21904,21906,21908,21910,21912,21914],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,21890,3372],{"class":110},[69,21892,21893],{"class":114},"skills",[69,21895,111],{"class":110},[69,21897,1174],{"class":100},[69,21899,636],{"class":100},[69,21901,111],{"class":110},[69,21903,17238],{"class":114},[69,21905,111],{"class":110},[69,21907,120],{"class":100},[69,21909,123],{"class":110},[69,21911,21768],{"class":114},[69,21913,111],{"class":110},[69,21915,140],{"class":100},[69,21917,21918,21920,21922,21924,21926,21928],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,21919,3372],{"class":110},[69,21921,20742],{"class":114},[69,21923,111],{"class":110},[69,21925,1174],{"class":100},[69,21927,20749],{"class":3012},[69,21929,3401],{"class":100},[69,21931,21932,21934,21937,21939,21941],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,21933,3372],{"class":110},[69,21935,21936],{"class":114},"manager",[69,21938,111],{"class":110},[69,21940,1174],{"class":100},[69,21942,21943],{"class":3012}," None\n",[69,21945,21946],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,21947,1260],{"class":100},[69,21949,21950],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,21951,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,21953,21954,21956,21958,21960,21962,21964,21966,21968,21970,21972,21974,21976],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,21955,2161],{"class":217},[69,21957,221],{"class":100},[69,21959,20659],{"class":292},[69,21961,289],{"class":100},[69,21963,20766],{"class":292},[69,21965,221],{"class":100},[69,21967,3436],{"class":292},[69,21969,120],{"class":100},[69,21971,21497],{"class":242},[69,21973,97],{"class":96},[69,21975,5966],{"class":157},[69,21977,2183],{"class":100},[14,21979,2781],{},[60,21981,21983],{"className":21316,"code":21982,"language":20659,"meta":65,"style":65},"{\n    \"name\": \"Alice\",\n    \"skills\": [\n        \"Python\",\n        \"JSON\"\n    ],\n    \"active\": true,\n    \"manager\": null\n}\n",[21,21984,21985,21989,22007,22019,22029,22037,22042,22056,22069],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,21986,21987],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,21988,21534],{"class":100},[69,21990,21991,21993,21995,21997,21999,22001,22003,22005],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,21992,3372],{"class":3012},[69,21994,115],{"class":21327},[69,21996,111],{"class":3012},[69,21998,1174],{"class":100},[69,22000,123],{"class":110},[69,22002,150],{"class":114},[69,22004,111],{"class":110},[69,22006,3401],{"class":100},[69,22008,22009,22011,22013,22015,22017],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,22010,3372],{"class":3012},[69,22012,21893],{"class":21327},[69,22014,111],{"class":3012},[69,22016,1174],{"class":100},[69,22018,101],{"class":100},[69,22020,22021,22023,22025,22027],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,22022,3386],{"class":110},[69,22024,17238],{"class":114},[69,22026,111],{"class":110},[69,22028,3401],{"class":100},[69,22030,22031,22033,22035],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,22032,3386],{"class":110},[69,22034,21768],{"class":114},[69,22036,1825],{"class":110},[69,22038,22039],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,22040,22041],{"class":100},"    ],\n",[69,22043,22044,22046,22048,22050,22052,22054],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,22045,3372],{"class":3012},[69,22047,20742],{"class":21327},[69,22049,111],{"class":3012},[69,22051,1174],{"class":100},[69,22053,20833],{"class":3012},[69,22055,3401],{"class":100},[69,22057,22058,22060,22062,22064,22066],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,22059,3372],{"class":3012},[69,22061,21936],{"class":21327},[69,22063,111],{"class":3012},[69,22065,1174],{"class":100},[69,22067,22068],{"class":3012}," null\n",[69,22070,22071],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,22072,1260],{"class":100},[14,22074,22075],{},"JSON objects are expected to use string keys. In practice, your dictionary keys should be strings when exporting to JSON.",[14,22077,22078,22079,289],{},"For a broader overview, see the ",[579,22080,22082],{"href":22081},"\u002Fstandard-library\u002Fpython-json-module-overview","Python json module overview",[55,22084,22086],{"id":22085},"values-that-cannot-be-converted-directly","Values that cannot be converted directly",[14,22088,22089],{},"Some Python values are not supported by JSON by default.",[14,22091,11379],{},[29,22093,22094,22099,22102],{},[32,22095,22096],{},[21,22097,22098],{},"set",[32,22100,22101],{},"Custom objects",[32,22103,22104],{},"Functions",[14,22106,22107,22108,22110],{},"This code causes an error because a ",[21,22109,22098],{}," is not JSON serializable:",[60,22112,22114],{"className":62,"code":22113,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\n    \"name\": \"Alice\",\n    \"tags\": {\"python\", \"json\"}\n}\n\nprint(json.dumps(data))\n",[21,22115,22116,22122,22126,22134,22152,22180,22184,22188],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,22117,22118,22120],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,22119,76],{"class":75},[69,22121,20697],{"class":79},[69,22123,22124],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,22125,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,22127,22128,22130,22132],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,22129,3362],{"class":79},[69,22131,97],{"class":96},[69,22133,3367],{"class":100},[69,22135,22136,22138,22140,22142,22144,22146,22148,22150],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,22137,3372],{"class":110},[69,22139,115],{"class":114},[69,22141,111],{"class":110},[69,22143,1174],{"class":100},[69,22145,123],{"class":110},[69,22147,150],{"class":114},[69,22149,111],{"class":110},[69,22151,3401],{"class":100},[69,22153,22154,22156,22158,22160,22162,22164,22166,22168,22170,22172,22174,22176,22178],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,22155,3372],{"class":110},[69,22157,18877],{"class":114},[69,22159,111],{"class":110},[69,22161,1174],{"class":100},[69,22163,1914],{"class":100},[69,22165,111],{"class":110},[69,22167,64],{"class":114},[69,22169,111],{"class":110},[69,22171,120],{"class":100},[69,22173,123],{"class":110},[69,22175,20659],{"class":114},[69,22177,111],{"class":110},[69,22179,1260],{"class":100},[69,22181,22182],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,22183,1260],{"class":100},[69,22185,22186],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,22187,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,22189,22190,22192,22194,22196,22198,22200,22202,22204],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,22191,2161],{"class":217},[69,22193,221],{"class":100},[69,22195,20659],{"class":292},[69,22197,289],{"class":100},[69,22199,20766],{"class":292},[69,22201,221],{"class":100},[69,22203,3436],{"class":292},[69,22205,2183],{"class":100},[14,22207,22208],{},"You will get an error like:",[60,22210,22212],{"className":62,"code":22211,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"TypeError: Object of type set is not JSON serializable\n",[21,22213,22214],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,22215,22216,22218,22220,22223,22225,22228,22230,22232,22235],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,22217,8638],{"class":1859},[69,22219,1174],{"class":100},[69,22221,22222],{"class":79}," Object of ",[69,22224,2176],{"class":1859},[69,22226,22227],{"class":1859}," set",[69,22229,16160],{"class":96},[69,22231,4950],{"class":96},[69,22233,22234],{"class":7964}," JSON",[69,22236,22237],{"class":79}," serializable\n",[1647,22239,22241],{"id":22240},"fix-unsupported-values-before-converting","Fix unsupported values before converting",[14,22243,22244],{},"Convert unsupported values into supported ones first.",[14,22246,22247,22248,22250,22251,1174],{},"For example, change a ",[21,22249,22098],{}," into a ",[21,22252,14459],{},[60,22254,22256],{"className":62,"code":22255,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\n    \"name\": \"Alice\",\n    \"tags\": list({\"python\", \"json\"})\n}\n\nprint(json.dumps(data, indent=4))\n",[21,22257,22258,22264,22268,22276,22294,22325,22329,22333],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,22259,22260,22262],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,22261,76],{"class":75},[69,22263,20697],{"class":79},[69,22265,22266],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,22267,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,22269,22270,22272,22274],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,22271,3362],{"class":79},[69,22273,97],{"class":96},[69,22275,3367],{"class":100},[69,22277,22278,22280,22282,22284,22286,22288,22290,22292],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,22279,3372],{"class":110},[69,22281,115],{"class":114},[69,22283,111],{"class":110},[69,22285,1174],{"class":100},[69,22287,123],{"class":110},[69,22289,150],{"class":114},[69,22291,111],{"class":110},[69,22293,3401],{"class":100},[69,22295,22296,22298,22300,22302,22304,22307,22309,22311,22313,22315,22317,22319,22321,22323],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,22297,3372],{"class":110},[69,22299,18877],{"class":114},[69,22301,111],{"class":110},[69,22303,1174],{"class":100},[69,22305,22306],{"class":1859}," list",[69,22308,4560],{"class":100},[69,22310,111],{"class":110},[69,22312,64],{"class":114},[69,22314,111],{"class":110},[69,22316,120],{"class":100},[69,22318,123],{"class":110},[69,22320,20659],{"class":114},[69,22322,111],{"class":110},[69,22324,4589],{"class":100},[69,22326,22327],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,22328,1260],{"class":100},[69,22330,22331],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,22332,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,22334,22335,22337,22339,22341,22343,22345,22347,22349,22351,22353,22355,22357],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,22336,2161],{"class":217},[69,22338,221],{"class":100},[69,22340,20659],{"class":292},[69,22342,289],{"class":100},[69,22344,20766],{"class":292},[69,22346,221],{"class":100},[69,22348,3436],{"class":292},[69,22350,120],{"class":100},[69,22352,21497],{"class":242},[69,22354,97],{"class":96},[69,22356,5966],{"class":157},[69,22358,2183],{"class":100},[14,22360,2781],{},[60,22362,22364],{"className":21316,"code":22363,"language":20659,"meta":65,"style":65},"{\n    \"name\": \"Alice\",\n    \"tags\": [\n        \"python\",\n        \"json\"\n    ]\n}\n",[21,22365,22366,22370,22388,22400,22410,22418,22423],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,22367,22368],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,22369,21534],{"class":100},[69,22371,22372,22374,22376,22378,22380,22382,22384,22386],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,22373,3372],{"class":3012},[69,22375,115],{"class":21327},[69,22377,111],{"class":3012},[69,22379,1174],{"class":100},[69,22381,123],{"class":110},[69,22383,150],{"class":114},[69,22385,111],{"class":110},[69,22387,3401],{"class":100},[69,22389,22390,22392,22394,22396,22398],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,22391,3372],{"class":3012},[69,22393,18877],{"class":21327},[69,22395,111],{"class":3012},[69,22397,1174],{"class":100},[69,22399,101],{"class":100},[69,22401,22402,22404,22406,22408],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,22403,3386],{"class":110},[69,22405,64],{"class":114},[69,22407,111],{"class":110},[69,22409,3401],{"class":100},[69,22411,22412,22414,22416],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,22413,3386],{"class":110},[69,22415,20659],{"class":114},[69,22417,1825],{"class":110},[69,22419,22420],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,22421,22422],{"class":100},"    ]\n",[69,22424,22425],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,22426,1260],{"class":100},[14,22428,22429],{},"A good rule is:",[29,22431,22432,22435,22438],{},[32,22433,22434],{},"Convert sets to lists",[32,22436,22437],{},"Convert custom objects to dictionaries",[32,22439,22440],{},"Convert special values to strings if needed",[55,22442,22444],{"id":22443},"beginner-debugging-checks","Beginner debugging checks",[14,22446,22447],{},"If your conversion is not working, check these first:",[29,22449,22450,22453,22458,22461],{},[32,22451,22452],{},"Make sure your variable is really a dictionary",[32,22454,22455,22456],{},"Look for unsupported data types like ",[21,22457,22098],{},[32,22459,22460],{},"Print the type before converting",[32,22462,22463],{},"Read the full error message carefully",[14,22465,12860],{},[60,22467,22469],{"className":62,"code":22468,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(type(data))\nprint(data)\n",[21,22470,22471,22485],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,22472,22473,22475,22477,22479,22481,22483],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,22474,2161],{"class":217},[69,22476,221],{"class":100},[69,22478,2176],{"class":1859},[69,22480,221],{"class":100},[69,22482,3436],{"class":292},[69,22484,2183],{"class":100},[69,22486,22487,22489,22491,22493],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,22488,2161],{"class":217},[69,22490,221],{"class":100},[69,22492,3436],{"class":292},[69,22494,301],{"class":100},[60,22496,22498],{"className":62,"code":22497,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\nprint(json.dumps(data, indent=4))\n",[21,22499,22500,22506],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,22501,22502,22504],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,22503,76],{"class":75},[69,22505,20697],{"class":79},[69,22507,22508,22510,22512,22514,22516,22518,22520,22522,22524,22526,22528,22530],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,22509,2161],{"class":217},[69,22511,221],{"class":100},[69,22513,20659],{"class":292},[69,22515,289],{"class":100},[69,22517,20766],{"class":292},[69,22519,221],{"class":100},[69,22521,3436],{"class":292},[69,22523,120],{"class":100},[69,22525,21497],{"class":242},[69,22527,97],{"class":96},[69,22529,5966],{"class":157},[69,22531,2183],{"class":100},[14,22533,22534],{},"Run your script from the terminal if needed:",[60,22536,22540],{"className":22537,"code":22538,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"language-bash shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter github-light github-dark","python your_script.py\n","bash",[21,22541,22542],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,22543,22544,22546],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,22545,64],{"class":7506},[69,22547,22548],{"class":114}," your_script.py\n",[14,22550,22551,22552,289],{},"If you already have JSON text and want to turn it back into Python data, read ",[579,22553,22555],{"href":22554},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-parse-json-in-python","how to parse JSON in Python",[55,22557,3868],{"id":3867},[14,22559,22560],{},"These are common beginner mistakes when converting a dictionary to JSON:",[29,22562,22563,22568,22573,22578,22583],{},[32,22564,1628,22565,22567],{},[21,22566,20676],{}," when you wanted a string instead of a file write",[32,22569,1628,22570,22572],{},[21,22571,20667],{}," and expecting it to save to a file automatically",[32,22574,22575,22576],{},"Trying to convert unsupported types like ",[21,22577,22098],{},[32,22579,22580,22581,43],{},"Forgetting to import the ",[21,22582,20659],{},[32,22584,22585],{},"Opening the output file with the wrong mode",[14,22587,22588],{},"Example of a common mix-up:",[60,22590,22592],{"className":62,"code":22591,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\"name\": \"Alice\"}\n\n# This returns a string, but does not save a file\njson_text = json.dumps(data)\n",[21,22593,22594,22600,22604,22628,22632,22637],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,22595,22596,22598],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,22597,76],{"class":75},[69,22599,20697],{"class":79},[69,22601,22602],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,22603,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,22605,22606,22608,22610,22612,22614,22616,22618,22620,22622,22624,22626],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,22607,3362],{"class":79},[69,22609,97],{"class":96},[69,22611,1914],{"class":100},[69,22613,111],{"class":110},[69,22615,115],{"class":114},[69,22617,111],{"class":110},[69,22619,1174],{"class":100},[69,22621,123],{"class":110},[69,22623,150],{"class":114},[69,22625,111],{"class":110},[69,22627,1260],{"class":100},[69,22629,22630],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,22631,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,22633,22634],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,22635,22636],{"class":2596},"# This returns a string, but does not save a file\n",[69,22638,22639,22641,22643,22645,22647,22649,22651,22653],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,22640,20756],{"class":79},[69,22642,97],{"class":96},[69,22644,20761],{"class":79},[69,22646,289],{"class":100},[69,22648,20766],{"class":292},[69,22650,221],{"class":100},[69,22652,3436],{"class":292},[69,22654,301],{"class":100},[14,22656,22657],{},"If you want to save to a file, use:",[60,22659,22661],{"className":62,"code":22660,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\"name\": \"Alice\"}\n\nwith open(\"data.json\", \"w\") as file:\n    json.dump(data, file)\n",[21,22662,22663,22669,22673,22697,22701,22731],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,22664,22665,22667],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,22666,76],{"class":75},[69,22668,20697],{"class":79},[69,22670,22671],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,22672,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,22674,22675,22677,22679,22681,22683,22685,22687,22689,22691,22693,22695],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,22676,3362],{"class":79},[69,22678,97],{"class":96},[69,22680,1914],{"class":100},[69,22682,111],{"class":110},[69,22684,115],{"class":114},[69,22686,111],{"class":110},[69,22688,1174],{"class":100},[69,22690,123],{"class":110},[69,22692,150],{"class":114},[69,22694,111],{"class":110},[69,22696,1260],{"class":100},[69,22698,22699],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,22700,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,22702,22703,22705,22707,22709,22711,22713,22715,22717,22719,22721,22723,22725,22727,22729],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,22704,214],{"class":75},[69,22706,218],{"class":217},[69,22708,221],{"class":100},[69,22710,111],{"class":110},[69,22712,21268],{"class":114},[69,22714,111],{"class":110},[69,22716,120],{"class":100},[69,22718,123],{"class":110},[69,22720,235],{"class":114},[69,22722,111],{"class":110},[69,22724,265],{"class":100},[69,22726,268],{"class":75},[69,22728,272],{"class":271},[69,22730,275],{"class":100},[69,22732,22733,22735,22737,22739,22741,22743,22745,22747],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,22734,21291],{"class":79},[69,22736,289],{"class":100},[69,22738,21296],{"class":292},[69,22740,221],{"class":100},[69,22742,3436],{"class":292},[69,22744,120],{"class":100},[69,22746,272],{"class":271},[69,22748,301],{"class":100},[55,22750,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,22752,2372,22754,50,22756,1414],{"id":22753},"what-is-the-difference-between-jsondump-and-jsondumps",[21,22755,20676],{},[21,22757,20667],{},[14,22759,22760,22762,22763,22765],{},[21,22761,20676],{}," writes JSON to a file. ",[21,22764,20667],{}," returns JSON as a string.",[1647,22767,22769],{"id":22768},"can-i-convert-a-nested-dictionary-to-json","Can I convert a nested dictionary to JSON?",[14,22771,22772],{},"Yes. Nested dictionaries and lists can be converted as long as the values are JSON serializable.",[1647,22774,22776],{"id":22775},"why-does-python-say-an-object-is-not-json-serializable","Why does Python say an object is not JSON serializable?",[14,22778,22779],{},"It means the value is not a supported JSON type, such as a set or custom object.",[1647,22781,22783],{"id":22782},"how-do-i-make-json-output-readable","How do I make JSON output readable?",[14,22785,322,22786,11069,22788,364,22790,22792],{},[21,22787,21390],{},[21,22789,20667],{},[21,22791,20676],{}," to pretty-print the result.",[55,22794,2414],{"id":2413},[29,22796,22797,22801,22806,22811,22816,22821],{},[32,22798,22799],{},[579,22800,22082],{"href":22081},[32,22802,22803],{},[579,22804,22805],{"href":21153},"json.dumps() function explained",[32,22807,22808],{},[579,22809,22810],{"href":21372},"json.dump() function explained",[32,22812,22813],{},[579,22814,22815],{"href":22554},"How to parse JSON in Python",[32,22817,22818],{},[579,22819,22820],{"href":21745},"How to pretty-print JSON in Python",[32,22822,22823],{},[579,22824,22825],{"href":20888},"What is a Python dictionary?",[2450,22827,22828],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki 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.default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sMMDD, html code.shiki .sMMDD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70}html pre.shiki code .sseR_, html code.shiki .sseR_{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s99_P, html code.shiki .s99_P{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .s_hVV, html code.shiki .s_hVV{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sbgvK, html code.shiki .sbgvK{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":22830},[22831,22832,22833,22834,22836,22838,22842,22843,22846,22847,22848,22855],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":20865,"depth":83,"text":20866},{"id":20892,"depth":83,"text":22835},"Convert a dictionary to a JSON string with json.dumps()",{"id":21157,"depth":83,"text":22837},"Write a dictionary to a JSON file with json.dump()",{"id":21376,"depth":83,"text":21377,"children":22839},[22840,22841],{"id":21400,"depth":90,"text":21401},{"id":21585,"depth":90,"text":21586},{"id":21749,"depth":83,"text":21750},{"id":22085,"depth":83,"text":22086,"children":22844},[22845],{"id":22240,"depth":90,"text":22241},{"id":22443,"depth":83,"text":22444},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":22849},[22850,22852,22853,22854],{"id":22753,"depth":90,"text":22851},"What is the difference between json.dump() and json.dumps()?",{"id":22768,"depth":90,"text":22769},{"id":22775,"depth":90,"text":22776},{"id":22782,"depth":90,"text":22783},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to convert dictionary to json in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-dictionary-to-json-in-python",{"title":20648,"description":22856},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-dictionary-to-json-in-python","jIqin0GebHJeR818t4kmH_yG-fbk01K0JvwysvGVGmU",{"id":22863,"title":22864,"body":22865,"description":24315,"extension":2479,"meta":24316,"navigation":86,"path":24317,"seo":24318,"stem":24319,"__hash__":24320},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-int-to-string-in-python.md","How to Convert Int to String in Python",{"type":7,"value":22866,"toc":24286},[22867,22870,22875,22878,22889,22892,22914,22916,22971,22973,22996,23001,23005,23008,23011,23022,23032,23035,23041,23047,23103,23105,23129,23131,23143,23150,23201,23203,23226,23229,23237,23241,23246,23249,23273,23284,23289,23316,23318,23332,23335,23344,23348,23351,23385,23387,23399,23402,23405,23440,23442,23452,23463,23467,23473,23478,23481,23543,23546,23552,23622,23624,23642,23645,23666,23668,23671,23698,23702,23705,23729,23732,23770,23776,23779,23809,23811,23876,23880,23882,23906,23912,23915,23942,23944,23963,23969,23974,24016,24019,24064,24068,24071,24145,24147,24188,24191,24193,24197,24208,24214,24217,24224,24230,24236,24241,24245,24251,24253,24283],[10,22868,22864],{"id":22869},"how-to-convert-int-to-string-in-python",[14,22871,22872,22873,289],{},"If you need to turn a whole number into text in Python, use ",[21,22874,11089],{},[14,22876,22877],{},"This is common when:",[29,22879,22880,22883,22886],{},[32,22881,22882],{},"combining numbers with text",[32,22884,22885],{},"joining numbers into one string",[32,22887,22888],{},"writing numbers as text in messages or files",[14,22890,22891],{},"In Python:",[29,22893,22894,22905],{},[32,22895,22896,22897,22899,22900,364,22902],{},"an ",[2498,22898,21838],{}," is a whole number like ",[21,22901,6670],{},[21,22903,22904],{},"42",[32,22906,7137,22907,22909,22910,364,22912],{},[2498,22908,20671],{}," is text like ",[21,22911,20573],{},[21,22913,16954],{},[55,22915,58],{"id":57},[60,22917,22919],{"className":62,"code":22918,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = 25\ntext = str(age)\n\nprint(text)\nprint(type(text))\n",[21,22920,22921,22929,22943,22947,22957],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,22922,22923,22925,22927],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,22924,1830],{"class":79},[69,22926,97],{"class":96},[69,22928,3414],{"class":157},[69,22930,22931,22933,22935,22937,22939,22941],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,22932,16655],{"class":79},[69,22934,97],{"class":96},[69,22936,1860],{"class":1859},[69,22938,221],{"class":100},[69,22940,126],{"class":292},[69,22942,301],{"class":100},[69,22944,22945],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,22946,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,22948,22949,22951,22953,22955],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,22950,2161],{"class":217},[69,22952,221],{"class":100},[69,22954,568],{"class":292},[69,22956,301],{"class":100},[69,22958,22959,22961,22963,22965,22967,22969],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,22960,2161],{"class":217},[69,22962,221],{"class":100},[69,22964,2176],{"class":1859},[69,22966,221],{"class":100},[69,22968,568],{"class":292},[69,22970,2183],{"class":100},[14,22972,2781],{},[60,22974,22976],{"className":62,"code":22975,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"25\n\u003Cclass 'str'>\n",[21,22977,22978,22982],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,22979,22980],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,22981,2796],{"class":157},[69,22983,22984,22986,22988,22990,22992,22994],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,22985,21097],{"class":96},[69,22987,7503],{"class":7502},[69,22989,15292],{"class":110},[69,22991,10723],{"class":114},[69,22993,15283],{"class":110},[69,22995,21108],{"class":96},[14,22997,322,22998,23000],{},[21,22999,11089],{}," when you need a string version of an integer.",[55,23002,23004],{"id":23003},"when-to-convert-an-int-to-a-string","When to convert an int to a string",[14,23006,23007],{},"Convert an integer to a string when you want to use the number as text.",[14,23009,23010],{},"Common cases:",[29,23012,23013,23016,23019],{},[32,23014,23015],{},"combining a number with words",[32,23017,23018],{},"joining values into a larger string",[32,23020,23021],{},"writing numbers as text to a file, message, or label",[14,23023,16948,23024,23027,23028,23031],{},[21,23025,23026],{},"25"," is a number, but ",[21,23029,23030],{},"\"25\""," is text.",[14,23033,23034],{},"That difference matters because Python treats numbers and text as different types.",[55,23036,23038,23039],{"id":23037},"main-way-use-str","Main way: use ",[21,23040,11089],{},[14,23042,23043,23044,289],{},"The main way to convert an integer to a string is ",[21,23045,23046],{},"str(number)",[60,23048,23050],{"className":62,"code":23049,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"number = 42\ntext = str(number)\n\nprint(text)\nprint(type(text))\n",[21,23051,23052,23061,23075,23079,23089],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23053,23054,23056,23058],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23055,8389],{"class":79},[69,23057,97],{"class":96},[69,23059,23060],{"class":157}," 42\n",[69,23062,23063,23065,23067,23069,23071,23073],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,23064,16655],{"class":79},[69,23066,97],{"class":96},[69,23068,1860],{"class":1859},[69,23070,221],{"class":100},[69,23072,17913],{"class":292},[69,23074,301],{"class":100},[69,23076,23077],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,23078,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,23080,23081,23083,23085,23087],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,23082,2161],{"class":217},[69,23084,221],{"class":100},[69,23086,568],{"class":292},[69,23088,301],{"class":100},[69,23090,23091,23093,23095,23097,23099,23101],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,23092,2161],{"class":217},[69,23094,221],{"class":100},[69,23096,2176],{"class":1859},[69,23098,221],{"class":100},[69,23100,568],{"class":292},[69,23102,2183],{"class":100},[14,23104,2781],{},[60,23106,23108],{"className":62,"code":23107,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"42\n\u003Cclass 'str'>\n",[21,23109,23110,23115],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23111,23112],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23113,23114],{"class":157},"42\n",[69,23116,23117,23119,23121,23123,23125,23127],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,23118,21097],{"class":96},[69,23120,7503],{"class":7502},[69,23122,15292],{"class":110},[69,23124,10723],{"class":114},[69,23126,15283],{"class":110},[69,23128,21108],{"class":96},[14,23130,8323],{},[29,23132,23133,23138],{},[32,23134,23135,23137],{},[21,23136,17913],{}," is still an integer",[32,23139,23140,23142],{},[21,23141,568],{}," is a new string",[14,23144,23145,9688,23147,23149],{},[21,23146,11089],{},[2498,23148,3315],{}," change the original value unless you save the result.",[60,23151,23153],{"className":62,"code":23152,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"number = 42\nstr(number)\n\nprint(number)\nprint(type(number))\n",[21,23154,23155,23163,23173,23177,23187],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23156,23157,23159,23161],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23158,8389],{"class":79},[69,23160,97],{"class":96},[69,23162,23060],{"class":157},[69,23164,23165,23167,23169,23171],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,23166,10723],{"class":1859},[69,23168,221],{"class":100},[69,23170,17913],{"class":292},[69,23172,301],{"class":100},[69,23174,23175],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,23176,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,23178,23179,23181,23183,23185],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,23180,2161],{"class":217},[69,23182,221],{"class":100},[69,23184,17913],{"class":292},[69,23186,301],{"class":100},[69,23188,23189,23191,23193,23195,23197,23199],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,23190,2161],{"class":217},[69,23192,221],{"class":100},[69,23194,2176],{"class":1859},[69,23196,221],{"class":100},[69,23198,17913],{"class":292},[69,23200,2183],{"class":100},[14,23202,2781],{},[60,23204,23206],{"className":62,"code":23205,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"42\n\u003Cclass 'int'>\n",[21,23207,23208,23212],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23209,23210],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23211,23114],{"class":157},[69,23213,23214,23216,23218,23220,23222,23224],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,23215,21097],{"class":96},[69,23217,7503],{"class":7502},[69,23219,15292],{"class":110},[69,23221,21838],{"class":114},[69,23223,15283],{"class":110},[69,23225,21108],{"class":96},[14,23227,23228],{},"If you want to keep the converted value, assign it to a variable.",[14,23230,23231,23232,289],{},"If you want to understand this function in more detail, see the ",[579,23233,23235,12755],{"href":23234},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-str-function-explained\u002F",[21,23236,11089],{},[55,23238,23240],{"id":23239},"combine-an-integer-with-text-safely","Combine an integer with text safely",[14,23242,23243,23244,289],{},"A very common beginner mistake is trying to add text and a number with ",[21,23245,1847],{},[14,23247,23248],{},"This causes an error:",[60,23250,23252],{"className":62,"code":23251,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(\"Age: \" + 25)\n",[21,23253,23254],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23255,23256,23258,23260,23262,23265,23267,23269,23271],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23257,2161],{"class":217},[69,23259,221],{"class":100},[69,23261,111],{"class":110},[69,23263,23264],{"class":114},"Age: ",[69,23266,111],{"class":110},[69,23268,1856],{"class":96},[69,23270,186],{"class":157},[69,23272,301],{"class":100},[14,23274,4043,23275,16250,23277,23280,23281,23283],{},[21,23276,8638],{},[21,23278,23279],{},"\"Age: \""," is a string and ",[21,23282,23026],{}," is an integer.",[14,23285,322,23286,23288],{},[21,23287,11089],{}," first:",[60,23290,23292],{"className":62,"code":23291,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(\"Age: \" + str(25))\n",[21,23293,23294],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23295,23296,23298,23300,23302,23304,23306,23308,23310,23312,23314],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23297,2161],{"class":217},[69,23299,221],{"class":100},[69,23301,111],{"class":110},[69,23303,23264],{"class":114},[69,23305,111],{"class":110},[69,23307,1856],{"class":96},[69,23309,1860],{"class":1859},[69,23311,221],{"class":100},[69,23313,23026],{"class":157},[69,23315,2183],{"class":100},[14,23317,2781],{},[60,23319,23321],{"className":62,"code":23320,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Age: 25\n",[21,23322,23323],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23324,23325,23328,23330],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23326,23327],{"class":79},"Age",[69,23329,1174],{"class":100},[69,23331,3414],{"class":157},[14,23333,23334],{},"This works because both parts are now strings.",[14,23336,23337,23338,289],{},"If you are seeing this exact error, read ",[579,23339,2892,23341],{"href":23340},"\u002Ferrors\u002Ftypeerror-can-only-concatenate-str-not-int-to-str-fix\u002F",[21,23342,23343],{},"TypeError: can only concatenate str (not \"int\") to str",[55,23345,23347],{"id":23346},"use-f-strings-as-an-easier-option","Use f-strings as an easier option",[14,23349,23350],{},"When you are building a larger string, an f-string is often easier.",[60,23352,23354],{"className":62,"code":23353,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = 25\nprint(f\"Age: {age}\")\n",[21,23355,23356,23364],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23357,23358,23360,23362],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23359,1830],{"class":79},[69,23361,97],{"class":96},[69,23363,3414],{"class":157},[69,23365,23366,23368,23370,23372,23375,23377,23379,23381,23383],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,23367,2161],{"class":217},[69,23369,221],{"class":100},[69,23371,8013],{"class":7502},[69,23373,23374],{"class":114},"\"Age: ",[69,23376,8018],{"class":157},[69,23378,126],{"class":292},[69,23380,8027],{"class":157},[69,23382,111],{"class":114},[69,23384,301],{"class":100},[14,23386,2781],{},[60,23388,23389],{"className":62,"code":23320,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,23390,23391],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23392,23393,23395,23397],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23394,23327],{"class":79},[69,23396,1174],{"class":100},[69,23398,3414],{"class":157},[14,23400,23401],{},"Inside the braces, Python converts the value automatically.",[14,23403,23404],{},"This is often simpler than writing:",[60,23406,23408],{"className":62,"code":23407,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = 25\nprint(\"Age: \" + str(age))\n",[21,23409,23410,23418],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23411,23412,23414,23416],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23413,1830],{"class":79},[69,23415,97],{"class":96},[69,23417,3414],{"class":157},[69,23419,23420,23422,23424,23426,23428,23430,23432,23434,23436,23438],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,23421,2161],{"class":217},[69,23423,221],{"class":100},[69,23425,111],{"class":110},[69,23427,23264],{"class":114},[69,23429,111],{"class":110},[69,23431,1856],{"class":96},[69,23433,1860],{"class":1859},[69,23435,221],{"class":100},[69,23437,126],{"class":292},[69,23439,2183],{"class":100},[14,23441,1081],{},[29,23443,23444,23449],{},[32,23445,23446,23448],{},[21,23447,11089],{}," when you want a direct conversion",[32,23450,23451],{},"an f-string when you are building text with variables",[14,23453,23454,23455,50,23459,289],{},"If you want more formatting examples, see ",[579,23456,23458],{"href":23457},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-format-strings-in-python\u002F","how to format strings in Python",[579,23460,23462],{"href":23461},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-strings-explained-basics-and-examples\u002F","Python strings explained",[55,23464,23466],{"id":23465},"convert-multiple-integers-in-a-list","Convert multiple integers in a list",[14,23468,23469,23470,289],{},"Another common problem happens with ",[21,23471,23472],{},"join()",[14,23474,23475,23477],{},[21,23476,23472],{}," only works with strings, not integers.",[14,23479,23480],{},"This will fail:",[60,23482,23484],{"className":62,"code":23483,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\nresult = \", \".join(numbers)\n\nprint(result)\n",[21,23485,23486,23506,23529,23533],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23487,23488,23490,23492,23494,23496,23498,23500,23502,23504],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23489,5933],{"class":79},[69,23491,97],{"class":96},[69,23493,636],{"class":100},[69,23495,5940],{"class":157},[69,23497,120],{"class":100},[69,23499,5762],{"class":157},[69,23501,120],{"class":100},[69,23503,5949],{"class":157},[69,23505,198],{"class":100},[69,23507,23508,23510,23512,23514,23516,23518,23520,23523,23525,23527],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,23509,8506],{"class":79},[69,23511,97],{"class":96},[69,23513,123],{"class":110},[69,23515,5914],{"class":114},[69,23517,111],{"class":110},[69,23519,289],{"class":100},[69,23521,23522],{"class":292},"join",[69,23524,221],{"class":100},[69,23526,5956],{"class":292},[69,23528,301],{"class":100},[69,23530,23531],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,23532,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,23534,23535,23537,23539,23541],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,23536,2161],{"class":217},[69,23538,221],{"class":100},[69,23540,8530],{"class":292},[69,23542,301],{"class":100},[14,23544,23545],{},"You need to convert each integer first.",[14,23547,23548,23549,1174],{},"A simple way is ",[21,23550,23551],{},"map(str, numbers)",[60,23553,23555],{"className":62,"code":23554,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\nresult = \", \".join(map(str, numbers))\n\nprint(result)\n",[21,23556,23557,23577,23608,23612],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23558,23559,23561,23563,23565,23567,23569,23571,23573,23575],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23560,5933],{"class":79},[69,23562,97],{"class":96},[69,23564,636],{"class":100},[69,23566,5940],{"class":157},[69,23568,120],{"class":100},[69,23570,5762],{"class":157},[69,23572,120],{"class":100},[69,23574,5949],{"class":157},[69,23576,198],{"class":100},[69,23578,23579,23581,23583,23585,23587,23589,23591,23593,23595,23598,23600,23602,23604,23606],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,23580,8506],{"class":79},[69,23582,97],{"class":96},[69,23584,123],{"class":110},[69,23586,5914],{"class":114},[69,23588,111],{"class":110},[69,23590,289],{"class":100},[69,23592,23522],{"class":292},[69,23594,221],{"class":100},[69,23596,23597],{"class":217},"map",[69,23599,221],{"class":100},[69,23601,10723],{"class":1859},[69,23603,120],{"class":100},[69,23605,18540],{"class":292},[69,23607,2183],{"class":100},[69,23609,23610],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,23611,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,23613,23614,23616,23618,23620],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,23615,2161],{"class":217},[69,23617,221],{"class":100},[69,23619,8530],{"class":292},[69,23621,301],{"class":100},[14,23623,2781],{},[60,23625,23627],{"className":62,"code":23626,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"1, 2, 3\n",[21,23628,23629],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23630,23631,23633,23635,23637,23639],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23632,5940],{"class":157},[69,23634,120],{"class":100},[69,23636,5762],{"class":157},[69,23638,120],{"class":100},[69,23640,23641],{"class":157}," 3\n",[14,23643,23644],{},"What this does:",[29,23646,23647,23652,23657],{},[32,23648,23649,23651],{},[21,23650,10723],{}," converts each number to text",[32,23653,23654,23656],{},[21,23655,23551],{}," applies that conversion to every item",[32,23658,23659,23661,23662,23665],{},[21,23660,23472],{}," combines the strings with ",[21,23663,23664],{},"\", \""," between them",[55,23667,3868],{"id":3867},[14,23669,23670],{},"Here are the most common problems beginners run into:",[29,23672,23673,23679,23686,23692],{},[32,23674,23675,23676,23678],{},"forgetting to convert before using ",[21,23677,1847],{}," with text",[32,23680,23681,23682,23685],{},"thinking ",[21,23683,23684],{},"print()"," changes the type of a value",[32,23687,23688,23689,23691],{},"trying to use ",[21,23690,23472],{}," on integers directly",[32,23693,23694,23695,23697],{},"confusing ",[21,23696,11089],{}," conversion with string formatting",[1647,23699,23701],{"id":23700},"_1-trying-to-add-a-string-and-an-integer","1. Trying to add a string and an integer",[14,23703,23704],{},"This fails:",[60,23706,23708],{"className":62,"code":23707,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"message = \"Score: \" + 100\n",[21,23709,23710],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23711,23712,23715,23717,23719,23722,23724,23726],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23713,23714],{"class":79},"message ",[69,23716,97],{"class":96},[69,23718,123],{"class":110},[69,23720,23721],{"class":114},"Score: ",[69,23723,111],{"class":110},[69,23725,1856],{"class":96},[69,23727,23728],{"class":157}," 100\n",[14,23730,23731],{},"Fix it like this:",[60,23733,23735],{"className":62,"code":23734,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"message = \"Score: \" + str(100)\nprint(message)\n",[21,23736,23737,23759],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23738,23739,23741,23743,23745,23747,23749,23751,23753,23755,23757],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23740,23714],{"class":79},[69,23742,97],{"class":96},[69,23744,123],{"class":110},[69,23746,23721],{"class":114},[69,23748,111],{"class":110},[69,23750,1856],{"class":96},[69,23752,1860],{"class":1859},[69,23754,221],{"class":100},[69,23756,9106],{"class":157},[69,23758,301],{"class":100},[69,23760,23761,23763,23765,23768],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,23762,2161],{"class":217},[69,23764,221],{"class":100},[69,23766,23767],{"class":292},"message",[69,23769,301],{"class":100},[1647,23771,16099,23773,23775],{"id":23772},"_2-using-join-on-a-list-of-integers",[21,23774,23472],{}," on a list of integers",[14,23777,23778],{},"This fails because the items are not strings:",[60,23780,23782],{"className":62,"code":23781,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [4, 5, 6]\n# \", \".join(numbers)\n",[21,23783,23784,23804],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23785,23786,23788,23790,23792,23794,23796,23798,23800,23802],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23787,5933],{"class":79},[69,23789,97],{"class":96},[69,23791,636],{"class":100},[69,23793,5966],{"class":157},[69,23795,120],{"class":100},[69,23797,6172],{"class":157},[69,23799,120],{"class":100},[69,23801,6177],{"class":157},[69,23803,198],{"class":100},[69,23805,23806],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,23807,23808],{"class":2596},"# \", \".join(numbers)\n",[14,23810,23731],{},[60,23812,23814],{"className":62,"code":23813,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [4, 5, 6]\ntext = \", \".join(map(str, numbers))\nprint(text)\n",[21,23815,23816,23836,23866],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23817,23818,23820,23822,23824,23826,23828,23830,23832,23834],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23819,5933],{"class":79},[69,23821,97],{"class":96},[69,23823,636],{"class":100},[69,23825,5966],{"class":157},[69,23827,120],{"class":100},[69,23829,6172],{"class":157},[69,23831,120],{"class":100},[69,23833,6177],{"class":157},[69,23835,198],{"class":100},[69,23837,23838,23840,23842,23844,23846,23848,23850,23852,23854,23856,23858,23860,23862,23864],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,23839,16655],{"class":79},[69,23841,97],{"class":96},[69,23843,123],{"class":110},[69,23845,5914],{"class":114},[69,23847,111],{"class":110},[69,23849,289],{"class":100},[69,23851,23522],{"class":292},[69,23853,221],{"class":100},[69,23855,23597],{"class":217},[69,23857,221],{"class":100},[69,23859,10723],{"class":1859},[69,23861,120],{"class":100},[69,23863,18540],{"class":292},[69,23865,2183],{"class":100},[69,23867,23868,23870,23872,23874],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,23869,2161],{"class":217},[69,23871,221],{"class":100},[69,23873,568],{"class":292},[69,23875,301],{"class":100},[1647,23877,23879],{"id":23878},"_3-assuming-printed-output-means-the-value-is-already-a-string","3. Assuming printed output means the value is already a string",[14,23881,20103],{},[60,23883,23885],{"className":62,"code":23884,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"value = 7\nprint(value)\n",[21,23886,23887,23896],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23888,23889,23891,23893],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23890,20408],{"class":79},[69,23892,97],{"class":96},[69,23894,23895],{"class":157}," 7\n",[69,23897,23898,23900,23902,23904],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,23899,2161],{"class":217},[69,23901,221],{"class":100},[69,23903,20383],{"class":292},[69,23905,301],{"class":100},[14,23907,23908,23909,23911],{},"It prints ",[21,23910,17206],{},", but the value is still an integer.",[14,23913,23914],{},"Check the type to be sure:",[60,23916,23918],{"className":62,"code":23917,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"value = 7\nprint(type(value))\n",[21,23919,23920,23928],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23921,23922,23924,23926],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23923,20408],{"class":79},[69,23925,97],{"class":96},[69,23927,23895],{"class":157},[69,23929,23930,23932,23934,23936,23938,23940],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,23931,2161],{"class":217},[69,23933,221],{"class":100},[69,23935,2176],{"class":1859},[69,23937,221],{"class":100},[69,23939,20383],{"class":292},[69,23941,2183],{"class":100},[14,23943,2781],{},[60,23945,23947],{"className":62,"code":23946,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"\u003Cclass 'int'>\n",[21,23948,23949],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23950,23951,23953,23955,23957,23959,23961],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23952,21097],{"class":96},[69,23954,7503],{"class":7502},[69,23956,15292],{"class":110},[69,23958,21838],{"class":114},[69,23960,15283],{"class":110},[69,23962,21108],{"class":96},[1647,23964,23966,23967],{"id":23965},"_4-not-saving-the-result-of-str","4. Not saving the result of ",[21,23968,11089],{},[14,23970,23971,23972,1174],{},"This does not change ",[21,23973,20383],{},[60,23975,23977],{"className":62,"code":23976,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"value = 9\nstr(value)\n\nprint(type(value))\n",[21,23978,23979,23988,23998,24002],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,23980,23981,23983,23985],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,23982,20408],{"class":79},[69,23984,97],{"class":96},[69,23986,23987],{"class":157}," 9\n",[69,23989,23990,23992,23994,23996],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,23991,10723],{"class":1859},[69,23993,221],{"class":100},[69,23995,20383],{"class":292},[69,23997,301],{"class":100},[69,23999,24000],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,24001,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,24003,24004,24006,24008,24010,24012,24014],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,24005,2161],{"class":217},[69,24007,221],{"class":100},[69,24009,2176],{"class":1859},[69,24011,221],{"class":100},[69,24013,20383],{"class":292},[69,24015,2183],{"class":100},[14,24017,24018],{},"If you need the string later, save it:",[60,24020,24022],{"className":62,"code":24021,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"value = 9\ntext = str(value)\n\nprint(type(text))\n",[21,24023,24024,24032,24046,24050],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,24025,24026,24028,24030],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,24027,20408],{"class":79},[69,24029,97],{"class":96},[69,24031,23987],{"class":157},[69,24033,24034,24036,24038,24040,24042,24044],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,24035,16655],{"class":79},[69,24037,97],{"class":96},[69,24039,1860],{"class":1859},[69,24041,221],{"class":100},[69,24043,20383],{"class":292},[69,24045,301],{"class":100},[69,24047,24048],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,24049,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,24051,24052,24054,24056,24058,24060,24062],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,24053,2161],{"class":217},[69,24055,221],{"class":100},[69,24057,2176],{"class":1859},[69,24059,221],{"class":100},[69,24061,568],{"class":292},[69,24063,2183],{"class":100},[55,24065,24067],{"id":24066},"useful-checks-while-debugging","Useful checks while debugging",[14,24069,24070],{},"If you are not sure whether a value is an integer or a string, these quick checks help:",[60,24072,24074],{"className":62,"code":24073,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"value = 25\n\nprint(value)\nprint(type(value))\nprint(str(value))\nprint(type(str(value)))\n",[21,24075,24076,24084,24088,24098,24112,24126],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,24077,24078,24080,24082],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,24079,20408],{"class":79},[69,24081,97],{"class":96},[69,24083,3414],{"class":157},[69,24085,24086],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,24087,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,24089,24090,24092,24094,24096],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,24091,2161],{"class":217},[69,24093,221],{"class":100},[69,24095,20383],{"class":292},[69,24097,301],{"class":100},[69,24099,24100,24102,24104,24106,24108,24110],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,24101,2161],{"class":217},[69,24103,221],{"class":100},[69,24105,2176],{"class":1859},[69,24107,221],{"class":100},[69,24109,20383],{"class":292},[69,24111,2183],{"class":100},[69,24113,24114,24116,24118,24120,24122,24124],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,24115,2161],{"class":217},[69,24117,221],{"class":100},[69,24119,10723],{"class":1859},[69,24121,221],{"class":100},[69,24123,20383],{"class":292},[69,24125,2183],{"class":100},[69,24127,24128,24130,24132,24134,24136,24138,24140,24142],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,24129,2161],{"class":217},[69,24131,221],{"class":100},[69,24133,2176],{"class":1859},[69,24135,221],{"class":100},[69,24137,10723],{"class":1859},[69,24139,221],{"class":100},[69,24141,20383],{"class":292},[69,24143,24144],{"class":100},")))\n",[14,24146,2781],{},[60,24148,24150],{"className":62,"code":24149,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"25\n\u003Cclass 'int'>\n25\n\u003Cclass 'str'>\n",[21,24151,24152,24156,24170,24174],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,24153,24154],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,24155,2796],{"class":157},[69,24157,24158,24160,24162,24164,24166,24168],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,24159,21097],{"class":96},[69,24161,7503],{"class":7502},[69,24163,15292],{"class":110},[69,24165,21838],{"class":114},[69,24167,15283],{"class":110},[69,24169,21108],{"class":96},[69,24171,24172],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,24173,2796],{"class":157},[69,24175,24176,24178,24180,24182,24184,24186],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,24177,21097],{"class":96},[69,24179,7503],{"class":7502},[69,24181,15292],{"class":110},[69,24183,10723],{"class":114},[69,24185,15283],{"class":110},[69,24187,21108],{"class":96},[14,24189,24190],{},"This is useful when debugging code that mixes numbers and text.",[55,24192,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,24194,24196],{"id":24195},"how-do-i-convert-an-int-to-a-string-in-python","How do I convert an int to a string in Python?",[14,24198,322,24199,24201,24202,3019,24205,289],{},[21,24200,23046],{},". For example, ",[21,24203,24204],{},"str(10)",[21,24206,24207],{},"\"10\"",[1647,24209,11052,24211,24213],{"id":24210},"does-str-change-the-original-integer",[21,24212,11089],{}," change the original integer?",[14,24215,24216],{},"No. It returns a new string value. Save it if you want to use it later.",[1647,24218,24220,24221,1414],{"id":24219},"why-do-i-get-an-error-when-i-do-hello-5","Why do I get an error when I do ",[21,24222,24223],{},"\"hello\" + 5",[14,24225,24226,24227,289],{},"Because Python cannot directly add text and an integer. Convert the integer first with ",[21,24228,24229],{},"str(5)",[1647,24231,2392,24233,24235],{"id":24232},"should-i-use-str-or-an-f-string",[21,24234,11089],{}," or an f-string?",[14,24237,322,24238,24240],{},[21,24239,11089],{}," for direct conversion. Use an f-string when building a larger string with variables.",[1647,24242,24244],{"id":24243},"how-do-i-join-a-list-of-integers-into-one-string","How do I join a list of integers into one string?",[14,24246,24247,24248,289],{},"Convert each item first, such as ",[21,24249,24250],{},"\", \".join(map(str, numbers))",[55,24252,2414],{"id":2413},[29,24254,24255,24261,24267,24272,24278],{},[32,24256,24257],{},[579,24258,24259,12755],{"href":23234},[21,24260,11089],{},[32,24262,24263],{},[579,24264,24266],{"href":24265},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-string-to-int-in-python\u002F","How to convert string to int in Python",[32,24268,24269],{},[579,24270,24271],{"href":23461},"Python strings explained: basics and examples",[32,24273,24274],{},[579,24275,18294,24276],{"href":23340},[21,24277,23343],{},[32,24279,24280],{},[579,24281,24282],{"href":23457},"How to format strings in Python",[2450,24284,24285],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":24287},[24288,24289,24290,24292,24293,24294,24295,24303,24304,24314],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":23003,"depth":83,"text":23004},{"id":23037,"depth":83,"text":24291},"Main way: use str()",{"id":23239,"depth":83,"text":23240},{"id":23346,"depth":83,"text":23347},{"id":23465,"depth":83,"text":23466},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":24296},[24297,24298,24300,24301],{"id":23700,"depth":90,"text":23701},{"id":23772,"depth":90,"text":24299},"2. Using join() on a list of integers",{"id":23878,"depth":90,"text":23879},{"id":23965,"depth":90,"text":24302},"4. Not saving the result of str()",{"id":24066,"depth":83,"text":24067},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":24305},[24306,24307,24309,24311,24313],{"id":24195,"depth":90,"text":24196},{"id":24210,"depth":90,"text":24308},"Does str() change the original integer?",{"id":24219,"depth":90,"text":24310},"Why do I get an error when I do \"hello\" + 5?",{"id":24232,"depth":90,"text":24312},"Should I use str() or an f-string?",{"id":24243,"depth":90,"text":24244},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to convert int to string in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-int-to-string-in-python",{"title":22864,"description":24315},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-int-to-string-in-python","7KpgM5dVizSGAEGClhWFfVGGUaAg885FyPO0XXT7olg",{"id":24322,"title":24323,"body":24324,"description":25878,"extension":2479,"meta":25879,"navigation":86,"path":25880,"seo":25881,"stem":25882,"__hash__":25883},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-string-to-float-in-python.md","How to Convert String to Float in Python",{"type":7,"value":24325,"toc":25850},[24326,24329,24336,24347,24349,24410,24412,24436,24448,24454,24459,24462,24587,24589,24615,24618,24654,24662,24666,24671,24674,24788,24790,24821,24824,24862,24866,24873,24904,24909,24916,24999,25001,25020,25023,25031,25035,25038,25042,25048,25100,25102,25110,25114,25124,25188,25190,25199,25202,25206,25215,25278,25280,25289,25292,25300,25304,25309,25312,25358,25364,25367,25454,25457,25468,25475,25480,25485,25526,25528,25543,25549,25572,25578,25584,25586,25589,25625,25628,25699,25702,25727,25729,25735,25742,25751,25754,25761,25764,25791,25795,25800,25807,25815,25817,25847],[10,24327,24323],{"id":24328},"how-to-convert-string-to-float-in-python",[14,24330,24331,24332,24335],{},"To convert a string to a float in Python, use the built-in ",[21,24333,24334],{},"float()"," function.",[14,24337,24338,24339,24342,24343,24346],{},"This is useful when you have text like ",[21,24340,24341],{},"\"3.14\""," and want to turn it into a number you can calculate with. It is also common when working with ",[21,24344,24345],{},"input()",", form data, or values read from files.",[55,24348,58],{"id":57},[60,24350,24352],{"className":62,"code":24351,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"3.14\"\nnumber = float(text)\n\nprint(number)\nprint(type(number))\n",[21,24353,24354,24367,24382,24386,24396],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,24355,24356,24358,24360,24362,24365],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,24357,16655],{"class":79},[69,24359,97],{"class":96},[69,24361,123],{"class":110},[69,24363,24364],{"class":114},"3.14",[69,24366,1825],{"class":110},[69,24368,24369,24371,24373,24376,24378,24380],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,24370,8389],{"class":79},[69,24372,97],{"class":96},[69,24374,24375],{"class":1859}," float",[69,24377,221],{"class":100},[69,24379,568],{"class":292},[69,24381,301],{"class":100},[69,24383,24384],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,24385,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,24387,24388,24390,24392,24394],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,24389,2161],{"class":217},[69,24391,221],{"class":100},[69,24393,17913],{"class":292},[69,24395,301],{"class":100},[69,24397,24398,24400,24402,24404,24406,24408],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,24399,2161],{"class":217},[69,24401,221],{"class":100},[69,24403,2176],{"class":1859},[69,24405,221],{"class":100},[69,24407,17913],{"class":292},[69,24409,2183],{"class":100},[14,24411,2781],{},[60,24413,24415],{"className":62,"code":24414,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"3.14\n\u003Cclass 'float'>\n",[21,24416,24417,24422],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,24418,24419],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,24420,24421],{"class":157},"3.14\n",[69,24423,24424,24426,24428,24430,24432,24434],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,24425,21097],{"class":96},[69,24427,7503],{"class":7502},[69,24429,15292],{"class":110},[69,24431,21841],{"class":114},[69,24433,15283],{"class":110},[69,24435,21108],{"class":96},[14,24437,322,24438,24440,24441,5914,24443,5918,24445,289],{},[21,24439,24334],{}," when the string contains a valid number such as ",[21,24442,24341],{},[21,24444,24207],{},[21,24446,24447],{},"\"-2.5\"",[55,24449,322,24451,24453],{"id":24450},"use-float-to-convert-a-string",[21,24452,24334],{}," to convert a string",[14,24455,24456,24457,289],{},"The main tool for this job is ",[21,24458,24334],{},[14,24460,24461],{},"It takes numeric text and converts it into a floating-point number.",[60,24463,24465],{"className":62,"code":24464,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"a = float(\"3.14\")\nb = float(\"10\")\nc = float(\"-7.5\")\nd = float(\"1e3\")\n\nprint(a)\nprint(b)\nprint(c)\nprint(d)\n",[21,24466,24467,24485,24503,24523,24543,24547,24557,24567,24577],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,24468,24469,24471,24473,24475,24477,24479,24481,24483],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,24470,7137],{"class":79},[69,24472,97],{"class":96},[69,24474,24375],{"class":1859},[69,24476,221],{"class":100},[69,24478,111],{"class":110},[69,24480,24364],{"class":114},[69,24482,111],{"class":110},[69,24484,301],{"class":100},[69,24486,24487,24489,24491,24493,24495,24497,24499,24501],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,24488,7194],{"class":79},[69,24490,97],{"class":96},[69,24492,24375],{"class":1859},[69,24494,221],{"class":100},[69,24496,111],{"class":110},[69,24498,18507],{"class":114},[69,24500,111],{"class":110},[69,24502,301],{"class":100},[69,24504,24505,24508,24510,24512,24514,24516,24519,24521],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,24506,24507],{"class":79},"c ",[69,24509,97],{"class":96},[69,24511,24375],{"class":1859},[69,24513,221],{"class":100},[69,24515,111],{"class":110},[69,24517,24518],{"class":114},"-7.5",[69,24520,111],{"class":110},[69,24522,301],{"class":100},[69,24524,24525,24528,24530,24532,24534,24536,24539,24541],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,24526,24527],{"class":79},"d ",[69,24529,97],{"class":96},[69,24531,24375],{"class":1859},[69,24533,221],{"class":100},[69,24535,111],{"class":110},[69,24537,24538],{"class":114},"1e3",[69,24540,111],{"class":110},[69,24542,301],{"class":100},[69,24544,24545],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,24546,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,24548,24549,24551,24553,24555],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,24550,2161],{"class":217},[69,24552,221],{"class":100},[69,24554,579],{"class":292},[69,24556,301],{"class":100},[69,24558,24559,24561,24563,24565],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,24560,2161],{"class":217},[69,24562,221],{"class":100},[69,24564,5755],{"class":292},[69,24566,301],{"class":100},[69,24568,24569,24571,24573,24575],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,24570,2161],{"class":217},[69,24572,221],{"class":100},[69,24574,6399],{"class":292},[69,24576,301],{"class":100},[69,24578,24579,24581,24583,24585],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,24580,2161],{"class":217},[69,24582,221],{"class":100},[69,24584,6408],{"class":292},[69,24586,301],{"class":100},[14,24588,2781],{},[60,24590,24592],{"className":62,"code":24591,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"3.14\n10.0\n-7.5\n1000.0\n",[21,24593,24594,24598,24603,24610],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,24595,24596],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,24597,24421],{"class":157},[69,24599,24600],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,24601,24602],{"class":157},"10.0\n",[69,24604,24605,24607],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,24606,7305],{"class":96},[69,24608,24609],{"class":157},"7.5\n",[69,24611,24612],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,24613,24614],{"class":157},"1000.0\n",[14,24616,24617],{},"A few important things to notice:",[29,24619,24620,24627,24634,24641,24649],{},[32,24621,24622,24624,24625],{},[21,24623,24341],{}," becomes ",[21,24626,24364],{},[32,24628,24629,24624,24631],{},[21,24630,24207],{},[21,24632,24633],{},"10.0",[32,24635,24636,24624,24639],{},[21,24637,24638],{},"\"-7.5\"",[21,24640,24518],{},[32,24642,24643,24624,24646],{},[21,24644,24645],{},"\"1e3\"",[21,24647,24648],{},"1000.0",[32,24650,24651,24652],{},"The result is always a ",[21,24653,21841],{},[14,24655,24656,24657,289],{},"If you want a full explanation of how this function works, see ",[579,24658,14649,24660,12755],{"href":24659},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-float-function-explained",[21,24661,24334],{},[55,24663,24665],{"id":24664},"what-valid-float-strings-look-like","What valid float strings look like",[14,24667,24668,24670],{},[21,24669,24334],{}," only works if the string is in a format Python understands.",[14,24672,24673],{},"These are valid examples:",[60,24675,24677],{"className":62,"code":24676,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(float(\"10\"))       # whole number string\nprint(float(\"3.5\"))      # decimal number\nprint(float(\"-2.75\"))    # negative number\nprint(float(\"1e6\"))      # scientific notation\nprint(float(\"  4.2  \"))  # spaces around the value\n",[21,24678,24679,24700,24722,24744,24766],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,24680,24681,24683,24685,24687,24689,24691,24693,24695,24697],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,24682,2161],{"class":217},[69,24684,221],{"class":100},[69,24686,21841],{"class":1859},[69,24688,221],{"class":100},[69,24690,111],{"class":110},[69,24692,18507],{"class":114},[69,24694,111],{"class":110},[69,24696,2621],{"class":100},[69,24698,24699],{"class":2596},"       # whole number string\n",[69,24701,24702,24704,24706,24708,24710,24712,24715,24717,24719],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,24703,2161],{"class":217},[69,24705,221],{"class":100},[69,24707,21841],{"class":1859},[69,24709,221],{"class":100},[69,24711,111],{"class":110},[69,24713,24714],{"class":114},"3.5",[69,24716,111],{"class":110},[69,24718,2621],{"class":100},[69,24720,24721],{"class":2596},"      # decimal number\n",[69,24723,24724,24726,24728,24730,24732,24734,24737,24739,24741],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,24725,2161],{"class":217},[69,24727,221],{"class":100},[69,24729,21841],{"class":1859},[69,24731,221],{"class":100},[69,24733,111],{"class":110},[69,24735,24736],{"class":114},"-2.75",[69,24738,111],{"class":110},[69,24740,2621],{"class":100},[69,24742,24743],{"class":2596},"    # negative number\n",[69,24745,24746,24748,24750,24752,24754,24756,24759,24761,24763],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,24747,2161],{"class":217},[69,24749,221],{"class":100},[69,24751,21841],{"class":1859},[69,24753,221],{"class":100},[69,24755,111],{"class":110},[69,24757,24758],{"class":114},"1e6",[69,24760,111],{"class":110},[69,24762,2621],{"class":100},[69,24764,24765],{"class":2596},"      # scientific notation\n",[69,24767,24768,24770,24772,24774,24776,24778,24781,24783,24785],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,24769,2161],{"class":217},[69,24771,221],{"class":100},[69,24773,21841],{"class":1859},[69,24775,221],{"class":100},[69,24777,111],{"class":110},[69,24779,24780],{"class":114},"  4.2  ",[69,24782,111],{"class":110},[69,24784,2621],{"class":100},[69,24786,24787],{"class":2596},"  # spaces around the value\n",[14,24789,2781],{},[60,24791,24793],{"className":62,"code":24792,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"10.0\n3.5\n-2.75\n1000000.0\n4.2\n",[21,24794,24795,24799,24804,24811,24816],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,24796,24797],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,24798,24602],{"class":157},[69,24800,24801],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,24802,24803],{"class":157},"3.5\n",[69,24805,24806,24808],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,24807,7305],{"class":96},[69,24809,24810],{"class":157},"2.75\n",[69,24812,24813],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,24814,24815],{"class":157},"1000000.0\n",[69,24817,24818],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,24819,24820],{"class":157},"4.2\n",[14,24822,24823],{},"Common valid patterns:",[29,24825,24826,24834,24842,24850,24859],{},[32,24827,24828,24829,24831,24832],{},"Digits only: ",[21,24830,24207],{}," → ",[21,24833,24633],{},[32,24835,24836,24837,24831,24840],{},"Decimal numbers: ",[21,24838,24839],{},"\"3.5\"",[21,24841,24714],{},[32,24843,24844,24845,24831,24848],{},"Negative numbers: ",[21,24846,24847],{},"\"-2.75\"",[21,24849,24736],{},[32,24851,24852,24853,24831,24856],{},"Scientific notation: ",[21,24854,24855],{},"\"1e6\"",[21,24857,24858],{},"1000000.0",[32,24860,24861],{},"Leading and trailing spaces are usually allowed",[55,24863,24865],{"id":24864},"handle-invalid-input-safely","Handle invalid input safely",[14,24867,24868,24869,15931,24871,289],{},"If the string is not a valid number, ",[21,24870,24334],{},[21,24872,11209],{},[60,24874,24876],{"className":62,"code":24875,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"hello\"\nnumber = float(text)\n",[21,24877,24878,24890],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,24879,24880,24882,24884,24886,24888],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,24881,16655],{"class":79},[69,24883,97],{"class":96},[69,24885,123],{"class":110},[69,24887,11564],{"class":114},[69,24889,1825],{"class":110},[69,24891,24892,24894,24896,24898,24900,24902],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,24893,8389],{"class":79},[69,24895,97],{"class":96},[69,24897,24375],{"class":1859},[69,24899,221],{"class":100},[69,24901,568],{"class":292},[69,24903,301],{"class":100},[14,24905,2882,24906,24908],{},[21,24907,16954],{}," is not numeric text.",[14,24910,24911,24912,50,24914,1174],{},"When the value may come from a user, a file, or another unreliable source, use ",[21,24913,11233],{},[21,24915,11221],{},[60,24917,24919],{"className":62,"code":24918,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"hello\"\n\ntry:\n    number = float(text)\n    print(\"Converted:\", number)\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"That is not a valid number.\")\n",[21,24920,24921,24933,24937,24943,24957,24976,24984],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,24922,24923,24925,24927,24929,24931],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,24924,16655],{"class":79},[69,24926,97],{"class":96},[69,24928,123],{"class":110},[69,24930,11564],{"class":114},[69,24932,1825],{"class":110},[69,24934,24935],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,24936,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,24938,24939,24941],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,24940,11233],{"class":75},[69,24942,275],{"class":100},[69,24944,24945,24947,24949,24951,24953,24955],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,24946,11268],{"class":79},[69,24948,97],{"class":96},[69,24950,24375],{"class":1859},[69,24952,221],{"class":100},[69,24954,568],{"class":292},[69,24956,301],{"class":100},[69,24958,24959,24961,24963,24965,24968,24970,24972,24974],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,24960,3220],{"class":217},[69,24962,221],{"class":100},[69,24964,111],{"class":110},[69,24966,24967],{"class":114},"Converted:",[69,24969,111],{"class":110},[69,24971,120],{"class":100},[69,24973,8378],{"class":292},[69,24975,301],{"class":100},[69,24977,24978,24980,24982],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,24979,11221],{"class":75},[69,24981,11901],{"class":1859},[69,24983,275],{"class":100},[69,24985,24986,24988,24990,24992,24995,24997],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,24987,3220],{"class":217},[69,24989,221],{"class":100},[69,24991,111],{"class":110},[69,24993,24994],{"class":114},"That is not a valid number.",[69,24996,111],{"class":110},[69,24998,301],{"class":100},[14,25000,2781],{},[60,25002,25004],{"className":62,"code":25003,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"That is not a valid number.\n",[21,25005,25006],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,25007,25008,25011,25013,25015,25018],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,25009,25010],{"class":79},"That ",[69,25012,8098],{"class":96},[69,25014,4950],{"class":96},[69,25016,25017],{"class":79}," a valid number",[69,25019,8106],{"class":100},[14,25021,25022],{},"This is a better approach because your program does not crash. Instead, it shows a clear message.",[14,25024,15942,25025,289],{},[579,25026,2892,25028],{"href":25027},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fvalueerror-could-not-convert-string-to-float-fix",[21,25029,25030],{},"ValueError: could not convert string to float",[55,25032,25034],{"id":25033},"clean-the-string-before-converting","Clean the string before converting",[14,25036,25037],{},"Sometimes the value is almost correct, but it needs a little cleaning first.",[1647,25039,25041],{"id":25040},"remove-extra-spaces","Remove extra spaces",[14,25043,322,25044,25047],{},[21,25045,25046],{},"strip()"," to remove spaces at the beginning and end:",[60,25049,25051],{"className":62,"code":25050,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"value = \"  3.14  \"\ncleaned = value.strip()\n\nprint(float(cleaned))\n",[21,25052,25053,25066,25081,25085],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,25054,25055,25057,25059,25061,25064],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,25056,20408],{"class":79},[69,25058,97],{"class":96},[69,25060,123],{"class":110},[69,25062,25063],{"class":114},"  3.14  ",[69,25065,1825],{"class":110},[69,25067,25068,25071,25073,25075,25077,25079],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,25069,25070],{"class":79},"cleaned ",[69,25072,97],{"class":96},[69,25074,3753],{"class":79},[69,25076,289],{"class":100},[69,25078,19855],{"class":292},[69,25080,1385],{"class":100},[69,25082,25083],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,25084,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,25086,25087,25089,25091,25093,25095,25098],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,25088,2161],{"class":217},[69,25090,221],{"class":100},[69,25092,21841],{"class":1859},[69,25094,221],{"class":100},[69,25096,25097],{"class":292},"cleaned",[69,25099,2183],{"class":100},[14,25101,2781],{},[60,25103,25104],{"className":62,"code":24421,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,25105,25106],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,25107,25108],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,25109,24421],{"class":157},[1647,25111,25113],{"id":25112},"handle-commas-carefully","Handle commas carefully",[14,25115,25116,25117,25120,25121,25123],{},"Strings like ",[21,25118,25119],{},"\"1,234.56\""," are not valid for ",[21,25122,24334],{}," as-is.",[60,25125,25127],{"className":62,"code":25126,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"value = \"1,234.56\"\ncleaned = value.replace(\",\", \"\")\n\nprint(float(cleaned))\n",[21,25128,25129,25142,25170,25174],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,25130,25131,25133,25135,25137,25140],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,25132,20408],{"class":79},[69,25134,97],{"class":96},[69,25136,123],{"class":110},[69,25138,25139],{"class":114},"1,234.56",[69,25141,1825],{"class":110},[69,25143,25144,25146,25148,25150,25152,25155,25157,25159,25161,25163,25165,25168],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,25145,25070],{"class":79},[69,25147,97],{"class":96},[69,25149,3753],{"class":79},[69,25151,289],{"class":100},[69,25153,25154],{"class":292},"replace",[69,25156,221],{"class":100},[69,25158,111],{"class":110},[69,25160,120],{"class":114},[69,25162,111],{"class":110},[69,25164,120],{"class":100},[69,25166,25167],{"class":110}," \"\"",[69,25169,301],{"class":100},[69,25171,25172],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,25173,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,25175,25176,25178,25180,25182,25184,25186],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,25177,2161],{"class":217},[69,25179,221],{"class":100},[69,25181,21841],{"class":1859},[69,25183,221],{"class":100},[69,25185,25097],{"class":292},[69,25187,2183],{"class":100},[14,25189,2781],{},[60,25191,25193],{"className":62,"code":25192,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"1234.56\n",[21,25194,25195],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,25196,25197],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,25198,25192],{"class":157},[14,25200,25201],{},"Only remove commas if you expect them as formatting characters.",[1647,25203,25205],{"id":25204},"currency-symbols-do-not-work-directly","Currency symbols do not work directly",[14,25207,25208,25210,25211,25214],{},[21,25209,24334],{}," cannot read values like ",[21,25212,25213],{},"\"$19.99\""," without cleaning them first.",[60,25216,25218],{"className":62,"code":25217,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"value = \"$19.99\"\ncleaned = value.replace(\"$\", \"\")\n\nprint(float(cleaned))\n",[21,25219,25220,25233,25260,25264],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,25221,25222,25224,25226,25228,25231],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,25223,20408],{"class":79},[69,25225,97],{"class":96},[69,25227,123],{"class":110},[69,25229,25230],{"class":114},"$19.99",[69,25232,1825],{"class":110},[69,25234,25235,25237,25239,25241,25243,25245,25247,25249,25252,25254,25256,25258],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,25236,25070],{"class":79},[69,25238,97],{"class":96},[69,25240,3753],{"class":79},[69,25242,289],{"class":100},[69,25244,25154],{"class":292},[69,25246,221],{"class":100},[69,25248,111],{"class":110},[69,25250,25251],{"class":114},"$",[69,25253,111],{"class":110},[69,25255,120],{"class":100},[69,25257,25167],{"class":110},[69,25259,301],{"class":100},[69,25261,25262],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,25263,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,25265,25266,25268,25270,25272,25274,25276],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,25267,2161],{"class":217},[69,25269,221],{"class":100},[69,25271,21841],{"class":1859},[69,25273,221],{"class":100},[69,25275,25097],{"class":292},[69,25277,2183],{"class":100},[14,25279,2781],{},[60,25281,25283],{"className":62,"code":25282,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"19.99\n",[21,25284,25285],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,25286,25287],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,25288,25282],{"class":157},[14,25290,25291],{},"In real programs, decide whether you want to:",[29,25293,25294,25297],{},[32,25295,25296],{},"clean the data first",[32,25298,25299],{},"reject invalid input and show an error",[55,25301,25303],{"id":25302},"convert-user-input-to-float","Convert user input to float",[14,25305,9337,25306,25308],{},[21,25307,24345],{}," function always returns a string.",[14,25310,25311],{},"So if the user types a number, you still need to convert it.",[60,25313,25315],{"className":62,"code":25314,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"number = float(input(\"Enter a number: \"))\nprint(\"You entered:\", number)\n",[21,25316,25317,25339],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,25318,25319,25321,25323,25325,25327,25329,25331,25333,25335,25337],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,25320,8389],{"class":79},[69,25322,97],{"class":96},[69,25324,24375],{"class":1859},[69,25326,221],{"class":100},[69,25328,12540],{"class":217},[69,25330,221],{"class":100},[69,25332,111],{"class":110},[69,25334,11689],{"class":114},[69,25336,111],{"class":110},[69,25338,2183],{"class":100},[69,25340,25341,25343,25345,25347,25350,25352,25354,25356],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,25342,2161],{"class":217},[69,25344,221],{"class":100},[69,25346,111],{"class":110},[69,25348,25349],{"class":114},"You entered:",[69,25351,111],{"class":110},[69,25353,120],{"class":100},[69,25355,8378],{"class":292},[69,25357,301],{"class":100},[14,25359,25360,25361,25363],{},"If the user types ",[21,25362,24714],{},", the result will be a float.",[14,25365,25366],{},"Because users can type unexpected values, it is safer to add error handling:",[60,25368,25370],{"className":62,"code":25369,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = input(\"Enter a number: \")\n\ntry:\n    number = float(text)\n    print(\"You entered:\", number)\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"Please enter a valid number.\")\n",[21,25371,25372,25390,25394,25400,25414,25432,25440],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,25373,25374,25376,25378,25380,25382,25384,25386,25388],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,25375,16655],{"class":79},[69,25377,97],{"class":96},[69,25379,11682],{"class":217},[69,25381,221],{"class":100},[69,25383,111],{"class":110},[69,25385,11689],{"class":114},[69,25387,111],{"class":110},[69,25389,301],{"class":100},[69,25391,25392],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,25393,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,25395,25396,25398],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,25397,11233],{"class":75},[69,25399,275],{"class":100},[69,25401,25402,25404,25406,25408,25410,25412],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,25403,11268],{"class":79},[69,25405,97],{"class":96},[69,25407,24375],{"class":1859},[69,25409,221],{"class":100},[69,25411,568],{"class":292},[69,25413,301],{"class":100},[69,25415,25416,25418,25420,25422,25424,25426,25428,25430],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,25417,3220],{"class":217},[69,25419,221],{"class":100},[69,25421,111],{"class":110},[69,25423,25349],{"class":114},[69,25425,111],{"class":110},[69,25427,120],{"class":100},[69,25429,8378],{"class":292},[69,25431,301],{"class":100},[69,25433,25434,25436,25438],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,25435,11221],{"class":75},[69,25437,11901],{"class":1859},[69,25439,275],{"class":100},[69,25441,25442,25444,25446,25448,25450,25452],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,25443,3220],{"class":217},[69,25445,221],{"class":100},[69,25447,111],{"class":110},[69,25449,12495],{"class":114},[69,25451,111],{"class":110},[69,25453,301],{"class":100},[14,25455,25456],{},"This pattern is very common in beginner programs.",[14,25458,3809,25459,50,25464,289],{},[579,25460,14649,25462,12755],{"href":25461},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-input-function-explained",[21,25463,24345],{},[579,25465,25467],{"href":25466},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-user-input-to-numbers-in-python\u002F","how to convert user input to numbers in Python",[55,25469,25471,25472,25474],{"id":25470},"know-when-to-use-int-instead","Know when to use ",[21,25473,12733],{}," instead",[14,25476,322,25477,25479],{},[21,25478,24334],{}," when you need decimal values.",[14,25481,322,25482,25484],{},[21,25483,12733],{}," when you need whole numbers only.",[60,25486,25488],{"className":62,"code":25487,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(float(\"5\"))\nprint(int(\"5\"))\n",[21,25489,25490,25508],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,25491,25492,25494,25496,25498,25500,25502,25504,25506],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,25493,2161],{"class":217},[69,25495,221],{"class":100},[69,25497,21841],{"class":1859},[69,25499,221],{"class":100},[69,25501,111],{"class":110},[69,25503,6670],{"class":114},[69,25505,111],{"class":110},[69,25507,2183],{"class":100},[69,25509,25510,25512,25514,25516,25518,25520,25522,25524],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,25511,2161],{"class":217},[69,25513,221],{"class":100},[69,25515,21838],{"class":1859},[69,25517,221],{"class":100},[69,25519,111],{"class":110},[69,25521,6670],{"class":114},[69,25523,111],{"class":110},[69,25525,2183],{"class":100},[14,25527,2781],{},[60,25529,25531],{"className":62,"code":25530,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"5.0\n5\n",[21,25532,25533,25538],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,25534,25535],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,25536,25537],{"class":157},"5.0\n",[69,25539,25540],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,25541,25542],{"class":157},"5\n",[14,25544,25545,25546,25548],{},"But this does ",[2498,25547,3315],{}," work:",[60,25550,25552],{"className":62,"code":25551,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(int(\"3.14\"))\n",[21,25553,25554],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,25555,25556,25558,25560,25562,25564,25566,25568,25570],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,25557,2161],{"class":217},[69,25559,221],{"class":100},[69,25561,21838],{"class":1859},[69,25563,221],{"class":100},[69,25565,111],{"class":110},[69,25567,24364],{"class":114},[69,25569,111],{"class":110},[69,25571,2183],{"class":100},[14,25573,25574,25575,25577],{},"That raises an error because ",[21,25576,24341],{}," is not a whole-number string.",[14,25579,25580,25581,289],{},"If you specifically need whole numbers, see ",[579,25582,25583],{"href":24265},"how to convert a string to an integer in Python",[55,25585,3868],{"id":3867},[14,25587,25588],{},"These are some common reasons string-to-float conversion fails:",[29,25590,25591,25598,25604,25612,25618],{},[32,25592,25593,25594,14590,25596],{},"Trying to convert text like ",[21,25595,16954],{},[21,25597,24334],{},[32,25599,25600,25601,25603],{},"Using numbers with commas such as ",[21,25602,25119],{}," without cleaning the string",[32,25605,25606,25607,25609,25610],{},"Passing currency text like ",[21,25608,25213],{}," to ",[21,25611,24334],{},[32,25613,25614,25615,25617],{},"Assuming ",[21,25616,24345],{}," returns a number automatically",[32,25619,1628,25620,10347,25622,25624],{},[21,25621,12733],{},[21,25623,24334],{}," for decimal strings",[14,25626,25627],{},"If you are debugging a problem, these quick checks can help:",[60,25629,25631],{"className":62,"code":25630,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(value)\nprint(type(value))\nprint(repr(value))\n\ncleaned = value.strip()\nprint(cleaned)\n",[21,25632,25633,25643,25657,25671,25675,25689],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,25634,25635,25637,25639,25641],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,25636,2161],{"class":217},[69,25638,221],{"class":100},[69,25640,20383],{"class":292},[69,25642,301],{"class":100},[69,25644,25645,25647,25649,25651,25653,25655],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,25646,2161],{"class":217},[69,25648,221],{"class":100},[69,25650,2176],{"class":1859},[69,25652,221],{"class":100},[69,25654,20383],{"class":292},[69,25656,2183],{"class":100},[69,25658,25659,25661,25663,25665,25667,25669],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,25660,2161],{"class":217},[69,25662,221],{"class":100},[69,25664,18025],{"class":217},[69,25666,221],{"class":100},[69,25668,20383],{"class":292},[69,25670,2183],{"class":100},[69,25672,25673],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,25674,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,25676,25677,25679,25681,25683,25685,25687],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,25678,25070],{"class":79},[69,25680,97],{"class":96},[69,25682,3753],{"class":79},[69,25684,289],{"class":100},[69,25686,19855],{"class":292},[69,25688,1385],{"class":100},[69,25690,25691,25693,25695,25697],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,25692,2161],{"class":217},[69,25694,221],{"class":100},[69,25696,25097],{"class":292},[69,25698,301],{"class":100},[14,25700,25701],{},"Why these help:",[29,25703,25704,25710,25716,25722],{},[32,25705,25706,25709],{},[21,25707,25708],{},"print(value)"," shows the visible content",[32,25711,25712,25715],{},[21,25713,25714],{},"print(type(value))"," confirms whether it is really a string",[32,25717,25718,25721],{},[21,25719,25720],{},"print(repr(value))"," shows hidden spaces and special characters",[32,25723,25724,25726],{},[21,25725,25046],{}," removes extra spaces before conversion",[55,25728,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,25730,11052,25732,25734],{"id":25731},"does-float-work-on-whole-numbers-stored-as-strings",[21,25733,24334],{}," work on whole numbers stored as strings?",[14,25736,20540,25737,3019,25740,289],{},[21,25738,25739],{},"float(\"10\")",[21,25741,24633],{},[1647,25743,18230,25745,25747,25748,1414],{"id":25744},"why-does-float-fail-on-314",[21,25746,24334],{}," fail on ",[21,25749,25750],{},"\"3,14\"",[14,25752,25753],{},"Python expects a dot as the decimal separator in standard float strings.",[1647,25755,25757,25758,25760],{"id":25756},"can-float-convert-user-input-directly","Can ",[21,25759,24334],{}," convert user input directly?",[14,25762,25763],{},"Yes. Example:",[60,25765,25767],{"className":62,"code":25766,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"number = float(input(\"Enter a number: \"))\n",[21,25768,25769],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,25770,25771,25773,25775,25777,25779,25781,25783,25785,25787,25789],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,25772,8389],{"class":79},[69,25774,97],{"class":96},[69,25776,24375],{"class":1859},[69,25778,221],{"class":100},[69,25780,12540],{"class":217},[69,25782,221],{"class":100},[69,25784,111],{"class":110},[69,25786,11689],{"class":114},[69,25788,111],{"class":110},[69,25790,2183],{"class":100},[1647,25792,25794],{"id":25793},"what-error-happens-if-the-string-is-not-a-number","What error happens if the string is not a number?",[14,25796,25797,25798,289],{},"Python raises ",[21,25799,11209],{},[1647,25801,2392,25803,364,25805,1414],{"id":25802},"should-i-use-float-or-int",[21,25804,24334],{},[21,25806,12733],{},[14,25808,322,25809,25811,25812,25814],{},[21,25810,24334],{}," for decimal values and ",[21,25813,12733],{}," for whole-number strings.",[55,25816,2414],{"id":2413},[29,25818,25819,25825,25830,25836,25842],{},[32,25820,25821],{},[579,25822,14649,25823,12755],{"href":24659},[21,25824,24334],{},[32,25826,25827],{},[579,25828,25829],{"href":24265},"How to convert a string to an integer in Python",[32,25831,25832],{},[579,25833,4119,25834],{"href":25027},[21,25835,25030],{},[32,25837,25838],{},[579,25839,14649,25840,12755],{"href":25461},[21,25841,24345],{},[32,25843,25844],{},[579,25845,25846],{"href":25466},"How to convert user input to numbers in Python",[2450,25848,25849],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":25851},[25852,25853,25855,25856,25857,25862,25863,25865,25866,25877],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":24450,"depth":83,"text":25854},"Use float() to convert a string",{"id":24664,"depth":83,"text":24665},{"id":24864,"depth":83,"text":24865},{"id":25033,"depth":83,"text":25034,"children":25858},[25859,25860,25861],{"id":25040,"depth":90,"text":25041},{"id":25112,"depth":90,"text":25113},{"id":25204,"depth":90,"text":25205},{"id":25302,"depth":83,"text":25303},{"id":25470,"depth":83,"text":25864},"Know when to use int() instead",{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":25867},[25868,25870,25872,25874,25875],{"id":25731,"depth":90,"text":25869},"Does float() work on whole numbers stored as strings?",{"id":25744,"depth":90,"text":25871},"Why does float() fail on \"3,14\"?",{"id":25756,"depth":90,"text":25873},"Can float() convert user input directly?",{"id":25793,"depth":90,"text":25794},{"id":25802,"depth":90,"text":25876},"Should I use float() or int()?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to convert string to float in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-string-to-float-in-python",{"title":24323,"description":25878},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-string-to-float-in-python","r730M1T_60cnYCsfOVHKr6xI_8HZShB4AUepxx9yvaA",{"id":25885,"title":25886,"body":25887,"description":27817,"extension":2479,"meta":27818,"navigation":86,"path":27819,"seo":27820,"stem":27821,"__hash__":27822},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-string-to-int-in-python.md","How to Convert String to Int in Python",{"type":7,"value":25888,"toc":27789},[25889,25892,25901,25903,25920,25922,25981,25983,26007,26012,26014,26017,26033,26039,26044,26053,26059,26061,26120,26122,26144,26149,26153,26159,26233,26235,26263,26267,26270,26305,26307,26316,26322,26371,26373,26381,26385,26390,26393,26439,26441,26449,26454,26515,26517,26525,26528,26534,26565,26567,26580,26584,26589,26632,26634,26649,26652,26655,26675,26678,26682,26687,26690,26711,26713,26737,26741,26744,26768,26771,26774,26794,26801,26805,26815,26818,26900,26902,26920,26923,27005,27007,27022,27025,27032,27036,27042,27051,27056,27115,27117,27141,27144,27193,27195,27204,27210,27220,27224,27229,27232,27284,27287,27290,27379,27382,27390,27394,27397,27420,27423,27454,27457,27460,27509,27511,27519,27522,27610,27612,27655,27658,27675,27677,27684,27692,27699,27707,27713,27718,27722,27733,27739,27745,27747,27786],[10,25890,25886],{"id":25891},"how-to-convert-string-to-int-in-python",[14,25893,25894,25895,25898,25899,289],{},"If you have text like ",[21,25896,25897],{},"\"123\""," and want to use it as a number, Python gives you a simple tool: ",[21,25900,12733],{},[14,25902,11225],{},[29,25904,25905,25908,25914,25917],{},[32,25906,25907],{},"how to convert a string to an integer",[32,25909,25910,25911,25913],{},"when ",[21,25912,12733],{}," works",[32,25915,25916],{},"how to handle invalid input safely",[32,25918,25919],{},"what to do with spaces, signs, and decimal strings",[55,25921,58],{"id":57},[60,25923,25925],{"className":62,"code":25924,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"123\"\nnumber = int(text)\n\nprint(number)\nprint(type(number))\n",[21,25926,25927,25939,25953,25957,25967],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,25928,25929,25931,25933,25935,25937],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,25930,16655],{"class":79},[69,25932,97],{"class":96},[69,25934,123],{"class":110},[69,25936,10666],{"class":114},[69,25938,1825],{"class":110},[69,25940,25941,25943,25945,25947,25949,25951],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,25942,8389],{"class":79},[69,25944,97],{"class":96},[69,25946,11273],{"class":1859},[69,25948,221],{"class":100},[69,25950,568],{"class":292},[69,25952,301],{"class":100},[69,25954,25955],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,25956,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,25958,25959,25961,25963,25965],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,25960,2161],{"class":217},[69,25962,221],{"class":100},[69,25964,17913],{"class":292},[69,25966,301],{"class":100},[69,25968,25969,25971,25973,25975,25977,25979],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,25970,2161],{"class":217},[69,25972,221],{"class":100},[69,25974,2176],{"class":1859},[69,25976,221],{"class":100},[69,25978,17913],{"class":292},[69,25980,2183],{"class":100},[14,25982,2781],{},[60,25984,25986],{"className":62,"code":25985,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"123\n\u003Cclass 'int'>\n",[21,25987,25988,25993],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,25989,25990],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,25991,25992],{"class":157},"123\n",[69,25994,25995,25997,25999,26001,26003,26005],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,25996,21097],{"class":96},[69,25998,7503],{"class":7502},[69,26000,15292],{"class":110},[69,26002,21838],{"class":114},[69,26004,15283],{"class":110},[69,26006,21108],{"class":96},[14,26008,322,26009,26011],{},[21,26010,12733],{}," when the string contains a valid whole number.",[55,26013,2666],{"id":2665},[14,26015,26016],{},"After reading this page, you should be able to:",[29,26018,26019,26022,26027,26030],{},[32,26020,26021],{},"Convert a numeric string to an integer",[32,26023,26024,26025,25913],{},"Understand when ",[21,26026,12733],{},[32,26028,26029],{},"Handle bad input safely",[32,26031,26032],{},"Know what to do with strings that contain spaces or decimal values",[55,26034,322,26036,26038],{"id":26035},"use-int-to-convert-a-string-to-an-integer",[21,26037,12733],{}," to convert a string to an integer",[14,26040,26041,26042,289],{},"The main tool is ",[21,26043,12733],{},[14,26045,26046,26047,26050,26051,289],{},"It converts text like ",[21,26048,26049],{},"\"42\""," into the number ",[21,26052,22904],{},[14,26054,26055,26056,26058],{},"That result is an ",[21,26057,21838],{},", not a string. This matters because numbers can be used in math, but strings cannot be used the same way.",[14,26060,370],{},[60,26062,26064],{"className":62,"code":26063,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"42\"\nnumber = int(text)\n\nprint(number)\nprint(type(number))\n",[21,26065,26066,26078,26092,26096,26106],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26067,26068,26070,26072,26074,26076],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26069,16655],{"class":79},[69,26071,97],{"class":96},[69,26073,123],{"class":110},[69,26075,22904],{"class":114},[69,26077,1825],{"class":110},[69,26079,26080,26082,26084,26086,26088,26090],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,26081,8389],{"class":79},[69,26083,97],{"class":96},[69,26085,11273],{"class":1859},[69,26087,221],{"class":100},[69,26089,568],{"class":292},[69,26091,301],{"class":100},[69,26093,26094],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,26095,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,26097,26098,26100,26102,26104],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,26099,2161],{"class":217},[69,26101,221],{"class":100},[69,26103,17913],{"class":292},[69,26105,301],{"class":100},[69,26107,26108,26110,26112,26114,26116,26118],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,26109,2161],{"class":217},[69,26111,221],{"class":100},[69,26113,2176],{"class":1859},[69,26115,221],{"class":100},[69,26117,17913],{"class":292},[69,26119,2183],{"class":100},[14,26121,2781],{},[60,26123,26124],{"className":62,"code":23205,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,26125,26126,26130],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26127,26128],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26129,23114],{"class":157},[69,26131,26132,26134,26136,26138,26140,26142],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,26133,21097],{"class":96},[69,26135,7503],{"class":7502},[69,26137,15292],{"class":110},[69,26139,21838],{"class":114},[69,26141,15283],{"class":110},[69,26143,21108],{"class":96},[14,26145,26146,26147,289],{},"If you want a deeper explanation of how this function works, see ",[579,26148,13036],{"href":12751},[55,26150,26152],{"id":26151},"basic-example","Basic example",[14,26154,26155,26156,26158],{},"Start with a simple numeric string, pass it to ",[21,26157,12733],{},", and then use the result in a calculation.",[60,26160,26162],{"className":62,"code":26161,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"100\"\nnumber = int(text)\n\nprint(number)\nprint(type(number))\nprint(number + 50)\n",[21,26163,26164,26176,26190,26194,26204,26218],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26165,26166,26168,26170,26172,26174],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26167,16655],{"class":79},[69,26169,97],{"class":96},[69,26171,123],{"class":110},[69,26173,9106],{"class":114},[69,26175,1825],{"class":110},[69,26177,26178,26180,26182,26184,26186,26188],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,26179,8389],{"class":79},[69,26181,97],{"class":96},[69,26183,11273],{"class":1859},[69,26185,221],{"class":100},[69,26187,568],{"class":292},[69,26189,301],{"class":100},[69,26191,26192],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,26193,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,26195,26196,26198,26200,26202],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,26197,2161],{"class":217},[69,26199,221],{"class":100},[69,26201,17913],{"class":292},[69,26203,301],{"class":100},[69,26205,26206,26208,26210,26212,26214,26216],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,26207,2161],{"class":217},[69,26209,221],{"class":100},[69,26211,2176],{"class":1859},[69,26213,221],{"class":100},[69,26215,17913],{"class":292},[69,26217,2183],{"class":100},[69,26219,26220,26222,26224,26226,26228,26231],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,26221,2161],{"class":217},[69,26223,221],{"class":100},[69,26225,8389],{"class":292},[69,26227,1847],{"class":96},[69,26229,26230],{"class":157}," 50",[69,26232,301],{"class":100},[14,26234,2781],{},[60,26236,26238],{"className":62,"code":26237,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"100\n\u003Cclass 'int'>\n150\n",[21,26239,26240,26245,26259],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26241,26242],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26243,26244],{"class":157},"100\n",[69,26246,26247,26249,26251,26253,26255,26257],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,26248,21097],{"class":96},[69,26250,7503],{"class":7502},[69,26252,15292],{"class":110},[69,26254,21838],{"class":114},[69,26256,15283],{"class":110},[69,26258,21108],{"class":96},[69,26260,26261],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,26262,9141],{"class":157},[1647,26264,26266],{"id":26265},"why-this-matters","Why this matters",[14,26268,26269],{},"If you keep the value as a string, Python treats it as text:",[60,26271,26273],{"className":62,"code":26272,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"100\"\nprint(text + \"50\")\n",[21,26274,26275,26287],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26276,26277,26279,26281,26283,26285],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26278,16655],{"class":79},[69,26280,97],{"class":96},[69,26282,123],{"class":110},[69,26284,9106],{"class":114},[69,26286,1825],{"class":110},[69,26288,26289,26291,26293,26295,26297,26299,26301,26303],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,26290,2161],{"class":217},[69,26292,221],{"class":100},[69,26294,16655],{"class":292},[69,26296,1847],{"class":96},[69,26298,123],{"class":110},[69,26300,9123],{"class":114},[69,26302,111],{"class":110},[69,26304,301],{"class":100},[14,26306,2781],{},[60,26308,26310],{"className":62,"code":26309,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"10050\n",[21,26311,26312],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26313,26314],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26315,26309],{"class":157},[14,26317,26318,26319,26321],{},"But after converting with ",[21,26320,12733],{},", Python treats it as a number:",[60,26323,26325],{"className":62,"code":26324,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"100\"\nnumber = int(text)\n\nprint(number + 50)\n",[21,26326,26327,26339,26353,26357],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26328,26329,26331,26333,26335,26337],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26330,16655],{"class":79},[69,26332,97],{"class":96},[69,26334,123],{"class":110},[69,26336,9106],{"class":114},[69,26338,1825],{"class":110},[69,26340,26341,26343,26345,26347,26349,26351],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,26342,8389],{"class":79},[69,26344,97],{"class":96},[69,26346,11273],{"class":1859},[69,26348,221],{"class":100},[69,26350,568],{"class":292},[69,26352,301],{"class":100},[69,26354,26355],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,26356,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,26358,26359,26361,26363,26365,26367,26369],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,26360,2161],{"class":217},[69,26362,221],{"class":100},[69,26364,8389],{"class":292},[69,26366,1847],{"class":96},[69,26368,26230],{"class":157},[69,26370,301],{"class":100},[14,26372,2781],{},[60,26374,26375],{"className":62,"code":9141,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,26376,26377],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26378,26379],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26380,9141],{"class":157},[55,26382,26384],{"id":26383},"strings-with-spaces","Strings with spaces",[14,26386,26387,26389],{},[21,26388,12733],{}," can handle leading and trailing spaces.",[14,26391,26392],{},"This works:",[60,26394,26396],{"className":62,"code":26395,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"  25  \"\nnumber = int(text)\n\nprint(number)\n",[21,26397,26398,26411,26425,26429],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26399,26400,26402,26404,26406,26409],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26401,16655],{"class":79},[69,26403,97],{"class":96},[69,26405,123],{"class":110},[69,26407,26408],{"class":114},"  25  ",[69,26410,1825],{"class":110},[69,26412,26413,26415,26417,26419,26421,26423],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,26414,8389],{"class":79},[69,26416,97],{"class":96},[69,26418,11273],{"class":1859},[69,26420,221],{"class":100},[69,26422,568],{"class":292},[69,26424,301],{"class":100},[69,26426,26427],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,26428,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,26430,26431,26433,26435,26437],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,26432,2161],{"class":217},[69,26434,221],{"class":100},[69,26436,17913],{"class":292},[69,26438,301],{"class":100},[14,26440,2781],{},[60,26442,26443],{"className":62,"code":2796,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,26444,26445],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26446,26447],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26448,2796],{"class":157},[14,26450,26451,26452,1174],{},"You can also clean the string first with ",[21,26453,25046],{},[60,26455,26457],{"className":62,"code":26456,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"  25  \"\nclean_text = text.strip()\nnumber = int(clean_text)\n\nprint(number)\n",[21,26458,26459,26471,26486,26501,26505],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26460,26461,26463,26465,26467,26469],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26462,16655],{"class":79},[69,26464,97],{"class":96},[69,26466,123],{"class":110},[69,26468,26408],{"class":114},[69,26470,1825],{"class":110},[69,26472,26473,26476,26478,26480,26482,26484],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,26474,26475],{"class":79},"clean_text ",[69,26477,97],{"class":96},[69,26479,16694],{"class":79},[69,26481,289],{"class":100},[69,26483,19855],{"class":292},[69,26485,1385],{"class":100},[69,26487,26488,26490,26492,26494,26496,26499],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,26489,8389],{"class":79},[69,26491,97],{"class":96},[69,26493,11273],{"class":1859},[69,26495,221],{"class":100},[69,26497,26498],{"class":292},"clean_text",[69,26500,301],{"class":100},[69,26502,26503],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,26504,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,26506,26507,26509,26511,26513],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,26508,2161],{"class":217},[69,26510,221],{"class":100},[69,26512,17913],{"class":292},[69,26514,301],{"class":100},[14,26516,2781],{},[60,26518,26519],{"className":62,"code":2796,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,26520,26521],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26522,26523],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26524,2796],{"class":157},[14,26526,26527],{},"This is common when reading user input or file data.",[14,26529,26530,26531,26533],{},"If you are checking confusing input, ",[21,26532,10952],{}," is useful because it shows hidden spaces clearly:",[60,26535,26537],{"className":62,"code":26536,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"value = \"  25  \"\nprint(repr(value))\n",[21,26538,26539,26551],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26540,26541,26543,26545,26547,26549],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26542,20408],{"class":79},[69,26544,97],{"class":96},[69,26546,123],{"class":110},[69,26548,26408],{"class":114},[69,26550,1825],{"class":110},[69,26552,26553,26555,26557,26559,26561,26563],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,26554,2161],{"class":217},[69,26556,221],{"class":100},[69,26558,18025],{"class":217},[69,26560,221],{"class":100},[69,26562,20383],{"class":292},[69,26564,2183],{"class":100},[14,26566,2781],{},[60,26568,26570],{"className":62,"code":26569,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"'  25  '\n",[21,26571,26572],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26573,26574,26576,26578],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26575,15283],{"class":18043},[69,26577,26408],{"class":18046},[69,26579,18049],{"class":18043},[55,26581,26583],{"id":26582},"negative-numbers-and-plus-signs","Negative numbers and plus signs",[14,26585,26586,26587,289],{},"Signed whole numbers also work with ",[21,26588,12733],{},[60,26590,26592],{"className":62,"code":26591,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(int(\"-7\"))\nprint(int(\"+7\"))\n",[21,26593,26594,26613],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26595,26596,26598,26600,26602,26604,26606,26609,26611],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26597,2161],{"class":217},[69,26599,221],{"class":100},[69,26601,21838],{"class":1859},[69,26603,221],{"class":100},[69,26605,111],{"class":110},[69,26607,26608],{"class":114},"-7",[69,26610,111],{"class":110},[69,26612,2183],{"class":100},[69,26614,26615,26617,26619,26621,26623,26625,26628,26630],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,26616,2161],{"class":217},[69,26618,221],{"class":100},[69,26620,21838],{"class":1859},[69,26622,221],{"class":100},[69,26624,111],{"class":110},[69,26626,26627],{"class":114},"+7",[69,26629,111],{"class":110},[69,26631,2183],{"class":100},[14,26633,2781],{},[60,26635,26637],{"className":62,"code":26636,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"-7\n7\n",[21,26638,26639,26645],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26640,26641,26643],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26642,7305],{"class":96},[69,26644,17194],{"class":157},[69,26646,26647],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,26648,17194],{"class":157},[14,26650,26651],{},"The string must still be a valid integer.",[14,26653,26654],{},"These will fail:",[60,26656,26658],{"className":62,"code":26657,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"# int(\"--7\")\n# int(\"+-7\")\n# int(\"7-\")\n",[21,26659,26660,26665,26670],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26661,26662],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26663,26664],{"class":2596},"# int(\"--7\")\n",[69,26666,26667],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,26668,26669],{"class":2596},"# int(\"+-7\")\n",[69,26671,26672],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,26673,26674],{"class":2596},"# int(\"7-\")\n",[14,26676,26677],{},"This is useful when users may enter positive or negative values.",[55,26679,26681],{"id":26680},"when-conversion-fails","When conversion fails",[14,26683,26684,26686],{},[21,26685,12733],{}," only works when the string is a valid whole number.",[14,26688,26689],{},"These examples fail:",[29,26691,26692,26697,26702,26707],{},[32,26693,26694],{},[21,26695,26696],{},"\"12.5\"",[32,26698,26699],{},[21,26700,26701],{},"\"abc\"",[32,26703,26704],{},[21,26705,26706],{},"\"10a\"",[32,26708,26709],{},[21,26710,248],{},[14,26712,370],{},[60,26714,26716],{"className":62,"code":26715,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(int(\"12.5\"))\n",[21,26717,26718],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26719,26720,26722,26724,26726,26728,26730,26733,26735],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26721,2161],{"class":217},[69,26723,221],{"class":100},[69,26725,21838],{"class":1859},[69,26727,221],{"class":100},[69,26729,111],{"class":110},[69,26731,26732],{"class":114},"12.5",[69,26734,111],{"class":110},[69,26736,2183],{"class":100},[14,26738,4043,26739,289],{},[21,26740,11209],{},[14,26742,26743],{},"A similar error also happens with letters:",[60,26745,26747],{"className":62,"code":26746,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(int(\"abc\"))\n",[21,26748,26749],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26750,26751,26753,26755,26757,26759,26761,26764,26766],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26752,2161],{"class":217},[69,26754,221],{"class":100},[69,26756,21838],{"class":1859},[69,26758,221],{"class":100},[69,26760,111],{"class":110},[69,26762,26763],{"class":114},"abc",[69,26765,111],{"class":110},[69,26767,2183],{"class":100},[14,26769,26770],{},"When this happens, it usually means the text is not a valid integer.",[14,26772,26773],{},"Common causes:",[29,26775,26776,26779,26782,26785,26791],{},[32,26777,26778],{},"The string contains letters",[32,26780,26781],{},"The string contains a decimal point",[32,26783,26784],{},"The string is empty",[32,26786,26787,26788,26790],{},"The value comes from ",[21,26789,24345],{}," and was not converted",[32,26792,26793],{},"The string includes symbols that are not part of a valid integer",[14,26795,26796,26797,289],{},"If you are seeing a conversion error, see ",[579,26798,26800],{"href":26799},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fvalueerror-invalid-literal-for-int-with-base-10-fix","ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10",[55,26802,26804],{"id":26803},"how-to-handle-invalid-input","How to handle invalid input",[14,26806,26807,26808,50,26810,26812,26813,289],{},"The safest pattern is to use ",[21,26809,11233],{},[21,26811,11221],{}," around ",[21,26814,12733],{},[14,26816,26817],{},"This lets your program show a helpful message instead of crashing.",[60,26819,26821],{"className":62,"code":26820,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"abc\"\n\ntry:\n    number = int(text)\n    print(\"Converted:\", number)\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"That is not a valid whole number.\")\n",[21,26822,26823,26835,26839,26845,26859,26877,26885],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26824,26825,26827,26829,26831,26833],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26826,16655],{"class":79},[69,26828,97],{"class":96},[69,26830,123],{"class":110},[69,26832,26763],{"class":114},[69,26834,1825],{"class":110},[69,26836,26837],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,26838,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,26840,26841,26843],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,26842,11233],{"class":75},[69,26844,275],{"class":100},[69,26846,26847,26849,26851,26853,26855,26857],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,26848,11268],{"class":79},[69,26850,97],{"class":96},[69,26852,11273],{"class":1859},[69,26854,221],{"class":100},[69,26856,568],{"class":292},[69,26858,301],{"class":100},[69,26860,26861,26863,26865,26867,26869,26871,26873,26875],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,26862,3220],{"class":217},[69,26864,221],{"class":100},[69,26866,111],{"class":110},[69,26868,24967],{"class":114},[69,26870,111],{"class":110},[69,26872,120],{"class":100},[69,26874,8378],{"class":292},[69,26876,301],{"class":100},[69,26878,26879,26881,26883],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,26880,11221],{"class":75},[69,26882,11901],{"class":1859},[69,26884,275],{"class":100},[69,26886,26887,26889,26891,26893,26896,26898],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,26888,3220],{"class":217},[69,26890,221],{"class":100},[69,26892,111],{"class":110},[69,26894,26895],{"class":114},"That is not a valid whole number.",[69,26897,111],{"class":110},[69,26899,301],{"class":100},[14,26901,2781],{},[60,26903,26905],{"className":62,"code":26904,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"That is not a valid whole number.\n",[21,26906,26907],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26908,26909,26911,26913,26915,26918],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26910,25010],{"class":79},[69,26912,8098],{"class":96},[69,26914,4950],{"class":96},[69,26916,26917],{"class":79}," a valid whole number",[69,26919,8106],{"class":100},[14,26921,26922],{},"Here is another example with valid input:",[60,26924,26926],{"className":62,"code":26925,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"45\"\n\ntry:\n    number = int(text)\n    print(\"Converted:\", number)\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"That is not a valid whole number.\")\n",[21,26927,26928,26941,26945,26951,26965,26983,26991],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,26929,26930,26932,26934,26936,26939],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,26931,16655],{"class":79},[69,26933,97],{"class":96},[69,26935,123],{"class":110},[69,26937,26938],{"class":114},"45",[69,26940,1825],{"class":110},[69,26942,26943],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,26944,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,26946,26947,26949],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,26948,11233],{"class":75},[69,26950,275],{"class":100},[69,26952,26953,26955,26957,26959,26961,26963],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,26954,11268],{"class":79},[69,26956,97],{"class":96},[69,26958,11273],{"class":1859},[69,26960,221],{"class":100},[69,26962,568],{"class":292},[69,26964,301],{"class":100},[69,26966,26967,26969,26971,26973,26975,26977,26979,26981],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,26968,3220],{"class":217},[69,26970,221],{"class":100},[69,26972,111],{"class":110},[69,26974,24967],{"class":114},[69,26976,111],{"class":110},[69,26978,120],{"class":100},[69,26980,8378],{"class":292},[69,26982,301],{"class":100},[69,26984,26985,26987,26989],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,26986,11221],{"class":75},[69,26988,11901],{"class":1859},[69,26990,275],{"class":100},[69,26992,26993,26995,26997,26999,27001,27003],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,26994,3220],{"class":217},[69,26996,221],{"class":100},[69,26998,111],{"class":110},[69,27000,26895],{"class":114},[69,27002,111],{"class":110},[69,27004,301],{"class":100},[14,27006,2781],{},[60,27008,27010],{"className":62,"code":27009,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Converted: 45\n",[21,27011,27012],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,27013,27014,27017,27019],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,27015,27016],{"class":79},"Converted",[69,27018,1174],{"class":100},[69,27020,27021],{"class":157}," 45\n",[14,27023,27024],{},"This is especially important for values typed by users.",[14,27026,27027,27028,289],{},"If you are new to this pattern, read ",[579,27029,27031],{"href":27030},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-try-except-blocks-in-python\u002F","how to use try-except blocks in Python",[55,27033,27035],{"id":27034},"decimal-strings-are-different","Decimal strings are different",[14,27037,27038,27039,27041],{},"A string like ",[21,27040,26696],{}," is not a valid integer string, so this fails:",[60,27043,27045],{"className":62,"code":27044,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"# int(\"12.5\")\n",[21,27046,27047],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,27048,27049],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,27050,27044],{"class":2596},[14,27052,27053,27054,23288],{},"If the text contains a decimal number, use ",[21,27055,24334],{},[60,27057,27059],{"className":62,"code":27058,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"12.5\"\nnumber = float(text)\n\nprint(number)\nprint(type(number))\n",[21,27060,27061,27073,27087,27091,27101],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,27062,27063,27065,27067,27069,27071],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,27064,16655],{"class":79},[69,27066,97],{"class":96},[69,27068,123],{"class":110},[69,27070,26732],{"class":114},[69,27072,1825],{"class":110},[69,27074,27075,27077,27079,27081,27083,27085],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,27076,8389],{"class":79},[69,27078,97],{"class":96},[69,27080,24375],{"class":1859},[69,27082,221],{"class":100},[69,27084,568],{"class":292},[69,27086,301],{"class":100},[69,27088,27089],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,27090,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,27092,27093,27095,27097,27099],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,27094,2161],{"class":217},[69,27096,221],{"class":100},[69,27098,17913],{"class":292},[69,27100,301],{"class":100},[69,27102,27103,27105,27107,27109,27111,27113],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,27104,2161],{"class":217},[69,27106,221],{"class":100},[69,27108,2176],{"class":1859},[69,27110,221],{"class":100},[69,27112,17913],{"class":292},[69,27114,2183],{"class":100},[14,27116,2781],{},[60,27118,27120],{"className":62,"code":27119,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"12.5\n\u003Cclass 'float'>\n",[21,27121,27122,27127],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,27123,27124],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,27125,27126],{"class":157},"12.5\n",[69,27128,27129,27131,27133,27135,27137,27139],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,27130,21097],{"class":96},[69,27132,7503],{"class":7502},[69,27134,15292],{"class":110},[69,27136,21841],{"class":114},[69,27138,15283],{"class":110},[69,27140,21108],{"class":96},[14,27142,27143],{},"If you need to turn that result into an integer, you can do this:",[60,27145,27147],{"className":62,"code":27146,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"12.5\"\nnumber = int(float(text))\n\nprint(number)\n",[21,27148,27149,27161,27179,27183],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,27150,27151,27153,27155,27157,27159],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,27152,16655],{"class":79},[69,27154,97],{"class":96},[69,27156,123],{"class":110},[69,27158,26732],{"class":114},[69,27160,1825],{"class":110},[69,27162,27163,27165,27167,27169,27171,27173,27175,27177],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,27164,8389],{"class":79},[69,27166,97],{"class":96},[69,27168,11273],{"class":1859},[69,27170,221],{"class":100},[69,27172,21841],{"class":1859},[69,27174,221],{"class":100},[69,27176,568],{"class":292},[69,27178,2183],{"class":100},[69,27180,27181],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,27182,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,27184,27185,27187,27189,27191],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,27186,2161],{"class":217},[69,27188,221],{"class":100},[69,27190,17913],{"class":292},[69,27192,301],{"class":100},[14,27194,2781],{},[60,27196,27198],{"className":62,"code":27197,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"12\n",[21,27199,27200],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,27201,27202],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,27203,27197],{"class":157},[14,27205,27206,27207,27209],{},"Important: this removes the decimal part. It does ",[2498,27208,3315],{}," round to the nearest whole number.",[14,27211,27212,27213,364,27217,289],{},"For more on decimal conversion, see ",[579,27214,27216],{"href":27215},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-string-to-float-in-python\u002F","how to convert string to float in Python",[579,27218,27219],{"href":24659},"Python float() function explained",[55,27221,27223],{"id":27222},"converting-user-input","Converting user input",[14,27225,27226,27228],{},[21,27227,24345],{}," always returns a string.",[14,27230,27231],{},"So if you expect a whole number, you need to convert it.",[60,27233,27235],{"className":62,"code":27234,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = int(input(\"Enter your age: \"))\nprint(\"Next year you will be\", age + 1)\n",[21,27236,27237,27260],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,27238,27239,27241,27243,27245,27247,27249,27251,27253,27256,27258],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,27240,1830],{"class":79},[69,27242,97],{"class":96},[69,27244,11273],{"class":1859},[69,27246,221],{"class":100},[69,27248,12540],{"class":217},[69,27250,221],{"class":100},[69,27252,111],{"class":110},[69,27254,27255],{"class":114},"Enter your age: ",[69,27257,111],{"class":110},[69,27259,2183],{"class":100},[69,27261,27262,27264,27266,27268,27271,27273,27275,27278,27280,27282],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,27263,2161],{"class":217},[69,27265,221],{"class":100},[69,27267,111],{"class":110},[69,27269,27270],{"class":114},"Next year you will be",[69,27272,111],{"class":110},[69,27274,120],{"class":100},[69,27276,27277],{"class":292}," age ",[69,27279,1847],{"class":96},[69,27281,5748],{"class":157},[69,27283,301],{"class":100},[14,27285,27286],{},"If the user types a valid whole number, this works.",[14,27288,27289],{},"But it is safer to add error handling:",[60,27291,27293],{"className":62,"code":27292,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = input(\"Enter a whole number: \")\n\ntry:\n    number = int(text)\n    print(\"You entered:\", number)\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"Please enter a valid whole number.\")\n",[21,27294,27295,27314,27318,27324,27338,27356,27364],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,27296,27297,27299,27301,27303,27305,27307,27310,27312],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,27298,16655],{"class":79},[69,27300,97],{"class":96},[69,27302,11682],{"class":217},[69,27304,221],{"class":100},[69,27306,111],{"class":110},[69,27308,27309],{"class":114},"Enter a whole number: ",[69,27311,111],{"class":110},[69,27313,301],{"class":100},[69,27315,27316],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,27317,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,27319,27320,27322],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,27321,11233],{"class":75},[69,27323,275],{"class":100},[69,27325,27326,27328,27330,27332,27334,27336],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,27327,11268],{"class":79},[69,27329,97],{"class":96},[69,27331,11273],{"class":1859},[69,27333,221],{"class":100},[69,27335,568],{"class":292},[69,27337,301],{"class":100},[69,27339,27340,27342,27344,27346,27348,27350,27352,27354],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,27341,3220],{"class":217},[69,27343,221],{"class":100},[69,27345,111],{"class":110},[69,27347,25349],{"class":114},[69,27349,111],{"class":110},[69,27351,120],{"class":100},[69,27353,8378],{"class":292},[69,27355,301],{"class":100},[69,27357,27358,27360,27362],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,27359,11221],{"class":75},[69,27361,11901],{"class":1859},[69,27363,275],{"class":100},[69,27365,27366,27368,27370,27372,27375,27377],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,27367,3220],{"class":217},[69,27369,221],{"class":100},[69,27371,111],{"class":110},[69,27373,27374],{"class":114},"Please enter a valid whole number.",[69,27376,111],{"class":110},[69,27378,301],{"class":100},[14,27380,27381],{},"This is one of the most common beginner tasks in Python.",[14,27383,27384,27385,50,27388,289],{},"If you want to learn more, see ",[579,27386,27387],{"href":25461},"Python input() function explained",[579,27389,25467],{"href":25466},[55,27391,27393],{"id":27392},"common-mistakes-to-avoid","Common mistakes to avoid",[14,27395,27396],{},"Here are some common beginner mistakes:",[29,27398,27399,27407,27412,27417],{},[32,27400,27401,27402,27404,27405],{},"Trying ",[21,27403,12733],{}," on decimal text like ",[21,27406,26696],{},[32,27408,25614,27409,27411],{},[21,27410,24345],{}," returns a number",[32,27413,27414,27415],{},"Forgetting to handle ",[21,27416,11209],{},[32,27418,27419],{},"Mixing strings and integers in math",[14,27421,27422],{},"Example of a type mistake:",[60,27424,27426],{"className":62,"code":27425,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"5\"\nprint(text + 2)\n",[21,27427,27428,27440],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,27429,27430,27432,27434,27436,27438],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,27431,16655],{"class":79},[69,27433,97],{"class":96},[69,27435,123],{"class":110},[69,27437,6670],{"class":114},[69,27439,1825],{"class":110},[69,27441,27442,27444,27446,27448,27450,27452],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,27443,2161],{"class":217},[69,27445,221],{"class":100},[69,27447,16655],{"class":292},[69,27449,1847],{"class":96},[69,27451,5762],{"class":157},[69,27453,301],{"class":100},[14,27455,27456],{},"This causes an error because Python cannot add a string and an integer.",[14,27458,27459],{},"Correct version:",[60,27461,27463],{"className":62,"code":27462,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"5\"\nnumber = int(text)\n\nprint(number + 2)\n",[21,27464,27465,27477,27491,27495],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,27466,27467,27469,27471,27473,27475],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,27468,16655],{"class":79},[69,27470,97],{"class":96},[69,27472,123],{"class":110},[69,27474,6670],{"class":114},[69,27476,1825],{"class":110},[69,27478,27479,27481,27483,27485,27487,27489],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,27480,8389],{"class":79},[69,27482,97],{"class":96},[69,27484,11273],{"class":1859},[69,27486,221],{"class":100},[69,27488,568],{"class":292},[69,27490,301],{"class":100},[69,27492,27493],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,27494,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,27496,27497,27499,27501,27503,27505,27507],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,27498,2161],{"class":217},[69,27500,221],{"class":100},[69,27502,8389],{"class":292},[69,27504,1847],{"class":96},[69,27506,5762],{"class":157},[69,27508,301],{"class":100},[14,27510,2781],{},[60,27512,27513],{"className":62,"code":17194,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,27514,27515],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,27516,27517],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,27518,17194],{"class":157},[14,27520,27521],{},"If you need to inspect a value before converting it, these checks can help:",[60,27523,27525],{"className":62,"code":27524,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"value = \" 42 \"\n\nprint(value)\nprint(type(value))\nprint(repr(value))\nprint(value.strip())\nprint(int(value))\n",[21,27526,27527,27540,27544,27554,27568,27582,27596],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,27528,27529,27531,27533,27535,27538],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,27530,20408],{"class":79},[69,27532,97],{"class":96},[69,27534,123],{"class":110},[69,27536,27537],{"class":114}," 42 ",[69,27539,1825],{"class":110},[69,27541,27542],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,27543,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,27545,27546,27548,27550,27552],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,27547,2161],{"class":217},[69,27549,221],{"class":100},[69,27551,20383],{"class":292},[69,27553,301],{"class":100},[69,27555,27556,27558,27560,27562,27564,27566],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,27557,2161],{"class":217},[69,27559,221],{"class":100},[69,27561,2176],{"class":1859},[69,27563,221],{"class":100},[69,27565,20383],{"class":292},[69,27567,2183],{"class":100},[69,27569,27570,27572,27574,27576,27578,27580],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,27571,2161],{"class":217},[69,27573,221],{"class":100},[69,27575,18025],{"class":217},[69,27577,221],{"class":100},[69,27579,20383],{"class":292},[69,27581,2183],{"class":100},[69,27583,27584,27586,27588,27590,27592,27594],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,27585,2161],{"class":217},[69,27587,221],{"class":100},[69,27589,20383],{"class":292},[69,27591,289],{"class":100},[69,27593,19855],{"class":292},[69,27595,3923],{"class":100},[69,27597,27598,27600,27602,27604,27606,27608],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,27599,2161],{"class":217},[69,27601,221],{"class":100},[69,27603,21838],{"class":1859},[69,27605,221],{"class":100},[69,27607,20383],{"class":292},[69,27609,2183],{"class":100},[14,27611,2781],{},[60,27613,27615],{"className":62,"code":27614,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65}," 42 \n\u003Cclass 'str'>\n' 42 '\n42\n42\n",[21,27616,27617,27625,27639,27647,27651],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,27618,27619,27622],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,27620,27621],{"class":157}," 42",[69,27623,27624],{"class":79}," \n",[69,27626,27627,27629,27631,27633,27635,27637],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,27628,21097],{"class":96},[69,27630,7503],{"class":7502},[69,27632,15292],{"class":110},[69,27634,10723],{"class":114},[69,27636,15283],{"class":110},[69,27638,21108],{"class":96},[69,27640,27641,27643,27645],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,27642,15283],{"class":18043},[69,27644,27537],{"class":18046},[69,27646,18049],{"class":18043},[69,27648,27649],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,27650,23114],{"class":157},[69,27652,27653],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,27654,23114],{"class":157},[14,27656,27657],{},"These are useful for debugging because they help you see:",[29,27659,27660,27663,27666,27669],{},[32,27661,27662],{},"the actual value",[32,27664,27665],{},"its type",[32,27667,27668],{},"hidden spaces",[32,27670,27671,27672,27674],{},"whether ",[21,27673,25046],{}," fixes the problem",[55,27676,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,27678,27680,27681,27683],{"id":27679},"how-do-i-convert-a-string-like-123-to-an-integer-in-python","How do I convert a string like ",[21,27682,25897],{}," to an integer in Python?",[14,27685,322,27686,27689,27690,289],{},[21,27687,27688],{},"int(\"123\")",". It returns the integer ",[21,27691,10666],{},[1647,27693,18230,27695,27698],{"id":27694},"why-does-int125-fail",[21,27696,27697],{},"int(\"12.5\")"," fail?",[14,27700,5105,27701,27703,27704,27706],{},[21,27702,26696],{}," is not a whole-number string. Use ",[21,27705,24334],{}," first if the text contains decimals.",[1647,27708,11052,27710,27712],{"id":27709},"does-input-return-an-int",[21,27711,24345],{}," return an int?",[14,27714,7376,27715,27717],{},[21,27716,24345],{}," always returns a string, so you must convert it if you need a number.",[1647,27719,27721],{"id":27720},"how-do-i-stop-my-program-from-crashing-on-bad-input","How do I stop my program from crashing on bad input?",[14,27723,27724,27725,27727,27728,27730,27731,289],{},"Wrap ",[21,27726,12733],{}," in a ",[21,27729,13795],{}," block and catch ",[21,27732,11209],{},[1647,27734,25757,27736,27738],{"id":27735},"can-int-handle-spaces",[21,27737,12733],{}," handle spaces?",[14,27740,27741,27742,27744],{},"Yes. Leading and trailing spaces are allowed, though ",[21,27743,25046],{}," can make input cleaner.",[55,27746,2414],{"id":2413},[29,27748,27749,27753,27757,27761,27767,27772,27776,27780],{},[32,27750,27751],{},[579,27752,13036],{"href":12751},[32,27754,27755],{},[579,27756,27219],{"href":24659},[32,27758,27759],{},[579,27760,27387],{"href":25461},[32,27762,27763],{},[579,27764,27766],{"href":27765},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-int-to-string-in-python\u002F","How to convert int to string in Python",[32,27768,27769],{},[579,27770,27771],{"href":27215},"How to convert string to float in Python",[32,27773,27774],{},[579,27775,25846],{"href":25466},[32,27777,27778],{},[579,27779,26800],{"href":26799},[32,27781,27782],{},[579,27783,27785],{"href":27784},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fvalueerror-when-parsing-input-in-python-fix","ValueError when parsing input in Python",[2450,27787,27788],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: 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.sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":27790},[27791,27792,27793,27795,27798,27799,27800,27801,27802,27803,27804,27805,27816],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":26035,"depth":83,"text":27794},"Use int() to convert a string to an integer",{"id":26151,"depth":83,"text":26152,"children":27796},[27797],{"id":26265,"depth":90,"text":26266},{"id":26383,"depth":83,"text":26384},{"id":26582,"depth":83,"text":26583},{"id":26680,"depth":83,"text":26681},{"id":26803,"depth":83,"text":26804},{"id":27034,"depth":83,"text":27035},{"id":27222,"depth":83,"text":27223},{"id":27392,"depth":83,"text":27393},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":27806},[27807,27809,27811,27813,27814],{"id":27679,"depth":90,"text":27808},"How do I convert a string like \"123\" to an integer in Python?",{"id":27694,"depth":90,"text":27810},"Why does int(\"12.5\") fail?",{"id":27709,"depth":90,"text":27812},"Does input() return an int?",{"id":27720,"depth":90,"text":27721},{"id":27735,"depth":90,"text":27815},"Can int() handle spaces?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to convert string to int in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-string-to-int-in-python",{"title":25886,"description":27817},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-string-to-int-in-python","wCGBfJUhWKEQauU3DABt6krJRczWv40ANkYhGFHtOBo",{"id":27824,"title":27825,"body":27826,"description":29566,"extension":2479,"meta":29567,"navigation":86,"path":29568,"seo":29569,"stem":29570,"__hash__":29571},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-user-input-to-numbers-in-python.md","How to Convert User Input to Numbers in Python",{"type":7,"value":27827,"toc":29543},[27828,27831,27840,27851,27853,27878,27880,27955,27970,27972,27992,27996,28001,28004,28006,28057,28060,28082,28085,28147,28155,28164,28175,28179,28185,28187,28200,28202,28253,28255,28278,28281,28304,28307,28360,28364,28370,28372,28386,28388,28439,28441,28464,28467,28483,28485,28534,28538,28541,28546,28642,28650,28665,28670,28764,28767,28769,28772,28774,28801,28807,28815,28819,28895,28899,28991,28994,28999,29003,29008,29013,29016,29047,29050,29103,29106,29128,29132,29149,29152,29189,29192,29201,29204,29207,29264,29267,29269,29272,29297,29300,29360,29367,29375,29377,29444,29446,29450,29455,29459,29470,29474,29483,29487,29492,29496,29508,29510,29540],[10,27829,27825],{"id":27830},"how-to-convert-user-input-to-numbers-in-python",[14,27832,27833,27834,27839],{},"When you use Python’s ",[579,27835,27836,27838],{"href":25461},[21,27837,24345],{}," function",", the value you get back is always text.",[14,27841,27842,27843,27845,27846,27848,27849,289],{},"That means if a user types ",[21,27844,23026],{},", Python stores it as the string ",[21,27847,23030],{},", not the number ",[21,27850,23026],{},[14,27852,27],{},[29,27854,27855,27863,27869,27875],{},[32,27856,27857,27858,27860,27861],{},"Convert ",[21,27859,24345],{}," values to ",[21,27862,21838],{},[32,27864,27857,27865,27860,27867],{},[21,27866,24345],{},[21,27868,21841],{},[32,27870,27871,27872,27874],{},"Understand why ",[21,27873,24345],{}," returns a string",[32,27876,27877],{},"Handle bad input without crashing",[55,27879,11252],{"id":11251},[60,27881,27883],{"className":62,"code":27882,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = int(input(\"Enter your age: \"))\nprice = float(input(\"Enter the price: \"))\n\nprint(age)\nprint(price)\n",[21,27884,27885,27907,27931,27935,27945],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,27886,27887,27889,27891,27893,27895,27897,27899,27901,27903,27905],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,27888,1830],{"class":79},[69,27890,97],{"class":96},[69,27892,11273],{"class":1859},[69,27894,221],{"class":100},[69,27896,12540],{"class":217},[69,27898,221],{"class":100},[69,27900,111],{"class":110},[69,27902,27255],{"class":114},[69,27904,111],{"class":110},[69,27906,2183],{"class":100},[69,27908,27909,27912,27914,27916,27918,27920,27922,27924,27927,27929],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,27910,27911],{"class":79},"price ",[69,27913,97],{"class":96},[69,27915,24375],{"class":1859},[69,27917,221],{"class":100},[69,27919,12540],{"class":217},[69,27921,221],{"class":100},[69,27923,111],{"class":110},[69,27925,27926],{"class":114},"Enter the price: ",[69,27928,111],{"class":110},[69,27930,2183],{"class":100},[69,27932,27933],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,27934,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,27936,27937,27939,27941,27943],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,27938,2161],{"class":217},[69,27940,221],{"class":100},[69,27942,126],{"class":292},[69,27944,301],{"class":100},[69,27946,27947,27949,27951,27953],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,27948,2161],{"class":217},[69,27950,221],{"class":100},[69,27952,4791],{"class":292},[69,27954,301],{"class":100},[14,27956,322,27957,27961,27962,27966,27967,27969],{},[579,27958,27959],{"href":12751},[21,27960,12733],{}," for whole numbers and ",[579,27963,27964],{"href":24659},[21,27965,24334],{}," for decimal numbers. ",[21,27968,24345],{}," returns text, so math will not work until you convert it.",[55,27971,2666],{"id":2665},[29,27973,27974,27980,27986,27990],{},[32,27975,27857,27976,27860,27978],{},[21,27977,24345],{},[21,27979,21838],{},[32,27981,27857,27982,27860,27984],{},[21,27983,24345],{},[21,27985,21841],{},[32,27987,27871,27988,27874],{},[21,27989,24345],{},[32,27991,27877],{},[55,27993,27995],{"id":27994},"why-conversion-is-needed","Why conversion is needed",[14,27997,27998,28000],{},[21,27999,24345],{}," always gives back a string.",[14,28002,28003],{},"Even if the user types something that looks like a number, Python still treats it as text.",[14,28005,11201],{},[60,28007,28009],{"className":62,"code":28008,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"value = input(\"Enter a number: \")\n\nprint(value)\nprint(type(value))\n",[21,28010,28011,28029,28033,28043],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,28012,28013,28015,28017,28019,28021,28023,28025,28027],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,28014,20408],{"class":79},[69,28016,97],{"class":96},[69,28018,11682],{"class":217},[69,28020,221],{"class":100},[69,28022,111],{"class":110},[69,28024,11689],{"class":114},[69,28026,111],{"class":110},[69,28028,301],{"class":100},[69,28030,28031],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,28032,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,28034,28035,28037,28039,28041],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,28036,2161],{"class":217},[69,28038,221],{"class":100},[69,28040,20383],{"class":292},[69,28042,301],{"class":100},[69,28044,28045,28047,28049,28051,28053,28055],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,28046,2161],{"class":217},[69,28048,221],{"class":100},[69,28050,2176],{"class":1859},[69,28052,221],{"class":100},[69,28054,20383],{"class":292},[69,28056,2183],{"class":100},[14,28058,28059],{},"Possible output:",[60,28061,28062],{"className":62,"code":23107,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,28063,28064,28068],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,28065,28066],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,28067,23114],{"class":157},[69,28069,28070,28072,28074,28076,28078,28080],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,28071,21097],{"class":96},[69,28073,7503],{"class":7502},[69,28075,15292],{"class":110},[69,28077,10723],{"class":114},[69,28079,15283],{"class":110},[69,28081,21108],{"class":96},[14,28083,28084],{},"This matters because strings and numbers behave differently.",[60,28086,28088],{"className":62,"code":28087,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"a = input(\"First number: \")\nb = input(\"Second number: \")\n\nprint(a + b)\n",[21,28089,28090,28109,28128,28132],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,28091,28092,28094,28096,28098,28100,28102,28105,28107],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,28093,7137],{"class":79},[69,28095,97],{"class":96},[69,28097,11682],{"class":217},[69,28099,221],{"class":100},[69,28101,111],{"class":110},[69,28103,28104],{"class":114},"First number: ",[69,28106,111],{"class":110},[69,28108,301],{"class":100},[69,28110,28111,28113,28115,28117,28119,28121,28124,28126],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,28112,7194],{"class":79},[69,28114,97],{"class":96},[69,28116,11682],{"class":217},[69,28118,221],{"class":100},[69,28120,111],{"class":110},[69,28122,28123],{"class":114},"Second number: ",[69,28125,111],{"class":110},[69,28127,301],{"class":100},[69,28129,28130],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,28131,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,28133,28134,28136,28138,28140,28142,28145],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,28135,2161],{"class":217},[69,28137,221],{"class":100},[69,28139,7137],{"class":292},[69,28141,1847],{"class":96},[69,28143,28144],{"class":292}," b",[69,28146,301],{"class":100},[14,28148,28149,28150,50,28152,28154],{},"If the user enters ",[21,28151,19224],{},[21,28153,7162],{},", the output is:",[60,28156,28158],{"className":62,"code":28157,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"23\n",[21,28159,28160],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,28161,28162],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,28163,28157],{"class":157},[14,28165,28166,28167,50,28169,28171,28172,28174],{},"That happens because ",[21,28168,579],{},[21,28170,5755],{}," are strings, so ",[21,28173,1847],{}," joins the text instead of adding numbers.",[55,28176,28178],{"id":28177},"convert-input-to-an-integer","Convert input to an integer",[14,28180,322,28181,28184],{},[21,28182,28183],{},"int(input(...))"," when you want a whole number.",[14,28186,19447],{},[29,28188,28189,28191,28194,28197],{},[32,28190,23327],{},[32,28192,28193],{},"Count",[32,28195,28196],{},"Year",[32,28198,28199],{},"Menu choices",[14,28201,370],{},[60,28203,28205],{"className":62,"code":28204,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = int(input(\"Enter your age: \"))\nprint(age)\nprint(type(age))\n",[21,28206,28207,28229,28239],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,28208,28209,28211,28213,28215,28217,28219,28221,28223,28225,28227],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,28210,1830],{"class":79},[69,28212,97],{"class":96},[69,28214,11273],{"class":1859},[69,28216,221],{"class":100},[69,28218,12540],{"class":217},[69,28220,221],{"class":100},[69,28222,111],{"class":110},[69,28224,27255],{"class":114},[69,28226,111],{"class":110},[69,28228,2183],{"class":100},[69,28230,28231,28233,28235,28237],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,28232,2161],{"class":217},[69,28234,221],{"class":100},[69,28236,126],{"class":292},[69,28238,301],{"class":100},[69,28240,28241,28243,28245,28247,28249,28251],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,28242,2161],{"class":217},[69,28244,221],{"class":100},[69,28246,2176],{"class":1859},[69,28248,221],{"class":100},[69,28250,126],{"class":292},[69,28252,2183],{"class":100},[14,28254,28059],{},[60,28256,28258],{"className":62,"code":28257,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"25\n\u003Cclass 'int'>\n",[21,28259,28260,28264],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,28261,28262],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,28263,2796],{"class":157},[69,28265,28266,28268,28270,28272,28274,28276],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,28267,21097],{"class":96},[69,28269,7503],{"class":7502},[69,28271,15292],{"class":110},[69,28273,21838],{"class":114},[69,28275,15283],{"class":110},[69,28277,21108],{"class":96},[14,28279,28280],{},"A few important points:",[29,28282,28283,28288,28293,28301],{},[32,28284,322,28285,28287],{},[21,28286,12733],{}," for whole numbers only",[32,28289,28290,25913],{},[21,28291,28292],{},"int(\"10\")",[32,28294,28295,9688,28298,28300],{},[21,28296,28297],{},"int(\"3.5\")",[2498,28299,3315],{}," work",[32,28302,28303],{},"Your prompt should clearly ask for a whole number",[14,28305,28306],{},"Example with a clear prompt:",[60,28308,28310],{"className":62,"code":28309,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"year = int(input(\"Enter a whole-number year: \"))\nprint(\"Next year will be:\", year + 1)\n",[21,28311,28312,28336],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,28313,28314,28317,28319,28321,28323,28325,28327,28329,28332,28334],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,28315,28316],{"class":79},"year ",[69,28318,97],{"class":96},[69,28320,11273],{"class":1859},[69,28322,221],{"class":100},[69,28324,12540],{"class":217},[69,28326,221],{"class":100},[69,28328,111],{"class":110},[69,28330,28331],{"class":114},"Enter a whole-number year: ",[69,28333,111],{"class":110},[69,28335,2183],{"class":100},[69,28337,28338,28340,28342,28344,28347,28349,28351,28354,28356,28358],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,28339,2161],{"class":217},[69,28341,221],{"class":100},[69,28343,111],{"class":110},[69,28345,28346],{"class":114},"Next year will be:",[69,28348,111],{"class":110},[69,28350,120],{"class":100},[69,28352,28353],{"class":292}," year ",[69,28355,1847],{"class":96},[69,28357,5748],{"class":157},[69,28359,301],{"class":100},[55,28361,28363],{"id":28362},"convert-input-to-a-float","Convert input to a float",[14,28365,322,28366,28369],{},[21,28367,28368],{},"float(input(...))"," when decimal numbers are allowed.",[14,28371,19447],{},[29,28373,28374,28377,28380,28383],{},[32,28375,28376],{},"Price",[32,28378,28379],{},"Height",[32,28381,28382],{},"Temperature",[32,28384,28385],{},"Weight",[14,28387,370],{},[60,28389,28391],{"className":62,"code":28390,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"price = float(input(\"Enter the price: \"))\nprint(price)\nprint(type(price))\n",[21,28392,28393,28415,28425],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,28394,28395,28397,28399,28401,28403,28405,28407,28409,28411,28413],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,28396,27911],{"class":79},[69,28398,97],{"class":96},[69,28400,24375],{"class":1859},[69,28402,221],{"class":100},[69,28404,12540],{"class":217},[69,28406,221],{"class":100},[69,28408,111],{"class":110},[69,28410,27926],{"class":114},[69,28412,111],{"class":110},[69,28414,2183],{"class":100},[69,28416,28417,28419,28421,28423],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,28418,2161],{"class":217},[69,28420,221],{"class":100},[69,28422,4791],{"class":292},[69,28424,301],{"class":100},[69,28426,28427,28429,28431,28433,28435,28437],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,28428,2161],{"class":217},[69,28430,221],{"class":100},[69,28432,2176],{"class":1859},[69,28434,221],{"class":100},[69,28436,4791],{"class":292},[69,28438,2183],{"class":100},[14,28440,28059],{},[60,28442,28444],{"className":62,"code":28443,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"19.99\n\u003Cclass 'float'>\n",[21,28445,28446,28450],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,28447,28448],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,28449,25282],{"class":157},[69,28451,28452,28454,28456,28458,28460,28462],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,28453,21097],{"class":96},[69,28455,7503],{"class":7502},[69,28457,15292],{"class":110},[69,28459,21841],{"class":114},[69,28461,15283],{"class":110},[69,28463,21108],{"class":96},[14,28465,28466],{},"A few things to remember:",[29,28468,28469,28474,28480],{},[32,28470,28471,25913],{},[21,28472,28473],{},"float(\"3.5\")",[32,28475,28476,28479],{},[21,28477,28478],{},"float(\"5\")"," also works",[32,28481,28482],{},"The result is always a floating-point number",[14,28484,370],{},[60,28486,28488],{"className":62,"code":28487,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"height = float(input(\"Enter your height in meters: \"))\nprint(\"Your height is\", height)\n",[21,28489,28490,28514],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,28491,28492,28495,28497,28499,28501,28503,28505,28507,28510,28512],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,28493,28494],{"class":79},"height ",[69,28496,97],{"class":96},[69,28498,24375],{"class":1859},[69,28500,221],{"class":100},[69,28502,12540],{"class":217},[69,28504,221],{"class":100},[69,28506,111],{"class":110},[69,28508,28509],{"class":114},"Enter your height in meters: ",[69,28511,111],{"class":110},[69,28513,2183],{"class":100},[69,28515,28516,28518,28520,28522,28525,28527,28529,28532],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,28517,2161],{"class":217},[69,28519,221],{"class":100},[69,28521,111],{"class":110},[69,28523,28524],{"class":114},"Your height is",[69,28526,111],{"class":110},[69,28528,120],{"class":100},[69,28530,28531],{"class":292}," height",[69,28533,301],{"class":100},[55,28535,28537],{"id":28536},"do-math-after-converting","Do math after converting",[14,28539,28540],{},"Convert first, then do the math.",[14,28542,28543,28544,4082],{},"If you need two numbers, use two separate ",[21,28545,24345],{},[60,28547,28549],{"className":62,"code":28548,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"num1 = int(input(\"Enter the first whole number: \"))\nnum2 = int(input(\"Enter the second whole number: \"))\n\ntotal = num1 + num2\n\nprint(\"Total:\", total)\n",[21,28550,28551,28575,28599,28603,28618,28622],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,28552,28553,28556,28558,28560,28562,28564,28566,28568,28571,28573],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,28554,28555],{"class":79},"num1 ",[69,28557,97],{"class":96},[69,28559,11273],{"class":1859},[69,28561,221],{"class":100},[69,28563,12540],{"class":217},[69,28565,221],{"class":100},[69,28567,111],{"class":110},[69,28569,28570],{"class":114},"Enter the first whole number: ",[69,28572,111],{"class":110},[69,28574,2183],{"class":100},[69,28576,28577,28580,28582,28584,28586,28588,28590,28592,28595,28597],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,28578,28579],{"class":79},"num2 ",[69,28581,97],{"class":96},[69,28583,11273],{"class":1859},[69,28585,221],{"class":100},[69,28587,12540],{"class":217},[69,28589,221],{"class":100},[69,28591,111],{"class":110},[69,28593,28594],{"class":114},"Enter the second whole number: ",[69,28596,111],{"class":110},[69,28598,2183],{"class":100},[69,28600,28601],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,28602,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,28604,28605,28608,28610,28613,28615],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,28606,28607],{"class":79},"total ",[69,28609,97],{"class":96},[69,28611,28612],{"class":79}," num1 ",[69,28614,1847],{"class":96},[69,28616,28617],{"class":79}," num2\n",[69,28619,28620],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,28621,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,28623,28624,28626,28628,28630,28633,28635,28637,28640],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,28625,2161],{"class":217},[69,28627,221],{"class":100},[69,28629,111],{"class":110},[69,28631,28632],{"class":114},"Total:",[69,28634,111],{"class":110},[69,28636,120],{"class":100},[69,28638,28639],{"class":292}," total",[69,28641,301],{"class":100},[14,28643,28644,28645,50,28647,1174],{},"Possible output if the user enters ",[21,28646,5966],{},[21,28648,28649],{},"6",[60,28651,28653],{"className":62,"code":28652,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Total: 10\n",[21,28654,28655],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,28656,28657,28660,28662],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,28658,28659],{"class":79},"Total",[69,28661,1174],{"class":100},[69,28663,28664],{"class":157}," 10\n",[14,28666,28667,28668,6279],{},"For decimal values, use ",[21,28669,24334],{},[60,28671,28673],{"className":62,"code":28672,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"price1 = float(input(\"Enter the first price: \"))\nprice2 = float(input(\"Enter the second price: \"))\n\ntotal = price1 + price2\n\nprint(\"Total price:\", total)\n",[21,28674,28675,28699,28723,28727,28741,28745],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,28676,28677,28680,28682,28684,28686,28688,28690,28692,28695,28697],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,28678,28679],{"class":79},"price1 ",[69,28681,97],{"class":96},[69,28683,24375],{"class":1859},[69,28685,221],{"class":100},[69,28687,12540],{"class":217},[69,28689,221],{"class":100},[69,28691,111],{"class":110},[69,28693,28694],{"class":114},"Enter the first price: ",[69,28696,111],{"class":110},[69,28698,2183],{"class":100},[69,28700,28701,28704,28706,28708,28710,28712,28714,28716,28719,28721],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,28702,28703],{"class":79},"price2 ",[69,28705,97],{"class":96},[69,28707,24375],{"class":1859},[69,28709,221],{"class":100},[69,28711,12540],{"class":217},[69,28713,221],{"class":100},[69,28715,111],{"class":110},[69,28717,28718],{"class":114},"Enter the second price: ",[69,28720,111],{"class":110},[69,28722,2183],{"class":100},[69,28724,28725],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,28726,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,28728,28729,28731,28733,28736,28738],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,28730,28607],{"class":79},[69,28732,97],{"class":96},[69,28734,28735],{"class":79}," price1 ",[69,28737,1847],{"class":96},[69,28739,28740],{"class":79}," price2\n",[69,28742,28743],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,28744,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,28746,28747,28749,28751,28753,28756,28758,28760,28762],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,28748,2161],{"class":217},[69,28750,221],{"class":100},[69,28752,111],{"class":110},[69,28754,28755],{"class":114},"Total price:",[69,28757,111],{"class":110},[69,28759,120],{"class":100},[69,28761,28639],{"class":292},[69,28763,301],{"class":100},[14,28765,28766],{},"Printing the result is a simple way to confirm that the conversion worked.",[55,28768,24865],{"id":24864},[14,28770,28771],{},"If the user types letters or the wrong kind of number, conversion can fail.",[14,28773,11201],{},[60,28775,28777],{"className":62,"code":28776,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = int(input(\"Enter your age: \"))\n",[21,28778,28779],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,28780,28781,28783,28785,28787,28789,28791,28793,28795,28797,28799],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,28782,1830],{"class":79},[69,28784,97],{"class":96},[69,28786,11273],{"class":1859},[69,28788,221],{"class":100},[69,28790,12540],{"class":217},[69,28792,221],{"class":100},[69,28794,111],{"class":110},[69,28796,27255],{"class":114},[69,28798,111],{"class":110},[69,28800,2183],{"class":100},[14,28802,25360,28803,9930,28805,289],{},[21,28804,11564],{},[21,28806,11209],{},[14,28808,28809,28810,28812,28813,289],{},"To prevent your program from crashing, use a ",[21,28811,13795],{}," block. If you are new to this, see ",[579,28814,27031],{"href":27030},[1647,28816,28818],{"id":28817},"example-safe-integer-input","Example: safe integer input",[60,28820,28822],{"className":62,"code":28821,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    age = int(input(\"Enter a whole-number age: \"))\n    print(\"Your age is:\", age)\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"Please enter a valid whole number.\")\n",[21,28823,28824,28830,28854,28873,28881],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,28825,28826,28828],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,28827,11233],{"class":75},[69,28829,275],{"class":100},[69,28831,28832,28835,28837,28839,28841,28843,28845,28847,28850,28852],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,28833,28834],{"class":79},"    age ",[69,28836,97],{"class":96},[69,28838,11273],{"class":1859},[69,28840,221],{"class":100},[69,28842,12540],{"class":217},[69,28844,221],{"class":100},[69,28846,111],{"class":110},[69,28848,28849],{"class":114},"Enter a whole-number age: ",[69,28851,111],{"class":110},[69,28853,2183],{"class":100},[69,28855,28856,28858,28860,28862,28865,28867,28869,28871],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,28857,3220],{"class":217},[69,28859,221],{"class":100},[69,28861,111],{"class":110},[69,28863,28864],{"class":114},"Your age is:",[69,28866,111],{"class":110},[69,28868,120],{"class":100},[69,28870,7957],{"class":292},[69,28872,301],{"class":100},[69,28874,28875,28877,28879],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,28876,11221],{"class":75},[69,28878,11901],{"class":1859},[69,28880,275],{"class":100},[69,28882,28883,28885,28887,28889,28891,28893],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,28884,3220],{"class":217},[69,28886,221],{"class":100},[69,28888,111],{"class":110},[69,28890,27374],{"class":114},[69,28892,111],{"class":110},[69,28894,301],{"class":100},[1647,28896,28898],{"id":28897},"example-ask-again-until-the-input-is-valid","Example: ask again until the input is valid",[60,28900,28902],{"className":62,"code":28901,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"while True:\n    try:\n        price = float(input(\"Enter a price: \"))\n        print(\"You entered:\", price)\n        break\n    except ValueError:\n        print(\"Please enter a valid number, such as 10 or 10.5.\")\n",[21,28903,28904,28913,28920,28944,28963,28967,28976],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,28905,28906,28909,28911],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,28907,28908],{"class":75},"while",[69,28910,20749],{"class":3012},[69,28912,275],{"class":100},[69,28914,28915,28918],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,28916,28917],{"class":75},"    try",[69,28919,275],{"class":100},[69,28921,28922,28925,28927,28929,28931,28933,28935,28937,28940,28942],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,28923,28924],{"class":79},"        price ",[69,28926,97],{"class":96},[69,28928,24375],{"class":1859},[69,28930,221],{"class":100},[69,28932,12540],{"class":217},[69,28934,221],{"class":100},[69,28936,111],{"class":110},[69,28938,28939],{"class":114},"Enter a price: ",[69,28941,111],{"class":110},[69,28943,2183],{"class":100},[69,28945,28946,28948,28950,28952,28954,28956,28958,28961],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,28947,7531],{"class":217},[69,28949,221],{"class":100},[69,28951,111],{"class":110},[69,28953,25349],{"class":114},[69,28955,111],{"class":110},[69,28957,120],{"class":100},[69,28959,28960],{"class":292}," price",[69,28962,301],{"class":100},[69,28964,28965],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,28966,19733],{"class":75},[69,28968,28969,28972,28974],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,28970,28971],{"class":75},"    except",[69,28973,11901],{"class":1859},[69,28975,275],{"class":100},[69,28977,28978,28980,28982,28984,28987,28989],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,28979,7531],{"class":217},[69,28981,221],{"class":100},[69,28983,111],{"class":110},[69,28985,28986],{"class":114},"Please enter a valid number, such as 10 or 10.5.",[69,28988,111],{"class":110},[69,28990,301],{"class":100},[14,28992,28993],{},"This is better than letting the program crash, because it tells the user what went wrong and gives them another chance.",[14,28995,28996,28997,289],{},"If you get a conversion error often, read ",[579,28998,26800],{"href":26799},[55,29000,29002],{"id":29001},"choose-int-or-float","Choose int or float",[14,29004,322,29005,29007],{},[21,29006,21838],{}," when you expect whole numbers only.",[14,29009,322,29010,29012],{},[21,29011,21841],{}," when decimal values are allowed.",[14,29014,29015],{},"Quick guide:",[29,29017,29018,29030,29042],{},[32,29019,322,29020,29022,29023,5914,29025,5918,29027],{},[21,29021,21838],{}," for values like ",[21,29024,5940],{},[21,29026,23026],{},[21,29028,29029],{},"300",[32,29031,322,29032,29022,29034,5914,29036,5918,29039],{},[21,29033,21841],{},[21,29035,24364],{},[21,29037,29038],{},"9.5",[21,29040,29041],{},"12.0",[32,29043,29044,29045],{},"If decimals must be kept, do not convert to ",[21,29046,21838],{},[14,29048,29049],{},"Examples:",[60,29051,29053],{"className":62,"code":29052,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"count = int(input(\"How many books? \"))\ntemperature = float(input(\"Enter the temperature: \"))\n",[21,29054,29055,29079],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,29056,29057,29060,29062,29064,29066,29068,29070,29072,29075,29077],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,29058,29059],{"class":79},"count ",[69,29061,97],{"class":96},[69,29063,11273],{"class":1859},[69,29065,221],{"class":100},[69,29067,12540],{"class":217},[69,29069,221],{"class":100},[69,29071,111],{"class":110},[69,29073,29074],{"class":114},"How many books? ",[69,29076,111],{"class":110},[69,29078,2183],{"class":100},[69,29080,29081,29084,29086,29088,29090,29092,29094,29096,29099,29101],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,29082,29083],{"class":79},"temperature ",[69,29085,97],{"class":96},[69,29087,24375],{"class":1859},[69,29089,221],{"class":100},[69,29091,12540],{"class":217},[69,29093,221],{"class":100},[69,29095,111],{"class":110},[69,29097,29098],{"class":114},"Enter the temperature: ",[69,29100,111],{"class":110},[69,29102,2183],{"class":100},[14,29104,29105],{},"If you are unsure, think about the real data you expect from the user.",[29,29107,29108,29113,29118,29123],{},[32,29109,29110,29111],{},"Number of people → ",[21,29112,21838],{},[32,29114,29115,29116],{},"Product price → ",[21,29117,21841],{},[32,29119,29120,29121],{},"Year → ",[21,29122,21838],{},[32,29124,29125,29126],{},"Height → ",[21,29127,21841],{},[55,29129,29131],{"id":29130},"beginner-tips","Beginner tips",[29,29133,29134,29140,29143,29146],{},[32,29135,29136,29137],{},"Use clear prompts like ",[21,29138,29139],{},"Enter a whole number:",[32,29141,29142],{},"Remember that spaces around numbers are usually handled",[32,29144,29145],{},"Test with both valid and invalid input",[32,29147,29148],{},"Check the error message if conversion fails",[14,29150,29151],{},"For example, this usually works because Python ignores extra spaces around the text:",[60,29153,29155],{"className":62,"code":29154,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"number = int(input(\"Enter a whole number: \"))\nprint(number)\n",[21,29156,29157,29179],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,29158,29159,29161,29163,29165,29167,29169,29171,29173,29175,29177],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,29160,8389],{"class":79},[69,29162,97],{"class":96},[69,29164,11273],{"class":1859},[69,29166,221],{"class":100},[69,29168,12540],{"class":217},[69,29170,221],{"class":100},[69,29172,111],{"class":110},[69,29174,27309],{"class":114},[69,29176,111],{"class":110},[69,29178,2183],{"class":100},[69,29180,29181,29183,29185,29187],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,29182,2161],{"class":217},[69,29184,221],{"class":100},[69,29186,17913],{"class":292},[69,29188,301],{"class":100},[14,29190,29191],{},"If the user types:",[60,29193,29195],{"className":62,"code":29194,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"   7\n",[21,29196,29197],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,29198,29199],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,29200,29194],{"class":157},[14,29202,29203],{},"Python can still convert it correctly.",[14,29205,29206],{},"Useful debugging steps:",[60,29208,29210],{"className":62,"code":29209,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(value)\nprint(type(value))\nnumber = int(value)\nnumber = float(value)\n",[21,29211,29212,29222,29236,29250],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,29213,29214,29216,29218,29220],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,29215,2161],{"class":217},[69,29217,221],{"class":100},[69,29219,20383],{"class":292},[69,29221,301],{"class":100},[69,29223,29224,29226,29228,29230,29232,29234],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,29225,2161],{"class":217},[69,29227,221],{"class":100},[69,29229,2176],{"class":1859},[69,29231,221],{"class":100},[69,29233,20383],{"class":292},[69,29235,2183],{"class":100},[69,29237,29238,29240,29242,29244,29246,29248],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,29239,8389],{"class":79},[69,29241,97],{"class":96},[69,29243,11273],{"class":1859},[69,29245,221],{"class":100},[69,29247,20383],{"class":292},[69,29249,301],{"class":100},[69,29251,29252,29254,29256,29258,29260,29262],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,29253,8389],{"class":79},[69,29255,97],{"class":96},[69,29257,24375],{"class":1859},[69,29259,221],{"class":100},[69,29261,20383],{"class":292},[69,29263,301],{"class":100},[14,29265,29266],{},"These can help you check whether a value is still a string before you use it in math.",[55,29268,3868],{"id":3867},[14,29270,29271],{},"Here are some common causes of problems when converting user input:",[29,29273,29274,29280,29287,29290,29294],{},[32,29275,29276,29277,29279],{},"Trying to add two ",[21,29278,24345],{}," values without converting them",[32,29281,1628,29282,27404,29284],{},[21,29283,12733],{},[21,29285,29286],{},"4.2",[32,29288,29289],{},"Typing letters or symbols when a number is expected",[32,29291,25614,29292,25617],{},[21,29293,24345],{},[32,29295,29296],{},"Using the converted value in math before checking for errors",[14,29298,29299],{},"Example of a common mistake:",[60,29301,29303],{"className":62,"code":29302,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"a = input(\"Enter a number: \")\nb = input(\"Enter another number: \")\n\nprint(a + b)\n",[21,29304,29305,29323,29342,29346],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,29306,29307,29309,29311,29313,29315,29317,29319,29321],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,29308,7137],{"class":79},[69,29310,97],{"class":96},[69,29312,11682],{"class":217},[69,29314,221],{"class":100},[69,29316,111],{"class":110},[69,29318,11689],{"class":114},[69,29320,111],{"class":110},[69,29322,301],{"class":100},[69,29324,29325,29327,29329,29331,29333,29335,29338,29340],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,29326,7194],{"class":79},[69,29328,97],{"class":96},[69,29330,11682],{"class":217},[69,29332,221],{"class":100},[69,29334,111],{"class":110},[69,29336,29337],{"class":114},"Enter another number: ",[69,29339,111],{"class":110},[69,29341,301],{"class":100},[69,29343,29344],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,29345,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,29347,29348,29350,29352,29354,29356,29358],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,29349,2161],{"class":217},[69,29351,221],{"class":100},[69,29353,7137],{"class":292},[69,29355,1847],{"class":96},[69,29357,28144],{"class":292},[69,29359,301],{"class":100},[14,29361,28149,29362,50,29364,29366],{},[21,29363,5966],{},[21,29365,19224],{},", the result is:",[60,29368,29369],{"className":62,"code":23114,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,29370,29371],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,29372,29373],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,29374,23114],{"class":157},[14,29376,27459],{},[60,29378,29380],{"className":62,"code":29379,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"a = int(input(\"Enter a number: \"))\nb = int(input(\"Enter another number: \"))\n\nprint(a + b)\n",[21,29381,29382,29404,29426,29430],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,29383,29384,29386,29388,29390,29392,29394,29396,29398,29400,29402],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,29385,7137],{"class":79},[69,29387,97],{"class":96},[69,29389,11273],{"class":1859},[69,29391,221],{"class":100},[69,29393,12540],{"class":217},[69,29395,221],{"class":100},[69,29397,111],{"class":110},[69,29399,11689],{"class":114},[69,29401,111],{"class":110},[69,29403,2183],{"class":100},[69,29405,29406,29408,29410,29412,29414,29416,29418,29420,29422,29424],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,29407,7194],{"class":79},[69,29409,97],{"class":96},[69,29411,11273],{"class":1859},[69,29413,221],{"class":100},[69,29415,12540],{"class":217},[69,29417,221],{"class":100},[69,29419,111],{"class":110},[69,29421,29337],{"class":114},[69,29423,111],{"class":110},[69,29425,2183],{"class":100},[69,29427,29428],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,29429,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,29431,29432,29434,29436,29438,29440,29442],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,29433,2161],{"class":217},[69,29435,221],{"class":100},[69,29437,7137],{"class":292},[69,29439,1847],{"class":96},[69,29441,28144],{"class":292},[69,29443,301],{"class":100},[55,29445,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,29447,29449],{"id":29448},"why-does-input-not-return-a-number","Why does input() not return a number?",[14,29451,29452,29454],{},[21,29453,24345],{}," reads what the user types as text, so it returns a string.",[1647,29456,29458],{"id":29457},"when-should-i-use-int","When should I use int()?",[14,29460,322,29461,29463,29464,5914,29466,5918,29468,289],{},[21,29462,12733],{}," when you only want whole numbers like ",[21,29465,5940],{},[21,29467,23026],{},[21,29469,29029],{},[1647,29471,29473],{"id":29472},"when-should-i-use-float","When should I use float()?",[14,29475,322,29476,29478,29479,364,29481,289],{},[21,29477,24334],{}," when decimal numbers are allowed, like ",[21,29480,24364],{},[21,29482,29038],{},[1647,29484,29486],{"id":29485},"what-error-happens-if-conversion-fails","What error happens if conversion fails?",[14,29488,25797,29489,29491],{},[21,29490,11209],{}," when text cannot be turned into the number type you asked for.",[1647,29493,29495],{"id":29494},"can-int-convert-40-from-user-input","Can int() convert 4.0 from user input?",[14,29497,7376,29498,29501,29502,29504,29505,29507],{},[21,29499,29500],{},"int(\"4.0\")"," raises ",[21,29503,11209],{}," because it is decimal text. Use ",[21,29506,24334],{}," first if needed.",[55,29509,2414],{"id":2413},[29,29511,29512,29516,29520,29524,29530,29535],{},[32,29513,29514],{},[579,29515,27387],{"href":25461},[32,29517,29518],{},[579,29519,13036],{"href":12751},[32,29521,29522],{},[579,29523,27219],{"href":24659},[32,29525,29526],{},[579,29527,29529],{"href":29528},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-get-user-input-in-python\u002F","How to get user input in Python",[32,29531,29532],{},[579,29533,29534],{"href":27030},"How to use try-except blocks in Python",[32,29536,29537],{},[579,29538,29539],{"href":26799},"ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10 fix",[2450,29541,29542],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: 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.s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":29544},[29545,29546,29547,29548,29549,29550,29551,29555,29556,29557,29558,29565],{"id":11251,"depth":83,"text":11252},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":27994,"depth":83,"text":27995},{"id":28177,"depth":83,"text":28178},{"id":28362,"depth":83,"text":28363},{"id":28536,"depth":83,"text":28537},{"id":24864,"depth":83,"text":24865,"children":29552},[29553,29554],{"id":28817,"depth":90,"text":28818},{"id":28897,"depth":90,"text":28898},{"id":29001,"depth":83,"text":29002},{"id":29130,"depth":83,"text":29131},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":29559},[29560,29561,29562,29563,29564],{"id":29448,"depth":90,"text":29449},{"id":29457,"depth":90,"text":29458},{"id":29472,"depth":90,"text":29473},{"id":29485,"depth":90,"text":29486},{"id":29494,"depth":90,"text":29495},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to convert user input to numbers in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-user-input-to-numbers-in-python",{"title":27825,"description":29566},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-user-input-to-numbers-in-python","HJrAnEDpS6bGjHEzyULkuRA6qqO1s2QuABwTB6WGERA",{"id":29573,"title":29574,"body":29575,"description":31572,"extension":2479,"meta":31573,"navigation":86,"path":31574,"seo":31575,"stem":31576,"__hash__":31577},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-copy-a-list-in-python.md","How to Copy a List in Python",{"type":7,"value":29576,"toc":31537},[29577,29580,29586,29588,29602,29604,29685,29689,29730,29739,29741,29743,29757,29762,29768,29774,29777,29793,29795,29914,29918,29997,30001,30007,30015,30025,30029,30032,30036,30103,30107,30132,30138,30145,30227,30231,30268,30274,30280,30283,30381,30385,30439,30442,30448,30465,30472,30474,30510,30516,30519,30524,30576,30580,30588,30591,30668,30672,30717,30724,30728,30734,30737,30739,30886,30890,30964,30968,30989,30992,30999,31006,31012,31023,31026,31028,31175,31179,31244,31247,31257,31261,31263,31284,31287,31309,31311,31314,31334,31337,31340,31432,31436,31457,31459,31463,31468,31475,31478,31482,31485,31489,31496,31500,31505,31507,31534],[10,29578,29574],{"id":29579},"how-to-copy-a-list-in-python",[14,29581,29582,29583,289],{},"If you want to copy a list in Python, the safest beginner-friendly choice is usually ",[21,29584,29585],{},"list.copy()",[14,29587,11225],{},[29,29589,29590,29593,29596,29599],{},[32,29591,29592],{},"how to copy a list without changing the original list object",[32,29594,29595],{},"which copy method to use for common cases",[32,29597,29598],{},"why some copied lists still affect each other",[32,29600,29601],{},"when you need a deep copy instead of a normal copy",[55,29603,58],{"id":57},[60,29605,29607],{"className":62,"code":29606,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\ncopy_numbers = numbers.copy()\n\nprint(numbers)\nprint(copy_numbers)\nprint(numbers is copy_numbers)\n",[21,29608,29609,29629,29645,29649,29659,29670],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,29610,29611,29613,29615,29617,29619,29621,29623,29625,29627],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,29612,5933],{"class":79},[69,29614,97],{"class":96},[69,29616,636],{"class":100},[69,29618,5940],{"class":157},[69,29620,120],{"class":100},[69,29622,5762],{"class":157},[69,29624,120],{"class":100},[69,29626,5949],{"class":157},[69,29628,198],{"class":100},[69,29630,29631,29634,29636,29638,29640,29643],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,29632,29633],{"class":79},"copy_numbers ",[69,29635,97],{"class":96},[69,29637,18540],{"class":79},[69,29639,289],{"class":100},[69,29641,29642],{"class":292},"copy",[69,29644,1385],{"class":100},[69,29646,29647],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,29648,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,29650,29651,29653,29655,29657],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,29652,2161],{"class":217},[69,29654,221],{"class":100},[69,29656,5956],{"class":292},[69,29658,301],{"class":100},[69,29660,29661,29663,29665,29668],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,29662,2161],{"class":217},[69,29664,221],{"class":100},[69,29666,29667],{"class":292},"copy_numbers",[69,29669,301],{"class":100},[69,29671,29672,29674,29676,29678,29680,29683],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,29673,2161],{"class":217},[69,29675,221],{"class":100},[69,29677,5933],{"class":292},[69,29679,8098],{"class":75},[69,29681,29682],{"class":292}," copy_numbers",[69,29684,301],{"class":100},[14,29686,29687],{},[2498,29688,2781],{},[60,29690,29692],{"className":62,"code":29691,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[1, 2, 3]\n[1, 2, 3]\nFalse\n",[21,29693,29694,29710,29726],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,29695,29696,29698,29700,29702,29704,29706,29708],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,29697,1345],{"class":100},[69,29699,5940],{"class":157},[69,29701,120],{"class":100},[69,29703,5762],{"class":157},[69,29705,120],{"class":100},[69,29707,5949],{"class":157},[69,29709,198],{"class":100},[69,29711,29712,29714,29716,29718,29720,29722,29724],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,29713,1345],{"class":100},[69,29715,5940],{"class":157},[69,29717,120],{"class":100},[69,29719,5762],{"class":157},[69,29721,120],{"class":100},[69,29723,5949],{"class":157},[69,29725,198],{"class":100},[69,29727,29728],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,29729,15815],{"class":3012},[14,29731,322,29732,29734,29735,29738],{},[21,29733,29585],{}," for a simple ",[2498,29736,29737],{},"shallow copy"," of a list. This creates a new list object, but nested items are still shared.",[55,29740,2666],{"id":2665},[14,29742,26016],{},[29,29744,29745,29748,29751,29754],{},[32,29746,29747],{},"copy a list without changing the original list object",[32,29749,29750],{},"choose the simplest copy method for beginner use cases",[32,29752,29753],{},"understand why some copied lists still affect each other",[32,29755,29756],{},"avoid accidental shared data with nested lists",[14,29758,29759,29760,289],{},"If you are new to lists in general, see ",[579,29761,6736],{"href":18656},[55,29763,322,29765,29767],{"id":29764},"use-listcopy-for-a-simple-copy",[21,29766,29585],{}," for a simple copy",[14,29769,29770,29771,29773],{},"For most beginners, ",[21,29772,29585],{}," is the best way to copy a list.",[14,29775,29776],{},"It:",[29,29778,29779,29782,29785,29788],{},[32,29780,29781],{},"creates a new list object",[32,29783,29784],{},"keeps the same items",[32,29786,29787],{},"works well for simple lists of numbers or strings",[32,29789,29790,29791],{},"makes a ",[2498,29792,29737],{},[14,29794,370],{},[60,29796,29798],{"className":62,"code":29797,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\ncopied_fruits = fruits.copy()\n\ncopied_fruits.append(\"grape\")\n\nprint(\"Original:\", fruits)\nprint(\"Copy:\", copied_fruits)\n",[21,29799,29800,29832,29847,29851,29871,29875,29894],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,29801,29802,29804,29806,29808,29810,29812,29814,29816,29818,29820,29822,29824,29826,29828,29830],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,29803,6028],{"class":79},[69,29805,97],{"class":96},[69,29807,636],{"class":100},[69,29809,111],{"class":110},[69,29811,6037],{"class":114},[69,29813,111],{"class":110},[69,29815,120],{"class":100},[69,29817,123],{"class":110},[69,29819,6046],{"class":114},[69,29821,111],{"class":110},[69,29823,120],{"class":100},[69,29825,123],{"class":110},[69,29827,6066],{"class":114},[69,29829,111],{"class":110},[69,29831,198],{"class":100},[69,29833,29834,29837,29839,29841,29843,29845],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,29835,29836],{"class":79},"copied_fruits ",[69,29838,97],{"class":96},[69,29840,19039],{"class":79},[69,29842,289],{"class":100},[69,29844,29642],{"class":292},[69,29846,1385],{"class":100},[69,29848,29849],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,29850,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,29852,29853,29856,29858,29860,29862,29864,29867,29869],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,29854,29855],{"class":79},"copied_fruits",[69,29857,289],{"class":100},[69,29859,5961],{"class":292},[69,29861,221],{"class":100},[69,29863,111],{"class":110},[69,29865,29866],{"class":114},"grape",[69,29868,111],{"class":110},[69,29870,301],{"class":100},[69,29872,29873],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,29874,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,29876,29877,29879,29881,29883,29886,29888,29890,29892],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,29878,2161],{"class":217},[69,29880,221],{"class":100},[69,29882,111],{"class":110},[69,29884,29885],{"class":114},"Original:",[69,29887,111],{"class":110},[69,29889,120],{"class":100},[69,29891,19039],{"class":292},[69,29893,301],{"class":100},[69,29895,29896,29898,29900,29902,29905,29907,29909,29912],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,29897,2161],{"class":217},[69,29899,221],{"class":100},[69,29901,111],{"class":110},[69,29903,29904],{"class":114},"Copy:",[69,29906,111],{"class":110},[69,29908,120],{"class":100},[69,29910,29911],{"class":292}," copied_fruits",[69,29913,301],{"class":100},[14,29915,29916],{},[2498,29917,2781],{},[60,29919,29921],{"className":62,"code":29920,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Original: ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']\nCopy: ['apple', 'banana', 'orange', 'grape']\n",[21,29922,29923,29956],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,29924,29925,29928,29930,29932,29934,29936,29938,29940,29942,29944,29946,29948,29950,29952,29954],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,29926,29927],{"class":79},"Original",[69,29929,1174],{"class":100},[69,29931,636],{"class":100},[69,29933,15283],{"class":110},[69,29935,6037],{"class":114},[69,29937,15283],{"class":110},[69,29939,120],{"class":100},[69,29941,15292],{"class":110},[69,29943,6046],{"class":114},[69,29945,15283],{"class":110},[69,29947,120],{"class":100},[69,29949,15292],{"class":110},[69,29951,6066],{"class":114},[69,29953,15283],{"class":110},[69,29955,198],{"class":100},[69,29957,29958,29961,29963,29965,29967,29969,29971,29973,29975,29977,29979,29981,29983,29985,29987,29989,29991,29993,29995],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,29959,29960],{"class":79},"Copy",[69,29962,1174],{"class":100},[69,29964,636],{"class":100},[69,29966,15283],{"class":110},[69,29968,6037],{"class":114},[69,29970,15283],{"class":110},[69,29972,120],{"class":100},[69,29974,15292],{"class":110},[69,29976,6046],{"class":114},[69,29978,15283],{"class":110},[69,29980,120],{"class":100},[69,29982,15292],{"class":110},[69,29984,6066],{"class":114},[69,29986,15283],{"class":110},[69,29988,120],{"class":100},[69,29990,15292],{"class":110},[69,29992,29866],{"class":114},[69,29994,15283],{"class":110},[69,29996,198],{"class":100},[1647,29998,30000],{"id":29999},"why-this-works","Why this works",[14,30002,30003,30006],{},[21,30004,30005],{},"fruits.copy()"," makes a new outer list.",[14,30008,30009,30010,30012,30013,289],{},"That means adding or removing items from ",[21,30011,29855],{}," does not change ",[21,30014,6055],{},[14,30016,30017,30018,289],{},"If you want more detail on this method, see the ",[579,30019,6115,30021,30024],{"href":30020},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-list-copy-method",[21,30022,30023],{},"copy()"," method reference",[55,30026,30028],{"id":30027},"other-common-ways-to-copy-a-list","Other common ways to copy a list",[14,30030,30031],{},"There are a few other common ways to copy a list.",[1647,30033,30035],{"id":30034},"_1-use-slicing","1. Use slicing",[60,30037,30039],{"className":62,"code":30038,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [10, 20, 30]\ncopied_numbers = numbers[:]\n\nprint(copied_numbers)\nprint(numbers is copied_numbers)\n",[21,30040,30041,30061,30073,30077,30088],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,30042,30043,30045,30047,30049,30051,30053,30055,30057,30059],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,30044,5933],{"class":79},[69,30046,97],{"class":96},[69,30048,636],{"class":100},[69,30050,18507],{"class":157},[69,30052,120],{"class":100},[69,30054,4671],{"class":157},[69,30056,120],{"class":100},[69,30058,158],{"class":157},[69,30060,198],{"class":100},[69,30062,30063,30066,30068,30070],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,30064,30065],{"class":79},"copied_numbers ",[69,30067,97],{"class":96},[69,30069,18540],{"class":79},[69,30071,30072],{"class":100},"[:]\n",[69,30074,30075],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,30076,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,30078,30079,30081,30083,30086],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,30080,2161],{"class":217},[69,30082,221],{"class":100},[69,30084,30085],{"class":292},"copied_numbers",[69,30087,301],{"class":100},[69,30089,30090,30092,30094,30096,30098,30101],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,30091,2161],{"class":217},[69,30093,221],{"class":100},[69,30095,5933],{"class":292},[69,30097,8098],{"class":75},[69,30099,30100],{"class":292}," copied_numbers",[69,30102,301],{"class":100},[14,30104,30105],{},[2498,30106,2781],{},[60,30108,30110],{"className":62,"code":30109,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[10, 20, 30]\nFalse\n",[21,30111,30112,30128],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,30113,30114,30116,30118,30120,30122,30124,30126],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,30115,1345],{"class":100},[69,30117,18507],{"class":157},[69,30119,120],{"class":100},[69,30121,4671],{"class":157},[69,30123,120],{"class":100},[69,30125,158],{"class":157},[69,30127,198],{"class":100},[69,30129,30130],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,30131,15815],{"class":3012},[14,30133,30134,30137],{},[21,30135,30136],{},"numbers[:]"," creates a shallow copy of the list.",[1647,30139,30141,30142],{"id":30140},"_2-use-list","2. Use ",[21,30143,30144],{},"list()",[60,30146,30148],{"className":62,"code":30147,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"letters = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]\ncopied_letters = list(letters)\n\nprint(copied_letters)\nprint(letters is copied_letters)\n",[21,30149,30150,30182,30197,30201,30212],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,30151,30152,30154,30156,30158,30160,30162,30164,30166,30168,30170,30172,30174,30176,30178,30180],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,30153,6382],{"class":79},[69,30155,97],{"class":96},[69,30157,636],{"class":100},[69,30159,111],{"class":110},[69,30161,579],{"class":114},[69,30163,111],{"class":110},[69,30165,120],{"class":100},[69,30167,123],{"class":110},[69,30169,5755],{"class":114},[69,30171,111],{"class":110},[69,30173,120],{"class":100},[69,30175,123],{"class":110},[69,30177,6399],{"class":114},[69,30179,111],{"class":110},[69,30181,198],{"class":100},[69,30183,30184,30187,30189,30191,30193,30195],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,30185,30186],{"class":79},"copied_letters ",[69,30188,97],{"class":96},[69,30190,22306],{"class":1859},[69,30192,221],{"class":100},[69,30194,6417],{"class":292},[69,30196,301],{"class":100},[69,30198,30199],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,30200,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,30202,30203,30205,30207,30210],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,30204,2161],{"class":217},[69,30206,221],{"class":100},[69,30208,30209],{"class":292},"copied_letters",[69,30211,301],{"class":100},[69,30213,30214,30216,30218,30220,30222,30225],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,30215,2161],{"class":217},[69,30217,221],{"class":100},[69,30219,6382],{"class":292},[69,30221,8098],{"class":75},[69,30223,30224],{"class":292}," copied_letters",[69,30226,301],{"class":100},[14,30228,30229],{},[2498,30230,2781],{},[60,30232,30234],{"className":62,"code":30233,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['a', 'b', 'c']\nFalse\n",[21,30235,30236,30264],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,30237,30238,30240,30242,30244,30246,30248,30250,30252,30254,30256,30258,30260,30262],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,30239,1345],{"class":100},[69,30241,15283],{"class":110},[69,30243,579],{"class":114},[69,30245,15283],{"class":110},[69,30247,120],{"class":100},[69,30249,15292],{"class":110},[69,30251,5755],{"class":114},[69,30253,15283],{"class":110},[69,30255,120],{"class":100},[69,30257,15292],{"class":110},[69,30259,6399],{"class":114},[69,30261,15283],{"class":110},[69,30263,198],{"class":100},[69,30265,30266],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,30267,15815],{"class":3012},[14,30269,30270,30273],{},[21,30271,30272],{},"list(letters)"," builds a new list from the old one.",[1647,30275,30277,30278],{"id":30276},"_3-do-not-use","3. Do not use ",[21,30279,97],{},[14,30281,30282],{},"This is a very common beginner mistake:",[60,30284,30286],{"className":62,"code":30285,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"original = [1, 2, 3]\ncopied = original\n\ncopied.append(4)\n\nprint(\"Original:\", original)\nprint(\"Copied:\", copied)\n",[21,30287,30288,30309,30319,30323,30338,30342,30361],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,30289,30290,30293,30295,30297,30299,30301,30303,30305,30307],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,30291,30292],{"class":79},"original ",[69,30294,97],{"class":96},[69,30296,636],{"class":100},[69,30298,5940],{"class":157},[69,30300,120],{"class":100},[69,30302,5762],{"class":157},[69,30304,120],{"class":100},[69,30306,5949],{"class":157},[69,30308,198],{"class":100},[69,30310,30311,30314,30316],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,30312,30313],{"class":79},"copied ",[69,30315,97],{"class":96},[69,30317,30318],{"class":79}," original\n",[69,30320,30321],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,30322,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,30324,30325,30328,30330,30332,30334,30336],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,30326,30327],{"class":79},"copied",[69,30329,289],{"class":100},[69,30331,5961],{"class":292},[69,30333,221],{"class":100},[69,30335,5966],{"class":157},[69,30337,301],{"class":100},[69,30339,30340],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,30341,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,30343,30344,30346,30348,30350,30352,30354,30356,30359],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,30345,2161],{"class":217},[69,30347,221],{"class":100},[69,30349,111],{"class":110},[69,30351,29885],{"class":114},[69,30353,111],{"class":110},[69,30355,120],{"class":100},[69,30357,30358],{"class":292}," original",[69,30360,301],{"class":100},[69,30362,30363,30365,30367,30369,30372,30374,30376,30379],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,30364,2161],{"class":217},[69,30366,221],{"class":100},[69,30368,111],{"class":110},[69,30370,30371],{"class":114},"Copied:",[69,30373,111],{"class":110},[69,30375,120],{"class":100},[69,30377,30378],{"class":292}," copied",[69,30380,301],{"class":100},[14,30382,30383],{},[2498,30384,2781],{},[60,30386,30388],{"className":62,"code":30387,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Original: [1, 2, 3, 4]\nCopied: [1, 2, 3, 4]\n",[21,30389,30390,30414],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,30391,30392,30394,30396,30398,30400,30402,30404,30406,30408,30410,30412],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,30393,29927],{"class":79},[69,30395,1174],{"class":100},[69,30397,636],{"class":100},[69,30399,5940],{"class":157},[69,30401,120],{"class":100},[69,30403,5762],{"class":157},[69,30405,120],{"class":100},[69,30407,5949],{"class":157},[69,30409,120],{"class":100},[69,30411,7167],{"class":157},[69,30413,198],{"class":100},[69,30415,30416,30419,30421,30423,30425,30427,30429,30431,30433,30435,30437],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,30417,30418],{"class":79},"Copied",[69,30420,1174],{"class":100},[69,30422,636],{"class":100},[69,30424,5940],{"class":157},[69,30426,120],{"class":100},[69,30428,5762],{"class":157},[69,30430,120],{"class":100},[69,30432,5949],{"class":157},[69,30434,120],{"class":100},[69,30436,7167],{"class":157},[69,30438,198],{"class":100},[14,30440,30441],{},"This is not a real copy.",[14,30443,30444,30445,1174],{},"All of these common methods make ",[2498,30446,30447],{},"shallow copies",[29,30449,30450,30455,30460],{},[32,30451,30452],{},[21,30453,30454],{},"my_list.copy()",[32,30456,30457],{},[21,30458,30459],{},"my_list[:]",[32,30461,30462],{},[21,30463,30464],{},"list(my_list)",[55,30466,30468,30469,30471],{"id":30467},"why-does-not-copy-a-list","Why ",[21,30470,97],{}," does not copy a list",[14,30473,7813],{},[60,30475,30477],{"className":62,"code":30476,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"old_list = [1, 2, 3]\nnew_list = old_list\n",[21,30478,30479,30500],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,30480,30481,30484,30486,30488,30490,30492,30494,30496,30498],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,30482,30483],{"class":79},"old_list ",[69,30485,97],{"class":96},[69,30487,636],{"class":100},[69,30489,5940],{"class":157},[69,30491,120],{"class":100},[69,30493,5762],{"class":157},[69,30495,120],{"class":100},[69,30497,5949],{"class":157},[69,30499,198],{"class":100},[69,30501,30502,30505,30507],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,30503,30504],{"class":79},"new_list ",[69,30506,97],{"class":96},[69,30508,30509],{"class":79}," old_list\n",[14,30511,30512,30513,30515],{},"Python does ",[2498,30514,3315],{}," make a new list.",[14,30517,30518],{},"Instead, both variables point to the same list in memory.",[14,30520,30521,30522,1174],{},"You can check that with ",[21,30523,8098],{},[60,30525,30527],{"className":62,"code":30526,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"old_list = [1, 2, 3]\nnew_list = old_list\n\nprint(old_list is new_list)\n",[21,30528,30529,30549,30557,30561],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,30530,30531,30533,30535,30537,30539,30541,30543,30545,30547],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,30532,30483],{"class":79},[69,30534,97],{"class":96},[69,30536,636],{"class":100},[69,30538,5940],{"class":157},[69,30540,120],{"class":100},[69,30542,5762],{"class":157},[69,30544,120],{"class":100},[69,30546,5949],{"class":157},[69,30548,198],{"class":100},[69,30550,30551,30553,30555],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,30552,30504],{"class":79},[69,30554,97],{"class":96},[69,30556,30509],{"class":79},[69,30558,30559],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,30560,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,30562,30563,30565,30567,30569,30571,30574],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,30564,2161],{"class":217},[69,30566,221],{"class":100},[69,30568,30483],{"class":292},[69,30570,8098],{"class":75},[69,30572,30573],{"class":292}," new_list",[69,30575,301],{"class":100},[14,30577,30578],{},[2498,30579,2781],{},[60,30581,30582],{"className":62,"code":15810,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,30583,30584],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,30585,30586],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,30587,15810],{"class":3012},[14,30589,30590],{},"Now if you change one variable, the other appears to change too:",[60,30592,30594],{"className":62,"code":30593,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"old_list = [1, 2, 3]\nnew_list = old_list\n\nnew_list.append(4)\n\nprint(old_list)\nprint(new_list)\n",[21,30595,30596,30616,30624,30628,30643,30647,30658],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,30597,30598,30600,30602,30604,30606,30608,30610,30612,30614],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,30599,30483],{"class":79},[69,30601,97],{"class":96},[69,30603,636],{"class":100},[69,30605,5940],{"class":157},[69,30607,120],{"class":100},[69,30609,5762],{"class":157},[69,30611,120],{"class":100},[69,30613,5949],{"class":157},[69,30615,198],{"class":100},[69,30617,30618,30620,30622],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,30619,30504],{"class":79},[69,30621,97],{"class":96},[69,30623,30509],{"class":79},[69,30625,30626],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,30627,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,30629,30630,30633,30635,30637,30639,30641],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,30631,30632],{"class":79},"new_list",[69,30634,289],{"class":100},[69,30636,5961],{"class":292},[69,30638,221],{"class":100},[69,30640,5966],{"class":157},[69,30642,301],{"class":100},[69,30644,30645],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,30646,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,30648,30649,30651,30653,30656],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,30650,2161],{"class":217},[69,30652,221],{"class":100},[69,30654,30655],{"class":292},"old_list",[69,30657,301],{"class":100},[69,30659,30660,30662,30664,30666],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,30661,2161],{"class":217},[69,30663,221],{"class":100},[69,30665,30632],{"class":292},[69,30667,301],{"class":100},[14,30669,30670],{},[2498,30671,2781],{},[60,30673,30675],{"className":62,"code":30674,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[1, 2, 3, 4]\n[1, 2, 3, 4]\n",[21,30676,30677,30697],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,30678,30679,30681,30683,30685,30687,30689,30691,30693,30695],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,30680,1345],{"class":100},[69,30682,5940],{"class":157},[69,30684,120],{"class":100},[69,30686,5762],{"class":157},[69,30688,120],{"class":100},[69,30690,5949],{"class":157},[69,30692,120],{"class":100},[69,30694,7167],{"class":157},[69,30696,198],{"class":100},[69,30698,30699,30701,30703,30705,30707,30709,30711,30713,30715],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,30700,1345],{"class":100},[69,30702,5940],{"class":157},[69,30704,120],{"class":100},[69,30706,5762],{"class":157},[69,30708,120],{"class":100},[69,30710,5949],{"class":157},[69,30712,120],{"class":100},[69,30714,7167],{"class":157},[69,30716,198],{"class":100},[14,30718,30719,30720,30723],{},"This is called ",[2498,30721,30722],{},"assignment",", not copying.",[55,30725,30727],{"id":30726},"shallow-copy-vs-nested-lists","Shallow copy vs nested lists",[14,30729,30730,30731,289],{},"A shallow copy copies only the ",[2498,30732,30733],{},"outer list",[14,30735,30736],{},"If your list contains inner lists or other mutable objects, those nested items are still shared.",[14,30738,370],{},[60,30740,30742],{"className":62,"code":30741,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"original = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]\ncopied = original.copy()\n\ncopied[0].append(99)\n\nprint(\"Original:\", original)\nprint(\"Copied:\", copied)\nprint(original is copied)\nprint(original[0] is copied[0])\n",[21,30743,30744,30770,30784,30788,30807,30811,30829,30847,30861],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,30745,30746,30748,30750,30752,30754,30756,30758,30760,30762,30764,30766,30768],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,30747,30292],{"class":79},[69,30749,97],{"class":96},[69,30751,20273],{"class":100},[69,30753,5940],{"class":157},[69,30755,120],{"class":100},[69,30757,5762],{"class":157},[69,30759,20282],{"class":100},[69,30761,636],{"class":100},[69,30763,7162],{"class":157},[69,30765,120],{"class":100},[69,30767,7167],{"class":157},[69,30769,20293],{"class":100},[69,30771,30772,30774,30776,30778,30780,30782],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,30773,30313],{"class":79},[69,30775,97],{"class":96},[69,30777,30358],{"class":79},[69,30779,289],{"class":100},[69,30781,29642],{"class":292},[69,30783,1385],{"class":100},[69,30785,30786],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,30787,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,30789,30790,30792,30794,30796,30799,30801,30803,30805],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,30791,30327],{"class":79},[69,30793,1345],{"class":100},[69,30795,2200],{"class":157},[69,30797,30798],{"class":100},"].",[69,30800,5961],{"class":292},[69,30802,221],{"class":100},[69,30804,18551],{"class":157},[69,30806,301],{"class":100},[69,30808,30809],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,30810,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,30812,30813,30815,30817,30819,30821,30823,30825,30827],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,30814,2161],{"class":217},[69,30816,221],{"class":100},[69,30818,111],{"class":110},[69,30820,29885],{"class":114},[69,30822,111],{"class":110},[69,30824,120],{"class":100},[69,30826,30358],{"class":292},[69,30828,301],{"class":100},[69,30830,30831,30833,30835,30837,30839,30841,30843,30845],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,30832,2161],{"class":217},[69,30834,221],{"class":100},[69,30836,111],{"class":110},[69,30838,30371],{"class":114},[69,30840,111],{"class":110},[69,30842,120],{"class":100},[69,30844,30378],{"class":292},[69,30846,301],{"class":100},[69,30848,30849,30851,30853,30855,30857,30859],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,30850,2161],{"class":217},[69,30852,221],{"class":100},[69,30854,30292],{"class":292},[69,30856,8098],{"class":75},[69,30858,30378],{"class":292},[69,30860,301],{"class":100},[69,30862,30863,30865,30867,30870,30872,30874,30876,30878,30880,30882,30884],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,30864,2161],{"class":217},[69,30866,221],{"class":100},[69,30868,30869],{"class":292},"original",[69,30871,1345],{"class":100},[69,30873,2200],{"class":157},[69,30875,4229],{"class":100},[69,30877,16160],{"class":75},[69,30879,30378],{"class":292},[69,30881,1345],{"class":100},[69,30883,2200],{"class":157},[69,30885,494],{"class":100},[14,30887,30888],{},[2498,30889,2781],{},[60,30891,30893],{"className":62,"code":30892,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Original: [[1, 2, 99], [3, 4]]\nCopied: [[1, 2, 99], [3, 4]]\nFalse\nTrue\n",[21,30894,30895,30926,30956,30960],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,30896,30897,30899,30901,30903,30905,30907,30909,30911,30914,30916,30918,30920,30922,30924],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,30898,29927],{"class":79},[69,30900,1174],{"class":100},[69,30902,20273],{"class":100},[69,30904,5940],{"class":157},[69,30906,120],{"class":100},[69,30908,5762],{"class":157},[69,30910,120],{"class":100},[69,30912,30913],{"class":157}," 99",[69,30915,20282],{"class":100},[69,30917,636],{"class":100},[69,30919,7162],{"class":157},[69,30921,120],{"class":100},[69,30923,7167],{"class":157},[69,30925,20293],{"class":100},[69,30927,30928,30930,30932,30934,30936,30938,30940,30942,30944,30946,30948,30950,30952,30954],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,30929,30418],{"class":79},[69,30931,1174],{"class":100},[69,30933,20273],{"class":100},[69,30935,5940],{"class":157},[69,30937,120],{"class":100},[69,30939,5762],{"class":157},[69,30941,120],{"class":100},[69,30943,30913],{"class":157},[69,30945,20282],{"class":100},[69,30947,636],{"class":100},[69,30949,7162],{"class":157},[69,30951,120],{"class":100},[69,30953,7167],{"class":157},[69,30955,20293],{"class":100},[69,30957,30958],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,30959,15815],{"class":3012},[69,30961,30962],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,30963,15810],{"class":3012},[1647,30965,30967],{"id":30966},"what-happened-here","What happened here?",[29,30969,30970,30978,30986],{},[32,30971,30972,8030,30975,30977],{},[21,30973,30974],{},"original is copied",[21,30976,14886],{},", so the outer lists are different",[32,30979,30980,8030,30983,30985],{},[21,30981,30982],{},"original[0] is copied[0]",[21,30984,11002],{},", so the first inner list is shared",[32,30987,30988],{},"changing the inner list affects both variables",[14,30990,30991],{},"This is the main reason copied lists sometimes behave in surprising ways.",[14,30993,30994,30995,289],{},"If you want a fuller explanation, see ",[579,30996,30998],{"href":30997},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-shallow-copy-vs-deep-copy-explained","shallow copy vs deep copy explained",[55,31000,31002,31003],{"id":31001},"when-to-use-deepcopy","When to use ",[21,31004,31005],{},"deepcopy",[14,31007,322,31008,31011],{},[21,31009,31010],{},"copy.deepcopy()"," when your list contains nested mutable data, such as:",[29,31013,31014,31017,31020],{},[32,31015,31016],{},"lists inside lists",[32,31018,31019],{},"dictionaries inside lists",[32,31021,31022],{},"sets inside lists",[14,31024,31025],{},"A deep copy creates independent copies of nested mutable items.",[14,31027,370],{},[60,31029,31031],{"className":62,"code":31030,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import copy\n\noriginal = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]\ncopied = copy.deepcopy(original)\n\ncopied[0].append(99)\n\nprint(\"Original:\", original)\nprint(\"Copied:\", copied)\nprint(original[0] is copied[0])\n",[21,31032,31033,31040,31044,31070,31089,31093,31111,31115,31133,31151],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,31034,31035,31037],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,31036,76],{"class":75},[69,31038,31039],{"class":79}," copy\n",[69,31041,31042],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,31043,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,31045,31046,31048,31050,31052,31054,31056,31058,31060,31062,31064,31066,31068],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,31047,30292],{"class":79},[69,31049,97],{"class":96},[69,31051,20273],{"class":100},[69,31053,5940],{"class":157},[69,31055,120],{"class":100},[69,31057,5762],{"class":157},[69,31059,20282],{"class":100},[69,31061,636],{"class":100},[69,31063,7162],{"class":157},[69,31065,120],{"class":100},[69,31067,7167],{"class":157},[69,31069,20293],{"class":100},[69,31071,31072,31074,31076,31079,31081,31083,31085,31087],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,31073,30313],{"class":79},[69,31075,97],{"class":96},[69,31077,31078],{"class":79}," copy",[69,31080,289],{"class":100},[69,31082,31005],{"class":292},[69,31084,221],{"class":100},[69,31086,30869],{"class":292},[69,31088,301],{"class":100},[69,31090,31091],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,31092,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,31094,31095,31097,31099,31101,31103,31105,31107,31109],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,31096,30327],{"class":79},[69,31098,1345],{"class":100},[69,31100,2200],{"class":157},[69,31102,30798],{"class":100},[69,31104,5961],{"class":292},[69,31106,221],{"class":100},[69,31108,18551],{"class":157},[69,31110,301],{"class":100},[69,31112,31113],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,31114,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,31116,31117,31119,31121,31123,31125,31127,31129,31131],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,31118,2161],{"class":217},[69,31120,221],{"class":100},[69,31122,111],{"class":110},[69,31124,29885],{"class":114},[69,31126,111],{"class":110},[69,31128,120],{"class":100},[69,31130,30358],{"class":292},[69,31132,301],{"class":100},[69,31134,31135,31137,31139,31141,31143,31145,31147,31149],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,31136,2161],{"class":217},[69,31138,221],{"class":100},[69,31140,111],{"class":110},[69,31142,30371],{"class":114},[69,31144,111],{"class":110},[69,31146,120],{"class":100},[69,31148,30378],{"class":292},[69,31150,301],{"class":100},[69,31152,31153,31155,31157,31159,31161,31163,31165,31167,31169,31171,31173],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,31154,2161],{"class":217},[69,31156,221],{"class":100},[69,31158,30869],{"class":292},[69,31160,1345],{"class":100},[69,31162,2200],{"class":157},[69,31164,4229],{"class":100},[69,31166,16160],{"class":75},[69,31168,30378],{"class":292},[69,31170,1345],{"class":100},[69,31172,2200],{"class":157},[69,31174,494],{"class":100},[14,31176,31177],{},[2498,31178,2781],{},[60,31180,31182],{"className":62,"code":31181,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Original: [[1, 2], [3, 4]]\nCopied: [[1, 2, 99], [3, 4]]\nFalse\n",[21,31183,31184,31210,31240],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,31185,31186,31188,31190,31192,31194,31196,31198,31200,31202,31204,31206,31208],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,31187,29927],{"class":79},[69,31189,1174],{"class":100},[69,31191,20273],{"class":100},[69,31193,5940],{"class":157},[69,31195,120],{"class":100},[69,31197,5762],{"class":157},[69,31199,20282],{"class":100},[69,31201,636],{"class":100},[69,31203,7162],{"class":157},[69,31205,120],{"class":100},[69,31207,7167],{"class":157},[69,31209,20293],{"class":100},[69,31211,31212,31214,31216,31218,31220,31222,31224,31226,31228,31230,31232,31234,31236,31238],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,31213,30418],{"class":79},[69,31215,1174],{"class":100},[69,31217,20273],{"class":100},[69,31219,5940],{"class":157},[69,31221,120],{"class":100},[69,31223,5762],{"class":157},[69,31225,120],{"class":100},[69,31227,30913],{"class":157},[69,31229,20282],{"class":100},[69,31231,636],{"class":100},[69,31233,7162],{"class":157},[69,31235,120],{"class":100},[69,31237,7167],{"class":157},[69,31239,20293],{"class":100},[69,31241,31242],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,31243,15815],{"class":3012},[14,31245,31246],{},"Now the inner lists are separate too.",[14,31248,322,31249,31252,31253,31256],{},[21,31250,31251],{},"deepcopy()"," only when you really need full separation. For simple one-dimensional lists, ",[21,31254,31255],{},".copy()"," is usually enough.",[55,31258,31260],{"id":31259},"which-method-should-beginners-use","Which method should beginners use",[14,31262,22429],{},[29,31264,31265,31271,31276,31281],{},[32,31266,31267,31268,31270],{},"use ",[21,31269,31255],{}," for most simple list-copy tasks",[32,31272,31267,31273,31275],{},[21,31274,31251],{}," only for nested mutable data",[32,31277,31267,31278,31280],{},[21,31279,97],{}," only when you want both variables to refer to the same list",[32,31282,31283],{},"choose the clearest method, not the cleverest one",[14,31285,31286],{},"In most beginner code:",[29,31288,31289,31295,31300],{},[32,31290,31291,31294],{},[21,31292,31293],{},"numbers.copy()"," is the easiest to read",[32,31296,31297,31299],{},[21,31298,30136],{}," is fine, but less obvious to some beginners",[32,31301,31302,31305,31306,31308],{},[21,31303,31304],{},"list(numbers)"," also works, but ",[21,31307,31255],{}," is usually clearer for lists",[55,31310,3868],{"id":3867},[14,31312,31313],{},"These are the most common reasons list copying goes wrong:",[29,31315,31316,31322,31328,31331],{},[32,31317,31318,31319,31321],{},"using ",[21,31320,97],{}," and expecting a new list",[32,31323,31324,31325,31327],{},"copying a nested list with ",[21,31326,31255],{}," and expecting a deep copy",[32,31329,31330],{},"changing inner lists after making only a shallow copy",[32,31332,31333],{},"not knowing the difference between assignment and copying",[14,31335,31336],{},"If your code behaves unexpectedly, print a few values to check what is shared.",[14,31338,31339],{},"Useful debugging lines:",[60,31341,31343],{"className":62,"code":31342,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(original)\nprint(copied)\nprint(original is copied)\nprint(id(original))\nprint(id(copied))\nprint(original[0] is copied[0])\n",[21,31344,31345,31355,31365,31379,31394,31408],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,31346,31347,31349,31351,31353],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,31348,2161],{"class":217},[69,31350,221],{"class":100},[69,31352,30869],{"class":292},[69,31354,301],{"class":100},[69,31356,31357,31359,31361,31363],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,31358,2161],{"class":217},[69,31360,221],{"class":100},[69,31362,30327],{"class":292},[69,31364,301],{"class":100},[69,31366,31367,31369,31371,31373,31375,31377],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,31368,2161],{"class":217},[69,31370,221],{"class":100},[69,31372,30292],{"class":292},[69,31374,8098],{"class":75},[69,31376,30378],{"class":292},[69,31378,301],{"class":100},[69,31380,31381,31383,31385,31388,31390,31392],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,31382,2161],{"class":217},[69,31384,221],{"class":100},[69,31386,31387],{"class":217},"id",[69,31389,221],{"class":100},[69,31391,30869],{"class":292},[69,31393,2183],{"class":100},[69,31395,31396,31398,31400,31402,31404,31406],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,31397,2161],{"class":217},[69,31399,221],{"class":100},[69,31401,31387],{"class":217},[69,31403,221],{"class":100},[69,31405,30327],{"class":292},[69,31407,2183],{"class":100},[69,31409,31410,31412,31414,31416,31418,31420,31422,31424,31426,31428,31430],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,31411,2161],{"class":217},[69,31413,221],{"class":100},[69,31415,30869],{"class":292},[69,31417,1345],{"class":100},[69,31419,2200],{"class":157},[69,31421,4229],{"class":100},[69,31423,16160],{"class":75},[69,31425,30378],{"class":292},[69,31427,1345],{"class":100},[69,31429,2200],{"class":157},[69,31431,494],{"class":100},[1647,31433,31435],{"id":31434},"what-these-checks-tell-you","What these checks tell you",[29,31437,31438,31443,31452],{},[32,31439,31440,31442],{},[21,31441,30974],{}," checks whether both variables point to the same object",[32,31444,31445,50,31448,31451],{},[21,31446,31447],{},"id(original)",[21,31449,31450],{},"id(copied)"," show the memory identity of each object",[32,31453,31454,31456],{},[21,31455,30982],{}," helps you detect shared nested items",[55,31458,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,31460,31462],{"id":31461},"what-is-the-easiest-way-to-copy-a-list-in-python","What is the easiest way to copy a list in Python?",[14,31464,322,31465,31467],{},[21,31466,30454],{}," for a simple shallow copy.",[1647,31469,11052,31471,31474],{"id":31470},"does-new_list-old_list-copy-the-list",[21,31472,31473],{},"new_list = old_list"," copy the list?",[14,31476,31477],{},"No. It creates another reference to the same list.",[1647,31479,31481],{"id":31480},"what-is-a-shallow-copy","What is a shallow copy?",[14,31483,31484],{},"It copies the outer list, but nested mutable items are still shared.",[1647,31486,31488],{"id":31487},"how-do-i-copy-a-nested-list-without-linking-inner-items","How do I copy a nested list without linking inner items?",[14,31490,322,31491,31493,31494,20660],{},[21,31492,31010],{}," from the ",[21,31495,29642],{},[1647,31497,31499],{"id":31498},"is-slicing-a-good-way-to-copy-a-list","Is slicing a good way to copy a list?",[14,31501,20540,31502,31504],{},[21,31503,30459],{}," creates a shallow copy and is commonly used.",[55,31506,2414],{"id":2413},[29,31508,31509,31515,31521,31525,31529],{},[32,31510,31511],{},[579,31512,6115,31513,3141],{"href":30020},[21,31514,30023],{},[32,31516,31517],{},[579,31518,31520],{"href":31519},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-add-an-item-to-a-list-in-python\u002F","How to add an item to a list in Python",[32,31522,31523],{},[579,31524,7418],{"href":7417},[32,31526,31527],{},[579,31528,6736],{"href":18656},[32,31530,31531],{},[579,31532,31533],{"href":30997},"Shallow copy vs deep copy explained",[2450,31535,31536],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html .light .shiki span {color: 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var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":31538},[31539,31540,31541,31545,31552,31554,31557,31559,31560,31563,31571],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":29764,"depth":83,"text":31542,"children":31543},"Use list.copy() for a simple copy",[31544],{"id":29999,"depth":90,"text":30000},{"id":30027,"depth":83,"text":30028,"children":31546},[31547,31548,31550],{"id":30034,"depth":90,"text":30035},{"id":30140,"depth":90,"text":31549},"2. Use list()",{"id":30276,"depth":90,"text":31551},"3. Do not use =",{"id":30467,"depth":83,"text":31553},"Why = does not copy a list",{"id":30726,"depth":83,"text":30727,"children":31555},[31556],{"id":30966,"depth":90,"text":30967},{"id":31001,"depth":83,"text":31558},"When to use deepcopy",{"id":31259,"depth":83,"text":31260},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":31561},[31562],{"id":31434,"depth":90,"text":31435},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":31564},[31565,31566,31568,31569,31570],{"id":31461,"depth":90,"text":31462},{"id":31470,"depth":90,"text":31567},"Does new_list = old_list copy the list?",{"id":31480,"depth":90,"text":31481},{"id":31487,"depth":90,"text":31488},{"id":31498,"depth":90,"text":31499},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to copy a list in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-copy-a-list-in-python",{"title":29574,"description":31572},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-copy-a-list-in-python","eqcJboaHwMDfa6JLYTVx3SxtjCrj2IulqM1419f550w",{"id":31579,"title":31580,"body":31581,"description":33695,"extension":2479,"meta":33696,"navigation":86,"path":33697,"seo":33698,"stem":33699,"__hash__":33700},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-create-a-class-in-python.md","How to Create a Class in Python",{"type":7,"value":31582,"toc":33656},[31583,31586,31589,31592,31594,31741,31745,31760,31772,31774,31791,31795,31798,31821,31824,31831,31835,31838,31863,31866,31884,31890,31896,31901,31904,31961,31964,31989,31997,32001,32004,32010,32066,32068,32080,32083,32222,32226,32240,32244,32247,32250,32374,32380,32383,32390,32394,32397,32480,32483,32509,32515,32520,32524,32527,32531,32564,32568,32584,32587,32601,32605,32611,32799,32803,32846,32848,32879,32883,32886,32939,32942,32945,32959,32962,32978,32985,32987,32990,32994,32997,33013,33015,33031,33035,33038,33040,33067,33069,33096,33102,33109,33111,33146,33148,33187,33194,33196,33234,33237,33239,33280,33284,33286,33326,33331,33333,33404,33411,33417,33420,33437,33440,33474,33476,33479,33536,33538,33563,33565,33569,33572,33582,33589,33592,33598,33603,33607,33610,33614,33617,33619,33650,33653],[10,31584,31580],{"id":31585},"how-to-create-a-class-in-python",[14,31587,31588],{},"If you want to group related data and actions together, a class is a good tool to use.",[14,31590,31591],{},"This page shows you how to create your first Python class step by step. You will learn the basic class structure, how to add attributes, how to add methods, and how to create objects from the class.",[55,31593,58],{"id":57},[60,31595,31597],{"className":62,"code":31596,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Dog:\n    def __init__(self, name, age):\n        self.name = name\n        self.age = age\n\n    def bark(self):\n        print(self.name, \"says woof\")\n\nmy_dog = Dog(\"Max\", 3)\nprint(my_dog.name)\nmy_dog.bark()\n",[21,31598,31599,31607,31627,31639,31651,31655,31667,31690,31694,31717,31731],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,31600,31601,31603,31605],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,31602,7503],{"class":7502},[69,31604,7507],{"class":7506},[69,31606,275],{"class":100},[69,31608,31609,31611,31613,31615,31617,31619,31621,31623,31625],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,31610,7514],{"class":7502},[69,31612,7942],{"class":217},[69,31614,221],{"class":100},[69,31616,7490],{"class":7523},[69,31618,120],{"class":100},[69,31620,7952],{"class":7951},[69,31622,120],{"class":100},[69,31624,7957],{"class":7951},[69,31626,7526],{"class":100},[69,31628,31629,31631,31633,31635,31637],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,31630,7965],{"class":7964},[69,31632,289],{"class":100},[69,31634,115],{"class":2216},[69,31636,4232],{"class":96},[69,31638,7974],{"class":79},[69,31640,31641,31643,31645,31647,31649],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,31642,7965],{"class":7964},[69,31644,289],{"class":100},[69,31646,126],{"class":2216},[69,31648,4232],{"class":96},[69,31650,7987],{"class":79},[69,31652,31653],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,31654,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,31656,31657,31659,31661,31663,31665],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,31658,7514],{"class":7502},[69,31660,7518],{"class":7517},[69,31662,221],{"class":100},[69,31664,7490],{"class":7523},[69,31666,7526],{"class":100},[69,31668,31669,31671,31673,31675,31677,31679,31681,31683,31686,31688],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,31670,7531],{"class":217},[69,31672,221],{"class":100},[69,31674,7490],{"class":7964},[69,31676,289],{"class":100},[69,31678,115],{"class":2216},[69,31680,120],{"class":100},[69,31682,123],{"class":110},[69,31684,31685],{"class":114},"says woof",[69,31687,111],{"class":110},[69,31689,301],{"class":100},[69,31691,31692],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,31693,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,31695,31696,31698,31700,31702,31704,31706,31709,31711,31713,31715],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,31697,7551],{"class":79},[69,31699,97],{"class":96},[69,31701,7507],{"class":292},[69,31703,221],{"class":100},[69,31705,111],{"class":110},[69,31707,31708],{"class":114},"Max",[69,31710,111],{"class":110},[69,31712,120],{"class":100},[69,31714,5949],{"class":157},[69,31716,301],{"class":100},[69,31718,31719,31721,31723,31725,31727,31729],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,31720,2161],{"class":217},[69,31722,221],{"class":100},[69,31724,7562],{"class":292},[69,31726,289],{"class":100},[69,31728,115],{"class":2216},[69,31730,301],{"class":100},[69,31732,31733,31735,31737,31739],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,31734,7562],{"class":79},[69,31736,289],{"class":100},[69,31738,7567],{"class":292},[69,31740,1385],{"class":100},[14,31742,31743],{},[2498,31744,2781],{},[60,31746,31748],{"className":62,"code":31747,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Max\nMax says woof\n",[21,31749,31750,31755],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,31751,31752],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,31753,31754],{"class":79},"Max\n",[69,31756,31757],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,31758,31759],{"class":79},"Max says woof\n",[14,31761,322,31762,31764,31765,31767,31768,31771],{},[21,31763,7503],{}," to define the blueprint, ",[21,31766,7914],{}," to set starting values, and ",[21,31769,31770],{},"ClassName(...)"," to create an object.",[55,31773,2666],{"id":2665},[29,31775,31776,31779,31782,31785,31788],{},[32,31777,31778],{},"Create a simple class from scratch",[32,31780,31781],{},"Understand the basic class syntax",[32,31783,31784],{},"Add data to a class with attributes",[32,31786,31787],{},"Add behavior to a class with methods",[32,31789,31790],{},"Create objects from the class",[55,31792,31794],{"id":31793},"when-to-use-a-class","When to use a class",[14,31796,31797],{},"Use a class when:",[29,31799,31800,31803,31806],{},[32,31801,31802],{},"You want to group related data and actions",[32,31804,31805],{},"Many objects should share the same structure",[32,31807,31808,31809,5914,31812,5914,31815,5918,31818],{},"You are modeling real things like ",[21,31810,31811],{},"Dog",[21,31813,31814],{},"Car",[21,31816,31817],{},"Student",[21,31819,31820],{},"BankAccount",[14,31822,31823],{},"Do not use a class for very small one-off values. For example, if you only need a single number or string, a normal variable is enough.",[14,31825,31826,31827,31830],{},"If you are new to this topic, see ",[579,31828,7611],{"href":31829},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-classes-and-objects-explained\u002F"," for a beginner-friendly overview.",[55,31832,31834],{"id":31833},"basic-syntax-for-creating-a-class","Basic syntax for creating a class",[14,31836,31837],{},"To create a class:",[29,31839,31840,31846,31854,31860],{},[32,31841,31842,31843,31845],{},"Start with the ",[21,31844,7503],{}," keyword",[32,31847,31848,31849,364,31852],{},"Write the class name in PascalCase, such as ",[21,31850,31851],{},"Person",[21,31853,31814],{},[32,31855,31856,31857,31859],{},"Add a colon ",[21,31858,1174],{}," at the end",[32,31861,31862],{},"Indent everything inside the class",[14,31864,31865],{},"Here is the smallest possible class:",[60,31867,31869],{"className":62,"code":31868,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person:\n    pass\n",[21,31870,31871,31879],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,31872,31873,31875,31877],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,31874,7503],{"class":7502},[69,31876,8168],{"class":7506},[69,31878,275],{"class":100},[69,31880,31881],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,31882,31883],{"class":75},"    pass\n",[14,31885,31886,31889],{},[21,31887,31888],{},"pass"," means “do nothing for now.” It lets Python accept an empty class.",[55,31891,31893,31894,3141],{"id":31892},"add-an-__init__-method","Add an ",[21,31895,7914],{},[14,31897,9337,31898,31900],{},[21,31899,7914],{}," method runs when you create a new object.",[14,31902,31903],{},"You usually use it to set starting values for that object.",[60,31905,31907],{"className":62,"code":31906,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person:\n    def __init__(self, name, age):\n        self.name = name\n        self.age = age\n",[21,31908,31909,31917,31937,31949],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,31910,31911,31913,31915],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,31912,7503],{"class":7502},[69,31914,8168],{"class":7506},[69,31916,275],{"class":100},[69,31918,31919,31921,31923,31925,31927,31929,31931,31933,31935],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,31920,7514],{"class":7502},[69,31922,7942],{"class":217},[69,31924,221],{"class":100},[69,31926,7490],{"class":7523},[69,31928,120],{"class":100},[69,31930,7952],{"class":7951},[69,31932,120],{"class":100},[69,31934,7957],{"class":7951},[69,31936,7526],{"class":100},[69,31938,31939,31941,31943,31945,31947],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,31940,7965],{"class":7964},[69,31942,289],{"class":100},[69,31944,115],{"class":2216},[69,31946,4232],{"class":96},[69,31948,7974],{"class":79},[69,31950,31951,31953,31955,31957,31959],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,31952,7965],{"class":7964},[69,31954,289],{"class":100},[69,31956,126],{"class":2216},[69,31958,4232],{"class":96},[69,31960,7987],{"class":79},[14,31962,31963],{},"Important parts:",[29,31965,31966,31971,31975,31982],{},[32,31967,31968,31970],{},[21,31969,7914],{}," is a special method",[32,31972,31973,7680],{},[21,31974,7490],{},[32,31976,31977,50,31979,31981],{},[21,31978,115],{},[21,31980,126],{}," are values passed in when the object is created",[32,31983,31984,50,31986,31988],{},[21,31985,8128],{},[21,31987,8131],{}," store those values in the object",[14,31990,31991,31992,289],{},"If you want a deeper explanation, read ",[579,31993,7919,31995,7922],{"href":31994},"\u002Flearn\u002Fthe-__init__-method-in-python-explained\u002F",[21,31996,7914],{},[55,31998,32000],{"id":31999},"create-instance-attributes","Create instance attributes",[14,32002,32003],{},"Instance attributes store data for each object.",[14,32005,32006,32007,289],{},"You create them with ",[21,32008,32009],{},"self.attribute_name",[60,32011,32012],{"className":62,"code":31906,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,32013,32014,32022,32042,32054],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,32015,32016,32018,32020],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,32017,7503],{"class":7502},[69,32019,8168],{"class":7506},[69,32021,275],{"class":100},[69,32023,32024,32026,32028,32030,32032,32034,32036,32038,32040],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,32025,7514],{"class":7502},[69,32027,7942],{"class":217},[69,32029,221],{"class":100},[69,32031,7490],{"class":7523},[69,32033,120],{"class":100},[69,32035,7952],{"class":7951},[69,32037,120],{"class":100},[69,32039,7957],{"class":7951},[69,32041,7526],{"class":100},[69,32043,32044,32046,32048,32050,32052],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,32045,7965],{"class":7964},[69,32047,289],{"class":100},[69,32049,115],{"class":2216},[69,32051,4232],{"class":96},[69,32053,7974],{"class":79},[69,32055,32056,32058,32060,32062,32064],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,32057,7965],{"class":7964},[69,32059,289],{"class":100},[69,32061,126],{"class":2216},[69,32063,4232],{"class":96},[69,32065,7987],{"class":79},[14,32067,4389],{},[29,32069,32070,32075],{},[32,32071,32072,32074],{},[21,32073,8116],{}," stores the person's name",[32,32076,32077,32079],{},[21,32078,8122],{}," stores the person's age",[14,32081,32082],{},"Each object can have different values:",[60,32084,32086],{"className":62,"code":32085,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person:\n    def __init__(self, name, age):\n        self.name = name\n        self.age = age\n\nperson1 = Person(\"Ana\", 25)\nperson2 = Person(\"Ben\", 31)\n\nprint(person1.name)\nprint(person2.name)\n",[21,32087,32088,32096,32116,32128,32140,32144,32166,32189,32193,32207],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,32089,32090,32092,32094],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,32091,7503],{"class":7502},[69,32093,8168],{"class":7506},[69,32095,275],{"class":100},[69,32097,32098,32100,32102,32104,32106,32108,32110,32112,32114],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,32099,7514],{"class":7502},[69,32101,7942],{"class":217},[69,32103,221],{"class":100},[69,32105,7490],{"class":7523},[69,32107,120],{"class":100},[69,32109,7952],{"class":7951},[69,32111,120],{"class":100},[69,32113,7957],{"class":7951},[69,32115,7526],{"class":100},[69,32117,32118,32120,32122,32124,32126],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,32119,7965],{"class":7964},[69,32121,289],{"class":100},[69,32123,115],{"class":2216},[69,32125,4232],{"class":96},[69,32127,7974],{"class":79},[69,32129,32130,32132,32134,32136,32138],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,32131,7965],{"class":7964},[69,32133,289],{"class":100},[69,32135,126],{"class":2216},[69,32137,4232],{"class":96},[69,32139,7987],{"class":79},[69,32141,32142],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,32143,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,32145,32146,32148,32150,32152,32154,32156,32158,32160,32162,32164],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,32147,8265],{"class":79},[69,32149,97],{"class":96},[69,32151,8168],{"class":292},[69,32153,221],{"class":100},[69,32155,111],{"class":110},[69,32157,2553],{"class":114},[69,32159,111],{"class":110},[69,32161,120],{"class":100},[69,32163,186],{"class":157},[69,32165,301],{"class":100},[69,32167,32168,32171,32173,32175,32177,32179,32181,32183,32185,32187],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,32169,32170],{"class":79},"person2 ",[69,32172,97],{"class":96},[69,32174,8168],{"class":292},[69,32176,221],{"class":100},[69,32178,111],{"class":110},[69,32180,7085],{"class":114},[69,32182,111],{"class":110},[69,32184,120],{"class":100},[69,32186,1497],{"class":157},[69,32188,301],{"class":100},[69,32190,32191],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,32192,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,32194,32195,32197,32199,32201,32203,32205],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,32196,2161],{"class":217},[69,32198,221],{"class":100},[69,32200,8285],{"class":292},[69,32202,289],{"class":100},[69,32204,115],{"class":2216},[69,32206,301],{"class":100},[69,32208,32209,32211,32213,32216,32218,32220],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,32210,2161],{"class":217},[69,32212,221],{"class":100},[69,32214,32215],{"class":292},"person2",[69,32217,289],{"class":100},[69,32219,115],{"class":2216},[69,32221,301],{"class":100},[14,32223,32224],{},[2498,32225,2781],{},[60,32227,32229],{"className":62,"code":32228,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Ana\nBen\n",[21,32230,32231,32235],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,32232,32233],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,32234,2791],{"class":79},[69,32236,32237],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,32238,32239],{"class":79},"Ben\n",[55,32241,32243],{"id":32242},"add-methods-to-the-class","Add methods to the class",[14,32245,32246],{},"Methods are functions inside a class.",[14,32248,32249],{},"Use methods to define what an object can do.",[60,32251,32253],{"className":62,"code":32252,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person:\n    def __init__(self, name, age):\n        self.name = name\n        self.age = age\n\n    def introduce(self):\n        print(\"Hi, my name is\", self.name, \"and I am\", self.age, \"years old.\")\n",[21,32254,32255,32263,32283,32295,32307,32311,32324],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,32256,32257,32259,32261],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,32258,7503],{"class":7502},[69,32260,8168],{"class":7506},[69,32262,275],{"class":100},[69,32264,32265,32267,32269,32271,32273,32275,32277,32279,32281],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,32266,7514],{"class":7502},[69,32268,7942],{"class":217},[69,32270,221],{"class":100},[69,32272,7490],{"class":7523},[69,32274,120],{"class":100},[69,32276,7952],{"class":7951},[69,32278,120],{"class":100},[69,32280,7957],{"class":7951},[69,32282,7526],{"class":100},[69,32284,32285,32287,32289,32291,32293],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,32286,7965],{"class":7964},[69,32288,289],{"class":100},[69,32290,115],{"class":2216},[69,32292,4232],{"class":96},[69,32294,7974],{"class":79},[69,32296,32297,32299,32301,32303,32305],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,32298,7965],{"class":7964},[69,32300,289],{"class":100},[69,32302,126],{"class":2216},[69,32304,4232],{"class":96},[69,32306,7987],{"class":79},[69,32308,32309],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,32310,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,32312,32313,32315,32318,32320,32322],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,32314,7514],{"class":7502},[69,32316,32317],{"class":7517}," introduce",[69,32319,221],{"class":100},[69,32321,7490],{"class":7523},[69,32323,7526],{"class":100},[69,32325,32326,32328,32330,32332,32335,32337,32339,32342,32344,32346,32348,32350,32353,32355,32357,32359,32361,32363,32365,32367,32370,32372],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,32327,7531],{"class":217},[69,32329,221],{"class":100},[69,32331,111],{"class":110},[69,32333,32334],{"class":114},"Hi, my name is",[69,32336,111],{"class":110},[69,32338,120],{"class":100},[69,32340,32341],{"class":7964}," self",[69,32343,289],{"class":100},[69,32345,115],{"class":2216},[69,32347,120],{"class":100},[69,32349,123],{"class":110},[69,32351,32352],{"class":114},"and I am",[69,32354,111],{"class":110},[69,32356,120],{"class":100},[69,32358,32341],{"class":7964},[69,32360,289],{"class":100},[69,32362,126],{"class":2216},[69,32364,120],{"class":100},[69,32366,123],{"class":110},[69,32368,32369],{"class":114},"years old.",[69,32371,111],{"class":110},[69,32373,301],{"class":100},[14,32375,32376,32377,32379],{},"Notice that the method also uses ",[21,32378,7490],{}," as the first parameter.",[14,32381,32382],{},"That gives the method access to the object's attributes.",[14,32384,32385,32386,289],{},"If you want more practice with this part, see ",[579,32387,32389],{"href":32388},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-add-methods-to-a-class-in-python\u002F","how to add methods to a class in Python",[55,32391,32393],{"id":32392},"create-an-object-from-the-class","Create an object from the class",[14,32395,32396],{},"You create an object by calling the class name like a function.",[60,32398,32400],{"className":62,"code":32399,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person:\n    def __init__(self, name, age):\n        self.name = name\n        self.age = age\n\nperson1 = Person(\"Liam\", 20)\n",[21,32401,32402,32410,32430,32442,32454,32458],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,32403,32404,32406,32408],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,32405,7503],{"class":7502},[69,32407,8168],{"class":7506},[69,32409,275],{"class":100},[69,32411,32412,32414,32416,32418,32420,32422,32424,32426,32428],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,32413,7514],{"class":7502},[69,32415,7942],{"class":217},[69,32417,221],{"class":100},[69,32419,7490],{"class":7523},[69,32421,120],{"class":100},[69,32423,7952],{"class":7951},[69,32425,120],{"class":100},[69,32427,7957],{"class":7951},[69,32429,7526],{"class":100},[69,32431,32432,32434,32436,32438,32440],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,32433,7965],{"class":7964},[69,32435,289],{"class":100},[69,32437,115],{"class":2216},[69,32439,4232],{"class":96},[69,32441,7974],{"class":79},[69,32443,32444,32446,32448,32450,32452],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,32445,7965],{"class":7964},[69,32447,289],{"class":100},[69,32449,126],{"class":2216},[69,32451,4232],{"class":96},[69,32453,7987],{"class":79},[69,32455,32456],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,32457,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,32459,32460,32462,32464,32466,32468,32470,32472,32474,32476,32478],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,32461,8265],{"class":79},[69,32463,97],{"class":96},[69,32465,8168],{"class":292},[69,32467,221],{"class":100},[69,32469,111],{"class":110},[69,32471,4338],{"class":114},[69,32473,111],{"class":110},[69,32475,120],{"class":100},[69,32477,4671],{"class":157},[69,32479,301],{"class":100},[14,32481,32482],{},"What happens here:",[29,32484,32485,32490,32495,32503],{},[32,32486,32487,32489],{},[21,32488,31851],{}," is the class",[32,32491,32492,32494],{},[21,32493,8285],{}," is an object made from that class",[32,32496,32497,32500,32501],{},[21,32498,32499],{},"\"Liam\""," goes into ",[21,32502,115],{},[32,32504,32505,32500,32507],{},[21,32506,18535],{},[21,32508,126],{},[14,32510,32511,32512,32514],{},"Python passes the new object to ",[21,32513,7490],{}," automatically.",[14,32516,32517,32518,289],{},"For more on this step, read ",[579,32519,7801],{"href":7800},[55,32521,32523],{"id":32522},"access-attributes-and-call-methods","Access attributes and call methods",[14,32525,32526],{},"Use dot notation to work with objects.",[1647,32528,32530],{"id":32529},"access-an-attribute","Access an attribute",[60,32532,32534],{"className":62,"code":32533,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(person1.name)\nprint(person1.age)\n",[21,32535,32536,32550],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,32537,32538,32540,32542,32544,32546,32548],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,32539,2161],{"class":217},[69,32541,221],{"class":100},[69,32543,8285],{"class":292},[69,32545,289],{"class":100},[69,32547,115],{"class":2216},[69,32549,301],{"class":100},[69,32551,32552,32554,32556,32558,32560,32562],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,32553,2161],{"class":217},[69,32555,221],{"class":100},[69,32557,8285],{"class":292},[69,32559,289],{"class":100},[69,32561,126],{"class":2216},[69,32563,301],{"class":100},[1647,32565,32567],{"id":32566},"call-a-method","Call a method",[60,32569,32571],{"className":62,"code":32570,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person1.introduce()\n",[21,32572,32573],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,32574,32575,32577,32579,32582],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,32576,8285],{"class":79},[69,32578,289],{"class":100},[69,32580,32581],{"class":292},"introduce",[69,32583,1385],{"class":100},[14,32585,32586],{},"Dot notation means:",[29,32588,32589,32595],{},[32,32590,32591,32594],{},[21,32592,32593],{},"person1.name"," gets data from the object",[32,32596,32597,32600],{},[21,32598,32599],{},"person1.introduce()"," runs a method on the object",[55,32602,32604],{"id":32603},"simple-beginner-example-to-include","Simple beginner example to include",[14,32606,32607,32608,32610],{},"Here is a complete beginner example using a ",[21,32609,31851],{}," class.",[60,32612,32614],{"className":62,"code":32613,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person:\n    def __init__(self, name, age):\n        self.name = name\n        self.age = age\n\n    def introduce(self):\n        print(\"Hi, my name is\", self.name, \"and I am\", self.age, \"years old.\")\n\nperson1 = Person(\"Sara\", 22)\n\nprint(person1.name)\nprint(person1.age)\nperson1.introduce()\n",[21,32615,32616,32624,32644,32656,32668,32672,32684,32730,32734,32757,32761,32775,32789],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,32617,32618,32620,32622],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,32619,7503],{"class":7502},[69,32621,8168],{"class":7506},[69,32623,275],{"class":100},[69,32625,32626,32628,32630,32632,32634,32636,32638,32640,32642],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,32627,7514],{"class":7502},[69,32629,7942],{"class":217},[69,32631,221],{"class":100},[69,32633,7490],{"class":7523},[69,32635,120],{"class":100},[69,32637,7952],{"class":7951},[69,32639,120],{"class":100},[69,32641,7957],{"class":7951},[69,32643,7526],{"class":100},[69,32645,32646,32648,32650,32652,32654],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,32647,7965],{"class":7964},[69,32649,289],{"class":100},[69,32651,115],{"class":2216},[69,32653,4232],{"class":96},[69,32655,7974],{"class":79},[69,32657,32658,32660,32662,32664,32666],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,32659,7965],{"class":7964},[69,32661,289],{"class":100},[69,32663,126],{"class":2216},[69,32665,4232],{"class":96},[69,32667,7987],{"class":79},[69,32669,32670],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,32671,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,32673,32674,32676,32678,32680,32682],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,32675,7514],{"class":7502},[69,32677,32317],{"class":7517},[69,32679,221],{"class":100},[69,32681,7490],{"class":7523},[69,32683,7526],{"class":100},[69,32685,32686,32688,32690,32692,32694,32696,32698,32700,32702,32704,32706,32708,32710,32712,32714,32716,32718,32720,32722,32724,32726,32728],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,32687,7531],{"class":217},[69,32689,221],{"class":100},[69,32691,111],{"class":110},[69,32693,32334],{"class":114},[69,32695,111],{"class":110},[69,32697,120],{"class":100},[69,32699,32341],{"class":7964},[69,32701,289],{"class":100},[69,32703,115],{"class":2216},[69,32705,120],{"class":100},[69,32707,123],{"class":110},[69,32709,32352],{"class":114},[69,32711,111],{"class":110},[69,32713,120],{"class":100},[69,32715,32341],{"class":7964},[69,32717,289],{"class":100},[69,32719,126],{"class":2216},[69,32721,120],{"class":100},[69,32723,123],{"class":110},[69,32725,32369],{"class":114},[69,32727,111],{"class":110},[69,32729,301],{"class":100},[69,32731,32732],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,32733,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,32735,32736,32738,32740,32742,32744,32746,32749,32751,32753,32755],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,32737,8265],{"class":79},[69,32739,97],{"class":96},[69,32741,8168],{"class":292},[69,32743,221],{"class":100},[69,32745,111],{"class":110},[69,32747,32748],{"class":114},"Sara",[69,32750,111],{"class":110},[69,32752,120],{"class":100},[69,32754,5041],{"class":157},[69,32756,301],{"class":100},[69,32758,32759],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,32760,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,32762,32763,32765,32767,32769,32771,32773],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,32764,2161],{"class":217},[69,32766,221],{"class":100},[69,32768,8285],{"class":292},[69,32770,289],{"class":100},[69,32772,115],{"class":2216},[69,32774,301],{"class":100},[69,32776,32777,32779,32781,32783,32785,32787],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,32778,2161],{"class":217},[69,32780,221],{"class":100},[69,32782,8285],{"class":292},[69,32784,289],{"class":100},[69,32786,126],{"class":2216},[69,32788,301],{"class":100},[69,32790,32791,32793,32795,32797],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,32792,8285],{"class":79},[69,32794,289],{"class":100},[69,32796,32581],{"class":292},[69,32798,1385],{"class":100},[14,32800,32801],{},[2498,32802,2781],{},[60,32804,32806],{"className":62,"code":32805,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Sara\n22\nHi, my name is Sara and I am 22 years old.\n",[21,32807,32808,32813,32818],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,32809,32810],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,32811,32812],{"class":79},"Sara\n",[69,32814,32815],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,32816,32817],{"class":157},"22\n",[69,32819,32820,32823,32825,32828,32830,32833,32836,32839,32842,32844],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,32821,32822],{"class":79},"Hi",[69,32824,120],{"class":100},[69,32826,32827],{"class":79}," my name ",[69,32829,8098],{"class":96},[69,32831,32832],{"class":79}," Sara ",[69,32834,32835],{"class":96},"and",[69,32837,32838],{"class":79}," I am ",[69,32840,32841],{"class":157},"22",[69,32843,8103],{"class":79},[69,32845,8106],{"class":100},[14,32847,7768],{},[29,32849,32850,32855,32862,32868,32873,32876],{},[32,32851,32852,32853],{},"Defines a class named ",[21,32854,31851],{},[32,32856,32857,32858,50,32860],{},"Adds two attributes: ",[21,32859,115],{},[21,32861,126],{},[32,32863,32864,32865],{},"Adds one method: ",[21,32866,32867],{},"introduce()",[32,32869,32870,32871],{},"Creates one object named ",[21,32872,8285],{},[32,32874,32875],{},"Prints the attribute values",[32,32877,32878],{},"Calls the method",[55,32880,32882],{"id":32881},"explain-class-names-and-style","Explain class names and style",[14,32884,32885],{},"A few naming rules will make your code easier to read.",[29,32887,32888,32906,32924],{},[32,32889,32890,32891,32894],{},"Class names usually use ",[2498,32892,32893],{},"PascalCase",[29,32895,32896],{},[32,32897,32898,32899,5914,32901,5914,32903],{},"Example: ",[21,32900,31851],{},[21,32902,31820],{},[21,32904,32905],{},"StudentRecord",[32,32907,32908,32909,32912],{},"Method names usually use ",[2498,32910,32911],{},"snake_case",[29,32913,32914],{},[32,32915,32898,32916,5914,32918,5914,32921],{},[21,32917,32581],{},[21,32919,32920],{},"get_balance",[21,32922,32923],{},"study_more",[32,32925,32926,32927,32929],{},"Attribute names usually use ",[2498,32928,32911],{},[29,32930,32931],{},[32,32932,32898,32933,5914,32936],{},[21,32934,32935],{},"first_name",[21,32937,32938],{},"account_number",[14,32940,32941],{},"Try to choose names that clearly match the real thing you are modeling.",[14,32943,32944],{},"Good names:",[29,32946,32947,32951,32955],{},[32,32948,32949],{},[21,32950,31811],{},[32,32952,32953],{},[21,32954,31814],{},[32,32956,32957],{},[21,32958,31817],{},[14,32960,32961],{},"Less helpful names:",[29,32963,32964,32968,32973],{},[32,32965,32966],{},[21,32967,4365],{},[32,32969,32970],{},[21,32971,32972],{},"X",[32,32974,32975],{},[21,32976,32977],{},"Thing",[14,32979,32980,32981,289],{},"If you want the bigger picture, see ",[579,32982,32984],{"href":32983},"\u002Flearn\u002Fobject-oriented-programming-in-python-explained\u002F","object-oriented programming in Python explained",[55,32986,3868],{"id":3867},[14,32988,32989],{},"These are some common beginner mistakes when creating a class.",[1647,32991,32993],{"id":32992},"forgetting-the-colon","Forgetting the colon",[14,32995,32996],{},"This causes a syntax error:",[60,32998,33000],{"className":62,"code":32999,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person\n    pass\n",[21,33001,33002,33009],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,33003,33004,33006],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,33005,7503],{"class":7502},[69,33007,33008],{"class":79}," Person\n",[69,33010,33011],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,33012,31883],{"class":75},[14,33014,27459],{},[60,33016,33017],{"className":62,"code":31868,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,33018,33019,33027],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,33020,33021,33023,33025],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,33022,7503],{"class":7502},[69,33024,8168],{"class":7506},[69,33026,275],{"class":100},[69,33028,33029],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,33030,31883],{"class":75},[1647,33032,33034],{"id":33033},"not-indenting-code-inside-the-class","Not indenting code inside the class",[14,33036,33037],{},"Python requires indentation after the class line.",[14,33039,1658],{},[60,33041,33043],{"className":62,"code":33042,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person:\nprint(\"hello\")\n",[21,33044,33045,33053],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,33046,33047,33049,33051],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,33048,7503],{"class":7502},[69,33050,8168],{"class":7506},[69,33052,275],{"class":100},[69,33054,33055,33057,33059,33061,33063,33065],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,33056,2161],{"class":217},[69,33058,221],{"class":100},[69,33060,111],{"class":110},[69,33062,11564],{"class":114},[69,33064,111],{"class":110},[69,33066,301],{"class":100},[14,33068,1726],{},[60,33070,33072],{"className":62,"code":33071,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person:\n    print(\"hello\")\n",[21,33073,33074,33082],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,33075,33076,33078,33080],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,33077,7503],{"class":7502},[69,33079,8168],{"class":7506},[69,33081,275],{"class":100},[69,33083,33084,33086,33088,33090,33092,33094],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,33085,3220],{"class":217},[69,33087,221],{"class":100},[69,33089,111],{"class":110},[69,33091,11564],{"class":114},[69,33093,111],{"class":110},[69,33095,301],{"class":100},[14,33097,33098,33099,289],{},"If you get this wrong, you may see ",[579,33100,8784],{"href":33101},"\u002Ferrors\u002Findentationerror-expected-an-indented-block-fix\u002F",[1647,33103,33105,33106,33108],{"id":33104},"leaving-out-self-in-methods","Leaving out ",[21,33107,7490],{}," in methods",[14,33110,1658],{},[60,33112,33114],{"className":62,"code":33113,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person:\n    def introduce():\n        print(\"Hello\")\n",[21,33115,33116,33124,33132],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,33117,33118,33120,33122],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,33119,7503],{"class":7502},[69,33121,8168],{"class":7506},[69,33123,275],{"class":100},[69,33125,33126,33128,33130],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,33127,7514],{"class":7502},[69,33129,32317],{"class":7517},[69,33131,3730],{"class":100},[69,33133,33134,33136,33138,33140,33142,33144],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,33135,7531],{"class":217},[69,33137,221],{"class":100},[69,33139,111],{"class":110},[69,33141,7659],{"class":114},[69,33143,111],{"class":110},[69,33145,301],{"class":100},[14,33147,1726],{},[60,33149,33151],{"className":62,"code":33150,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person:\n    def introduce(self):\n        print(\"Hello\")\n",[21,33152,33153,33161,33173],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,33154,33155,33157,33159],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,33156,7503],{"class":7502},[69,33158,8168],{"class":7506},[69,33160,275],{"class":100},[69,33162,33163,33165,33167,33169,33171],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,33164,7514],{"class":7502},[69,33166,32317],{"class":7517},[69,33168,221],{"class":100},[69,33170,7490],{"class":7523},[69,33172,7526],{"class":100},[69,33174,33175,33177,33179,33181,33183,33185],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,33176,7531],{"class":217},[69,33178,221],{"class":100},[69,33180,111],{"class":110},[69,33182,7659],{"class":114},[69,33184,111],{"class":110},[69,33186,301],{"class":100},[1647,33188,1628,33190,10347,33192],{"id":33189},"using-name-instead-of-selfname",[21,33191,115],{},[21,33193,8128],{},[14,33195,1658],{},[60,33197,33199],{"className":62,"code":33198,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        name = name\n",[21,33200,33201,33209,33225],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,33202,33203,33205,33207],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,33204,7503],{"class":7502},[69,33206,8168],{"class":7506},[69,33208,275],{"class":100},[69,33210,33211,33213,33215,33217,33219,33221,33223],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,33212,7514],{"class":7502},[69,33214,7942],{"class":217},[69,33216,221],{"class":100},[69,33218,7490],{"class":7523},[69,33220,120],{"class":100},[69,33222,7952],{"class":7951},[69,33224,7526],{"class":100},[69,33226,33227,33230,33232],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,33228,33229],{"class":79},"        name ",[69,33231,97],{"class":96},[69,33233,7974],{"class":79},[14,33235,33236],{},"This does not store the value in the object.",[14,33238,1726],{},[60,33240,33242],{"className":62,"code":33241,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n",[21,33243,33244,33252,33268],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,33245,33246,33248,33250],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,33247,7503],{"class":7502},[69,33249,8168],{"class":7506},[69,33251,275],{"class":100},[69,33253,33254,33256,33258,33260,33262,33264,33266],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,33255,7514],{"class":7502},[69,33257,7942],{"class":217},[69,33259,221],{"class":100},[69,33261,7490],{"class":7523},[69,33263,120],{"class":100},[69,33265,7952],{"class":7951},[69,33267,7526],{"class":100},[69,33269,33270,33272,33274,33276,33278],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,33271,7965],{"class":7964},[69,33273,289],{"class":100},[69,33275,115],{"class":2216},[69,33277,4232],{"class":96},[69,33279,7974],{"class":79},[1647,33281,33283],{"id":33282},"trying-to-access-attributes-before-defining-them","Trying to access attributes before defining them",[14,33285,1658],{},[60,33287,33289],{"className":62,"code":33288,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person:\n    def show_name(self):\n        print(self.name)\n",[21,33290,33291,33299,33312],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,33292,33293,33295,33297],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,33294,7503],{"class":7502},[69,33296,8168],{"class":7506},[69,33298,275],{"class":100},[69,33300,33301,33303,33306,33308,33310],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,33302,7514],{"class":7502},[69,33304,33305],{"class":7517}," show_name",[69,33307,221],{"class":100},[69,33309,7490],{"class":7523},[69,33311,7526],{"class":100},[69,33313,33314,33316,33318,33320,33322,33324],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,33315,7531],{"class":217},[69,33317,221],{"class":100},[69,33319,7490],{"class":7964},[69,33321,289],{"class":100},[69,33323,115],{"class":2216},[69,33325,301],{"class":100},[14,33327,9646,33328,33330],{},[21,33329,8128],{}," was never created, Python will fail.",[14,33332,1726],{},[60,33334,33336],{"className":62,"code":33335,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n\n    def show_name(self):\n        print(self.name)\n",[21,33337,33338,33346,33362,33374,33378,33390],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,33339,33340,33342,33344],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,33341,7503],{"class":7502},[69,33343,8168],{"class":7506},[69,33345,275],{"class":100},[69,33347,33348,33350,33352,33354,33356,33358,33360],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,33349,7514],{"class":7502},[69,33351,7942],{"class":217},[69,33353,221],{"class":100},[69,33355,7490],{"class":7523},[69,33357,120],{"class":100},[69,33359,7952],{"class":7951},[69,33361,7526],{"class":100},[69,33363,33364,33366,33368,33370,33372],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,33365,7965],{"class":7964},[69,33367,289],{"class":100},[69,33369,115],{"class":2216},[69,33371,4232],{"class":96},[69,33373,7974],{"class":79},[69,33375,33376],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,33377,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,33379,33380,33382,33384,33386,33388],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,33381,7514],{"class":7502},[69,33383,33305],{"class":7517},[69,33385,221],{"class":100},[69,33387,7490],{"class":7523},[69,33389,7526],{"class":100},[69,33391,33392,33394,33396,33398,33400,33402],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,33393,7531],{"class":217},[69,33395,221],{"class":100},[69,33397,7490],{"class":7964},[69,33399,289],{"class":100},[69,33401,115],{"class":2216},[69,33403,301],{"class":100},[14,33405,33406,33407,289],{},"If this happens, you may see ",[579,33408,33410],{"href":33409},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fattributeerror-object-has-no-attribute-fix\u002F","AttributeError: object has no attribute",[1647,33412,33414,33415],{"id":33413},"misspelling-__init__","Misspelling ",[21,33416,7914],{},[14,33418,33419],{},"These are wrong:",[29,33421,33422,33427,33432],{},[32,33423,33424],{},[21,33425,33426],{},"__int__",[32,33428,33429],{},[21,33430,33431],{},"init",[32,33433,33434],{},[21,33435,33436],{},"_init_",[14,33438,33439],{},"Correct spelling:",[60,33441,33443],{"className":62,"code":33442,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def __init__(self, name):\n    self.name = name\n",[21,33444,33445,33461],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,33446,33447,33449,33451,33453,33455,33457,33459],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,33448,7847],{"class":7502},[69,33450,7942],{"class":217},[69,33452,221],{"class":100},[69,33454,7490],{"class":7523},[69,33456,120],{"class":100},[69,33458,7952],{"class":7951},[69,33460,7526],{"class":100},[69,33462,33463,33466,33468,33470,33472],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,33464,33465],{"class":7964},"    self",[69,33467,289],{"class":100},[69,33469,115],{"class":2216},[69,33471,4232],{"class":96},[69,33473,7974],{"class":79},[55,33475,2148],{"id":2147},[14,33477,33478],{},"If your class is not working, these commands can help you inspect the object.",[60,33480,33482],{"className":62,"code":33481,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(type(my_object))\nprint(my_object.__dict__)\nprint(dir(my_object))\nhelp(MyClass)\n",[21,33483,33484,33498,33512,33526],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,33485,33486,33488,33490,33492,33494,33496],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,33487,2161],{"class":217},[69,33489,221],{"class":100},[69,33491,2176],{"class":1859},[69,33493,221],{"class":100},[69,33495,9191],{"class":292},[69,33497,2183],{"class":100},[69,33499,33500,33502,33504,33506,33508,33510],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,33501,2161],{"class":217},[69,33503,221],{"class":100},[69,33505,9191],{"class":292},[69,33507,289],{"class":100},[69,33509,9233],{"class":7964},[69,33511,301],{"class":100},[69,33513,33514,33516,33518,33520,33522,33524],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,33515,2161],{"class":217},[69,33517,221],{"class":100},[69,33519,9202],{"class":217},[69,33521,221],{"class":100},[69,33523,9191],{"class":292},[69,33525,2183],{"class":100},[69,33527,33528,33530,33532,33534],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,33529,9213],{"class":217},[69,33531,221],{"class":100},[69,33533,9218],{"class":292},[69,33535,301],{"class":100},[14,33537,9238],{},[29,33539,33540,33546,33552,33558],{},[32,33541,33542,33545],{},[21,33543,33544],{},"type(my_object)"," shows the object's class",[32,33547,33548,33551],{},[21,33549,33550],{},"my_object.__dict__"," shows its attributes",[32,33553,33554,33557],{},[21,33555,33556],{},"dir(my_object)"," lists available attributes and methods",[32,33559,33560,33562],{},[21,33561,9257],{}," shows basic information about the class",[55,33564,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,33566,33568],{"id":33567},"what-is-the-difference-between-a-class-and-an-object","What is the difference between a class and an object?",[14,33570,33571],{},"A class is the blueprint. An object is one created item based on that blueprint.",[14,33573,21742,33574,50,33578,289],{},[579,33575,33577],{"href":33576},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwhat-is-a-class-in-python\u002F","what is a class in Python",[579,33579,33581],{"href":33580},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwhat-is-an-object-in-python\u002F","what is an object in Python",[1647,33583,33585,33586,33588],{"id":33584},"do-i-always-need-__init__-in-a-class","Do I always need ",[21,33587,7914],{}," in a class?",[14,33590,33591],{},"No. But it is the usual way to set starting attribute values.",[1647,33593,33595,33596,1414],{"id":33594},"why-do-methods-use-self","Why do methods use ",[21,33597,7490],{},[14,33599,33600,33602],{},[21,33601,7490],{}," gives the method access to the current object's attributes and other methods.",[1647,33604,33606],{"id":33605},"can-i-create-a-class-with-no-attributes","Can I create a class with no attributes?",[14,33608,33609],{},"Yes. A class can contain only methods or even be empty at first.",[1647,33611,33613],{"id":33612},"should-beginners-learn-classes-early","Should beginners learn classes early?",[14,33615,33616],{},"Yes, after functions and basic data types. Start with small real-world examples.",[55,33618,2414],{"id":2413},[29,33620,33621,33625,33631,33635,33640,33645],{},[32,33622,33623],{},[579,33624,7611],{"href":31829},[32,33626,33627],{},[579,33628,9337,33629,7922],{"href":31994},[21,33630,7914],{},[32,33632,33633],{},[579,33634,9349],{"href":7800},[32,33636,33637],{},[579,33638,33639],{"href":32388},"How to add methods to a class in Python",[32,33641,33642],{},[579,33643,33644],{"href":33576},"What is a class in Python",[32,33646,33647],{},[579,33648,33649],{"href":33580},"What is an object in Python",[14,33651,33652],{},"After you can define a simple class, the next good step is to practice creating objects and adding your own methods with confidence.",[2450,33654,33655],{},"html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sbgvK, html code.shiki .sbgvK{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .smCYv, html code.shiki .smCYv{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sFwrP, html code.shiki .sFwrP{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .s_hVV, html code.shiki .s_hVV{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .skxfh, html code.shiki .skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sGLFI, html code.shiki .sGLFI{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":33657},[33658,33659,33660,33661,33662,33664,33665,33666,33667,33671,33672,33673,33684,33685,33694],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":31793,"depth":83,"text":31794},{"id":31833,"depth":83,"text":31834},{"id":31892,"depth":83,"text":33663},"Add an __init__ method",{"id":31999,"depth":83,"text":32000},{"id":32242,"depth":83,"text":32243},{"id":32392,"depth":83,"text":32393},{"id":32522,"depth":83,"text":32523,"children":33668},[33669,33670],{"id":32529,"depth":90,"text":32530},{"id":32566,"depth":90,"text":32567},{"id":32603,"depth":83,"text":32604},{"id":32881,"depth":83,"text":32882},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":33674},[33675,33676,33677,33679,33681,33682],{"id":32992,"depth":90,"text":32993},{"id":33033,"depth":90,"text":33034},{"id":33104,"depth":90,"text":33678},"Leaving out self in methods",{"id":33189,"depth":90,"text":33680},"Using name instead of self.name",{"id":33282,"depth":90,"text":33283},{"id":33413,"depth":90,"text":33683},"Misspelling __init__",{"id":2147,"depth":83,"text":2148},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":33686},[33687,33688,33690,33692,33693],{"id":33567,"depth":90,"text":33568},{"id":33584,"depth":90,"text":33689},"Do I always need __init__ in a class?",{"id":33594,"depth":90,"text":33691},"Why do methods use self?",{"id":33605,"depth":90,"text":33606},{"id":33612,"depth":90,"text":33613},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to create a class in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-create-a-class-in-python",{"title":31580,"description":33695},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-create-a-class-in-python","ejSNQgvLATpBKeiKT4rRWHJ3OMDOscN-E11nc3sqoko",{"id":33702,"title":33703,"body":33704,"description":35397,"extension":2479,"meta":35398,"navigation":86,"path":35399,"seo":35400,"stem":35401,"__hash__":35402},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-create-a-directory-in-python.md","How to Create a Directory in Python",{"type":7,"value":33705,"toc":35355},[33706,33709,33714,33717,33739,33741,33788,33791,33793,33795,33809,33815,33823,33827,33879,33885,33889,33895,33955,33958,33962,33968,34039,34042,34058,34061,34066,34071,34118,34121,34132,34141,34147,34155,34212,34215,34217,34228,34238,34242,34245,34251,34254,34256,34311,34314,34317,34361,34367,34372,34375,34377,34415,34418,34421,34432,34440,34445,34448,34450,34484,34490,34493,34546,34550,34555,34559,34612,34615,34623,34627,34678,34680,34688,34692,34695,34746,34749,34778,34784,34786,34789,34795,34800,34811,34813,34893,34899,34905,34916,34924,34927,34938,34946,34948,34951,34969,34971,35008,35045,35069,35106,35108,35112,35115,35159,35200,35204,35206,35259,35300,35307,35313,35320,35323,35325,35352],[10,33707,33703],{"id":33708},"how-to-create-a-directory-in-python",[14,33710,33711,33712,20660],{},"If you want to create a new folder in Python, the safest beginner-friendly option is usually the standard library ",[21,33713,13232],{},[14,33715,33716],{},"In this guide, you will learn how to:",[29,33718,33719,33722,33725,33728],{},[32,33720,33721],{},"Create a single directory in Python",[32,33723,33724],{},"Create nested directories when parent folders do not exist",[32,33726,33727],{},"Avoid errors when a directory already exists",[32,33729,14839,33730,50,33732,33735,33736],{},[21,33731,13232],{},[21,33733,33734],{},"os.mkdir()"," \u002F ",[21,33737,33738],{},"os.makedirs()",[55,33740,58],{"id":57},[60,33742,33744],{"className":62,"code":33743,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nPath(\"my_folder\").mkdir(exist_ok=True)\n",[21,33745,33746,33756,33760],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,33747,33748,33750,33752,33754],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,33749,13103],{"class":75},[69,33751,13106],{"class":79},[69,33753,76],{"class":75},[69,33755,13111],{"class":79},[69,33757,33758],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,33759,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,33761,33762,33764,33766,33768,33770,33772,33774,33777,33779,33782,33784,33786],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,33763,13249],{"class":292},[69,33765,221],{"class":100},[69,33767,111],{"class":110},[69,33769,13865],{"class":114},[69,33771,111],{"class":110},[69,33773,14320],{"class":100},[69,33775,33776],{"class":292},"mkdir",[69,33778,221],{"class":100},[69,33780,33781],{"class":242},"exist_ok",[69,33783,97],{"class":96},[69,33785,11002],{"class":3012},[69,33787,301],{"class":100},[14,33789,33790],{},"This creates the folder if it does not exist. If it already exists, Python does nothing.",[55,33792,2666],{"id":2665},[14,33794,27],{},[29,33796,33797,33800,33803,33806],{},[32,33798,33799],{},"Create one folder",[32,33801,33802],{},"Create several nested folders",[32,33804,33805],{},"Avoid common folder-creation errors",[32,33807,33808],{},"Pick the right tool for simple and nested paths",[55,33810,13229,33812],{"id":33811},"best-beginner-option-pathlibpathmkdir",[21,33813,33814],{},"pathlib.Path.mkdir()",[14,33816,33817,33818,33820,33821,289],{},"For most beginner code, ",[21,33819,13232],{}," is the best choice because it makes paths easier to read and work with. If you are new to file paths, see ",[579,33822,10830],{"href":10829},[1647,33824,33826],{"id":33825},"create-one-directory","Create one directory",[60,33828,33830],{"className":62,"code":33829,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nPath(\"my_folder\").mkdir()\nprint(\"Folder created\")\n",[21,33831,33832,33842,33846,33864],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,33833,33834,33836,33838,33840],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,33835,13103],{"class":75},[69,33837,13106],{"class":79},[69,33839,76],{"class":75},[69,33841,13111],{"class":79},[69,33843,33844],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,33845,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,33847,33848,33850,33852,33854,33856,33858,33860,33862],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,33849,13249],{"class":292},[69,33851,221],{"class":100},[69,33853,111],{"class":110},[69,33855,13865],{"class":114},[69,33857,111],{"class":110},[69,33859,14320],{"class":100},[69,33861,33776],{"class":292},[69,33863,1385],{"class":100},[69,33865,33866,33868,33870,33872,33875,33877],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,33867,2161],{"class":217},[69,33869,221],{"class":100},[69,33871,111],{"class":110},[69,33873,33874],{"class":114},"Folder created",[69,33876,111],{"class":110},[69,33878,301],{"class":100},[14,33880,33881,33882,33884],{},"This creates a folder named ",[21,33883,13865],{}," in the current working directory.",[1647,33886,33888],{"id":33887},"avoid-an-error-if-the-folder-already-exists","Avoid an error if the folder already exists",[14,33890,33891,33892,289],{},"If the folder might already be there, use ",[21,33893,33894],{},"exist_ok=True",[60,33896,33898],{"className":62,"code":33897,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nPath(\"my_folder\").mkdir(exist_ok=True)\nprint(\"Folder is ready\")\n",[21,33899,33900,33910,33914,33940],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,33901,33902,33904,33906,33908],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,33903,13103],{"class":75},[69,33905,13106],{"class":79},[69,33907,76],{"class":75},[69,33909,13111],{"class":79},[69,33911,33912],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,33913,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,33915,33916,33918,33920,33922,33924,33926,33928,33930,33932,33934,33936,33938],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,33917,13249],{"class":292},[69,33919,221],{"class":100},[69,33921,111],{"class":110},[69,33923,13865],{"class":114},[69,33925,111],{"class":110},[69,33927,14320],{"class":100},[69,33929,33776],{"class":292},[69,33931,221],{"class":100},[69,33933,33781],{"class":242},[69,33935,97],{"class":96},[69,33937,11002],{"class":3012},[69,33939,301],{"class":100},[69,33941,33942,33944,33946,33948,33951,33953],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,33943,2161],{"class":217},[69,33945,221],{"class":100},[69,33947,111],{"class":110},[69,33949,33950],{"class":114},"Folder is ready",[69,33952,111],{"class":110},[69,33954,301],{"class":100},[14,33956,33957],{},"This is useful when you want to make sure the folder exists without crashing your program.",[1647,33959,33961],{"id":33960},"create-nested-directories","Create nested directories",[14,33963,33964,33965,289],{},"If parent folders do not exist yet, use ",[21,33966,33967],{},"parents=True",[60,33969,33971],{"className":62,"code":33970,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nPath(\"projects\u002Fpython\u002Fdemo\").mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)\nprint(\"Nested folders created\")\n",[21,33972,33973,33983,33987,34024],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,33974,33975,33977,33979,33981],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,33976,13103],{"class":75},[69,33978,13106],{"class":79},[69,33980,76],{"class":75},[69,33982,13111],{"class":79},[69,33984,33985],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,33986,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,33988,33989,33991,33993,33995,33998,34000,34002,34004,34006,34009,34011,34013,34015,34018,34020,34022],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,33990,13249],{"class":292},[69,33992,221],{"class":100},[69,33994,111],{"class":110},[69,33996,33997],{"class":114},"projects\u002Fpython\u002Fdemo",[69,33999,111],{"class":110},[69,34001,14320],{"class":100},[69,34003,33776],{"class":292},[69,34005,221],{"class":100},[69,34007,34008],{"class":242},"parents",[69,34010,97],{"class":96},[69,34012,11002],{"class":3012},[69,34014,120],{"class":100},[69,34016,34017],{"class":242}," exist_ok",[69,34019,97],{"class":96},[69,34021,11002],{"class":3012},[69,34023,301],{"class":100},[69,34025,34026,34028,34030,34032,34035,34037],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,34027,2161],{"class":217},[69,34029,221],{"class":100},[69,34031,111],{"class":110},[69,34033,34034],{"class":114},"Nested folders created",[69,34036,111],{"class":110},[69,34038,301],{"class":100},[14,34040,34041],{},"This can create:",[29,34043,34044,34049,34054],{},[32,34045,34046],{},[21,34047,34048],{},"projects",[32,34050,34051],{},[21,34052,34053],{},"projects\u002Fpython",[32,34055,34056],{},[21,34057,33997],{},[14,34059,34060],{},"all in one step.",[55,34062,1628,34064],{"id":34063},"using-osmkdir",[21,34065,33734],{},[14,34067,34068,34069,289],{},"You can also create a directory with ",[21,34070,33734],{},[60,34072,34074],{"className":62,"code":34073,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nos.mkdir(\"my_folder\")\nprint(\"Folder created\")\n",[21,34075,34076,34082,34086,34104],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,34077,34078,34080],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,34079,76],{"class":75},[69,34081,2229],{"class":79},[69,34083,34084],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,34085,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,34087,34088,34090,34092,34094,34096,34098,34100,34102],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,34089,2238],{"class":79},[69,34091,289],{"class":100},[69,34093,33776],{"class":292},[69,34095,221],{"class":100},[69,34097,111],{"class":110},[69,34099,13865],{"class":114},[69,34101,111],{"class":110},[69,34103,301],{"class":100},[69,34105,34106,34108,34110,34112,34114,34116],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,34107,2161],{"class":217},[69,34109,221],{"class":100},[69,34111,111],{"class":110},[69,34113,33874],{"class":114},[69,34115,111],{"class":110},[69,34117,301],{"class":100},[14,34119,34120],{},"This works for a single folder, but there are limits:",[29,34122,34123,34126,34129],{},[32,34124,34125],{},"It creates only one directory",[32,34127,34128],{},"It fails if the parent folder does not exist",[32,34130,34131],{},"It fails if the folder already exists",[14,34133,17491,34134,34136,34137,289],{},[21,34135,33734],{}," is best for very simple cases. If you want a broader overview, see the ",[579,34138,34140],{"href":34139},"\u002Fstandard-library\u002Fpython-os-module-overview","Python os module overview",[55,34142,1628,34144,34146],{"id":34143},"using-osmakedirs-for-nested-folders",[21,34145,33738],{}," for nested folders",[14,34148,34149,34150,34152,34153,289],{},"If you need to create nested folders with the ",[21,34151,2238],{}," module, use ",[21,34154,33738],{},[60,34156,34158],{"className":62,"code":34157,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nos.makedirs(\"a\u002Fb\u002Fc\", exist_ok=True)\nprint(\"Nested folders created\")\n",[21,34159,34160,34166,34170,34198],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,34161,34162,34164],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,34163,76],{"class":75},[69,34165,2229],{"class":79},[69,34167,34168],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,34169,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,34171,34172,34174,34176,34179,34181,34183,34186,34188,34190,34192,34194,34196],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,34173,2238],{"class":79},[69,34175,289],{"class":100},[69,34177,34178],{"class":292},"makedirs",[69,34180,221],{"class":100},[69,34182,111],{"class":110},[69,34184,34185],{"class":114},"a\u002Fb\u002Fc",[69,34187,111],{"class":110},[69,34189,120],{"class":100},[69,34191,34017],{"class":242},[69,34193,97],{"class":96},[69,34195,11002],{"class":3012},[69,34197,301],{"class":100},[69,34199,34200,34202,34204,34206,34208,34210],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,34201,2161],{"class":217},[69,34203,221],{"class":100},[69,34205,111],{"class":110},[69,34207,34034],{"class":114},[69,34209,111],{"class":110},[69,34211,301],{"class":100},[14,34213,34214],{},"This creates all missing folders in the path.",[14,34216,2802],{},[29,34218,34219,34222,34225],{},[32,34220,34221],{},"You need multiple levels of folders",[32,34223,34224],{},"Some parent folders may not exist yet",[32,34226,34227],{},"You want to avoid an error if the folders already exist",[14,34229,34230,34231,289],{},"If you build paths from separate parts, you may also want to learn ",[579,34232,34234,34235,25913],{"href":34233},"\u002Fstandard-library\u002Fos.path.join-function-explained","how ",[21,34236,34237],{},"os.path.join()",[55,34239,34241],{"id":34240},"common-errors-and-how-to-avoid-them","Common errors and how to avoid them",[14,34243,34244],{},"Here are the most common problems when creating a directory in Python.",[1647,34246,34248],{"id":34247},"fileexistserror",[21,34249,34250],{},"FileExistsError",[14,34252,34253],{},"This happens when you try to create a folder that already exists.",[14,34255,370],{},[60,34257,34259],{"className":62,"code":34258,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nPath(\"my_folder\").mkdir()\nPath(\"my_folder\").mkdir()\n",[21,34260,34261,34271,34275,34293],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,34262,34263,34265,34267,34269],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,34264,13103],{"class":75},[69,34266,13106],{"class":79},[69,34268,76],{"class":75},[69,34270,13111],{"class":79},[69,34272,34273],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,34274,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,34276,34277,34279,34281,34283,34285,34287,34289,34291],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,34278,13249],{"class":292},[69,34280,221],{"class":100},[69,34282,111],{"class":110},[69,34284,13865],{"class":114},[69,34286,111],{"class":110},[69,34288,14320],{"class":100},[69,34290,33776],{"class":292},[69,34292,1385],{"class":100},[69,34294,34295,34297,34299,34301,34303,34305,34307,34309],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,34296,13249],{"class":292},[69,34298,221],{"class":100},[69,34300,111],{"class":110},[69,34302,13865],{"class":114},[69,34304,111],{"class":110},[69,34306,14320],{"class":100},[69,34308,33776],{"class":292},[69,34310,1385],{"class":100},[14,34312,34313],{},"The second call raises an error.",[14,34315,34316],{},"Fix it by using:",[60,34318,34319],{"className":62,"code":33743,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,34320,34321,34331,34335],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,34322,34323,34325,34327,34329],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,34324,13103],{"class":75},[69,34326,13106],{"class":79},[69,34328,76],{"class":75},[69,34330,13111],{"class":79},[69,34332,34333],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,34334,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,34336,34337,34339,34341,34343,34345,34347,34349,34351,34353,34355,34357,34359],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,34338,13249],{"class":292},[69,34340,221],{"class":100},[69,34342,111],{"class":110},[69,34344,13865],{"class":114},[69,34346,111],{"class":110},[69,34348,14320],{"class":100},[69,34350,33776],{"class":292},[69,34352,221],{"class":100},[69,34354,33781],{"class":242},[69,34356,97],{"class":96},[69,34358,11002],{"class":3012},[69,34360,301],{"class":100},[14,34362,34363,34364,289],{},"For more help, see ",[579,34365,34366],{"href":2441},"FileExistsError in Python: causes and fixes",[1647,34368,34370],{"id":34369},"permissionerror",[21,34371,10837],{},[14,34373,34374],{},"This happens when Python does not have permission to write to that location.",[14,34376,370],{},[60,34378,34380],{"className":62,"code":34379,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nPath(\"\u002Fprotected_folder\").mkdir()\n",[21,34381,34382,34392,34396],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,34383,34384,34386,34388,34390],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,34385,13103],{"class":75},[69,34387,13106],{"class":79},[69,34389,76],{"class":75},[69,34391,13111],{"class":79},[69,34393,34394],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,34395,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,34397,34398,34400,34402,34404,34407,34409,34411,34413],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,34399,13249],{"class":292},[69,34401,221],{"class":100},[69,34403,111],{"class":110},[69,34405,34406],{"class":114},"\u002Fprotected_folder",[69,34408,111],{"class":110},[69,34410,14320],{"class":100},[69,34412,33776],{"class":292},[69,34414,1385],{"class":100},[14,34416,34417],{},"This may fail on systems where that location is protected.",[14,34419,34420],{},"Ways to fix it:",[29,34422,34423,34426,34429],{},[32,34424,34425],{},"Save the folder in your project directory instead",[32,34427,34428],{},"Check that you have permission to write there",[32,34430,34431],{},"Avoid protected system folders",[14,34433,34434,34435,289],{},"For a full guide, see ",[579,34436,2892,34437],{"href":2447},[21,34438,34439],{},"PermissionError: [Errno 13] Permission denied",[1647,34441,34443],{"id":34442},"filenotfounderror",[21,34444,9933],{},[14,34446,34447],{},"This can happen when the parent path is invalid in some cases.",[14,34449,370],{},[60,34451,34453],{"className":62,"code":34452,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nos.mkdir(\"missing_parent\u002Fmy_folder\")\n",[21,34454,34455,34461,34465],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,34456,34457,34459],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,34458,76],{"class":75},[69,34460,2229],{"class":79},[69,34462,34463],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,34464,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,34466,34467,34469,34471,34473,34475,34477,34480,34482],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,34468,2238],{"class":79},[69,34470,289],{"class":100},[69,34472,33776],{"class":292},[69,34474,221],{"class":100},[69,34476,111],{"class":110},[69,34478,34479],{"class":114},"missing_parent\u002Fmy_folder",[69,34481,111],{"class":110},[69,34483,301],{"class":100},[14,34485,8863,34486,34489],{},[21,34487,34488],{},"missing_parent"," does not exist.",[14,34491,34492],{},"Fix it by using nested-folder tools:",[60,34494,34496],{"className":62,"code":34495,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nPath(\"missing_parent\u002Fmy_folder\").mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)\n",[21,34497,34498,34508,34512],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,34499,34500,34502,34504,34506],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,34501,13103],{"class":75},[69,34503,13106],{"class":79},[69,34505,76],{"class":75},[69,34507,13111],{"class":79},[69,34509,34510],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,34511,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,34513,34514,34516,34518,34520,34522,34524,34526,34528,34530,34532,34534,34536,34538,34540,34542,34544],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,34515,13249],{"class":292},[69,34517,221],{"class":100},[69,34519,111],{"class":110},[69,34521,34479],{"class":114},[69,34523,111],{"class":110},[69,34525,14320],{"class":100},[69,34527,33776],{"class":292},[69,34529,221],{"class":100},[69,34531,34008],{"class":242},[69,34533,97],{"class":96},[69,34535,11002],{"class":3012},[69,34537,120],{"class":100},[69,34539,34017],{"class":242},[69,34541,97],{"class":96},[69,34543,11002],{"class":3012},[69,34545,301],{"class":100},[55,34547,34549],{"id":34548},"how-to-check-that-the-directory-was-created","How to check that the directory was created",[14,34551,34552,34553,289],{},"You can verify that the folder exists with ",[21,34554,13232],{},[1647,34556,34558],{"id":34557},"check-whether-the-path-exists","Check whether the path exists",[60,34560,34562],{"className":62,"code":34561,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nfolder = Path(\"my_folder\")\nprint(folder.exists())\n",[21,34563,34564,34574,34578,34597],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,34565,34566,34568,34570,34572],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,34567,13103],{"class":75},[69,34569,13106],{"class":79},[69,34571,76],{"class":75},[69,34573,13111],{"class":79},[69,34575,34576],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,34577,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,34579,34580,34583,34585,34587,34589,34591,34593,34595],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,34581,34582],{"class":79},"folder ",[69,34584,97],{"class":96},[69,34586,13125],{"class":292},[69,34588,221],{"class":100},[69,34590,111],{"class":110},[69,34592,13865],{"class":114},[69,34594,111],{"class":110},[69,34596,301],{"class":100},[69,34598,34599,34601,34603,34606,34608,34610],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,34600,2161],{"class":217},[69,34602,221],{"class":100},[69,34604,34605],{"class":292},"folder",[69,34607,289],{"class":100},[69,34609,2248],{"class":292},[69,34611,3923],{"class":100},[14,34613,34614],{},"Expected output:",[60,34616,34617],{"className":62,"code":15810,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,34618,34619],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,34620,34621],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,34622,15810],{"class":3012},[1647,34624,34626],{"id":34625},"check-whether-it-is-a-directory","Check whether it is a directory",[60,34628,34630],{"className":62,"code":34629,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nfolder = Path(\"my_folder\")\nprint(folder.is_dir())\n",[21,34631,34632,34642,34646,34664],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,34633,34634,34636,34638,34640],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,34635,13103],{"class":75},[69,34637,13106],{"class":79},[69,34639,76],{"class":75},[69,34641,13111],{"class":79},[69,34643,34644],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,34645,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,34647,34648,34650,34652,34654,34656,34658,34660,34662],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,34649,34582],{"class":79},[69,34651,97],{"class":96},[69,34653,13125],{"class":292},[69,34655,221],{"class":100},[69,34657,111],{"class":110},[69,34659,13865],{"class":114},[69,34661,111],{"class":110},[69,34663,301],{"class":100},[69,34665,34666,34668,34670,34672,34674,34676],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,34667,2161],{"class":217},[69,34669,221],{"class":100},[69,34671,34605],{"class":292},[69,34673,289],{"class":100},[69,34675,13360],{"class":292},[69,34677,3923],{"class":100},[14,34679,34614],{},[60,34681,34682],{"className":62,"code":15810,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,34683,34684],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,34685,34686],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,34687,15810],{"class":3012},[1647,34689,34691],{"id":34690},"print-the-full-path-for-debugging","Print the full path for debugging",[14,34693,34694],{},"This helps when you are not sure where Python is creating the folder.",[60,34696,34698],{"className":62,"code":34697,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nfolder = Path(\"my_folder\")\nprint(folder.resolve())\n",[21,34699,34700,34710,34714,34732],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,34701,34702,34704,34706,34708],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,34703,13103],{"class":75},[69,34705,13106],{"class":79},[69,34707,76],{"class":75},[69,34709,13111],{"class":79},[69,34711,34712],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,34713,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,34715,34716,34718,34720,34722,34724,34726,34728,34730],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,34717,34582],{"class":79},[69,34719,97],{"class":96},[69,34721,13125],{"class":292},[69,34723,221],{"class":100},[69,34725,111],{"class":110},[69,34727,13865],{"class":114},[69,34729,111],{"class":110},[69,34731,301],{"class":100},[69,34733,34734,34736,34738,34740,34742,34744],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,34735,2161],{"class":217},[69,34737,221],{"class":100},[69,34739,34605],{"class":292},[69,34741,289],{"class":100},[69,34743,14323],{"class":292},[69,34745,3923],{"class":100},[14,34747,34748],{},"You can also print the current working directory:",[60,34750,34752],{"className":62,"code":34751,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nprint(os.getcwd())\n",[21,34753,34754,34760,34764],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,34755,34756,34758],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,34757,76],{"class":75},[69,34759,2229],{"class":79},[69,34761,34762],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,34763,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,34765,34766,34768,34770,34772,34774,34776],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,34767,2161],{"class":217},[69,34769,221],{"class":100},[69,34771,2238],{"class":292},[69,34773,289],{"class":100},[69,34775,11031],{"class":292},[69,34777,3923],{"class":100},[14,34779,34780,34781,289],{},"If you need to check paths more generally, see ",[579,34782,2285],{"href":34783},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-check-if-a-file-exists-in-python\u002F",[55,34785,3819],{"id":3818},[14,34787,34788],{},"Use the method that matches your task.",[1647,34790,322,34792,34794],{"id":34791},"use-pathlib-when-possible",[21,34793,13232],{}," when possible",[14,34796,34797,34799],{},[21,34798,13232],{}," is usually the best option for beginners because:",[29,34801,34802,34805,34808],{},[32,34803,34804],{},"It is easy to read",[32,34806,34807],{},"It works well with paths",[32,34809,34810],{},"It supports both simple and nested directory creation",[14,34812,29049],{},[60,34814,34816],{"className":62,"code":34815,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nPath(\"one_folder\").mkdir(exist_ok=True)\nPath(\"a\u002Fb\u002Fc\").mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)\n",[21,34817,34818,34828,34832,34859],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,34819,34820,34822,34824,34826],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,34821,13103],{"class":75},[69,34823,13106],{"class":79},[69,34825,76],{"class":75},[69,34827,13111],{"class":79},[69,34829,34830],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,34831,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,34833,34834,34836,34838,34840,34843,34845,34847,34849,34851,34853,34855,34857],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,34835,13249],{"class":292},[69,34837,221],{"class":100},[69,34839,111],{"class":110},[69,34841,34842],{"class":114},"one_folder",[69,34844,111],{"class":110},[69,34846,14320],{"class":100},[69,34848,33776],{"class":292},[69,34850,221],{"class":100},[69,34852,33781],{"class":242},[69,34854,97],{"class":96},[69,34856,11002],{"class":3012},[69,34858,301],{"class":100},[69,34860,34861,34863,34865,34867,34869,34871,34873,34875,34877,34879,34881,34883,34885,34887,34889,34891],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,34862,13249],{"class":292},[69,34864,221],{"class":100},[69,34866,111],{"class":110},[69,34868,34185],{"class":114},[69,34870,111],{"class":110},[69,34872,14320],{"class":100},[69,34874,33776],{"class":292},[69,34876,221],{"class":100},[69,34878,34008],{"class":242},[69,34880,97],{"class":96},[69,34882,11002],{"class":3012},[69,34884,120],{"class":100},[69,34886,34017],{"class":242},[69,34888,97],{"class":96},[69,34890,11002],{"class":3012},[69,34892,301],{"class":100},[1647,34894,322,34896,34898],{"id":34895},"use-osmkdir-for-one-simple-folder",[21,34897,33734],{}," for one simple folder",[14,34900,34901,34902,34904],{},"Choose ",[21,34903,33734],{}," when:",[29,34906,34907,34910,34913],{},[32,34908,34909],{},"You only need one directory",[32,34911,34912],{},"You know the parent folder already exists",[32,34914,34915],{},"You do not mind handling errors yourself",[1647,34917,322,34919,364,34921,34146],{"id":34918},"use-osmakedirs-or-pathmkdirparentstrue-for-nested-folders",[21,34920,33738],{},[21,34922,34923],{},"Path.mkdir(parents=True)",[14,34925,34926],{},"Choose one of these when:",[29,34928,34929,34932,34935],{},[32,34930,34931],{},"You need to create multiple folder levels",[32,34933,34934],{},"Parent folders may not exist",[32,34936,34937],{},"You want simpler setup code",[14,34939,34940,34941,34943,34944,289],{},"Try to keep your path code consistent. If you start with ",[21,34942,13232],{},", it is usually easiest to continue using ",[21,34945,13232],{},[55,34947,3868],{"id":3867},[14,34949,34950],{},"These are the most common causes of problems:",[29,34952,34953,34956,34963,34966],{},[32,34954,34955],{},"Trying to create a directory that already exists",[32,34957,34958,34959,10347,34961],{},"Trying to create nested folders with ",[21,34960,33734],{},[21,34962,33738],{},[32,34964,34965],{},"Using a path where the program does not have permission to write",[32,34967,34968],{},"Misspelling the target path",[14,34970,14286],{},[60,34972,34974],{"className":62,"code":34973,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\nprint(Path('my_folder').exists())\n",[21,34975,34976,34986],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,34977,34978,34980,34982,34984],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,34979,13103],{"class":75},[69,34981,13106],{"class":79},[69,34983,76],{"class":75},[69,34985,13111],{"class":79},[69,34987,34988,34990,34992,34994,34996,34998,35000,35002,35004,35006],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,34989,2161],{"class":217},[69,34991,221],{"class":100},[69,34993,13249],{"class":292},[69,34995,221],{"class":100},[69,34997,15283],{"class":110},[69,34999,13865],{"class":114},[69,35001,15283],{"class":110},[69,35003,14320],{"class":100},[69,35005,2248],{"class":292},[69,35007,3923],{"class":100},[60,35009,35011],{"className":62,"code":35010,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\nprint(Path('my_folder').is_dir())\n",[21,35012,35013,35023],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,35014,35015,35017,35019,35021],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,35016,13103],{"class":75},[69,35018,13106],{"class":79},[69,35020,76],{"class":75},[69,35022,13111],{"class":79},[69,35024,35025,35027,35029,35031,35033,35035,35037,35039,35041,35043],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,35026,2161],{"class":217},[69,35028,221],{"class":100},[69,35030,13249],{"class":292},[69,35032,221],{"class":100},[69,35034,15283],{"class":110},[69,35036,13865],{"class":114},[69,35038,15283],{"class":110},[69,35040,14320],{"class":100},[69,35042,13360],{"class":292},[69,35044,3923],{"class":100},[60,35046,35047],{"className":62,"code":11010,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,35048,35049,35055],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,35050,35051,35053],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,35052,76],{"class":75},[69,35054,2229],{"class":79},[69,35056,35057,35059,35061,35063,35065,35067],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,35058,2161],{"class":217},[69,35060,221],{"class":100},[69,35062,2238],{"class":292},[69,35064,289],{"class":100},[69,35066,11031],{"class":292},[69,35068,3923],{"class":100},[60,35070,35072],{"className":62,"code":35071,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\nprint(Path('my_folder').resolve())\n",[21,35073,35074,35084],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,35075,35076,35078,35080,35082],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,35077,13103],{"class":75},[69,35079,13106],{"class":79},[69,35081,76],{"class":75},[69,35083,13111],{"class":79},[69,35085,35086,35088,35090,35092,35094,35096,35098,35100,35102,35104],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,35087,2161],{"class":217},[69,35089,221],{"class":100},[69,35091,13249],{"class":292},[69,35093,221],{"class":100},[69,35095,15283],{"class":110},[69,35097,13865],{"class":114},[69,35099,15283],{"class":110},[69,35101,14320],{"class":100},[69,35103,14323],{"class":292},[69,35105,3923],{"class":100},[55,35107,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,35109,35111],{"id":35110},"how-do-i-create-a-directory-only-if-it-does-not-exist","How do I create a directory only if it does not exist?",[14,35113,35114],{},"Use either of these:",[60,35116,35117],{"className":62,"code":33743,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,35118,35119,35129,35133],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,35120,35121,35123,35125,35127],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,35122,13103],{"class":75},[69,35124,13106],{"class":79},[69,35126,76],{"class":75},[69,35128,13111],{"class":79},[69,35130,35131],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,35132,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,35134,35135,35137,35139,35141,35143,35145,35147,35149,35151,35153,35155,35157],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,35136,13249],{"class":292},[69,35138,221],{"class":100},[69,35140,111],{"class":110},[69,35142,13865],{"class":114},[69,35144,111],{"class":110},[69,35146,14320],{"class":100},[69,35148,33776],{"class":292},[69,35150,221],{"class":100},[69,35152,33781],{"class":242},[69,35154,97],{"class":96},[69,35156,11002],{"class":3012},[69,35158,301],{"class":100},[60,35160,35162],{"className":62,"code":35161,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nos.makedirs(\"my_folder\", exist_ok=True)\n",[21,35163,35164,35170,35174],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,35165,35166,35168],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,35167,76],{"class":75},[69,35169,2229],{"class":79},[69,35171,35172],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,35173,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,35175,35176,35178,35180,35182,35184,35186,35188,35190,35192,35194,35196,35198],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,35177,2238],{"class":79},[69,35179,289],{"class":100},[69,35181,34178],{"class":292},[69,35183,221],{"class":100},[69,35185,111],{"class":110},[69,35187,13865],{"class":114},[69,35189,111],{"class":110},[69,35191,120],{"class":100},[69,35193,34017],{"class":242},[69,35195,97],{"class":96},[69,35197,11002],{"class":3012},[69,35199,301],{"class":100},[1647,35201,35203],{"id":35202},"how-do-i-create-nested-directories-in-python","How do I create nested directories in Python?",[14,35205,35114],{},[60,35207,35209],{"className":62,"code":35208,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nPath(\"a\u002Fb\u002Fc\").mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)\n",[21,35210,35211,35221,35225],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,35212,35213,35215,35217,35219],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,35214,13103],{"class":75},[69,35216,13106],{"class":79},[69,35218,76],{"class":75},[69,35220,13111],{"class":79},[69,35222,35223],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,35224,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,35226,35227,35229,35231,35233,35235,35237,35239,35241,35243,35245,35247,35249,35251,35253,35255,35257],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,35228,13249],{"class":292},[69,35230,221],{"class":100},[69,35232,111],{"class":110},[69,35234,34185],{"class":114},[69,35236,111],{"class":110},[69,35238,14320],{"class":100},[69,35240,33776],{"class":292},[69,35242,221],{"class":100},[69,35244,34008],{"class":242},[69,35246,97],{"class":96},[69,35248,11002],{"class":3012},[69,35250,120],{"class":100},[69,35252,34017],{"class":242},[69,35254,97],{"class":96},[69,35256,11002],{"class":3012},[69,35258,301],{"class":100},[60,35260,35262],{"className":62,"code":35261,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nos.makedirs(\"a\u002Fb\u002Fc\", exist_ok=True)\n",[21,35263,35264,35270,35274],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,35265,35266,35268],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,35267,76],{"class":75},[69,35269,2229],{"class":79},[69,35271,35272],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,35273,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,35275,35276,35278,35280,35282,35284,35286,35288,35290,35292,35294,35296,35298],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,35277,2238],{"class":79},[69,35279,289],{"class":100},[69,35281,34178],{"class":292},[69,35283,221],{"class":100},[69,35285,111],{"class":110},[69,35287,34185],{"class":114},[69,35289,111],{"class":110},[69,35291,120],{"class":100},[69,35293,34017],{"class":242},[69,35295,97],{"class":96},[69,35297,11002],{"class":3012},[69,35299,301],{"class":100},[1647,35301,2392,35303,364,35305,1414],{"id":35302},"should-i-use-pathlib-or-os",[21,35304,13232],{},[21,35306,2238],{},[14,35308,35309,35310,35312],{},"For beginners, ",[21,35311,13232],{}," is usually easier to read and work with.",[1647,35314,35316,35317,35319],{"id":35315},"why-do-i-get-permissionerror-when-creating-a-folder","Why do I get ",[21,35318,10837],{}," when creating a folder?",[14,35321,35322],{},"Your script may be trying to write in a protected location or a folder you do not own.",[55,35324,2414],{"id":2413},[29,35326,35327,35331,35335,35339,35343,35347],{},[32,35328,35329],{},[579,35330,9674],{"href":9673},[32,35332,35333],{},[579,35334,2436],{"href":34783},[32,35336,35337],{},[579,35338,11115],{"href":10829},[32,35340,35341],{},[579,35342,34140],{"href":34139},[32,35344,35345],{},[579,35346,34366],{"href":2441},[32,35348,35349],{},[579,35350,35351],{"href":2447},"PermissionError: [Errno 13] Permission denied fix",[2450,35353,35354],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html 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.s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":35356},[35357,35358,35359,35365,35367,35369,35374,35379,35387,35388,35396],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":33811,"depth":83,"text":35360,"children":35361},"Best beginner option: pathlib.Path.mkdir()",[35362,35363,35364],{"id":33825,"depth":90,"text":33826},{"id":33887,"depth":90,"text":33888},{"id":33960,"depth":90,"text":33961},{"id":34063,"depth":83,"text":35366},"Using os.mkdir()",{"id":34143,"depth":83,"text":35368},"Using os.makedirs() for nested folders",{"id":34240,"depth":83,"text":34241,"children":35370},[35371,35372,35373],{"id":34247,"depth":90,"text":34250},{"id":34369,"depth":90,"text":10837},{"id":34442,"depth":90,"text":9933},{"id":34548,"depth":83,"text":34549,"children":35375},[35376,35377,35378],{"id":34557,"depth":90,"text":34558},{"id":34625,"depth":90,"text":34626},{"id":34690,"depth":90,"text":34691},{"id":3818,"depth":83,"text":3819,"children":35380},[35381,35383,35385],{"id":34791,"depth":90,"text":35382},"Use pathlib when possible",{"id":34895,"depth":90,"text":35384},"Use os.mkdir() for one simple folder",{"id":34918,"depth":90,"text":35386},"Use os.makedirs() or Path.mkdir(parents=True) for nested folders",{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":35389},[35390,35391,35392,35394],{"id":35110,"depth":90,"text":35111},{"id":35202,"depth":90,"text":35203},{"id":35302,"depth":90,"text":35393},"Should I use pathlib or os?",{"id":35315,"depth":90,"text":35395},"Why do I get PermissionError when creating a folder?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to create a directory in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-create-a-directory-in-python",{"title":33703,"description":35397},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-create-a-directory-in-python","lBao-kJ2UnrsLquA1boZMgQcc8oDhYhSNT4byNp3JxE",{"id":35404,"title":35405,"body":35406,"description":36628,"extension":2479,"meta":36629,"navigation":86,"path":36630,"seo":36631,"stem":36632,"__hash__":36633},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-create-a-simple-function-in-python.md","How to Create a Simple Function in Python",{"type":7,"value":35407,"toc":36602},[35408,35411,35414,35422,35424,35463,35468,35470,35484,35488,35491,35497,35516,35519,35542,35545,35549,35552,35588,35590,35599,35602,35615,35618,35629,35632,35659,35662,35666,35669,35705,35708,35736,35739,35794,35797,35832,35840,35852,35856,35859,35861,35872,35875,35892,35895,35912,35920,35924,35927,35930,35978,35981,36032,36034,36052,36055,36066,36068,36071,36073,36075,36102,36105,36107,36133,36143,36147,36149,36176,36179,36181,36207,36214,36220,36226,36262,36265,36301,36305,36308,36311,36348,36351,36387,36391,36394,36420,36423,36426,36451,36454,36467,36482,36489,36493,36496,36499,36520,36522,36526,36529,36533,36538,36542,36545,36549,36552,36556,36564,36566,36599],[10,35409,35405],{"id":35410},"how-to-create-a-simple-function-in-python",[14,35412,35413],{},"A Python function lets you group code into a reusable block. This page shows the simplest working pattern first: define a function, then call it.",[14,35415,35416,35417,35421],{},"You will also learn how to avoid common beginner mistakes like missing parentheses or bad indentation. Once this basic pattern makes sense, it becomes much easier to learn ",[579,35418,35420],{"href":35419},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-functions-explained","Python functions explained",", parameters, and return values.",[55,35423,58],{"id":57},[60,35425,35427],{"className":62,"code":35426,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def say_hello():\n    print(\"Hello\")\n\nsay_hello()\n",[21,35428,35429,35438,35452,35456],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,35430,35431,35433,35436],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,35432,7847],{"class":7502},[69,35434,35435],{"class":7517}," say_hello",[69,35437,3730],{"class":100},[69,35439,35440,35442,35444,35446,35448,35450],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,35441,3220],{"class":217},[69,35443,221],{"class":100},[69,35445,111],{"class":110},[69,35447,7659],{"class":114},[69,35449,111],{"class":110},[69,35451,301],{"class":100},[69,35453,35454],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,35455,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,35457,35458,35461],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,35459,35460],{"class":292},"say_hello",[69,35462,1385],{"class":100},[14,35464,322,35465,35467],{},[21,35466,7847],{}," to create the function, indent the code inside it, then call the function by writing its name with parentheses.",[55,35469,2666],{"id":2665},[29,35471,35472,35475,35478,35481],{},[32,35473,35474],{},"Create your first Python function",[32,35476,35477],{},"Understand the basic function pattern",[32,35479,35480],{},"Run the function by calling it",[32,35482,35483],{},"Avoid beginner mistakes like missing parentheses or bad indentation",[55,35485,35487],{"id":35486},"start-with-the-basic-function-structure","Start with the basic function structure",[14,35489,35490],{},"A function is a reusable block of code.",[14,35492,35493,35494,35496],{},"In Python, you create a function with the ",[21,35495,7847],{}," keyword:",[60,35498,35500],{"className":62,"code":35499,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def function_name():\n    # code goes here\n",[21,35501,35502,35511],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,35503,35504,35506,35509],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,35505,7847],{"class":7502},[69,35507,35508],{"class":7517}," function_name",[69,35510,3730],{"class":100},[69,35512,35513],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,35514,35515],{"class":2596},"    # code goes here\n",[14,35517,35518],{},"This pattern has four important parts:",[29,35520,35521,35526,35532,35537],{},[32,35522,35523,35525],{},[21,35524,7847],{}," starts the function definition",[32,35527,35528,35531],{},[21,35529,35530],{},"function_name"," is the name you choose",[32,35533,35534,35536],{},[21,35535,13154],{}," means the function takes no inputs for now",[32,35538,35539,35541],{},[21,35540,1174],{}," starts the function body",[14,35543,35544],{},"The code inside the function must be indented.",[55,35546,35548],{"id":35547},"create-and-call-a-simple-function","Create and call a simple function",[14,35550,35551],{},"Here is a simple function that prints a message:",[60,35553,35554],{"className":62,"code":35426,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,35555,35556,35564,35578,35582],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,35557,35558,35560,35562],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,35559,7847],{"class":7502},[69,35561,35435],{"class":7517},[69,35563,3730],{"class":100},[69,35565,35566,35568,35570,35572,35574,35576],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,35567,3220],{"class":217},[69,35569,221],{"class":100},[69,35571,111],{"class":110},[69,35573,7659],{"class":114},[69,35575,111],{"class":110},[69,35577,301],{"class":100},[69,35579,35580],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,35581,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,35583,35584,35586],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,35585,35460],{"class":292},[69,35587,1385],{"class":100},[14,35589,34614],{},[60,35591,35593],{"className":62,"code":35592,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Hello\n",[21,35594,35595],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,35596,35597],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,35598,35592],{"class":79},[14,35600,35601],{},"This example does two things:",[9539,35603,35604,35609],{},[32,35605,35606,35607],{},"It defines the function ",[21,35608,35460],{},[32,35610,35611,35612],{},"It calls the function with ",[21,35613,35614],{},"say_hello()",[14,35616,35617],{},"A very important rule for beginners:",[29,35619,35620,35626],{},[32,35621,35622,35623,35625],{},"Defining a function does ",[2498,35624,3315],{}," run it",[32,35627,35628],{},"Nothing happens until you call the function",[14,35630,35631],{},"If you only write this:",[60,35633,35635],{"className":62,"code":35634,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def say_hello():\n    print(\"Hello\")\n",[21,35636,35637,35645],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,35638,35639,35641,35643],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,35640,7847],{"class":7502},[69,35642,35435],{"class":7517},[69,35644,3730],{"class":100},[69,35646,35647,35649,35651,35653,35655,35657],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,35648,3220],{"class":217},[69,35650,221],{"class":100},[69,35652,111],{"class":110},[69,35654,7659],{"class":114},[69,35656,111],{"class":110},[69,35658,301],{"class":100},[14,35660,35661],{},"you will see no output, because the function was created but never called.",[55,35663,35665],{"id":35664},"understand-each-line","Understand each line",[14,35667,35668],{},"Look at the same example again:",[60,35670,35671],{"className":62,"code":35426,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,35672,35673,35681,35695,35699],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,35674,35675,35677,35679],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,35676,7847],{"class":7502},[69,35678,35435],{"class":7517},[69,35680,3730],{"class":100},[69,35682,35683,35685,35687,35689,35691,35693],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,35684,3220],{"class":217},[69,35686,221],{"class":100},[69,35688,111],{"class":110},[69,35690,7659],{"class":114},[69,35692,111],{"class":110},[69,35694,301],{"class":100},[69,35696,35697],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,35698,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,35700,35701,35703],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,35702,35460],{"class":292},[69,35704,1385],{"class":100},[14,35706,35707],{},"Here is what each line does:",[29,35709,35710,35715,35720,35725,35731],{},[32,35711,35712,35525],{},[21,35713,35714],{},"def say_hello():",[32,35716,35717,35719],{},[21,35718,35460],{}," is the function name",[32,35721,35722,35724],{},[21,35723,1174],{}," tells Python that the function body starts next",[32,35726,35727,35730],{},[21,35728,35729],{},"print(\"Hello\")"," is inside the function because it is indented",[32,35732,35733,35735],{},[21,35734,35614],{}," runs the code inside the function",[14,35737,35738],{},"You can test that the function exists by printing its name without calling it:",[60,35740,35742],{"className":62,"code":35741,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def say_hello():\n    print(\"Hello\")\n\nprint(say_hello)\nprint(type(say_hello))\n",[21,35743,35744,35752,35766,35770,35780],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,35745,35746,35748,35750],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,35747,7847],{"class":7502},[69,35749,35435],{"class":7517},[69,35751,3730],{"class":100},[69,35753,35754,35756,35758,35760,35762,35764],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,35755,3220],{"class":217},[69,35757,221],{"class":100},[69,35759,111],{"class":110},[69,35761,7659],{"class":114},[69,35763,111],{"class":110},[69,35765,301],{"class":100},[69,35767,35768],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,35769,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,35771,35772,35774,35776,35778],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,35773,2161],{"class":217},[69,35775,221],{"class":100},[69,35777,35460],{"class":292},[69,35779,301],{"class":100},[69,35781,35782,35784,35786,35788,35790,35792],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,35783,2161],{"class":217},[69,35785,221],{"class":100},[69,35787,2176],{"class":1859},[69,35789,221],{"class":100},[69,35791,35460],{"class":292},[69,35793,2183],{"class":100},[14,35795,35796],{},"You will see that Python treats the function as an object:",[60,35798,35800],{"className":62,"code":35799,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"\u003Cfunction say_hello at 0x...>\n\u003Cclass 'function'>\n",[21,35801,35802,35817],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,35803,35804,35806,35809,35812,35815],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,35805,21097],{"class":96},[69,35807,35808],{"class":79},"function say_hello at ",[69,35810,35811],{"class":3771},"0x",[69,35813,35814],{"class":7964},"...",[69,35816,21108],{"class":96},[69,35818,35819,35821,35823,35825,35828,35830],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,35820,21097],{"class":96},[69,35822,7503],{"class":7502},[69,35824,15292],{"class":110},[69,35826,35827],{"class":114},"function",[69,35829,15283],{"class":110},[69,35831,21108],{"class":96},[14,35833,35834,35835,50,35837,35839],{},"This is why ",[21,35836,35460],{},[21,35838,35614],{}," are different:",[29,35841,35842,35847],{},[32,35843,35844,35846],{},[21,35845,35460],{}," refers to the function",[32,35848,35849,35851],{},[21,35850,35614],{}," calls the function",[55,35853,35855],{"id":35854},"choose-a-good-function-name","Choose a good function name",[14,35857,35858],{},"A good function name should describe what the function does.",[14,35860,1081],{},[29,35862,35863,35866,35869],{},[32,35864,35865],{},"lowercase letters",[32,35867,35868],{},"underscores between words",[32,35870,35871],{},"action-based names",[14,35873,35874],{},"Good examples:",[29,35876,35877,35882,35887],{},[32,35878,35879],{},[21,35880,35881],{},"print_name",[32,35883,35884],{},[21,35885,35886],{},"show_menu",[32,35888,35889],{},[21,35890,35891],{},"get_total",[14,35893,35894],{},"Avoid vague names like:",[29,35896,35897,35902,35907],{},[32,35898,35899],{},[21,35900,35901],{},"thing",[32,35903,35904],{},[21,35905,35906],{},"stuff",[32,35908,35909],{},[21,35910,35911],{},"do_stuff",[14,35913,35914,35915,364,35917,35919],{},"Also avoid names that conflict with Python built-ins, such as ",[21,35916,14459],{},[21,35918,2161],{},". Reusing built-in names can cause confusing bugs later.",[55,35921,35923],{"id":35922},"add-a-second-simple-example","Add a second simple example",[14,35925,35926],{},"Functions are useful because you can reuse them.",[14,35928,35929],{},"Without a function, you might repeat the same line many times:",[60,35931,35933],{"className":62,"code":35932,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(\"Welcome!\")\nprint(\"Welcome!\")\nprint(\"Welcome!\")\n",[21,35934,35935,35950,35964],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,35936,35937,35939,35941,35943,35946,35948],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,35938,2161],{"class":217},[69,35940,221],{"class":100},[69,35942,111],{"class":110},[69,35944,35945],{"class":114},"Welcome!",[69,35947,111],{"class":110},[69,35949,301],{"class":100},[69,35951,35952,35954,35956,35958,35960,35962],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,35953,2161],{"class":217},[69,35955,221],{"class":100},[69,35957,111],{"class":110},[69,35959,35945],{"class":114},[69,35961,111],{"class":110},[69,35963,301],{"class":100},[69,35965,35966,35968,35970,35972,35974,35976],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,35967,2161],{"class":217},[69,35969,221],{"class":100},[69,35971,111],{"class":110},[69,35973,35945],{"class":114},[69,35975,111],{"class":110},[69,35977,301],{"class":100},[14,35979,35980],{},"With a function, you write the code once and call it whenever you need it:",[60,35982,35984],{"className":62,"code":35983,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def show_welcome():\n    print(\"Welcome!\")\n\nshow_welcome()\nshow_welcome()\nshow_welcome()\n",[21,35985,35986,35995,36009,36013,36020,36026],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,35987,35988,35990,35993],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,35989,7847],{"class":7502},[69,35991,35992],{"class":7517}," show_welcome",[69,35994,3730],{"class":100},[69,35996,35997,35999,36001,36003,36005,36007],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,35998,3220],{"class":217},[69,36000,221],{"class":100},[69,36002,111],{"class":110},[69,36004,35945],{"class":114},[69,36006,111],{"class":110},[69,36008,301],{"class":100},[69,36010,36011],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,36012,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,36014,36015,36018],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,36016,36017],{"class":292},"show_welcome",[69,36019,1385],{"class":100},[69,36021,36022,36024],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,36023,36017],{"class":292},[69,36025,1385],{"class":100},[69,36027,36028,36030],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,36029,36017],{"class":292},[69,36031,1385],{"class":100},[14,36033,34614],{},[60,36035,36037],{"className":62,"code":36036,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Welcome!\nWelcome!\nWelcome!\n",[21,36038,36039,36044,36048],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,36040,36041],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,36042,36043],{"class":79},"Welcome!\n",[69,36045,36046],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,36047,36043],{"class":79},[69,36049,36050],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,36051,36043],{"class":79},[14,36053,36054],{},"This is one of the main reasons functions are helpful:",[29,36056,36057,36060,36063],{},[32,36058,36059],{},"less repeated code",[32,36061,36062],{},"easier to update later",[32,36064,36065],{},"clearer program structure",[55,36067,5117],{"id":5116},[14,36069,36070],{},"Here are some common problems when creating a simple function.",[1647,36072,32993],{"id":32992},[14,36074,5135],{},[60,36076,36078],{"className":62,"code":36077,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def say_hello()\n    print(\"Hello\")\n",[21,36079,36080,36088],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,36081,36082,36084,36086],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,36083,7847],{"class":7502},[69,36085,35435],{"class":7517},[69,36087,1385],{"class":100},[69,36089,36090,36092,36094,36096,36098,36100],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,36091,3220],{"class":217},[69,36093,221],{"class":100},[69,36095,111],{"class":110},[69,36097,7659],{"class":114},[69,36099,111],{"class":110},[69,36101,301],{"class":100},[14,36103,36104],{},"Python expects a colon after the function header.",[14,36106,27459],{},[60,36108,36109],{"className":62,"code":35634,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,36110,36111,36119],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,36112,36113,36115,36117],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,36114,7847],{"class":7502},[69,36116,35435],{"class":7517},[69,36118,3730],{"class":100},[69,36120,36121,36123,36125,36127,36129,36131],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,36122,3220],{"class":217},[69,36124,221],{"class":100},[69,36126,111],{"class":110},[69,36128,7659],{"class":114},[69,36130,111],{"class":110},[69,36132,301],{"class":100},[14,36134,36135,36136,289],{},"If you get this wrong, see ",[579,36137,2892,36139,36142],{"href":36138},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fsyntaxerror-missing-colon-fix",[21,36140,36141],{},"SyntaxError"," from a missing colon",[1647,36144,36146],{"id":36145},"forgetting-to-indent-the-function-body","Forgetting to indent the function body",[14,36148,5135],{},[60,36150,36152],{"className":62,"code":36151,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def say_hello():\nprint(\"Hello\")\n",[21,36153,36154,36162],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,36155,36156,36158,36160],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,36157,7847],{"class":7502},[69,36159,35435],{"class":7517},[69,36161,3730],{"class":100},[69,36163,36164,36166,36168,36170,36172,36174],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,36165,2161],{"class":217},[69,36167,221],{"class":100},[69,36169,111],{"class":110},[69,36171,7659],{"class":114},[69,36173,111],{"class":110},[69,36175,301],{"class":100},[14,36177,36178],{},"The body of the function must be indented.",[14,36180,27459],{},[60,36182,36183],{"className":62,"code":35634,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,36184,36185,36193],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,36186,36187,36189,36191],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,36188,7847],{"class":7502},[69,36190,35435],{"class":7517},[69,36192,3730],{"class":100},[69,36194,36195,36197,36199,36201,36203,36205],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,36196,3220],{"class":217},[69,36198,221],{"class":100},[69,36200,111],{"class":110},[69,36202,7659],{"class":114},[69,36204,111],{"class":110},[69,36206,301],{"class":100},[14,36208,36209,36210,289],{},"If Python says it expected an indented block, read ",[579,36211,2892,36212],{"href":8783},[21,36213,8784],{},[1647,36215,36217,36218],{"id":36216},"using-the-function-name-without","Using the function name without ",[21,36219,13154],{},[14,36221,36222,36223,36225],{},"This does ",[2498,36224,3315],{}," call the function:",[60,36227,36229],{"className":62,"code":36228,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def say_hello():\n    print(\"Hello\")\n\nsay_hello\n",[21,36230,36231,36239,36253,36257],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,36232,36233,36235,36237],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,36234,7847],{"class":7502},[69,36236,35435],{"class":7517},[69,36238,3730],{"class":100},[69,36240,36241,36243,36245,36247,36249,36251],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,36242,3220],{"class":217},[69,36244,221],{"class":100},[69,36246,111],{"class":110},[69,36248,7659],{"class":114},[69,36250,111],{"class":110},[69,36252,301],{"class":100},[69,36254,36255],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,36256,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,36258,36259],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,36260,36261],{"class":79},"say_hello\n",[14,36263,36264],{},"To run the function, you must add parentheses:",[60,36266,36267],{"className":62,"code":35426,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,36268,36269,36277,36291,36295],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,36270,36271,36273,36275],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,36272,7847],{"class":7502},[69,36274,35435],{"class":7517},[69,36276,3730],{"class":100},[69,36278,36279,36281,36283,36285,36287,36289],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,36280,3220],{"class":217},[69,36282,221],{"class":100},[69,36284,111],{"class":110},[69,36286,7659],{"class":114},[69,36288,111],{"class":110},[69,36290,301],{"class":100},[69,36292,36293],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,36294,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,36296,36297,36299],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,36298,35460],{"class":292},[69,36300,1385],{"class":100},[1647,36302,36304],{"id":36303},"calling-the-function-before-it-is-defined","Calling the function before it is defined",[14,36306,36307],{},"In a Python file, the function usually needs to be defined before you call it.",[14,36309,36310],{},"Wrong order:",[60,36312,36314],{"className":62,"code":36313,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"say_hello()\n\ndef say_hello():\n    print(\"Hello\")\n",[21,36315,36316,36322,36326,36334],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,36317,36318,36320],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,36319,35460],{"class":292},[69,36321,1385],{"class":100},[69,36323,36324],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,36325,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,36327,36328,36330,36332],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,36329,7847],{"class":7502},[69,36331,35435],{"class":7517},[69,36333,3730],{"class":100},[69,36335,36336,36338,36340,36342,36344,36346],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,36337,3220],{"class":217},[69,36339,221],{"class":100},[69,36341,111],{"class":110},[69,36343,7659],{"class":114},[69,36345,111],{"class":110},[69,36347,301],{"class":100},[14,36349,36350],{},"Correct order:",[60,36352,36353],{"className":62,"code":35426,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,36354,36355,36363,36377,36381],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,36356,36357,36359,36361],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,36358,7847],{"class":7502},[69,36360,35435],{"class":7517},[69,36362,3730],{"class":100},[69,36364,36365,36367,36369,36371,36373,36375],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,36366,3220],{"class":217},[69,36368,221],{"class":100},[69,36370,111],{"class":110},[69,36372,7659],{"class":114},[69,36374,111],{"class":110},[69,36376,301],{"class":100},[69,36378,36379],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,36380,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,36382,36383,36385],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,36384,35460],{"class":292},[69,36386,1385],{"class":100},[1647,36388,36390],{"id":36389},"expecting-a-printed-value-to-be-returned","Expecting a printed value to be returned",[14,36392,36393],{},"This function prints a message:",[60,36395,36396],{"className":62,"code":35634,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,36397,36398,36406],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,36399,36400,36402,36404],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,36401,7847],{"class":7502},[69,36403,35435],{"class":7517},[69,36405,3730],{"class":100},[69,36407,36408,36410,36412,36414,36416,36418],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,36409,3220],{"class":217},[69,36411,221],{"class":100},[69,36413,111],{"class":110},[69,36415,7659],{"class":114},[69,36417,111],{"class":110},[69,36419,301],{"class":100},[14,36421,36422],{},"But it does not return a value.",[14,36424,36425],{},"That means this:",[60,36427,36429],{"className":62,"code":36428,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"result = say_hello()\nprint(result)\n",[21,36430,36431,36441],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,36432,36433,36435,36437,36439],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,36434,8506],{"class":79},[69,36436,97],{"class":96},[69,36438,35435],{"class":292},[69,36440,1385],{"class":100},[69,36442,36443,36445,36447,36449],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,36444,2161],{"class":217},[69,36446,221],{"class":100},[69,36448,8530],{"class":292},[69,36450,301],{"class":100},[14,36452,36453],{},"will output:",[60,36455,36457],{"className":62,"code":36456,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Hello\nNone\n",[21,36458,36459,36463],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,36460,36461],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,36462,35592],{"class":79},[69,36464,36465],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,36466,3013],{"class":3012},[29,36468,36469,36474],{},[32,36470,36471,36473],{},[21,36472,35729],{}," shows text on the screen",[32,36475,36476,36477,36479,36480],{},"the function returns ",[21,36478,3022],{}," because there is no ",[21,36481,8547],{},[14,36483,36484,36485,289],{},"If this part feels confusing, the next step is learning ",[579,36486,36488],{"href":36487},"\u002Flearn\u002Freturn-values-in-python-functions","return values in Python functions",[55,36490,36492],{"id":36491},"what-to-learn-next","What to learn next",[14,36494,36495],{},"Once you can create and call a simple function, the next step is making functions more useful.",[14,36497,36498],{},"You can learn how to:",[29,36500,36501,36508,36513],{},[32,36502,36503,36504],{},"pass inputs with ",[579,36505,36507],{"href":36506},"\u002Flearn\u002Ffunction-parameters-and-arguments-in-python","function parameters and arguments in Python",[32,36509,36510,36511],{},"send a result back with ",[579,36512,36488],{"href":36487},[32,36514,36515,36516],{},"make inputs optional with ",[579,36517,36519],{"href":36518},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-default-arguments-in-python\u002F","default arguments in Python",[55,36521,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,36523,36525],{"id":36524},"what-is-a-function-in-python","What is a function in Python?",[14,36527,36528],{},"A function is a reusable block of code that runs when you call it.",[1647,36530,36532],{"id":36531},"how-do-i-create-a-function-in-python","How do I create a function in Python?",[14,36534,322,36535,36537],{},[21,36536,7847],{},", write the function name, add parentheses and a colon, then indent the code inside it.",[1647,36539,36541],{"id":36540},"why-is-my-function-not-running","Why is my function not running?",[14,36543,36544],{},"It may be defined correctly but not called. Write the function name followed by parentheses to run it.",[1647,36546,36548],{"id":36547},"do-functions-always-need-parameters","Do functions always need parameters?",[14,36550,36551],{},"No. A simple function can work without parameters.",[1647,36553,36555],{"id":36554},"what-is-the-difference-between-print-and-return","What is the difference between print and return?",[14,36557,36558,36560,36561,36563],{},[21,36559,2161],{}," shows output on the screen. ",[21,36562,8547],{}," sends a value back from the function.",[55,36565,2414],{"id":2413},[29,36567,36568,36572,36577,36582,36587,36593],{},[32,36569,36570],{},[579,36571,35420],{"href":35419},[32,36573,36574],{},[579,36575,36576],{"href":36506},"Function parameters and arguments in Python",[32,36578,36579],{},[579,36580,36581],{"href":36487},"Return values in Python functions",[32,36583,36584],{},[579,36585,36586],{"href":36518},"How to use default arguments in Python",[32,36588,36589],{},[579,36590,18294,36591],{"href":8783},[21,36592,8784],{},[32,36594,36595],{},[579,36596,18294,36597,36142],{"href":36138},[21,36598,36141],{},[2450,36600,36601],{},"html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sGLFI, html code.shiki .sGLFI{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .srjyR, html code.shiki .srjyR{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:inherit;--shiki-default:#B31D28;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#FDAEB7;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .s_hVV, html code.shiki .s_hVV{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":36603},[36604,36605,36606,36607,36608,36609,36610,36611,36619,36620,36627],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":35486,"depth":83,"text":35487},{"id":35547,"depth":83,"text":35548},{"id":35664,"depth":83,"text":35665},{"id":35854,"depth":83,"text":35855},{"id":35922,"depth":83,"text":35923},{"id":5116,"depth":83,"text":5117,"children":36612},[36613,36614,36615,36617,36618],{"id":32992,"depth":90,"text":32993},{"id":36145,"depth":90,"text":36146},{"id":36216,"depth":90,"text":36616},"Using the function name without ()",{"id":36303,"depth":90,"text":36304},{"id":36389,"depth":90,"text":36390},{"id":36491,"depth":83,"text":36492},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":36621},[36622,36623,36624,36625,36626],{"id":36524,"depth":90,"text":36525},{"id":36531,"depth":90,"text":36532},{"id":36540,"depth":90,"text":36541},{"id":36547,"depth":90,"text":36548},{"id":36554,"depth":90,"text":36555},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to create a simple function in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-create-a-simple-function-in-python",{"title":35405,"description":36628},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-create-a-simple-function-in-python","lqI_R_0RCqVJuNnY6nCb9l6HtKFK5i2feQfObItSynw",{"id":36635,"title":36636,"body":36637,"description":38581,"extension":2479,"meta":38582,"navigation":86,"path":38583,"seo":38584,"stem":38585,"__hash__":38586},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-create-an-object-in-python.md","How to Create an Object in Python",{"type":7,"value":36638,"toc":38549},[36639,36642,36645,36647,36661,36663,36740,36742,36750,36753,36755,36767,36771,36777,36783,36793,36796,36810,36819,36823,36826,36851,36854,36918,36921,36941,36945,36948,37010,37012,37055,37058,37071,37074,37089,37097,37103,37106,37111,37226,37228,37242,37245,37274,37277,37304,37307,37314,37318,37321,37326,37330,37408,37410,37419,37421,37533,37535,37553,37556,37576,37584,37586,37589,37591,37593,37637,37642,37644,37689,37693,37748,37753,37755,37778,37785,37791,37793,37830,37832,37873,37878,37882,37884,37965,37968,37972,37995,37999,38005,38008,38011,38022,38025,38045,38047,38050,38103,38105,38127,38129,38224,38226,38266,38268,38270,38273,38279,38288,38292,38295,38297,38415,38417,38431,38438,38444,38446,38505,38510,38512,38543,38546],[10,36640,36636],{"id":36641},"how-to-create-an-object-in-python",[14,36643,36644],{},"To create an object in Python, you first define a class, then call the class name like a function.",[14,36646,27],{},[29,36648,36649,36652,36655,36658],{},[32,36650,36651],{},"Create an object from a class",[32,36653,36654],{},"Understand the difference between the class name and the object variable",[32,36656,36657],{},"Pass starting values when creating an object",[32,36659,36660],{},"Use the object's data and methods right away",[55,36662,58],{"id":57},[60,36664,36666],{"className":62,"code":36665,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Dog:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n\nmy_dog = Dog(\"Max\")\nprint(my_dog.name)\n",[21,36667,36668,36676,36692,36704,36708,36726],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,36669,36670,36672,36674],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,36671,7503],{"class":7502},[69,36673,7507],{"class":7506},[69,36675,275],{"class":100},[69,36677,36678,36680,36682,36684,36686,36688,36690],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,36679,7514],{"class":7502},[69,36681,7942],{"class":217},[69,36683,221],{"class":100},[69,36685,7490],{"class":7523},[69,36687,120],{"class":100},[69,36689,7952],{"class":7951},[69,36691,7526],{"class":100},[69,36693,36694,36696,36698,36700,36702],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,36695,7965],{"class":7964},[69,36697,289],{"class":100},[69,36699,115],{"class":2216},[69,36701,4232],{"class":96},[69,36703,7974],{"class":79},[69,36705,36706],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,36707,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,36709,36710,36712,36714,36716,36718,36720,36722,36724],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,36711,7551],{"class":79},[69,36713,97],{"class":96},[69,36715,7507],{"class":292},[69,36717,221],{"class":100},[69,36719,111],{"class":110},[69,36721,31708],{"class":114},[69,36723,111],{"class":110},[69,36725,301],{"class":100},[69,36727,36728,36730,36732,36734,36736,36738],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,36729,2161],{"class":217},[69,36731,221],{"class":100},[69,36733,7562],{"class":292},[69,36735,289],{"class":100},[69,36737,115],{"class":2216},[69,36739,301],{"class":100},[14,36741,2781],{},[60,36743,36744],{"className":62,"code":31754,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,36745,36746],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,36747,36748],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,36749,31754],{"class":79},[14,36751,36752],{},"Create a class, call the class name like a function, and store the new object in a variable.",[55,36754,2666],{"id":2665},[29,36756,36757,36759,36762,36764],{},[32,36758,36651],{},[32,36760,36761],{},"Understand the class name vs the object variable",[32,36763,36657],{},[32,36765,36766],{},"Use the object's data and methods",[55,36768,36770],{"id":36769},"what-an-object-is-in-simple-terms","What an object is in simple terms",[14,36772,36773,36774,36776],{},"A ",[2498,36775,7503],{}," is a blueprint.",[14,36778,36779,36780,36782],{},"An ",[2498,36781,21782],{}," is one real thing created from that blueprint.",[14,36784,36785,36786,36788,36789,36792],{},"For example, if ",[21,36787,31811],{}," is a class, then ",[21,36790,36791],{},"Dog(\"Max\")"," creates one dog object.",[14,36794,36795],{},"Important ideas:",[29,36797,36798,36801,36804,36807],{},[32,36799,36800],{},"A class is a blueprint",[32,36802,36803],{},"An object is one real item made from that blueprint",[32,36805,36806],{},"You can create many objects from the same class",[32,36808,36809],{},"Each object can store its own values",[14,36811,36812,36813,364,36815,289],{},"If you want a deeper explanation, see ",[579,36814,7611],{"href":7610},[579,36816,36818],{"href":36817},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwhat-is-an-object-in-python","what an object is in Python",[55,36820,36822],{"id":36821},"basic-steps-to-create-an-object","Basic steps to create an object",[14,36824,36825],{},"The usual process is:",[9539,36827,36828,36834,36840,36845],{},[32,36829,36830,36831],{},"Define a class with ",[21,36832,36833],{},"class ClassName:",[32,36835,36836,36837,36839],{},"Optionally add ",[21,36838,7914],{}," to set starting values",[32,36841,36842,36843],{},"Create the object with ",[21,36844,31770],{},[32,36846,36847,36848],{},"Save it in a variable like ",[21,36849,36850],{},"user = User(...)",[14,36852,36853],{},"Here is the general pattern:",[60,36855,36857],{"className":62,"code":36856,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class ClassName:\n    def __init__(self, value):\n        self.value = value\n\nmy_object = ClassName(\"example\")\n",[21,36858,36859,36867,36883,36895,36899],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,36860,36861,36863,36865],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,36862,7503],{"class":7502},[69,36864,7633],{"class":7506},[69,36866,275],{"class":100},[69,36868,36869,36871,36873,36875,36877,36879,36881],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,36870,7514],{"class":7502},[69,36872,7942],{"class":217},[69,36874,221],{"class":100},[69,36876,7490],{"class":7523},[69,36878,120],{"class":100},[69,36880,3753],{"class":7951},[69,36882,7526],{"class":100},[69,36884,36885,36887,36889,36891,36893],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,36886,7965],{"class":7964},[69,36888,289],{"class":100},[69,36890,20383],{"class":2216},[69,36892,4232],{"class":96},[69,36894,4303],{"class":79},[69,36896,36897],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,36898,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,36900,36901,36904,36906,36908,36910,36912,36914,36916],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,36902,36903],{"class":79},"my_object ",[69,36905,97],{"class":96},[69,36907,7633],{"class":292},[69,36909,221],{"class":100},[69,36911,111],{"class":110},[69,36913,11418],{"class":114},[69,36915,111],{"class":110},[69,36917,301],{"class":100},[14,36919,36920],{},"In this code:",[29,36922,36923,36928,36933],{},[32,36924,36925,32489],{},[21,36926,36927],{},"ClassName",[32,36929,36930,36932],{},[21,36931,9191],{}," is the variable that stores the new object",[32,36934,36935,36938,36939],{},[21,36936,36937],{},"\"example\""," is passed into ",[21,36940,7914],{},[55,36942,36944],{"id":36943},"create-an-object-without-starting-values","Create an object without starting values",[14,36946,36947],{},"This is the simplest possible example.",[60,36949,36951],{"className":62,"code":36950,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Car:\n    pass\n\nmy_car = Car()\n\nprint(type(my_car))\nprint(my_car)\n",[21,36952,36953,36962,36966,36970,36981,36985,37000],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,36954,36955,36957,36960],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,36956,7503],{"class":7502},[69,36958,36959],{"class":7506}," Car",[69,36961,275],{"class":100},[69,36963,36964],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,36965,31883],{"class":75},[69,36967,36968],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,36969,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,36971,36972,36975,36977,36979],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,36973,36974],{"class":79},"my_car ",[69,36976,97],{"class":96},[69,36978,36959],{"class":292},[69,36980,1385],{"class":100},[69,36982,36983],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,36984,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,36986,36987,36989,36991,36993,36995,36998],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,36988,2161],{"class":217},[69,36990,221],{"class":100},[69,36992,2176],{"class":1859},[69,36994,221],{"class":100},[69,36996,36997],{"class":292},"my_car",[69,36999,2183],{"class":100},[69,37001,37002,37004,37006,37008],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,37003,2161],{"class":217},[69,37005,221],{"class":100},[69,37007,36997],{"class":292},[69,37009,301],{"class":100},[14,37011,28059],{},[60,37013,37015],{"className":62,"code":37014,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"\u003Cclass '__main__.Car'>\n\u003C__main__.Car object at 0x...>\n",[21,37016,37017,37032],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,37018,37019,37021,37023,37025,37028,37030],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,37020,21097],{"class":96},[69,37022,7503],{"class":7502},[69,37024,15292],{"class":110},[69,37026,37027],{"class":114},"__main__.Car",[69,37029,15283],{"class":110},[69,37031,21108],{"class":96},[69,37033,37034,37036,37039,37041,37043,37046,37049,37051,37053],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,37035,21097],{"class":96},[69,37037,37038],{"class":79},"__main__",[69,37040,289],{"class":100},[69,37042,31814],{"class":2216},[69,37044,37045],{"class":1859}," object",[69,37047,37048],{"class":79}," at ",[69,37050,35811],{"class":3771},[69,37052,35814],{"class":7964},[69,37054,21108],{"class":96},[14,37056,37057],{},"Why this example helps:",[29,37059,37060,37065,37068],{},[32,37061,37062,37063],{},"The class can be empty except for ",[21,37064,31888],{},[32,37066,37067],{},"You still create the object by calling the class name",[32,37069,37070],{},"It shows the object creation step clearly",[14,37072,37073],{},"The important line is:",[60,37075,37077],{"className":62,"code":37076,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_car = Car()\n",[21,37078,37079],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,37080,37081,37083,37085,37087],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,37082,36974],{"class":79},[69,37084,97],{"class":96},[69,37086,36959],{"class":292},[69,37088,1385],{"class":100},[14,37090,37091,37092,37094,37095,289],{},"That creates one ",[21,37093,31814],{}," object and stores it in ",[21,37096,36997],{},[55,37098,37100,37101],{"id":37099},"create-an-object-with-__init__","Create an object with ",[21,37102,7914],{},[14,37104,37105],{},"Most of the time, you will want to give the object some starting data.",[14,37107,37108,37110],{},[21,37109,7914],{}," is a special method that runs automatically when the object is created.",[60,37112,37114],{"className":62,"code":37113,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person:\n    def __init__(self, name, age):\n        self.name = name\n        self.age = age\n\nperson1 = Person(\"Ana\", 30)\n\nprint(person1.name)\nprint(person1.age)\n",[21,37115,37116,37124,37144,37156,37168,37172,37194,37198,37212],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,37117,37118,37120,37122],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,37119,7503],{"class":7502},[69,37121,8168],{"class":7506},[69,37123,275],{"class":100},[69,37125,37126,37128,37130,37132,37134,37136,37138,37140,37142],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,37127,7514],{"class":7502},[69,37129,7942],{"class":217},[69,37131,221],{"class":100},[69,37133,7490],{"class":7523},[69,37135,120],{"class":100},[69,37137,7952],{"class":7951},[69,37139,120],{"class":100},[69,37141,7957],{"class":7951},[69,37143,7526],{"class":100},[69,37145,37146,37148,37150,37152,37154],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,37147,7965],{"class":7964},[69,37149,289],{"class":100},[69,37151,115],{"class":2216},[69,37153,4232],{"class":96},[69,37155,7974],{"class":79},[69,37157,37158,37160,37162,37164,37166],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,37159,7965],{"class":7964},[69,37161,289],{"class":100},[69,37163,126],{"class":2216},[69,37165,4232],{"class":96},[69,37167,7987],{"class":79},[69,37169,37170],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,37171,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,37173,37174,37176,37178,37180,37182,37184,37186,37188,37190,37192],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,37175,8265],{"class":79},[69,37177,97],{"class":96},[69,37179,8168],{"class":292},[69,37181,221],{"class":100},[69,37183,111],{"class":110},[69,37185,2553],{"class":114},[69,37187,111],{"class":110},[69,37189,120],{"class":100},[69,37191,158],{"class":157},[69,37193,301],{"class":100},[69,37195,37196],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,37197,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,37199,37200,37202,37204,37206,37208,37210],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,37201,2161],{"class":217},[69,37203,221],{"class":100},[69,37205,8285],{"class":292},[69,37207,289],{"class":100},[69,37209,115],{"class":2216},[69,37211,301],{"class":100},[69,37213,37214,37216,37218,37220,37222,37224],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,37215,2161],{"class":217},[69,37217,221],{"class":100},[69,37219,8285],{"class":292},[69,37221,289],{"class":100},[69,37223,126],{"class":2216},[69,37225,301],{"class":100},[14,37227,2781],{},[60,37229,37231],{"className":62,"code":37230,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Ana\n30\n",[21,37232,37233,37237],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,37234,37235],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,37236,2791],{"class":79},[69,37238,37239],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,37240,37241],{"class":157},"30\n",[14,37243,37244],{},"What is happening here:",[29,37246,37247,37256,37261,37268],{},[32,37248,37249,37251,37252,37255],{},[21,37250,7914],{}," runs when ",[21,37253,37254],{},"Person(\"Ana\", 30)"," is called",[32,37257,37258,37260],{},[21,37259,7490],{}," refers to the object being created",[32,37262,37263,50,37265,37267],{},[21,37264,115],{},[21,37266,126],{}," receive the values you pass in",[32,37269,37270,50,37272,31988],{},[21,37271,8128],{},[21,37273,8131],{},[14,37275,37276],{},"So this line:",[60,37278,37280],{"className":62,"code":37279,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person1 = Person(\"Ana\", 30)\n",[21,37281,37282],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,37283,37284,37286,37288,37290,37292,37294,37296,37298,37300,37302],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,37285,8265],{"class":79},[69,37287,97],{"class":96},[69,37289,8168],{"class":292},[69,37291,221],{"class":100},[69,37293,111],{"class":110},[69,37295,2553],{"class":114},[69,37297,111],{"class":110},[69,37299,120],{"class":100},[69,37301,158],{"class":157},[69,37303,301],{"class":100},[14,37305,37306],{},"creates the object and gives it starting values.",[14,37308,37309,37310,289],{},"If you want to learn more about this method, see ",[579,37311,7919,37312,7922],{"href":7918},[21,37313,7914],{},[55,37315,37317],{"id":37316},"access-object-data-and-methods","Access object data and methods",[14,37319,37320],{},"After creating an object, you usually want to use its data or call its methods.",[14,37322,322,37323,13828],{},[2498,37324,37325],{},"dot notation",[1647,37327,37329],{"id":37328},"access-data","Access data",[60,37331,37333],{"className":62,"code":37332,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n\nperson = Person(\"Lina\")\nprint(person.name)\n",[21,37334,37335,37343,37359,37371,37375,37394],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,37336,37337,37339,37341],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,37338,7503],{"class":7502},[69,37340,8168],{"class":7506},[69,37342,275],{"class":100},[69,37344,37345,37347,37349,37351,37353,37355,37357],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,37346,7514],{"class":7502},[69,37348,7942],{"class":217},[69,37350,221],{"class":100},[69,37352,7490],{"class":7523},[69,37354,120],{"class":100},[69,37356,7952],{"class":7951},[69,37358,7526],{"class":100},[69,37360,37361,37363,37365,37367,37369],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,37362,7965],{"class":7964},[69,37364,289],{"class":100},[69,37366,115],{"class":2216},[69,37368,4232],{"class":96},[69,37370,7974],{"class":79},[69,37372,37373],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,37374,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,37376,37377,37379,37381,37383,37385,37387,37390,37392],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,37378,2536],{"class":79},[69,37380,97],{"class":96},[69,37382,8168],{"class":292},[69,37384,221],{"class":100},[69,37386,111],{"class":110},[69,37388,37389],{"class":114},"Lina",[69,37391,111],{"class":110},[69,37393,301],{"class":100},[69,37395,37396,37398,37400,37402,37404,37406],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,37397,2161],{"class":217},[69,37399,221],{"class":100},[69,37401,2582],{"class":292},[69,37403,289],{"class":100},[69,37405,115],{"class":2216},[69,37407,301],{"class":100},[14,37409,2781],{},[60,37411,37413],{"className":62,"code":37412,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Lina\n",[21,37414,37415],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,37416,37417],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,37418,37412],{"class":79},[1647,37420,32567],{"id":32566},[60,37422,37424],{"className":62,"code":37423,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Person:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n\n    def say_hello(self):\n        print(\"Hello, my name is\", self.name)\n\nperson = Person(\"Lina\")\nperson.say_hello()\n",[21,37425,37426,37434,37450,37462,37466,37478,37501,37505,37523],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,37427,37428,37430,37432],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,37429,7503],{"class":7502},[69,37431,8168],{"class":7506},[69,37433,275],{"class":100},[69,37435,37436,37438,37440,37442,37444,37446,37448],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,37437,7514],{"class":7502},[69,37439,7942],{"class":217},[69,37441,221],{"class":100},[69,37443,7490],{"class":7523},[69,37445,120],{"class":100},[69,37447,7952],{"class":7951},[69,37449,7526],{"class":100},[69,37451,37452,37454,37456,37458,37460],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,37453,7965],{"class":7964},[69,37455,289],{"class":100},[69,37457,115],{"class":2216},[69,37459,4232],{"class":96},[69,37461,7974],{"class":79},[69,37463,37464],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,37465,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,37467,37468,37470,37472,37474,37476],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,37469,7514],{"class":7502},[69,37471,35435],{"class":7517},[69,37473,221],{"class":100},[69,37475,7490],{"class":7523},[69,37477,7526],{"class":100},[69,37479,37480,37482,37484,37486,37489,37491,37493,37495,37497,37499],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,37481,7531],{"class":217},[69,37483,221],{"class":100},[69,37485,111],{"class":110},[69,37487,37488],{"class":114},"Hello, my name is",[69,37490,111],{"class":110},[69,37492,120],{"class":100},[69,37494,32341],{"class":7964},[69,37496,289],{"class":100},[69,37498,115],{"class":2216},[69,37500,301],{"class":100},[69,37502,37503],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,37504,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,37506,37507,37509,37511,37513,37515,37517,37519,37521],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,37508,2536],{"class":79},[69,37510,97],{"class":96},[69,37512,8168],{"class":292},[69,37514,221],{"class":100},[69,37516,111],{"class":110},[69,37518,37389],{"class":114},[69,37520,111],{"class":110},[69,37522,301],{"class":100},[69,37524,37525,37527,37529,37531],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,37526,2582],{"class":79},[69,37528,289],{"class":100},[69,37530,35460],{"class":292},[69,37532,1385],{"class":100},[14,37534,2781],{},[60,37536,37538],{"className":62,"code":37537,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Hello, my name is Lina\n",[21,37539,37540],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,37541,37542,37544,37546,37548,37550],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,37543,7659],{"class":79},[69,37545,120],{"class":100},[69,37547,32827],{"class":79},[69,37549,8098],{"class":96},[69,37551,37552],{"class":79}," Lina\n",[14,37554,37555],{},"Key points:",[29,37557,37558,37564,37570,37573],{},[32,37559,37560,37561],{},"Use dot notation like ",[21,37562,37563],{},"person.name",[32,37565,37566,37567],{},"Call methods with dot notation like ",[21,37568,37569],{},"person.say_hello()",[32,37571,37572],{},"Each object keeps its own attribute values",[32,37574,37575],{},"The object variable points to that specific object",[14,37577,37578,37579,37581,37582,289],{},"If you want to build your own class first, see ",[579,37580,9168],{"href":9167},". If you want objects to do more, see ",[579,37583,32389],{"href":32388},[55,37585,5117],{"id":5116},[14,37587,37588],{},"These are some common problems when creating objects in Python.",[1647,37590,12257],{"id":12256},[14,37592,1658],{},[60,37594,37596],{"className":62,"code":37595,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Dog:\n    pass\n\nmy_dog = Dog\nprint(type(my_dog))\n",[21,37597,37598,37606,37610,37614,37623],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,37599,37600,37602,37604],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,37601,7503],{"class":7502},[69,37603,7507],{"class":7506},[69,37605,275],{"class":100},[69,37607,37608],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,37609,31883],{"class":75},[69,37611,37612],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,37613,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,37615,37616,37618,37620],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,37617,7551],{"class":79},[69,37619,97],{"class":96},[69,37621,37622],{"class":79}," Dog\n",[69,37624,37625,37627,37629,37631,37633,37635],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,37626,2161],{"class":217},[69,37628,221],{"class":100},[69,37630,2176],{"class":1859},[69,37632,221],{"class":100},[69,37634,7562],{"class":292},[69,37636,2183],{"class":100},[14,37638,4611,37639,37641],{},[21,37640,7562],{}," refers to the class itself, not an object.",[14,37643,1726],{},[60,37645,37647],{"className":62,"code":37646,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Dog:\n    pass\n\nmy_dog = Dog()\nprint(type(my_dog))\n",[21,37648,37649,37657,37661,37665,37675],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,37650,37651,37653,37655],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,37652,7503],{"class":7502},[69,37654,7507],{"class":7506},[69,37656,275],{"class":100},[69,37658,37659],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,37660,31883],{"class":75},[69,37662,37663],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,37664,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,37666,37667,37669,37671,37673],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,37668,7551],{"class":79},[69,37670,97],{"class":96},[69,37672,7507],{"class":292},[69,37674,1385],{"class":100},[69,37676,37677,37679,37681,37683,37685,37687],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,37678,2161],{"class":217},[69,37680,221],{"class":100},[69,37682,2176],{"class":1859},[69,37684,221],{"class":100},[69,37686,7562],{"class":292},[69,37688,2183],{"class":100},[1647,37690,37692],{"id":37691},"passing-the-wrong-number-of-arguments","Passing the wrong number of arguments",[60,37694,37696],{"className":62,"code":37695,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Dog:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n\nmy_dog = Dog()\n",[21,37697,37698,37706,37722,37734,37738],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,37699,37700,37702,37704],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,37701,7503],{"class":7502},[69,37703,7507],{"class":7506},[69,37705,275],{"class":100},[69,37707,37708,37710,37712,37714,37716,37718,37720],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,37709,7514],{"class":7502},[69,37711,7942],{"class":217},[69,37713,221],{"class":100},[69,37715,7490],{"class":7523},[69,37717,120],{"class":100},[69,37719,7952],{"class":7951},[69,37721,7526],{"class":100},[69,37723,37724,37726,37728,37730,37732],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,37725,7965],{"class":7964},[69,37727,289],{"class":100},[69,37729,115],{"class":2216},[69,37731,4232],{"class":96},[69,37733,7974],{"class":79},[69,37735,37736],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,37737,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,37739,37740,37742,37744,37746],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,37741,7551],{"class":79},[69,37743,97],{"class":96},[69,37745,7507],{"class":292},[69,37747,1385],{"class":100},[14,37749,2882,37750,37752],{},[21,37751,115],{}," is required.",[14,37754,1726],{},[60,37756,37758],{"className":62,"code":37757,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_dog = Dog(\"Max\")\n",[21,37759,37760],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,37761,37762,37764,37766,37768,37770,37772,37774,37776],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,37763,7551],{"class":79},[69,37765,97],{"class":96},[69,37767,7507],{"class":292},[69,37769,221],{"class":100},[69,37771,111],{"class":110},[69,37773,31708],{"class":114},[69,37775,111],{"class":110},[69,37777,301],{"class":100},[14,37779,37780,37781,289],{},"If you see this kind of problem, read ",[579,37782,2892,37783],{"href":8689},[21,37784,8690],{},[1647,37786,8564,37788,37790],{"id":37787},"forgetting-self-inside-class-methods",[21,37789,7490],{}," inside class methods",[14,37792,1658],{},[60,37794,37796],{"className":62,"code":37795,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Dog:\n    def __init__(name):\n        self.name = name\n",[21,37797,37798,37806,37818],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,37799,37800,37802,37804],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,37801,7503],{"class":7502},[69,37803,7507],{"class":7506},[69,37805,275],{"class":100},[69,37807,37808,37810,37812,37814,37816],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,37809,7514],{"class":7502},[69,37811,7942],{"class":217},[69,37813,221],{"class":100},[69,37815,115],{"class":7951},[69,37817,7526],{"class":100},[69,37819,37820,37822,37824,37826,37828],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,37821,7965],{"class":7964},[69,37823,289],{"class":100},[69,37825,115],{"class":2216},[69,37827,4232],{"class":96},[69,37829,7974],{"class":79},[14,37831,1726],{},[60,37833,37835],{"className":62,"code":37834,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Dog:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n",[21,37836,37837,37845,37861],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,37838,37839,37841,37843],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,37840,7503],{"class":7502},[69,37842,7507],{"class":7506},[69,37844,275],{"class":100},[69,37846,37847,37849,37851,37853,37855,37857,37859],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,37848,7514],{"class":7502},[69,37850,7942],{"class":217},[69,37852,221],{"class":100},[69,37854,7490],{"class":7523},[69,37856,120],{"class":100},[69,37858,7952],{"class":7951},[69,37860,7526],{"class":100},[69,37862,37863,37865,37867,37869,37871],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,37864,7965],{"class":7964},[69,37866,289],{"class":100},[69,37868,115],{"class":2216},[69,37870,4232],{"class":96},[69,37872,7974],{"class":79},[14,37874,37875,37876,289],{},"Inside instance methods, the first parameter should usually be ",[21,37877,7490],{},[1647,37879,37881],{"id":37880},"using-a-variable-before-assigning-the-object","Using a variable before assigning the object",[14,37883,1658],{},[60,37885,37887],{"className":62,"code":37886,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(my_dog.name)\n\nclass Dog:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n\nmy_dog = Dog(\"Max\")\n",[21,37888,37889,37903,37907,37915,37931,37943,37947],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,37890,37891,37893,37895,37897,37899,37901],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,37892,2161],{"class":217},[69,37894,221],{"class":100},[69,37896,7562],{"class":292},[69,37898,289],{"class":100},[69,37900,115],{"class":2216},[69,37902,301],{"class":100},[69,37904,37905],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,37906,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,37908,37909,37911,37913],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,37910,7503],{"class":7502},[69,37912,7507],{"class":7506},[69,37914,275],{"class":100},[69,37916,37917,37919,37921,37923,37925,37927,37929],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,37918,7514],{"class":7502},[69,37920,7942],{"class":217},[69,37922,221],{"class":100},[69,37924,7490],{"class":7523},[69,37926,120],{"class":100},[69,37928,7952],{"class":7951},[69,37930,7526],{"class":100},[69,37932,37933,37935,37937,37939,37941],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,37934,7965],{"class":7964},[69,37936,289],{"class":100},[69,37938,115],{"class":2216},[69,37940,4232],{"class":96},[69,37942,7974],{"class":79},[69,37944,37945],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,37946,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,37948,37949,37951,37953,37955,37957,37959,37961,37963],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,37950,7551],{"class":79},[69,37952,97],{"class":96},[69,37954,7507],{"class":292},[69,37956,221],{"class":100},[69,37958,111],{"class":110},[69,37960,31708],{"class":114},[69,37962,111],{"class":110},[69,37964,301],{"class":100},[14,37966,37967],{},"Create the object first, then use it.",[1647,37969,37971],{"id":37970},"other-common-causes","Other common causes",[29,37973,37974,37977,37986,37992],{},[32,37975,37976],{},"Trying to use a class before defining it",[32,37978,37979,37980,10347,37983],{},"Writing ",[21,37981,37982],{},"object = ClassName",[21,37984,37985],{},"object = ClassName()",[32,37987,37988,37989,37991],{},"Defining ",[21,37990,7914],{}," with parameters but not passing values",[32,37993,37994],{},"Misspelling the class name when creating the object",[55,37996,37998],{"id":37997},"how-this-page-differs-from-related-pages","How this page differs from related pages",[14,38000,38001,38002,289],{},"This page focuses on the task of ",[2498,38003,38004],{},"creating an object",[14,38006,38007],{},"It does not try to fully explain all class design.",[14,38009,38010],{},"It stays practical and action-focused:",[29,38012,38013,38016,38019],{},[32,38014,38015],{},"Create an object",[32,38017,38018],{},"Pass values into it",[32,38020,38021],{},"Use its attributes and methods",[14,38023,38024],{},"For deeper learning, use these related pages:",[29,38026,38027,38031,38037,38041],{},[32,38028,38029],{},[579,38030,7611],{"href":7610},[32,38032,38033],{},[579,38034,9337,38035,7922],{"href":7918},[21,38036,7914],{},[32,38038,38039],{},[579,38040,9344],{"href":9167},[32,38042,38043],{},[579,38044,33639],{"href":32388},[55,38046,16352],{"id":16351},[14,38048,38049],{},"If object creation is not working, these quick checks can help:",[60,38051,38053],{"className":62,"code":38052,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(type(my_object))\nprint(my_object)\nprint(my_object.__dict__)\nhelp(ClassName)\n",[21,38054,38055,38069,38079,38093],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,38056,38057,38059,38061,38063,38065,38067],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,38058,2161],{"class":217},[69,38060,221],{"class":100},[69,38062,2176],{"class":1859},[69,38064,221],{"class":100},[69,38066,9191],{"class":292},[69,38068,2183],{"class":100},[69,38070,38071,38073,38075,38077],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,38072,2161],{"class":217},[69,38074,221],{"class":100},[69,38076,9191],{"class":292},[69,38078,301],{"class":100},[69,38080,38081,38083,38085,38087,38089,38091],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,38082,2161],{"class":217},[69,38084,221],{"class":100},[69,38086,9191],{"class":292},[69,38088,289],{"class":100},[69,38090,9233],{"class":7964},[69,38092,301],{"class":100},[69,38094,38095,38097,38099,38101],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,38096,9213],{"class":217},[69,38098,221],{"class":100},[69,38100,36927],{"class":292},[69,38102,301],{"class":100},[14,38104,3981],{},[29,38106,38107,38111,38117,38122],{},[32,38108,38109,9246],{},[21,38110,9245],{},[32,38112,38113,38116],{},[21,38114,38115],{},"print(my_object)"," shows the object representation",[32,38118,38119,38121],{},[21,38120,9263],{}," shows the object's stored attributes",[32,38123,38124,9258],{},[21,38125,38126],{},"help(ClassName)",[14,38128,370],{},[60,38130,38132],{"className":62,"code":38131,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Dog:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n\nmy_object = Dog(\"Max\")\n\nprint(type(my_object))\nprint(my_object.__dict__)\n",[21,38133,38134,38142,38158,38170,38174,38192,38196,38210],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,38135,38136,38138,38140],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,38137,7503],{"class":7502},[69,38139,7507],{"class":7506},[69,38141,275],{"class":100},[69,38143,38144,38146,38148,38150,38152,38154,38156],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,38145,7514],{"class":7502},[69,38147,7942],{"class":217},[69,38149,221],{"class":100},[69,38151,7490],{"class":7523},[69,38153,120],{"class":100},[69,38155,7952],{"class":7951},[69,38157,7526],{"class":100},[69,38159,38160,38162,38164,38166,38168],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,38161,7965],{"class":7964},[69,38163,289],{"class":100},[69,38165,115],{"class":2216},[69,38167,4232],{"class":96},[69,38169,7974],{"class":79},[69,38171,38172],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,38173,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,38175,38176,38178,38180,38182,38184,38186,38188,38190],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,38177,36903],{"class":79},[69,38179,97],{"class":96},[69,38181,7507],{"class":292},[69,38183,221],{"class":100},[69,38185,111],{"class":110},[69,38187,31708],{"class":114},[69,38189,111],{"class":110},[69,38191,301],{"class":100},[69,38193,38194],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,38195,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,38197,38198,38200,38202,38204,38206,38208],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,38199,2161],{"class":217},[69,38201,221],{"class":100},[69,38203,2176],{"class":1859},[69,38205,221],{"class":100},[69,38207,9191],{"class":292},[69,38209,2183],{"class":100},[69,38211,38212,38214,38216,38218,38220,38222],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,38213,2161],{"class":217},[69,38215,221],{"class":100},[69,38217,9191],{"class":292},[69,38219,289],{"class":100},[69,38221,9233],{"class":7964},[69,38223,301],{"class":100},[14,38225,2781],{},[60,38227,38229],{"className":62,"code":38228,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"\u003Cclass '__main__.Dog'>\n{'name': 'Max'}\n",[21,38230,38231,38246],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,38232,38233,38235,38237,38239,38242,38244],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,38234,21097],{"class":96},[69,38236,7503],{"class":7502},[69,38238,15292],{"class":110},[69,38240,38241],{"class":114},"__main__.Dog",[69,38243,15283],{"class":110},[69,38245,21108],{"class":96},[69,38247,38248,38250,38252,38254,38256,38258,38260,38262,38264],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,38249,8018],{"class":100},[69,38251,15283],{"class":110},[69,38253,115],{"class":114},[69,38255,15283],{"class":110},[69,38257,1174],{"class":100},[69,38259,15292],{"class":110},[69,38261,31708],{"class":114},[69,38263,15283],{"class":110},[69,38265,1260],{"class":100},[55,38267,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,38269,33568],{"id":33567},[14,38271,38272],{},"A class is the template. An object is one instance created from that template.",[1647,38274,33585,38276,38278],{"id":38275},"do-i-always-need-__init__-to-create-an-object",[21,38277,7914],{}," to create an object?",[14,38280,38281,38282,38284,38285,38287],{},"No. You can create an object without ",[21,38283,7914],{},", but ",[21,38286,7914],{}," is useful for setting starting values.",[1647,38289,38291],{"id":38290},"can-i-create-more-than-one-object-from-the-same-class","Can I create more than one object from the same class?",[14,38293,38294],{},"Yes. Each object is a separate instance and can have different data.",[14,38296,370],{},[60,38298,38300],{"className":62,"code":38299,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Dog:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n\ndog1 = Dog(\"Max\")\ndog2 = Dog(\"Bella\")\n\nprint(dog1.name)\nprint(dog2.name)\n",[21,38301,38302,38310,38326,38338,38342,38361,38381,38385,38400],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,38303,38304,38306,38308],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,38305,7503],{"class":7502},[69,38307,7507],{"class":7506},[69,38309,275],{"class":100},[69,38311,38312,38314,38316,38318,38320,38322,38324],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,38313,7514],{"class":7502},[69,38315,7942],{"class":217},[69,38317,221],{"class":100},[69,38319,7490],{"class":7523},[69,38321,120],{"class":100},[69,38323,7952],{"class":7951},[69,38325,7526],{"class":100},[69,38327,38328,38330,38332,38334,38336],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,38329,7965],{"class":7964},[69,38331,289],{"class":100},[69,38333,115],{"class":2216},[69,38335,4232],{"class":96},[69,38337,7974],{"class":79},[69,38339,38340],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,38341,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,38343,38344,38347,38349,38351,38353,38355,38357,38359],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,38345,38346],{"class":79},"dog1 ",[69,38348,97],{"class":96},[69,38350,7507],{"class":292},[69,38352,221],{"class":100},[69,38354,111],{"class":110},[69,38356,31708],{"class":114},[69,38358,111],{"class":110},[69,38360,301],{"class":100},[69,38362,38363,38366,38368,38370,38372,38374,38377,38379],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,38364,38365],{"class":79},"dog2 ",[69,38367,97],{"class":96},[69,38369,7507],{"class":292},[69,38371,221],{"class":100},[69,38373,111],{"class":110},[69,38375,38376],{"class":114},"Bella",[69,38378,111],{"class":110},[69,38380,301],{"class":100},[69,38382,38383],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,38384,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,38386,38387,38389,38391,38394,38396,38398],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,38388,2161],{"class":217},[69,38390,221],{"class":100},[69,38392,38393],{"class":292},"dog1",[69,38395,289],{"class":100},[69,38397,115],{"class":2216},[69,38399,301],{"class":100},[69,38401,38402,38404,38406,38409,38411,38413],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,38403,2161],{"class":217},[69,38405,221],{"class":100},[69,38407,38408],{"class":292},"dog2",[69,38410,289],{"class":100},[69,38412,115],{"class":2216},[69,38414,301],{"class":100},[14,38416,2781],{},[60,38418,38420],{"className":62,"code":38419,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Max\nBella\n",[21,38421,38422,38426],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,38423,38424],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,38425,31754],{"class":79},[69,38427,38428],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,38429,38430],{"class":79},"Bella\n",[1647,38432,38434,38435,38437],{"id":38433},"why-do-i-get-a-typeerror-when-creating-an-object","Why do I get a ",[21,38436,8638],{}," when creating an object?",[14,38439,38440,38441,38443],{},"Usually because the arguments passed to the class do not match the ",[21,38442,7914],{}," parameters.",[14,38445,11201],{},[60,38447,38449],{"className":62,"code":38448,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class User:\n    def __init__(self, username):\n        self.username = username\n\nuser = User()\n",[21,38450,38451,38460,38477,38491,38495],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,38452,38453,38455,38458],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,38454,7503],{"class":7502},[69,38456,38457],{"class":7506}," User",[69,38459,275],{"class":100},[69,38461,38462,38464,38466,38468,38470,38472,38475],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,38463,7514],{"class":7502},[69,38465,7942],{"class":217},[69,38467,221],{"class":100},[69,38469,7490],{"class":7523},[69,38471,120],{"class":100},[69,38473,38474],{"class":7951}," username",[69,38476,7526],{"class":100},[69,38478,38479,38481,38483,38486,38488],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,38480,7965],{"class":7964},[69,38482,289],{"class":100},[69,38484,38485],{"class":2216},"username",[69,38487,4232],{"class":96},[69,38489,38490],{"class":79}," username\n",[69,38492,38493],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,38494,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,38496,38497,38499,38501,38503],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,38498,3534],{"class":79},[69,38500,97],{"class":96},[69,38502,38457],{"class":292},[69,38504,1385],{"class":100},[14,38506,8863,38507,38509],{},[21,38508,38485],{}," is missing.",[55,38511,2414],{"id":2413},[29,38513,38514,38518,38524,38528,38532,38538],{},[32,38515,38516],{},[579,38517,7611],{"href":7610},[32,38519,38520],{},[579,38521,9337,38522,7922],{"href":7918},[21,38523,7914],{},[32,38525,38526],{},[579,38527,9344],{"href":9167},[32,38529,38530],{},[579,38531,33639],{"href":32388},[32,38533,38534],{},[579,38535,4119,38536],{"href":8689},[21,38537,8690],{},[32,38539,38540],{},[579,38541,38542],{"href":36817},"What an object is in Python",[14,38544,38545],{},"Next step: learn how classes are structured, then add methods so your objects can do useful work.",[2450,38547,38548],{},"html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sbgvK, html code.shiki .sbgvK{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code 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.sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .srjyR, html code.shiki .srjyR{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:inherit;--shiki-default:#B31D28;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#FDAEB7;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sGLFI, html code.shiki .sGLFI{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":38550},[38551,38552,38553,38554,38555,38556,38558,38562,38570,38571,38572,38580],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":36769,"depth":83,"text":36770},{"id":36821,"depth":83,"text":36822},{"id":36943,"depth":83,"text":36944},{"id":37099,"depth":83,"text":38557},"Create an object with __init__",{"id":37316,"depth":83,"text":37317,"children":38559},[38560,38561],{"id":37328,"depth":90,"text":37329},{"id":32566,"depth":90,"text":32567},{"id":5116,"depth":83,"text":5117,"children":38563},[38564,38565,38566,38568,38569],{"id":12256,"depth":90,"text":12257},{"id":37691,"depth":90,"text":37692},{"id":37787,"depth":90,"text":38567},"Forgetting self inside class methods",{"id":37880,"depth":90,"text":37881},{"id":37970,"depth":90,"text":37971},{"id":37997,"depth":83,"text":37998},{"id":16351,"depth":83,"text":16352},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":38573},[38574,38575,38577,38578],{"id":33567,"depth":90,"text":33568},{"id":38275,"depth":90,"text":38576},"Do I always need __init__ to create an object?",{"id":38290,"depth":90,"text":38291},{"id":38433,"depth":90,"text":38579},"Why do I get a TypeError when creating an object?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to create an object in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-create-an-object-in-python",{"title":36636,"description":38581},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-create-an-object-in-python","ZQhr0150ACRT46vnDZx7TcLggnMH3N8hm8ZK0UQkYIg",{"id":38588,"title":38589,"body":38590,"description":40086,"extension":2479,"meta":40087,"navigation":86,"path":40088,"seo":40089,"stem":40090,"__hash__":40091},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-create-and-use-a-virtual-environment-in-python.md","How to Create and Use a Virtual Environment in Python",{"type":7,"value":38591,"toc":40039},[38592,38595,38598,38600,38611,38614,38616,38619,38708,38711,38744,38748,38751,38765,38768,38770,38781,38784,38788,38791,38794,38810,38813,38820,38824,38827,38847,38850,38865,38868,38885,38892,38896,38899,38916,38919,38934,38937,38940,38974,38983,38987,38990,38994,39009,39013,39029,39033,39054,39057,39072,39075,39091,39094,39115,39119,39122,39126,39129,39142,39146,39158,39165,39179,39182,39200,39203,39207,39210,39225,39228,39243,39249,39253,39258,39260,39268,39274,39277,39288,39291,39297,39343,39346,39360,39362,39382,39393,39397,39403,39409,39412,39423,39426,39434,39437,39444,39448,39451,39459,39462,39465,39480,39484,39489,39492,39508,39510,39521,39524,39528,39531,39535,39556,39563,39567,39586,39588,39599,39602,39648,39651,39692,39696,39702,39705,39708,39720,39726,39730,39733,39747,39750,39758,39762,39769,39772,39797,39803,39810,39813,39824,39827,39841,39843,39846,39869,39872,39923,39925,39937,39939,39951,39953,39957,39960,39967,39975,39983,39989,39995,39998,40002,40008,40010,40036],[10,38593,38589],{"id":38594},"how-to-create-and-use-a-virtual-environment-in-python",[14,38596,38597],{},"A virtual environment lets you create an isolated Python setup for one project.",[14,38599,3795],{},[29,38601,38602,38605,38608],{},[32,38603,38604],{},"install packages without affecting other projects",[32,38606,38607],{},"keep project dependencies separate",[32,38609,38610],{},"avoid version conflicts between libraries",[14,38612,38613],{},"On this page, you will learn how to create a virtual environment, activate it, install packages inside it, and leave it when you are done.",[55,38615,58],{"id":57},[14,38617,38618],{},"Use this when you want the fastest working setup:",[60,38620,38622],{"className":62,"code":38621,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"python -m venv .venv\n\n# Windows\n.venv\\Scripts\\activate\n\n# macOS\u002FLinux\nsource .venv\u002Fbin\u002Factivate\n\npip install requests\n\ndeactivate\n",[21,38623,38624,38639,38643,38648,38661,38665,38670,38690,38694,38699,38703],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,38625,38626,38629,38631,38634,38636],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,38627,38628],{"class":79},"python ",[69,38630,7305],{"class":96},[69,38632,38633],{"class":79},"m venv ",[69,38635,289],{"class":100},[69,38637,38638],{"class":2216},"venv\n",[69,38640,38641],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,38642,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,38644,38645],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,38646,38647],{"class":2596},"# Windows\n",[69,38649,38650,38652,38655,38658],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,38651,289],{"class":100},[69,38653,38654],{"class":2216},"venv",[69,38656,38657],{"class":100},"\\",[69,38659,38660],{"class":3771},"Scripts\\activate\n",[69,38662,38663],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,38664,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,38666,38667],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,38668,38669],{"class":2596},"# macOS\u002FLinux\n",[69,38671,38672,38675,38677,38679,38682,38685,38687],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,38673,38674],{"class":79},"source ",[69,38676,289],{"class":100},[69,38678,38654],{"class":2216},[69,38680,38681],{"class":96},"\u002F",[69,38683,38684],{"class":217},"bin",[69,38686,38681],{"class":96},[69,38688,38689],{"class":79},"activate\n",[69,38691,38692],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,38693,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,38695,38696],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,38697,38698],{"class":79},"pip install requests\n",[69,38700,38701],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,38702,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,38704,38705],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,38706,38707],{"class":79},"deactivate\n",[14,38709,38710],{},"What these commands do:",[29,38712,38713,38722,38728,38738],{},[32,38714,38715,38718,38719],{},[21,38716,38717],{},"python -m venv .venv"," creates a new virtual environment in a folder named ",[21,38720,38721],{},".venv",[32,38723,38724,38727],{},[21,38725,38726],{},"activate"," turns that environment on in your terminal",[32,38729,38730,38733,38734,38737],{},[21,38731,38732],{},"pip install requests"," installs the ",[21,38735,38736],{},"requests"," package inside that environment",[32,38739,38740,38743],{},[21,38741,38742],{},"deactivate"," turns the environment off",[55,38745,38747],{"id":38746},"what-a-virtual-environment-is","What a virtual environment is",[14,38749,38750],{},"A virtual environment is a separate folder that contains:",[29,38752,38753,38756,38762],{},[32,38754,38755],{},"its own Python setup",[32,38757,38758,38759],{},"its own ",[21,38760,38761],{},"pip",[32,38763,38764],{},"its own installed packages",[14,38766,38767],{},"This helps keep one project separate from another.",[14,38769,11201],{},[29,38771,38772,38775,38778],{},[32,38773,38774],{},"Project A can use one version of a package",[32,38776,38777],{},"Project B can use a different version",[32,38779,38780],{},"neither project breaks the other",[14,38782,38783],{},"This is one of the safest habits to learn early in Python.",[55,38785,38787],{"id":38786},"when-you-should-use-one","When you should use one",[14,38789,38790],{},"Use a virtual environment for almost every Python project.",[14,38792,38793],{},"It is especially helpful when:",[29,38795,38796,38801,38804,38807],{},[32,38797,38798,38799],{},"you plan to install third-party packages with ",[21,38800,38761],{},[32,38802,38803],{},"you are following a tutorial that needs extra libraries",[32,38805,38806],{},"you want to keep your system Python clean",[32,38808,38809],{},"different projects need different package versions",[14,38811,38812],{},"For a tiny one-file practice script, it may not always be necessary. But it is still a good habit.",[14,38814,38815,38816,289],{},"If you are new to installing packages, see ",[579,38817,38819],{"href":38818},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-install-a-python-package-with-pip\u002F","how to install a Python package with pip",[55,38821,38823],{"id":38822},"before-you-start","Before you start",[14,38825,38826],{},"Before creating the environment, make sure:",[29,38828,38829,38832,38837,38840],{},[32,38830,38831],{},"Python is installed",[32,38833,38834,38836],{},[21,38835,64],{}," works in your terminal or command prompt",[32,38838,38839],{},"you opened the terminal in your project folder",[32,38841,38842,38843,364,38845],{},"you picked a clear environment name such as ",[21,38844,38721],{},[21,38846,38654],{},[14,38848,38849],{},"You can test Python with:",[60,38851,38853],{"className":62,"code":38852,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"python --version\n",[21,38854,38855],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,38856,38857,38859,38862],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,38858,38628],{"class":79},[69,38860,38861],{"class":3771},"--",[69,38863,38864],{"class":79},"version\n",[14,38866,38867],{},"Example output:",[60,38869,38871],{"className":62,"code":38870,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Python 3.12.2\n",[21,38872,38873],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,38874,38875,38877,38880,38882],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,38876,14649],{"class":79},[69,38878,38879],{"class":157},"3.12",[69,38881,289],{"class":100},[69,38883,38884],{"class":2216},"2\n",[14,38886,38887,38888,289],{},"If this does not work, you may need to ",[579,38889,38891],{"href":38890},"\u002Flearn\u002Fhow-to-install-python-on-windows-macos-and-linux","install Python on Windows, macOS, and Linux",[55,38893,38895],{"id":38894},"create-the-virtual-environment","Create the virtual environment",[14,38897,38898],{},"Run this command in your project folder:",[60,38900,38902],{"className":62,"code":38901,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"python -m venv .venv\n",[21,38903,38904],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,38905,38906,38908,38910,38912,38914],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,38907,38628],{"class":79},[69,38909,7305],{"class":96},[69,38911,38633],{"class":79},[69,38913,289],{"class":100},[69,38915,38638],{"class":2216},[14,38917,38918],{},"What it does:",[29,38920,38921,38924,38929],{},[32,38922,38923],{},"runs Python",[32,38925,38926,38927,43],{},"uses the built-in ",[21,38928,38654],{},[32,38930,38931,38932],{},"creates a new folder named ",[21,38933,38721],{},[14,38935,38936],{},"That folder stores the environment files and installed packages.",[14,38938,38939],{},"A simple project might look like this after creation:",[60,38941,38943],{"className":62,"code":38942,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_project\u002F\n├── .venv\u002F\n└── app.py\n",[21,38944,38945,38953,38964],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,38946,38947,38950],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,38948,38949],{"class":79},"my_project",[69,38951,38952],{"class":96},"\u002F\n",[69,38954,38955,38958,38960,38962],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,38956,38957],{"class":79},"├── ",[69,38959,289],{"class":100},[69,38961,38654],{"class":2216},[69,38963,38952],{"class":96},[69,38965,38966,38969,38971],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,38967,38968],{"class":79},"└── app",[69,38970,289],{"class":100},[69,38972,38973],{"class":2216},"py\n",[14,38975,38976,38977,38979,38980,38982],{},"Do not edit files inside ",[21,38978,38721],{}," manually. Python and ",[21,38981,38761],{}," manage that folder for you.",[55,38984,38986],{"id":38985},"activate-the-virtual-environment","Activate the virtual environment",[14,38988,38989],{},"After creating the environment, activate it.",[1647,38991,38993],{"id":38992},"windows-command-prompt","Windows Command Prompt",[60,38995,38997],{"className":62,"code":38996,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},".venv\\Scripts\\activate\n",[21,38998,38999],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39000,39001,39003,39005,39007],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39002,289],{"class":100},[69,39004,38654],{"class":2216},[69,39006,38657],{"class":100},[69,39008,38660],{"class":3771},[1647,39010,39012],{"id":39011},"windows-powershell","Windows PowerShell",[60,39014,39016],{"className":62,"code":39015,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},".venv\\Scripts\\Activate.ps1\n",[21,39017,39018],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39019,39020,39022,39024,39026],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39021,289],{"class":100},[69,39023,38654],{"class":2216},[69,39025,38657],{"class":100},[69,39027,39028],{"class":3771},"Scripts\\Activate.ps1\n",[1647,39030,39032],{"id":39031},"macos-and-linux","macOS and Linux",[60,39034,39036],{"className":62,"code":39035,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"source .venv\u002Fbin\u002Factivate\n",[21,39037,39038],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39039,39040,39042,39044,39046,39048,39050,39052],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39041,38674],{"class":79},[69,39043,289],{"class":100},[69,39045,38654],{"class":2216},[69,39047,38681],{"class":96},[69,39049,38684],{"class":217},[69,39051,38681],{"class":96},[69,39053,38689],{"class":79},[14,39055,39056],{},"After activation:",[29,39058,39059,39062,39069],{},[32,39060,39061],{},"package installs go into this environment",[32,39063,39064,50,39066,39068],{},[21,39065,64],{},[21,39067,38761],{}," usually point to the environment versions",[32,39070,39071],{},"your terminal often shows the environment name at the start",[14,39073,39074],{},"For example, your prompt may change from:",[60,39076,39078],{"className":62,"code":39077,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"C:\\projects\\my_project>\n",[21,39079,39080],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39081,39082,39085,39088],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39083,39084],{"class":79},"C",[69,39086,39087],{"class":100},":\\",[69,39089,39090],{"class":3771},"projects\\my_project>\n",[14,39092,39093],{},"to:",[60,39095,39097],{"className":62,"code":39096,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"(.venv) C:\\projects\\my_project>\n",[21,39098,39099],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39100,39101,39104,39106,39108,39111,39113],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39102,39103],{"class":100},"(.",[69,39105,38654],{"class":2216},[69,39107,265],{"class":100},[69,39109,39110],{"class":79}," C",[69,39112,39087],{"class":100},[69,39114,39090],{"class":3771},[55,39116,39118],{"id":39117},"check-that-it-is-active","Check that it is active",[14,39120,39121],{},"You can confirm that the environment is active in a few ways.",[1647,39123,39125],{"id":39124},"look-at-the-terminal-prompt","Look at the terminal prompt",[14,39127,39128],{},"Many terminals show the environment name, such as:",[60,39130,39132],{"className":62,"code":39131,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"(.venv)\n",[21,39133,39134],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39135,39136,39138,39140],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39137,39103],{"class":100},[69,39139,38654],{"class":2216},[69,39141,301],{"class":100},[1647,39143,39145],{"id":39144},"check-the-python-version","Check the Python version",[60,39147,39148],{"className":62,"code":38852,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,39149,39150],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39151,39152,39154,39156],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39153,38628],{"class":79},[69,39155,38861],{"class":3771},[69,39157,38864],{"class":79},[1647,39159,39161,39162,39164],{"id":39160},"check-which-pip-is-being-used","Check which ",[21,39163,38761],{}," is being used",[60,39166,39168],{"className":62,"code":39167,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"pip --version\n",[21,39169,39170],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39171,39172,39175,39177],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39173,39174],{"class":79},"pip ",[69,39176,38861],{"class":3771},[69,39178,38864],{"class":79},[14,39180,39181],{},"You can also use:",[60,39183,39185],{"className":62,"code":39184,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"python -m pip --version\n",[21,39186,39187],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39188,39189,39191,39193,39196,39198],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39190,38628],{"class":79},[69,39192,7305],{"class":96},[69,39194,39195],{"class":79},"m pip ",[69,39197,38861],{"class":3771},[69,39199,38864],{"class":79},[14,39201,39202],{},"This is often more reliable because it uses the current Python interpreter directly.",[1647,39204,39206],{"id":39205},"check-the-python-path","Check the Python path",[14,39208,39209],{},"On Windows:",[60,39211,39213],{"className":62,"code":39212,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"where python\nwhere pip\n",[21,39214,39215,39220],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39216,39217],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39218,39219],{"class":79},"where python\n",[69,39221,39222],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,39223,39224],{"class":79},"where pip\n",[14,39226,39227],{},"On macOS\u002FLinux:",[60,39229,39231],{"className":62,"code":39230,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"which python\nwhich pip\n",[21,39232,39233,39238],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39234,39235],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39236,39237],{"class":79},"which python\n",[69,39239,39240],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,39241,39242],{"class":79},"which pip\n",[14,39244,39245,39246,39248],{},"If the environment is active, these commands should point to files inside the ",[21,39247,38721],{}," folder.",[55,39250,39252],{"id":39251},"install-packages-inside-the-environment","Install packages inside the environment",[14,39254,39255,39256,289],{},"Once the environment is active, you can install packages with ",[21,39257,38761],{},[14,39259,370],{},[60,39261,39262],{"className":62,"code":38698,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,39263,39264],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39265,39266],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39267,38698],{"class":79},[14,39269,39270,39271,39273],{},"This installs ",[21,39272,38736],{}," only inside the current project environment.",[14,39275,39276],{},"You can check installed packages with:",[60,39278,39280],{"className":62,"code":39279,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"pip list\n",[21,39281,39282],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39283,39284,39286],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39285,39174],{"class":79},[69,39287,18775],{"class":1859},[14,39289,39290],{},"You can also test the package in Python code.",[14,39292,39293,39294,1174],{},"Create a file named ",[21,39295,39296],{},"app.py",[60,39298,39300],{"className":62,"code":39299,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nprint(\"requests installed successfully\")\nprint(requests.__version__)\n",[21,39301,39302,39309,39313,39328],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39303,39304,39306],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39305,76],{"class":75},[69,39307,39308],{"class":79}," requests\n",[69,39310,39311],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,39312,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,39314,39315,39317,39319,39321,39324,39326],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,39316,2161],{"class":217},[69,39318,221],{"class":100},[69,39320,111],{"class":110},[69,39322,39323],{"class":114},"requests installed successfully",[69,39325,111],{"class":110},[69,39327,301],{"class":100},[69,39329,39330,39332,39334,39336,39338,39341],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,39331,2161],{"class":217},[69,39333,221],{"class":100},[69,39335,38736],{"class":292},[69,39337,289],{"class":100},[69,39339,39340],{"class":7964},"__version__",[69,39342,301],{"class":100},[14,39344,39345],{},"Run it with:",[60,39347,39349],{"className":62,"code":39348,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"python app.py\n",[21,39350,39351],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39352,39353,39356,39358],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39354,39355],{"class":79},"python app",[69,39357,289],{"class":100},[69,39359,38973],{"class":2216},[14,39361,38867],{},[60,39363,39365],{"className":62,"code":39364,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"requests installed successfully\n2.32.3\n",[21,39366,39367,39372],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39368,39369],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39370,39371],{"class":79},"requests installed successfully\n",[69,39373,39374,39377,39379],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,39375,39376],{"class":157},"2.32",[69,39378,289],{"class":100},[69,39380,39381],{"class":2216},"3\n",[14,39383,39384,39385,364,39389,289],{},"If you are not sure how imports work, see ",[579,39386,39388],{"href":39387},"\u002Flearn\u002Fhow-import-works-in-python","how imports work in Python",[579,39390,39392],{"href":39391},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-import-a-module-in-python\u002F","how to import a module in Python",[55,39394,39396],{"id":39395},"use-the-environment-in-your-editor-or-ide","Use the environment in your editor or IDE",[14,39398,39399,39400,39402],{},"Many editors detect a ",[21,39401,38721],{}," folder automatically.",[14,39404,39405,39406,39408],{},"If yours does not, choose the Python interpreter from the ",[21,39407,38721],{}," folder manually.",[14,39410,39411],{},"This matters because:",[29,39413,39414,39417,39420],{},[32,39415,39416],{},"Run and Debug should use the same interpreter as your terminal",[32,39418,39419],{},"installed packages must be available in both places",[32,39421,39422],{},"using the wrong interpreter can cause import errors",[14,39424,39425],{},"A common beginner problem is:",[29,39427,39428,39431],{},[32,39429,39430],{},"the package works in the terminal",[32,39432,39433],{},"but the editor says the module cannot be found",[14,39435,39436],{},"That usually means the editor is using a different Python interpreter.",[14,39438,39439,39440,289],{},"If needed, this can also help when learning ",[579,39441,39443],{"href":39442},"\u002Flearn\u002Fhow-to-run-python-code-command-line-and-ides","how to run Python code from the command line and IDEs",[55,39445,39447],{"id":39446},"deactivate-the-environment","Deactivate the environment",[14,39449,39450],{},"When you are done, run:",[60,39452,39453],{"className":62,"code":38707,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,39454,39455],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39456,39457],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39458,38707],{"class":79},[14,39460,39461],{},"This returns your terminal to the global Python environment.",[14,39463,39464],{},"Important:",[29,39466,39467,39474,39477],{},[32,39468,39469,9688,39471,39473],{},[21,39470,38742],{},[2498,39472,3315],{}," delete the environment",[32,39475,39476],{},"it only turns it off for the current terminal session",[32,39478,39479],{},"you can activate it again later",[55,39481,39483],{"id":39482},"delete-and-recreate-an-environment","Delete and recreate an environment",[14,39485,39486,39487,39248],{},"If you want to remove the environment, delete the ",[21,39488,38721],{},[14,39490,39491],{},"Then recreate it with:",[60,39493,39494],{"className":62,"code":38901,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,39495,39496],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39497,39498,39500,39502,39504,39506],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39499,38628],{"class":79},[69,39501,7305],{"class":96},[69,39503,38633],{"class":79},[69,39505,289],{"class":100},[69,39507,38638],{"class":2216},[14,39509,595],{},[29,39511,39512,39515,39518],{},[32,39513,39514],{},"the environment becomes broken",[32,39516,39517],{},"package versions get messy",[32,39519,39520],{},"you want a clean setup",[14,39522,39523],{},"After recreating it, install your packages again.",[55,39525,39527],{"id":39526},"save-and-restore-dependencies","Save and restore dependencies",[14,39529,39530],{},"If you want to reuse the same packages later, save them to a file.",[1647,39532,39534],{"id":39533},"save-installed-packages","Save installed packages",[60,39536,39538],{"className":62,"code":39537,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"pip freeze > requirements.txt\n",[21,39539,39540],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39541,39542,39545,39548,39551,39553],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39543,39544],{"class":79},"pip freeze ",[69,39546,39547],{"class":96},">",[69,39549,39550],{"class":79}," requirements",[69,39552,289],{"class":100},[69,39554,39555],{"class":2216},"txt\n",[14,39557,39558,39559,39562],{},"This creates a ",[21,39560,39561],{},"requirements.txt"," file.",[1647,39564,39566],{"id":39565},"restore-packages-later","Restore packages later",[60,39568,39570],{"className":62,"code":39569,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"pip install -r requirements.txt\n",[21,39571,39572],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39573,39574,39577,39579,39582,39584],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39575,39576],{"class":79},"pip install ",[69,39578,7305],{"class":96},[69,39580,39581],{"class":79},"r requirements",[69,39583,289],{"class":100},[69,39585,39555],{"class":2216},[14,39587,595],{},[29,39589,39590,39593,39596],{},[32,39591,39592],{},"moving the project to another computer",[32,39594,39595],{},"sharing the project with someone else",[32,39597,39598],{},"recreating the environment from scratch",[14,39600,39601],{},"A common workflow looks like this:",[60,39603,39605],{"className":62,"code":39604,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"python -m venv .venv\n\n# activate the environment first\n\npip install requests\npip freeze > requirements.txt\n",[21,39606,39607,39619,39623,39628,39632,39636],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39608,39609,39611,39613,39615,39617],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39610,38628],{"class":79},[69,39612,7305],{"class":96},[69,39614,38633],{"class":79},[69,39616,289],{"class":100},[69,39618,38638],{"class":2216},[69,39620,39621],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,39622,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,39624,39625],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,39626,39627],{"class":2596},"# activate the environment first\n",[69,39629,39630],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,39631,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,39633,39634],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,39635,38698],{"class":79},[69,39637,39638,39640,39642,39644,39646],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,39639,39544],{"class":79},[69,39641,39547],{"class":96},[69,39643,39550],{"class":79},[69,39645,289],{"class":100},[69,39647,39555],{"class":2216},[14,39649,39650],{},"Later, after deleting or recreating the environment:",[60,39652,39654],{"className":62,"code":39653,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"python -m venv .venv\n\n# activate the environment first\n\npip install -r requirements.txt\n",[21,39655,39656,39668,39672,39676,39680],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39657,39658,39660,39662,39664,39666],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39659,38628],{"class":79},[69,39661,7305],{"class":96},[69,39663,38633],{"class":79},[69,39665,289],{"class":100},[69,39667,38638],{"class":2216},[69,39669,39670],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,39671,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,39673,39674],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,39675,39627],{"class":2596},[69,39677,39678],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,39679,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,39681,39682,39684,39686,39688,39690],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,39683,39576],{"class":79},[69,39685,7305],{"class":96},[69,39687,39581],{"class":79},[69,39689,289],{"class":100},[69,39691,39555],{"class":2216},[55,39693,39695],{"id":39694},"common-problems-and-quick-fixes","Common problems and quick fixes",[1647,39697,39699,39701],{"id":39698},"python-command-not-found",[21,39700,64],{}," command not found",[14,39703,39704],{},"This usually means Python is not installed correctly, or it is not on your system PATH.",[14,39706,39707],{},"Try:",[60,39709,39710],{"className":62,"code":38852,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,39711,39712],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39713,39714,39716,39718],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39715,38628],{"class":79},[69,39717,38861],{"class":3771},[69,39719,38864],{"class":79},[14,39721,39722,39723,289],{},"If that fails, review ",[579,39724,39725],{"href":38890},"how to install Python on Windows, macOS, and Linux",[1647,39727,39729],{"id":39728},"activation-script-is-blocked-in-powershell","Activation script is blocked in PowerShell",[14,39731,39732],{},"On Windows PowerShell, you may get an execution policy error when running:",[60,39734,39735],{"className":62,"code":39015,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,39736,39737],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39738,39739,39741,39743,39745],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39740,289],{"class":100},[69,39742,38654],{"class":2216},[69,39744,38657],{"class":100},[69,39746,39028],{"class":3771},[14,39748,39749],{},"Quick fixes:",[29,39751,39752,39755],{},[32,39753,39754],{},"use Command Prompt instead",[32,39756,39757],{},"or adjust the PowerShell execution policy if allowed on your system",[1647,39759,39761],{"id":39760},"package-installs-to-the-wrong-place","Package installs to the wrong place",[14,39763,39764,39765,39768],{},"This often happens when you run ",[21,39766,39767],{},"pip install"," before activating the environment.",[14,39770,39771],{},"Check:",[60,39773,39775],{"className":62,"code":39774,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"pip --version\npython -m pip --version\n",[21,39776,39777,39785],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39778,39779,39781,39783],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39780,39174],{"class":79},[69,39782,38861],{"class":3771},[69,39784,38864],{"class":79},[69,39786,39787,39789,39791,39793,39795],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,39788,38628],{"class":79},[69,39790,7305],{"class":96},[69,39792,39195],{"class":79},[69,39794,38861],{"class":3771},[69,39796,38864],{"class":79},[14,39798,39799,39800,39802],{},"If the path does not point into ",[21,39801,38721],{},", activate the environment first.",[1647,39804,39806,39809],{"id":39805},"modulenotfounderror-after-installing-a-package",[21,39807,39808],{},"ModuleNotFoundError"," after installing a package",[14,39811,39812],{},"This usually means one of these things happened:",[29,39814,39815,39818,39821],{},[32,39816,39817],{},"the package was installed in a different environment",[32,39819,39820],{},"the editor is using a different interpreter",[32,39822,39823],{},"the environment was not active during install",[14,39825,39826],{},"Related help:",[29,39828,39829,39835],{},[32,39830,39831],{},[579,39832,39834],{"href":39833},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fmodulenotfounderror-no-module-named-x-fix","ModuleNotFoundError: No module named x",[32,39836,39837],{},[579,39838,39840],{"href":39839},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fimporterror-no-module-named-x-fix","ImportError: No module named x",[55,39842,3868],{"id":3867},[14,39844,39845],{},"These are the most common beginner mistakes with virtual environments:",[29,39847,39848,39851,39854,39860,39863],{},[32,39849,39850],{},"trying to install packages before activating the environment",[32,39852,39853],{},"using the wrong activation command for the operating system or shell",[32,39855,39856,39857,39859],{},"running ",[21,39858,38761],{}," from the global Python instead of the environment",[32,39861,39862],{},"opening the editor with a different interpreter than the terminal",[32,39864,39865,39866,39868],{},"assuming ",[21,39867,38742],{}," deletes the environment",[14,39870,39871],{},"Useful commands for checking problems:",[60,39873,39875],{"className":62,"code":39874,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"python --version\npython -m venv .venv\npip --version\npython -m pip --version\npip list\n",[21,39876,39877,39885,39897,39905,39917],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39878,39879,39881,39883],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39880,38628],{"class":79},[69,39882,38861],{"class":3771},[69,39884,38864],{"class":79},[69,39886,39887,39889,39891,39893,39895],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,39888,38628],{"class":79},[69,39890,7305],{"class":96},[69,39892,38633],{"class":79},[69,39894,289],{"class":100},[69,39896,38638],{"class":2216},[69,39898,39899,39901,39903],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,39900,39174],{"class":79},[69,39902,38861],{"class":3771},[69,39904,38864],{"class":79},[69,39906,39907,39909,39911,39913,39915],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,39908,38628],{"class":79},[69,39910,7305],{"class":96},[69,39912,39195],{"class":79},[69,39914,38861],{"class":3771},[69,39916,38864],{"class":79},[69,39918,39919,39921],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,39920,39174],{"class":79},[69,39922,18775],{"class":1859},[14,39924,39209],{},[60,39926,39927],{"className":62,"code":39212,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,39928,39929,39933],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39930,39931],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39932,39219],{"class":79},[69,39934,39935],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,39936,39224],{"class":79},[14,39938,39227],{},[60,39940,39941],{"className":62,"code":39230,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,39942,39943,39947],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,39944,39945],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,39946,39237],{"class":79},[69,39948,39949],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,39950,39242],{"class":79},[55,39952,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,39954,39956],{"id":39955},"do-i-need-a-virtual-environment-for-every-project","Do I need a virtual environment for every project?",[14,39958,39959],{},"For most projects, yes. It keeps packages separate and avoids version conflicts.",[1647,39961,2372,39963,50,39965,1414],{"id":39962},"what-is-the-difference-between-venv-and-pip",[21,39964,38654],{},[21,39966,38761],{},[14,39968,39969,39971,39972,39974],{},[21,39970,38654],{}," creates the isolated environment. ",[21,39973,38761],{}," installs packages into that environment.",[1647,39976,39978,39979,364,39981,1414],{"id":39977},"should-i-name-the-folder-venv-or-venv","Should I name the folder ",[21,39980,38654],{},[21,39982,38721],{},[14,39984,39985,39986,39988],{},"Both work. ",[21,39987,38721],{}," is common because many editors recognize it and it stays less visible.",[1647,39990,11052,39992,39994],{"id":39991},"does-deactivate-remove-installed-packages",[21,39993,38742],{}," remove installed packages?",[14,39996,39997],{},"No. It only stops using the environment in the current terminal session.",[1647,39999,40001],{"id":40000},"can-i-share-a-virtual-environment-folder-with-other-people","Can I share a virtual environment folder with other people?",[14,40003,40004,40005,40007],{},"Usually no. Share a ",[21,40006,39561],{}," file instead, and let each person create their own environment.",[55,40009,2414],{"id":2413},[29,40011,40012,40017,40022,40027,40031],{},[32,40013,40014],{},[579,40015,40016],{"href":38818},"How to install a Python package with pip",[32,40018,40019],{},[579,40020,40021],{"href":39391},"How to import a module in Python",[32,40023,40024],{},[579,40025,40026],{"href":39387},"How imports work in Python",[32,40028,40029],{},[579,40030,39834],{"href":39833},[32,40032,40033],{},[579,40034,40035],{"href":39442},"How to run Python code from the command line and IDEs",[2450,40037,40038],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code 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.s_hVV{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":40040},[40041,40042,40043,40044,40045,40046,40051,40058,40059,40060,40061,40062,40066,40074,40075,40085],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":38746,"depth":83,"text":38747},{"id":38786,"depth":83,"text":38787},{"id":38822,"depth":83,"text":38823},{"id":38894,"depth":83,"text":38895},{"id":38985,"depth":83,"text":38986,"children":40047},[40048,40049,40050],{"id":38992,"depth":90,"text":38993},{"id":39011,"depth":90,"text":39012},{"id":39031,"depth":90,"text":39032},{"id":39117,"depth":83,"text":39118,"children":40052},[40053,40054,40055,40057],{"id":39124,"depth":90,"text":39125},{"id":39144,"depth":90,"text":39145},{"id":39160,"depth":90,"text":40056},"Check which pip is being used",{"id":39205,"depth":90,"text":39206},{"id":39251,"depth":83,"text":39252},{"id":39395,"depth":83,"text":39396},{"id":39446,"depth":83,"text":39447},{"id":39482,"depth":83,"text":39483},{"id":39526,"depth":83,"text":39527,"children":40063},[40064,40065],{"id":39533,"depth":90,"text":39534},{"id":39565,"depth":90,"text":39566},{"id":39694,"depth":83,"text":39695,"children":40067},[40068,40070,40071,40072],{"id":39698,"depth":90,"text":40069},"python command not found",{"id":39728,"depth":90,"text":39729},{"id":39760,"depth":90,"text":39761},{"id":39805,"depth":90,"text":40073},"ModuleNotFoundError after installing a package",{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":40076},[40077,40078,40080,40082,40084],{"id":39955,"depth":90,"text":39956},{"id":39962,"depth":90,"text":40079},"What is the difference between venv and pip?",{"id":39977,"depth":90,"text":40081},"Should I name the folder venv or .venv?",{"id":39991,"depth":90,"text":40083},"Does deactivate remove installed packages?",{"id":40000,"depth":90,"text":40001},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to create and use a virtual environment in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-create-and-use-a-virtual-environment-in-python",{"title":38589,"description":40086},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-create-and-use-a-virtual-environment-in-python","EYgQrZDvrNQlWNzA9tTl48tp9iCRgu9W4GgyvD55hlk",{"id":40093,"title":40094,"body":40095,"description":43051,"extension":2479,"meta":43052,"navigation":86,"path":43053,"seo":43054,"stem":43055,"__hash__":43056},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-debug-python-code-beginner-guide.md","How to Debug Python Code (Beginner Guide)",{"type":7,"value":40096,"toc":43001},[40097,40100,40107,40110,40126,40133,40137,40143,40208,40211,40222,40237,40239,40242,40258,40262,40268,40271,40282,40285,40297,40304,40308,40311,40315,40318,40320,40359,40361,40437,40440,40457,40460,40469,40473,40476,40479,40498,40501,40512,40516,40519,40521,40567,40569,40602,40605,40622,40625,40648,40653,40659,40663,40666,40745,40748,40754,40759,40762,40776,40780,40879,40881,40914,40917,40921,41066,41068,41136,41146,41149,41153,41156,41242,41245,41301,41304,41308,41311,41313,41316,41360,41366,41368,41411,41415,41440,41449,41451,41474,41483,41487,41529,41534,41536,41581,41583,41592,41596,41647,41656,41658,41709,41711,41720,41724,41752,41759,41765,41802,41807,41809,41850,41861,41865,41871,41875,41878,41995,41997,42069,42076,42078,42195,42197,42267,42274,42277,42340,42347,42351,42354,42357,42360,42364,42367,42378,42381,42385,42388,42392,42395,42398,42469,42472,42562,42569,42573,42576,42591,42593,42606,42609,42613,42616,42619,42623,42626,42629,42633,42636,42641,42655,42658,42669,42672,42676,42679,42744,42748,42751,42817,42819,42850,42852,42911,42913,42917,42923,42927,42930,42936,42942,42946,42949,42951,42998],[10,40098,40094],{"id":40099},"how-to-debug-python-code-beginner-guide",[14,40101,40102,40103,40106],{},"Debugging means finding out ",[2498,40104,40105],{},"why your Python code is not doing what you expect"," and then fixing it step by step.",[14,40108,40109],{},"This guide shows a simple process beginners can use to:",[29,40111,40112,40115,40118,40123],{},[32,40113,40114],{},"understand what debugging means",[32,40116,40117],{},"find the line causing a problem",[32,40119,31267,40120,40122],{},[21,40121,23684],{}," and traceback messages",[32,40124,40125],{},"fix common mistakes without guessing",[14,40127,40128,40129,40132],{},"The goal is not to use advanced tools. The goal is to help you build a ",[2498,40130,40131],{},"repeatable debugging process"," you can use in any Python program.",[55,40134,40136],{"id":40135},"quick-way-to-start-debugging","Quick way to start debugging",[14,40138,40139,40140,40142],{},"When your code does not work, add simple ",[21,40141,23684],{}," lines to check which lines run and what values your variables contain.",[60,40144,40146],{"className":62,"code":40145,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print('Reached here')\nprint('value of x =', x)\nprint('type of x =', type(x))\n",[21,40147,40148,40163,40183],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,40149,40150,40152,40154,40156,40159,40161],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,40151,2161],{"class":217},[69,40153,221],{"class":100},[69,40155,15283],{"class":110},[69,40157,40158],{"class":114},"Reached here",[69,40160,15283],{"class":110},[69,40162,301],{"class":100},[69,40164,40165,40167,40169,40171,40174,40176,40178,40181],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,40166,2161],{"class":217},[69,40168,221],{"class":100},[69,40170,15283],{"class":110},[69,40172,40173],{"class":114},"value of x =",[69,40175,15283],{"class":110},[69,40177,120],{"class":100},[69,40179,40180],{"class":292}," x",[69,40182,301],{"class":100},[69,40184,40185,40187,40189,40191,40194,40196,40198,40201,40203,40206],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,40186,2161],{"class":217},[69,40188,221],{"class":100},[69,40190,15283],{"class":110},[69,40192,40193],{"class":114},"type of x =",[69,40195,15283],{"class":110},[69,40197,120],{"class":100},[69,40199,40200],{"class":1859}," type",[69,40202,221],{"class":100},[69,40204,40205],{"class":292},"x",[69,40207,2183],{"class":100},[14,40209,40210],{},"This helps you answer questions like:",[29,40212,40213,40216,40219],{},[32,40214,40215],{},"Did this line run?",[32,40217,40218],{},"What value does the variable have right now?",[32,40220,40221],{},"Is the variable the type I expect?",[14,40223,40224,40225,40230,40231,289],{},"If you are new to this, see the ",[579,40226,40228,12755],{"href":40227},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-print-function-explained",[21,40229,23684],{}," and the ",[579,40232,40234,12755],{"href":40233},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-type-function-explained",[21,40235,40236],{},"type()",[55,40238,2666],{"id":2665},[14,40240,40241],{},"By the end of this page, you should be able to:",[29,40243,40244,40247,40250,40255],{},[32,40245,40246],{},"Understand what debugging means in simple terms",[32,40248,40249],{},"Follow a repeatable process to find bugs",[32,40251,40252,40253,40122],{},"Use beginner-friendly tools like ",[21,40254,23684],{},[32,40256,40257],{},"Fix common code problems without guessing",[55,40259,40261],{"id":40260},"what-debugging-means","What debugging means",[14,40263,40264,40265,289],{},"Debugging means ",[2498,40266,40267],{},"finding the cause of a problem in your code",[14,40269,40270],{},"A bug can be:",[29,40272,40273,40276,40279],{},[32,40274,40275],{},"an error message",[32,40277,40278],{},"the wrong output",[32,40280,40281],{},"code that runs but does nothing useful",[14,40283,40284],{},"The main goal is to find:",[29,40286,40287,40292],{},[32,40288,7919,40289],{},[2498,40290,40291],{},"exact line",[32,40293,7919,40294],{},[2498,40295,40296],{},"exact reason",[14,40298,40299,40300,289],{},"For a general introduction to Python errors, see ",[579,40301,40303],{"href":40302},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-errors-and-exceptions-explained","Python errors and exceptions explained",[55,40305,40307],{"id":40306},"start-with-the-error-message","Start with the error message",[14,40309,40310],{},"If your program shows an error, start there.",[1647,40312,40314],{"id":40313},"read-the-last-line-first","Read the last line first",[14,40316,40317],{},"The last line of the traceback usually tells you the error type.",[14,40319,11201],{},[60,40321,40323],{"className":62,"code":40322,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [10, 20, 30]\nprint(numbers[5])\n",[21,40324,40325,40345],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,40326,40327,40329,40331,40333,40335,40337,40339,40341,40343],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,40328,5933],{"class":79},[69,40330,97],{"class":96},[69,40332,636],{"class":100},[69,40334,18507],{"class":157},[69,40336,120],{"class":100},[69,40338,4671],{"class":157},[69,40340,120],{"class":100},[69,40342,158],{"class":157},[69,40344,198],{"class":100},[69,40346,40347,40349,40351,40353,40355,40357],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,40348,2161],{"class":217},[69,40350,221],{"class":100},[69,40352,5956],{"class":292},[69,40354,1345],{"class":100},[69,40356,6670],{"class":157},[69,40358,494],{"class":100},[14,40360,2781],{},[60,40362,40364],{"className":62,"code":40363,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Traceback (most recent call last):\n  File \"main.py\", line 2, in \u003Cmodule>\n    print(numbers[5])\nIndexError: list index out of range\n",[21,40365,40366,40378,40408,40422],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,40367,40368,40371,40373,40376],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,40369,40370],{"class":292},"Traceback ",[69,40372,221],{"class":100},[69,40374,40375],{"class":292},"most recent call last",[69,40377,7526],{"class":100},[69,40379,40380,40383,40385,40388,40390,40392,40394,40396,40398,40400,40403,40406],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,40381,40382],{"class":79},"  File ",[69,40384,111],{"class":110},[69,40386,40387],{"class":114},"main.py",[69,40389,111],{"class":110},[69,40391,120],{"class":100},[69,40393,10143],{"class":79},[69,40395,19224],{"class":157},[69,40397,120],{"class":100},[69,40399,3210],{"class":96},[69,40401,40402],{"class":96}," \u003C",[69,40404,40405],{"class":79},"module",[69,40407,21108],{"class":96},[69,40409,40410,40412,40414,40416,40418,40420],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,40411,3220],{"class":217},[69,40413,221],{"class":100},[69,40415,5956],{"class":292},[69,40417,1345],{"class":100},[69,40419,6670],{"class":157},[69,40421,494],{"class":100},[69,40423,40424,40427,40429,40431,40434],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,40425,40426],{"class":1859},"IndexError",[69,40428,1174],{"class":100},[69,40430,22306],{"class":1859},[69,40432,40433],{"class":79}," index out of ",[69,40435,40436],{"class":217},"range\n",[14,40438,40439],{},"The most important part to notice first is:",[60,40441,40443],{"className":62,"code":40442,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"IndexError: list index out of range\n",[21,40444,40445],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,40446,40447,40449,40451,40453,40455],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,40448,40426],{"class":1859},[69,40450,1174],{"class":100},[69,40452,22306],{"class":1859},[69,40454,40433],{"class":79},[69,40456,40436],{"class":217},[14,40458,40459],{},"That tells you what kind of problem happened.",[14,40461,40462,40463,289],{},"If you get this specific error, see ",[579,40464,2892,40466],{"href":40465},"\u002Ferrors\u002Findexerror-list-index-out-of-range-fix-explained",[21,40467,40468],{},"IndexError: list index out of range",[1647,40470,40472],{"id":40471},"check-the-line-number","Check the line number",[14,40474,40475],{},"The traceback also shows the line where Python found the problem.",[14,40477,40478],{},"In the example above, the problem is on line 2:",[60,40480,40482],{"className":62,"code":40481,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(numbers[5])\n",[21,40483,40484],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,40485,40486,40488,40490,40492,40494,40496],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,40487,2161],{"class":217},[69,40489,221],{"class":100},[69,40491,5956],{"class":292},[69,40493,1345],{"class":100},[69,40495,6670],{"class":157},[69,40497,494],{"class":100},[14,40499,40500],{},"Now ask:",[29,40502,40503,40506,40509],{},[32,40504,40505],{},"Does this variable contain what I think it contains?",[32,40507,40508],{},"Is this index valid?",[32,40510,40511],{},"Did I use the right function or value?",[1647,40513,40515],{"id":40514},"look-at-the-code-around-that-line","Look at the code around that line",[14,40517,40518],{},"Sometimes the real cause starts a few lines earlier.",[14,40520,370],{},[60,40522,40524],{"className":62,"code":40523,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = input(\"Enter your age: \")\nresult = name + 5\nprint(result)\n",[21,40525,40526,40544,40557],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,40527,40528,40530,40532,40534,40536,40538,40540,40542],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,40529,1816],{"class":79},[69,40531,97],{"class":96},[69,40533,11682],{"class":217},[69,40535,221],{"class":100},[69,40537,111],{"class":110},[69,40539,27255],{"class":114},[69,40541,111],{"class":110},[69,40543,301],{"class":100},[69,40545,40546,40548,40550,40552,40554],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,40547,8506],{"class":79},[69,40549,97],{"class":96},[69,40551,768],{"class":79},[69,40553,1847],{"class":96},[69,40555,40556],{"class":157}," 5\n",[69,40558,40559,40561,40563,40565],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,40560,2161],{"class":217},[69,40562,221],{"class":100},[69,40564,8530],{"class":292},[69,40566,301],{"class":100},[14,40568,2781],{},[60,40570,40572],{"className":62,"code":40571,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"TypeError: can only concatenate str (not \"int\") to str\n",[21,40573,40574],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,40575,40576,40578,40580,40583,40585,40587,40589,40591,40593,40595,40597,40599],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,40577,8638],{"class":1859},[69,40579,1174],{"class":100},[69,40581,40582],{"class":79}," can only concatenate ",[69,40584,10723],{"class":1859},[69,40586,11302],{"class":100},[69,40588,3315],{"class":75},[69,40590,123],{"class":110},[69,40592,21838],{"class":114},[69,40594,111],{"class":110},[69,40596,265],{"class":100},[69,40598,25609],{"class":79},[69,40600,40601],{"class":1859},"str\n",[14,40603,40604],{},"The failing line is:",[60,40606,40608],{"className":62,"code":40607,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"result = name + 5\n",[21,40609,40610],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,40611,40612,40614,40616,40618,40620],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,40613,8506],{"class":79},[69,40615,97],{"class":96},[69,40617,768],{"class":79},[69,40619,1847],{"class":96},[69,40621,40556],{"class":157},[14,40623,40624],{},"But the real cause is above it:",[60,40626,40628],{"className":62,"code":40627,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = input(\"Enter your age: \")\n",[21,40629,40630],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,40631,40632,40634,40636,40638,40640,40642,40644,40646],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,40633,1816],{"class":79},[69,40635,97],{"class":96},[69,40637,11682],{"class":217},[69,40639,221],{"class":100},[69,40641,111],{"class":110},[69,40643,27255],{"class":114},[69,40645,111],{"class":110},[69,40647,301],{"class":100},[14,40649,40650,40652],{},[21,40651,24345],{}," returns a string, not a number. You need to convert it first.",[14,40654,40655,40656,289],{},"If you see this kind of problem, read how to fix ",[21,40657,40658],{},"TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +",[55,40660,40662],{"id":40661},"a-simple-debugging-checklist","A simple debugging checklist",[14,40664,40665],{},"Use this checklist every time your code breaks:",[9539,40667,40668,40678,40691,40701,40713,40725,40735],{},[32,40669,40670,40673],{},[2498,40671,40672],{},"Reproduce the problem",[29,40674,40675],{},[32,40676,40677],{},"Run the code again and make sure you can see the same issue.",[32,40679,40680,40683],{},[2498,40681,40682],{},"Read the error message carefully",[29,40684,40685,40688],{},[32,40686,40687],{},"Start with the last line.",[32,40689,40690],{},"Then read the traceback above it.",[32,40692,40693,40696],{},[2498,40694,40695],{},"Change one thing at a time",[29,40697,40698],{},[32,40699,40700],{},"If you change many lines at once, you may create new problems.",[32,40702,40703,40708],{},[2498,40704,40705,40706],{},"Check variable values with ",[21,40707,23684],{},[29,40709,40710],{},[32,40711,40712],{},"Print important variables before the problem line.",[32,40714,40715,40720],{},[2498,40716,40717,40718],{},"Check data types with ",[21,40719,40236],{},[29,40721,40722],{},[32,40723,40724],{},"A value may look right but still be the wrong type.",[32,40726,40727,40730],{},[2498,40728,40729],{},"Make the example smaller",[29,40731,40732],{},[32,40733,40734],{},"Remove unrelated code and focus on the smallest version that still has the bug.",[32,40736,40737,40740],{},[2498,40738,40739],{},"Test after each change",[29,40741,40742],{},[32,40743,40744],{},"This helps you see which change actually fixed the issue.",[14,40746,40747],{},"This process is much better than guessing.",[55,40749,322,40751,40753],{"id":40750},"use-print-to-inspect-your-code",[21,40752,23684],{}," to inspect your code",[14,40755,40756,40758],{},[21,40757,23684],{}," is one of the easiest debugging tools for beginners.",[14,40760,40761],{},"Use it to:",[29,40763,40764,40767,40770,40773],{},[32,40765,40766],{},"confirm whether a line runs",[32,40768,40769],{},"inspect variable values",[32,40771,40772],{},"inspect data types",[32,40774,40775],{},"compare expected values with actual values",[1647,40777,40779],{"id":40778},"example-check-whether-a-line-runs","Example: check whether a line runs",[60,40781,40783],{"className":62,"code":40782,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(\"Program started\")\n\nage = 20\nprint(\"Age has been set\")\n\nif age > 18:\n    print(\"Inside the if block\")\n\nprint(\"Program finished\")\n",[21,40784,40785,40800,40804,40813,40828,40832,40845,40860,40864],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,40786,40787,40789,40791,40793,40796,40798],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,40788,2161],{"class":217},[69,40790,221],{"class":100},[69,40792,111],{"class":110},[69,40794,40795],{"class":114},"Program started",[69,40797,111],{"class":110},[69,40799,301],{"class":100},[69,40801,40802],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,40803,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,40805,40806,40808,40810],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,40807,1830],{"class":79},[69,40809,97],{"class":96},[69,40811,40812],{"class":157}," 20\n",[69,40814,40815,40817,40819,40821,40824,40826],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,40816,2161],{"class":217},[69,40818,221],{"class":100},[69,40820,111],{"class":110},[69,40822,40823],{"class":114},"Age has been set",[69,40825,111],{"class":110},[69,40827,301],{"class":100},[69,40829,40830],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,40831,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,40833,40834,40836,40838,40840,40843],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,40835,3201],{"class":75},[69,40837,27277],{"class":79},[69,40839,39547],{"class":96},[69,40841,40842],{"class":157}," 18",[69,40844,275],{"class":100},[69,40846,40847,40849,40851,40853,40856,40858],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,40848,3220],{"class":217},[69,40850,221],{"class":100},[69,40852,111],{"class":110},[69,40854,40855],{"class":114},"Inside the if block",[69,40857,111],{"class":110},[69,40859,301],{"class":100},[69,40861,40862],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,40863,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,40865,40866,40868,40870,40872,40875,40877],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,40867,2161],{"class":217},[69,40869,221],{"class":100},[69,40871,111],{"class":110},[69,40873,40874],{"class":114},"Program finished",[69,40876,111],{"class":110},[69,40878,301],{"class":100},[14,40880,2781],{},[60,40882,40884],{"className":62,"code":40883,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Program started\nAge has been set\nInside the if block\nProgram finished\n",[21,40885,40886,40891,40899,40909],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,40887,40888],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,40889,40890],{"class":79},"Program started\n",[69,40892,40893,40896],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,40894,40895],{"class":79},"Age has been ",[69,40897,40898],{"class":1859},"set\n",[69,40900,40901,40904,40906],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,40902,40903],{"class":79},"Inside the ",[69,40905,3201],{"class":75},[69,40907,40908],{"class":79}," block\n",[69,40910,40911],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,40912,40913],{"class":79},"Program finished\n",[14,40915,40916],{},"These messages act like checkpoints.",[1647,40918,40920],{"id":40919},"example-print-variable-values-before-a-failing-line","Example: print variable values before a failing line",[60,40922,40924],{"className":62,"code":40923,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"price = \"10\"\nquantity = 3\n\nprint(\"price =\", price)\nprint(\"quantity =\", quantity)\nprint(\"type of price =\", type(price))\nprint(\"type of quantity =\", type(quantity))\n\ntotal = price * quantity\nprint(total)\n",[21,40925,40926,40938,40947,40951,40970,40990,41013,41037,41041,41055],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,40927,40928,40930,40932,40934,40936],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,40929,27911],{"class":79},[69,40931,97],{"class":96},[69,40933,123],{"class":110},[69,40935,18507],{"class":114},[69,40937,1825],{"class":110},[69,40939,40940,40943,40945],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,40941,40942],{"class":79},"quantity ",[69,40944,97],{"class":96},[69,40946,23641],{"class":157},[69,40948,40949],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,40950,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,40952,40953,40955,40957,40959,40962,40964,40966,40968],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,40954,2161],{"class":217},[69,40956,221],{"class":100},[69,40958,111],{"class":110},[69,40960,40961],{"class":114},"price =",[69,40963,111],{"class":110},[69,40965,120],{"class":100},[69,40967,28960],{"class":292},[69,40969,301],{"class":100},[69,40971,40972,40974,40976,40978,40981,40983,40985,40988],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,40973,2161],{"class":217},[69,40975,221],{"class":100},[69,40977,111],{"class":110},[69,40979,40980],{"class":114},"quantity =",[69,40982,111],{"class":110},[69,40984,120],{"class":100},[69,40986,40987],{"class":292}," quantity",[69,40989,301],{"class":100},[69,40991,40992,40994,40996,40998,41001,41003,41005,41007,41009,41011],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,40993,2161],{"class":217},[69,40995,221],{"class":100},[69,40997,111],{"class":110},[69,40999,41000],{"class":114},"type of price =",[69,41002,111],{"class":110},[69,41004,120],{"class":100},[69,41006,40200],{"class":1859},[69,41008,221],{"class":100},[69,41010,4791],{"class":292},[69,41012,2183],{"class":100},[69,41014,41015,41017,41019,41021,41024,41026,41028,41030,41032,41035],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,41016,2161],{"class":217},[69,41018,221],{"class":100},[69,41020,111],{"class":110},[69,41022,41023],{"class":114},"type of quantity =",[69,41025,111],{"class":110},[69,41027,120],{"class":100},[69,41029,40200],{"class":1859},[69,41031,221],{"class":100},[69,41033,41034],{"class":292},"quantity",[69,41036,2183],{"class":100},[69,41038,41039],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,41040,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,41042,41043,41045,41047,41050,41052],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,41044,28607],{"class":79},[69,41046,97],{"class":96},[69,41048,41049],{"class":79}," price ",[69,41051,8392],{"class":96},[69,41053,41054],{"class":79}," quantity\n",[69,41056,41057,41059,41061,41064],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,41058,2161],{"class":217},[69,41060,221],{"class":100},[69,41062,41063],{"class":292},"total",[69,41065,301],{"class":100},[14,41067,2781],{},[60,41069,41071],{"className":62,"code":41070,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"price = 10\nquantity = 3\ntype of price = \u003Cclass 'str'>\ntype of quantity = \u003Cclass 'int'>\n101010\n",[21,41072,41073,41081,41089,41110,41131],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,41074,41075,41077,41079],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,41076,27911],{"class":79},[69,41078,97],{"class":96},[69,41080,28664],{"class":157},[69,41082,41083,41085,41087],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,41084,40942],{"class":79},[69,41086,97],{"class":96},[69,41088,23641],{"class":157},[69,41090,41091,41093,41096,41098,41100,41102,41104,41106,41108],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,41092,2176],{"class":1859},[69,41094,41095],{"class":79}," of price ",[69,41097,97],{"class":96},[69,41099,40402],{"class":96},[69,41101,7503],{"class":7502},[69,41103,15292],{"class":110},[69,41105,10723],{"class":114},[69,41107,15283],{"class":110},[69,41109,21108],{"class":96},[69,41111,41112,41114,41117,41119,41121,41123,41125,41127,41129],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,41113,2176],{"class":1859},[69,41115,41116],{"class":79}," of quantity ",[69,41118,97],{"class":96},[69,41120,40402],{"class":96},[69,41122,7503],{"class":7502},[69,41124,15292],{"class":110},[69,41126,21838],{"class":114},[69,41128,15283],{"class":110},[69,41130,21108],{"class":96},[69,41132,41133],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,41134,41135],{"class":157},"101010\n",[14,41137,41138,41139,41141,41142,41145],{},"This code does not crash, but the result may be surprising. Because ",[21,41140,4791],{}," is a string, ",[21,41143,41144],{},"\"10\" * 3"," repeats the string.",[14,41147,41148],{},"The printed type helps you spot the problem.",[1647,41150,41152],{"id":41151},"example-use-clear-labels","Example: use clear labels",[14,41154,41155],{},"This is better:",[60,41157,41159],{"className":62,"code":41158,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"x = 7\ny = 2\nprint(\"x =\", x)\nprint(\"y =\", y)\nprint(\"x \u002F y =\", x \u002F y)\n",[21,41160,41161,41170,41179,41198,41218],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,41162,41163,41166,41168],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,41164,41165],{"class":79},"x ",[69,41167,97],{"class":96},[69,41169,23895],{"class":157},[69,41171,41172,41175,41177],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,41173,41174],{"class":79},"y ",[69,41176,97],{"class":96},[69,41178,8487],{"class":157},[69,41180,41181,41183,41185,41187,41190,41192,41194,41196],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,41182,2161],{"class":217},[69,41184,221],{"class":100},[69,41186,111],{"class":110},[69,41188,41189],{"class":114},"x =",[69,41191,111],{"class":110},[69,41193,120],{"class":100},[69,41195,40180],{"class":292},[69,41197,301],{"class":100},[69,41199,41200,41202,41204,41206,41209,41211,41213,41216],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,41201,2161],{"class":217},[69,41203,221],{"class":100},[69,41205,111],{"class":110},[69,41207,41208],{"class":114},"y =",[69,41210,111],{"class":110},[69,41212,120],{"class":100},[69,41214,41215],{"class":292}," y",[69,41217,301],{"class":100},[69,41219,41220,41222,41224,41226,41229,41231,41233,41236,41238,41240],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,41221,2161],{"class":217},[69,41223,221],{"class":100},[69,41225,111],{"class":110},[69,41227,41228],{"class":114},"x \u002F y =",[69,41230,111],{"class":110},[69,41232,120],{"class":100},[69,41234,41235],{"class":292}," x ",[69,41237,38681],{"class":96},[69,41239,41215],{"class":292},[69,41241,301],{"class":100},[14,41243,41244],{},"Than this:",[60,41246,41248],{"className":62,"code":41247,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"x = 7\ny = 2\nprint(x)\nprint(y)\nprint(x \u002F y)\n",[21,41249,41250,41258,41266,41276,41287],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,41251,41252,41254,41256],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,41253,41165],{"class":79},[69,41255,97],{"class":96},[69,41257,23895],{"class":157},[69,41259,41260,41262,41264],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,41261,41174],{"class":79},[69,41263,97],{"class":96},[69,41265,8487],{"class":157},[69,41267,41268,41270,41272,41274],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,41269,2161],{"class":217},[69,41271,221],{"class":100},[69,41273,40205],{"class":292},[69,41275,301],{"class":100},[69,41277,41278,41280,41282,41285],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,41279,2161],{"class":217},[69,41281,221],{"class":100},[69,41283,41284],{"class":292},"y",[69,41286,301],{"class":100},[69,41288,41289,41291,41293,41295,41297,41299],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,41290,2161],{"class":217},[69,41292,221],{"class":100},[69,41294,41165],{"class":292},[69,41296,38681],{"class":96},[69,41298,41215],{"class":292},[69,41300,301],{"class":100},[14,41302,41303],{},"Labels make debugging output much easier to understand.",[55,41305,41307],{"id":41306},"check-common-beginner-problems","Check common beginner problems",[14,41309,41310],{},"Many Python bugs come from a few common mistakes.",[1647,41312,8694],{"id":8693},[14,41314,41315],{},"Python uses indentation to define blocks of code.",[60,41317,41319],{"className":62,"code":41318,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = 20\n\nif age > 18:\nprint(\"Adult\")\n",[21,41320,41321,41329,41333,41345],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,41322,41323,41325,41327],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,41324,1830],{"class":79},[69,41326,97],{"class":96},[69,41328,40812],{"class":157},[69,41330,41331],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,41332,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,41334,41335,41337,41339,41341,41343],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,41336,3201],{"class":75},[69,41338,27277],{"class":79},[69,41340,39547],{"class":96},[69,41342,40842],{"class":157},[69,41344,275],{"class":100},[69,41346,41347,41349,41351,41353,41356,41358],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,41348,2161],{"class":217},[69,41350,221],{"class":100},[69,41352,111],{"class":110},[69,41354,41355],{"class":114},"Adult",[69,41357,111],{"class":110},[69,41359,301],{"class":100},[14,41361,41362,41363,41365],{},"This causes an indentation-related error because the ",[21,41364,23684],{}," line should be indented.",[14,41367,27459],{},[60,41369,41371],{"className":62,"code":41370,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = 20\n\nif age > 18:\n    print(\"Adult\")\n",[21,41372,41373,41381,41385,41397],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,41374,41375,41377,41379],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,41376,1830],{"class":79},[69,41378,97],{"class":96},[69,41380,40812],{"class":157},[69,41382,41383],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,41384,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,41386,41387,41389,41391,41393,41395],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,41388,3201],{"class":75},[69,41390,27277],{"class":79},[69,41392,39547],{"class":96},[69,41394,40842],{"class":157},[69,41396,275],{"class":100},[69,41398,41399,41401,41403,41405,41407,41409],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,41400,3220],{"class":217},[69,41402,221],{"class":100},[69,41404,111],{"class":110},[69,41406,41355],{"class":114},[69,41408,111],{"class":110},[69,41410,301],{"class":100},[1647,41412,41414],{"id":41413},"using-a-variable-before-creating-it","Using a variable before creating it",[60,41416,41418],{"className":62,"code":41417,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(score)\nscore = 100\n",[21,41419,41420,41431],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,41421,41422,41424,41426,41429],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,41423,2161],{"class":217},[69,41425,221],{"class":100},[69,41427,41428],{"class":292},"score",[69,41430,301],{"class":100},[69,41432,41433,41436,41438],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,41434,41435],{"class":79},"score ",[69,41437,97],{"class":96},[69,41439,23728],{"class":157},[14,41441,41442,41443,16250,41446,41448],{},"This causes a ",[21,41444,41445],{},"NameError",[21,41447,41428],{}," does not exist yet.",[14,41450,27459],{},[60,41452,41454],{"className":62,"code":41453,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"score = 100\nprint(score)\n",[21,41455,41456,41464],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,41457,41458,41460,41462],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,41459,41435],{"class":79},[69,41461,97],{"class":96},[69,41463,23728],{"class":157},[69,41465,41466,41468,41470,41472],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,41467,2161],{"class":217},[69,41469,221],{"class":100},[69,41471,41428],{"class":292},[69,41473,301],{"class":100},[14,41475,41476,41477,289],{},"If you see this error, read ",[579,41478,2892,41480],{"href":41479},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fnameerror-name-is-not-defined-fix",[21,41481,41482],{},"NameError: name is not defined",[1647,41484,41486],{"id":41485},"mixing-strings-and-numbers","Mixing strings and numbers",[60,41488,41490],{"className":62,"code":41489,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = \"25\"\nnext_year = age + 1\nprint(next_year)\n",[21,41491,41492,41504,41518],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,41493,41494,41496,41498,41500,41502],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,41495,1830],{"class":79},[69,41497,97],{"class":96},[69,41499,123],{"class":110},[69,41501,23026],{"class":114},[69,41503,1825],{"class":110},[69,41505,41506,41509,41511,41513,41515],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,41507,41508],{"class":79},"next_year ",[69,41510,97],{"class":96},[69,41512,27277],{"class":79},[69,41514,1847],{"class":96},[69,41516,41517],{"class":157}," 1\n",[69,41519,41520,41522,41524,41527],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,41521,2161],{"class":217},[69,41523,221],{"class":100},[69,41525,41526],{"class":292},"next_year",[69,41528,301],{"class":100},[14,41530,8863,41531,41533],{},[21,41532,23030],{}," is a string.",[14,41535,27459],{},[60,41537,41539],{"className":62,"code":41538,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = \"25\"\nnext_year = int(age) + 1\nprint(next_year)\n",[21,41540,41541,41553,41571],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,41542,41543,41545,41547,41549,41551],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,41544,1830],{"class":79},[69,41546,97],{"class":96},[69,41548,123],{"class":110},[69,41550,23026],{"class":114},[69,41552,1825],{"class":110},[69,41554,41555,41557,41559,41561,41563,41565,41567,41569],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,41556,41508],{"class":79},[69,41558,97],{"class":96},[69,41560,11273],{"class":1859},[69,41562,221],{"class":100},[69,41564,126],{"class":292},[69,41566,265],{"class":100},[69,41568,1856],{"class":96},[69,41570,41517],{"class":157},[69,41572,41573,41575,41577,41579],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,41574,2161],{"class":217},[69,41576,221],{"class":100},[69,41578,41526],{"class":292},[69,41580,301],{"class":100},[14,41582,2781],{},[60,41584,41586],{"className":62,"code":41585,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"26\n",[21,41587,41588],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,41589,41590],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,41591,41585],{"class":157},[1647,41593,41595],{"id":41594},"using-the-wrong-list-index","Using the wrong list index",[60,41597,41599],{"className":62,"code":41598,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"colors = [\"red\", \"green\", \"blue\"]\nprint(colors[3])\n",[21,41600,41601,41633],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,41602,41603,41605,41607,41609,41611,41613,41615,41617,41619,41621,41623,41625,41627,41629,41631],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,41604,6490],{"class":79},[69,41606,97],{"class":96},[69,41608,636],{"class":100},[69,41610,111],{"class":110},[69,41612,6499],{"class":114},[69,41614,111],{"class":110},[69,41616,120],{"class":100},[69,41618,123],{"class":110},[69,41620,6532],{"class":114},[69,41622,111],{"class":110},[69,41624,120],{"class":100},[69,41626,123],{"class":110},[69,41628,6508],{"class":114},[69,41630,111],{"class":110},[69,41632,198],{"class":100},[69,41634,41635,41637,41639,41641,41643,41645],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,41636,2161],{"class":217},[69,41638,221],{"class":100},[69,41640,6517],{"class":292},[69,41642,1345],{"class":100},[69,41644,7162],{"class":157},[69,41646,494],{"class":100},[14,41648,41649,41650,5914,41652,14844,41654,289],{},"This fails because valid indexes are ",[21,41651,2200],{},[21,41653,5940],{},[21,41655,19224],{},[14,41657,27459],{},[60,41659,41661],{"className":62,"code":41660,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"colors = [\"red\", \"green\", \"blue\"]\nprint(colors[2])\n",[21,41662,41663,41695],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,41664,41665,41667,41669,41671,41673,41675,41677,41679,41681,41683,41685,41687,41689,41691,41693],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,41666,6490],{"class":79},[69,41668,97],{"class":96},[69,41670,636],{"class":100},[69,41672,111],{"class":110},[69,41674,6499],{"class":114},[69,41676,111],{"class":110},[69,41678,120],{"class":100},[69,41680,123],{"class":110},[69,41682,6532],{"class":114},[69,41684,111],{"class":110},[69,41686,120],{"class":100},[69,41688,123],{"class":110},[69,41690,6508],{"class":114},[69,41692,111],{"class":110},[69,41694,198],{"class":100},[69,41696,41697,41699,41701,41703,41705,41707],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,41698,2161],{"class":217},[69,41700,221],{"class":100},[69,41702,6517],{"class":292},[69,41704,1345],{"class":100},[69,41706,19224],{"class":157},[69,41708,494],{"class":100},[14,41710,2781],{},[60,41712,41714],{"className":62,"code":41713,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"blue\n",[21,41715,41716],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,41717,41718],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,41719,41713],{"class":79},[1647,41721,41723],{"id":41722},"misspelling-variable-or-function-names","Misspelling variable or function names",[60,41725,41727],{"className":62,"code":41726,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"message = \"Hello\"\nprint(mesage)\n",[21,41728,41729,41741],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,41730,41731,41733,41735,41737,41739],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,41732,23714],{"class":79},[69,41734,97],{"class":96},[69,41736,123],{"class":110},[69,41738,7659],{"class":114},[69,41740,1825],{"class":110},[69,41742,41743,41745,41747,41750],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,41744,2161],{"class":217},[69,41746,221],{"class":100},[69,41748,41749],{"class":292},"mesage",[69,41751,301],{"class":100},[14,41753,41754,50,41756,41758],{},[21,41755,41749],{},[21,41757,23767],{}," are different names.",[1647,41760,41762,41763],{"id":41761},"forgetting-to-convert-input","Forgetting to convert ",[21,41764,24345],{},[60,41766,41768],{"className":62,"code":41767,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = input(\"Enter your age: \")\nprint(age + 1)\n",[21,41769,41770,41788],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,41771,41772,41774,41776,41778,41780,41782,41784,41786],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,41773,1830],{"class":79},[69,41775,97],{"class":96},[69,41777,11682],{"class":217},[69,41779,221],{"class":100},[69,41781,111],{"class":110},[69,41783,27255],{"class":114},[69,41785,111],{"class":110},[69,41787,301],{"class":100},[69,41789,41790,41792,41794,41796,41798,41800],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,41791,2161],{"class":217},[69,41793,221],{"class":100},[69,41795,1830],{"class":292},[69,41797,1847],{"class":96},[69,41799,5748],{"class":157},[69,41801,301],{"class":100},[14,41803,8863,41804,41806],{},[21,41805,24345],{}," returns a string.",[14,41808,27459],{},[60,41810,41812],{"className":62,"code":41811,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = int(input(\"Enter your age: \"))\nprint(age + 1)\n",[21,41813,41814,41836],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,41815,41816,41818,41820,41822,41824,41826,41828,41830,41832,41834],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,41817,1830],{"class":79},[69,41819,97],{"class":96},[69,41821,11273],{"class":1859},[69,41823,221],{"class":100},[69,41825,12540],{"class":217},[69,41827,221],{"class":100},[69,41829,111],{"class":110},[69,41831,27255],{"class":114},[69,41833,111],{"class":110},[69,41835,2183],{"class":100},[69,41837,41838,41840,41842,41844,41846,41848],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,41839,2161],{"class":217},[69,41841,221],{"class":100},[69,41843,1830],{"class":292},[69,41845,1847],{"class":96},[69,41847,5748],{"class":157},[69,41849,301],{"class":100},[14,41851,41852,41853,289],{},"If you want to handle bad user input safely, see ",[579,41854,41855,41856,38681,41858,41860],{"href":27030},"how to use ",[21,41857,11233],{},[21,41859,11221],{}," blocks in Python",[55,41862,41864],{"id":41863},"when-there-is-no-error-but-the-result-is-wrong","When there is no error but the result is wrong",[14,41866,41867,41868,289],{},"Sometimes your code runs without crashing, but the answer is still wrong. This is called a ",[2498,41869,41870],{},"logic bug",[1647,41872,41874],{"id":41873},"print-intermediate-values","Print intermediate values",[14,41876,41877],{},"Check what happens step by step.",[60,41879,41881],{"className":62,"code":41880,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]\ntotal = 0\n\nfor number in numbers:\n    total = number\n    print(\"number =\", number, \"total =\", total)\n\nprint(\"final total =\", total)\n",[21,41882,41883,41907,41915,41919,41931,41940,41972,41976],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,41884,41885,41887,41889,41891,41893,41895,41897,41899,41901,41903,41905],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,41886,5933],{"class":79},[69,41888,97],{"class":96},[69,41890,636],{"class":100},[69,41892,5940],{"class":157},[69,41894,120],{"class":100},[69,41896,5762],{"class":157},[69,41898,120],{"class":100},[69,41900,5949],{"class":157},[69,41902,120],{"class":100},[69,41904,7167],{"class":157},[69,41906,198],{"class":100},[69,41908,41909,41911,41913],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,41910,28607],{"class":79},[69,41912,97],{"class":96},[69,41914,15253],{"class":157},[69,41916,41917],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,41918,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,41920,41921,41923,41925,41927,41929],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,41922,3710],{"class":75},[69,41924,8482],{"class":79},[69,41926,771],{"class":75},[69,41928,18540],{"class":79},[69,41930,275],{"class":100},[69,41932,41933,41936,41938],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,41934,41935],{"class":79},"    total ",[69,41937,97],{"class":96},[69,41939,11295],{"class":79},[69,41941,41942,41944,41946,41948,41951,41953,41955,41957,41959,41961,41964,41966,41968,41970],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,41943,3220],{"class":217},[69,41945,221],{"class":100},[69,41947,111],{"class":110},[69,41949,41950],{"class":114},"number =",[69,41952,111],{"class":110},[69,41954,120],{"class":100},[69,41956,8378],{"class":292},[69,41958,120],{"class":100},[69,41960,123],{"class":110},[69,41962,41963],{"class":114},"total =",[69,41965,111],{"class":110},[69,41967,120],{"class":100},[69,41969,28639],{"class":292},[69,41971,301],{"class":100},[69,41973,41974],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,41975,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,41977,41978,41980,41982,41984,41987,41989,41991,41993],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,41979,2161],{"class":217},[69,41981,221],{"class":100},[69,41983,111],{"class":110},[69,41985,41986],{"class":114},"final total =",[69,41988,111],{"class":110},[69,41990,120],{"class":100},[69,41992,28639],{"class":292},[69,41994,301],{"class":100},[14,41996,2781],{},[60,41998,42000],{"className":62,"code":41999,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"number = 1 total = 1\nnumber = 2 total = 2\nnumber = 3 total = 3\nnumber = 4 total = 4\nfinal total = 4\n",[21,42001,42002,42017,42031,42045,42060],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,42003,42004,42006,42008,42010,42013,42015],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,42005,8389],{"class":79},[69,42007,97],{"class":96},[69,42009,5748],{"class":157},[69,42011,42012],{"class":79}," total ",[69,42014,97],{"class":96},[69,42016,41517],{"class":157},[69,42018,42019,42021,42023,42025,42027,42029],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,42020,8389],{"class":79},[69,42022,97],{"class":96},[69,42024,5762],{"class":157},[69,42026,42012],{"class":79},[69,42028,97],{"class":96},[69,42030,8487],{"class":157},[69,42032,42033,42035,42037,42039,42041,42043],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,42034,8389],{"class":79},[69,42036,97],{"class":96},[69,42038,5949],{"class":157},[69,42040,42012],{"class":79},[69,42042,97],{"class":96},[69,42044,23641],{"class":157},[69,42046,42047,42049,42051,42053,42055,42057],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,42048,8389],{"class":79},[69,42050,97],{"class":96},[69,42052,7167],{"class":157},[69,42054,42012],{"class":79},[69,42056,97],{"class":96},[69,42058,42059],{"class":157}," 4\n",[69,42061,42062,42065,42067],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,42063,42064],{"class":79},"final total ",[69,42066,97],{"class":96},[69,42068,42059],{"class":157},[14,42070,42071,42072,42075],{},"If your goal was to add all numbers, the problem becomes clear: ",[21,42073,42074],{},"total = number"," replaces the total each time.",[14,42077,27459],{},[60,42079,42081],{"className":62,"code":42080,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]\ntotal = 0\n\nfor number in numbers:\n    total = total + number\n    print(\"number =\", number, \"total =\", total)\n\nprint(\"final total =\", total)\n",[21,42082,42083,42107,42115,42119,42131,42143,42173,42177],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,42084,42085,42087,42089,42091,42093,42095,42097,42099,42101,42103,42105],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,42086,5933],{"class":79},[69,42088,97],{"class":96},[69,42090,636],{"class":100},[69,42092,5940],{"class":157},[69,42094,120],{"class":100},[69,42096,5762],{"class":157},[69,42098,120],{"class":100},[69,42100,5949],{"class":157},[69,42102,120],{"class":100},[69,42104,7167],{"class":157},[69,42106,198],{"class":100},[69,42108,42109,42111,42113],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,42110,28607],{"class":79},[69,42112,97],{"class":96},[69,42114,15253],{"class":157},[69,42116,42117],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,42118,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,42120,42121,42123,42125,42127,42129],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,42122,3710],{"class":75},[69,42124,8482],{"class":79},[69,42126,771],{"class":75},[69,42128,18540],{"class":79},[69,42130,275],{"class":100},[69,42132,42133,42135,42137,42139,42141],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,42134,41935],{"class":79},[69,42136,97],{"class":96},[69,42138,42012],{"class":79},[69,42140,1847],{"class":96},[69,42142,11295],{"class":79},[69,42144,42145,42147,42149,42151,42153,42155,42157,42159,42161,42163,42165,42167,42169,42171],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,42146,3220],{"class":217},[69,42148,221],{"class":100},[69,42150,111],{"class":110},[69,42152,41950],{"class":114},[69,42154,111],{"class":110},[69,42156,120],{"class":100},[69,42158,8378],{"class":292},[69,42160,120],{"class":100},[69,42162,123],{"class":110},[69,42164,41963],{"class":114},[69,42166,111],{"class":110},[69,42168,120],{"class":100},[69,42170,28639],{"class":292},[69,42172,301],{"class":100},[69,42174,42175],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,42176,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,42178,42179,42181,42183,42185,42187,42189,42191,42193],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,42180,2161],{"class":217},[69,42182,221],{"class":100},[69,42184,111],{"class":110},[69,42186,41986],{"class":114},[69,42188,111],{"class":110},[69,42190,120],{"class":100},[69,42192,28639],{"class":292},[69,42194,301],{"class":100},[14,42196,2781],{},[60,42198,42200],{"className":62,"code":42199,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"number = 1 total = 1\nnumber = 2 total = 3\nnumber = 3 total = 6\nnumber = 4 total = 10\nfinal total = 10\n",[21,42201,42202,42216,42230,42245,42259],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,42203,42204,42206,42208,42210,42212,42214],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,42205,8389],{"class":79},[69,42207,97],{"class":96},[69,42209,5748],{"class":157},[69,42211,42012],{"class":79},[69,42213,97],{"class":96},[69,42215,41517],{"class":157},[69,42217,42218,42220,42222,42224,42226,42228],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,42219,8389],{"class":79},[69,42221,97],{"class":96},[69,42223,5762],{"class":157},[69,42225,42012],{"class":79},[69,42227,97],{"class":96},[69,42229,23641],{"class":157},[69,42231,42232,42234,42236,42238,42240,42242],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,42233,8389],{"class":79},[69,42235,97],{"class":96},[69,42237,5949],{"class":157},[69,42239,42012],{"class":79},[69,42241,97],{"class":96},[69,42243,42244],{"class":157}," 6\n",[69,42246,42247,42249,42251,42253,42255,42257],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,42248,8389],{"class":79},[69,42250,97],{"class":96},[69,42252,7167],{"class":157},[69,42254,42012],{"class":79},[69,42256,97],{"class":96},[69,42258,28664],{"class":157},[69,42260,42261,42263,42265],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,42262,42064],{"class":79},[69,42264,97],{"class":96},[69,42266,28664],{"class":157},[1647,42268,42270,42271,42273],{"id":42269},"check-loop-conditions-and-if-conditions","Check loop conditions and ",[21,42272,3201],{}," conditions",[14,42275,42276],{},"If a block never runs, print the values being tested.",[60,42278,42280],{"className":62,"code":42279,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = 17\nprint(\"age =\", age)\n\nif age > 18:\n    print(\"Adult\")\n",[21,42281,42282,42291,42310,42314,42326],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,42283,42284,42286,42288],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,42285,1830],{"class":79},[69,42287,97],{"class":96},[69,42289,42290],{"class":157}," 17\n",[69,42292,42293,42295,42297,42299,42302,42304,42306,42308],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,42294,2161],{"class":217},[69,42296,221],{"class":100},[69,42298,111],{"class":110},[69,42300,42301],{"class":114},"age =",[69,42303,111],{"class":110},[69,42305,120],{"class":100},[69,42307,7957],{"class":292},[69,42309,301],{"class":100},[69,42311,42312],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,42313,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,42315,42316,42318,42320,42322,42324],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,42317,3201],{"class":75},[69,42319,27277],{"class":79},[69,42321,39547],{"class":96},[69,42323,40842],{"class":157},[69,42325,275],{"class":100},[69,42327,42328,42330,42332,42334,42336,42338],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,42329,3220],{"class":217},[69,42331,221],{"class":100},[69,42333,111],{"class":110},[69,42335,41355],{"class":114},[69,42337,111],{"class":110},[69,42339,301],{"class":100},[14,42341,42342,42343,42346],{},"Now you can clearly see why ",[21,42344,42345],{},"\"Adult\""," is not printed.",[1647,42348,42350],{"id":42349},"test-with-small-sample-data","Test with small sample data",[14,42352,42353],{},"If your program is hard to follow, use a very small example first.",[14,42355,42356],{},"Instead of testing with 1,000 items, test with 2 or 3.",[14,42358,42359],{},"This makes it easier to see where the logic goes wrong.",[1647,42361,42363],{"id":42362},"compare-expected-output-with-actual-output","Compare expected output with actual output",[14,42365,42366],{},"Ask yourself:",[29,42368,42369,42372,42375],{},[32,42370,42371],{},"What result did I expect?",[32,42373,42374],{},"What result did I get?",[32,42376,42377],{},"At which step do they become different?",[14,42379,42380],{},"That helps you focus on the real problem.",[55,42382,42384],{"id":42383},"how-to-make-bugs-easier-to-find","How to make bugs easier to find",[14,42386,42387],{},"You cannot avoid every bug, but you can make them easier to debug.",[1647,42389,42391],{"id":42390},"write-small-functions","Write small functions",[14,42393,42394],{},"Small functions are easier to test than one large block of code.",[14,42396,42397],{},"Instead of writing everything together:",[60,42399,42401],{"className":62,"code":42400,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = input(\"Enter your name: \")\nname = name.strip()\nname = name.title()\nprint(\"Hello\", name)\n",[21,42402,42403,42422,42436,42451],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,42404,42405,42407,42409,42411,42413,42415,42418,42420],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,42406,1816],{"class":79},[69,42408,97],{"class":96},[69,42410,11682],{"class":217},[69,42412,221],{"class":100},[69,42414,111],{"class":110},[69,42416,42417],{"class":114},"Enter your name: ",[69,42419,111],{"class":110},[69,42421,301],{"class":100},[69,42423,42424,42426,42428,42430,42432,42434],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,42425,1816],{"class":79},[69,42427,97],{"class":96},[69,42429,7952],{"class":79},[69,42431,289],{"class":100},[69,42433,19855],{"class":292},[69,42435,1385],{"class":100},[69,42437,42438,42440,42442,42444,42446,42449],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,42439,1816],{"class":79},[69,42441,97],{"class":96},[69,42443,7952],{"class":79},[69,42445,289],{"class":100},[69,42447,42448],{"class":292},"title",[69,42450,1385],{"class":100},[69,42452,42453,42455,42457,42459,42461,42463,42465,42467],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,42454,2161],{"class":217},[69,42456,221],{"class":100},[69,42458,111],{"class":110},[69,42460,7659],{"class":114},[69,42462,111],{"class":110},[69,42464,120],{"class":100},[69,42466,7952],{"class":292},[69,42468,301],{"class":100},[14,42470,42471],{},"You can separate the work:",[60,42473,42475],{"className":62,"code":42474,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def clean_name(text):\n    return text.strip().title()\n\nname = input(\"Enter your name: \")\ncleaned = clean_name(name)\nprint(\"Hello\", cleaned)\n",[21,42476,42477,42490,42507,42511,42529,42543],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,42478,42479,42481,42484,42486,42488],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,42480,7847],{"class":7502},[69,42482,42483],{"class":7517}," clean_name",[69,42485,221],{"class":100},[69,42487,568],{"class":7951},[69,42489,7526],{"class":100},[69,42491,42492,42495,42497,42499,42501,42503,42505],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,42493,42494],{"class":75},"    return",[69,42496,16694],{"class":79},[69,42498,289],{"class":100},[69,42500,19855],{"class":292},[69,42502,19858],{"class":100},[69,42504,42448],{"class":292},[69,42506,1385],{"class":100},[69,42508,42509],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,42510,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,42512,42513,42515,42517,42519,42521,42523,42525,42527],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,42514,1816],{"class":79},[69,42516,97],{"class":96},[69,42518,11682],{"class":217},[69,42520,221],{"class":100},[69,42522,111],{"class":110},[69,42524,42417],{"class":114},[69,42526,111],{"class":110},[69,42528,301],{"class":100},[69,42530,42531,42533,42535,42537,42539,42541],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,42532,25070],{"class":79},[69,42534,97],{"class":96},[69,42536,42483],{"class":292},[69,42538,221],{"class":100},[69,42540,115],{"class":292},[69,42542,301],{"class":100},[69,42544,42545,42547,42549,42551,42553,42555,42557,42560],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,42546,2161],{"class":217},[69,42548,221],{"class":100},[69,42550,111],{"class":110},[69,42552,7659],{"class":114},[69,42554,111],{"class":110},[69,42556,120],{"class":100},[69,42558,42559],{"class":292}," cleaned",[69,42561,301],{"class":100},[14,42563,42564,42565,42568],{},"Now, if something goes wrong, you can test ",[21,42566,42567],{},"clean_name()"," by itself.",[1647,42570,42572],{"id":42571},"use-clear-variable-names","Use clear variable names",[14,42574,42575],{},"This is easier to debug:",[60,42577,42579],{"className":62,"code":42578,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"student_age = 16\n",[21,42580,42581],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,42582,42583,42586,42588],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,42584,42585],{"class":79},"student_age ",[69,42587,97],{"class":96},[69,42589,42590],{"class":157}," 16\n",[14,42592,41244],{},[60,42594,42596],{"className":62,"code":42595,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"x = 16\n",[21,42597,42598],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,42599,42600,42602,42604],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,42601,41165],{"class":79},[69,42603,97],{"class":96},[69,42605,42590],{"class":157},[14,42607,42608],{},"Clear names make your code easier to read and easier to fix.",[1647,42610,42612],{"id":42611},"test-one-part-at-a-time","Test one part at a time",[14,42614,42615],{},"If your program reads a file, processes data, and prints a result, test each part separately.",[14,42617,42618],{},"That way you can find which part is failing.",[1647,42620,42622],{"id":42621},"keep-code-simple-before-adding-features","Keep code simple before adding features",[14,42624,42625],{},"Start with a small working version first.",[14,42627,42628],{},"Then add one feature at a time and test after each change.",[55,42630,42632],{"id":42631},"when-to-use-a-debugger-tool-later","When to use a debugger tool later",[14,42634,42635],{},"Beginners do not need to start with advanced tools.",[14,42637,42638,42640],{},[21,42639,23684],{}," debugging is enough for many problems because it helps you learn the core process:",[29,42642,42643,42646,42649,42652],{},[32,42644,42645],{},"observe the problem",[32,42647,42648],{},"inspect values",[32,42650,42651],{},"test a small change",[32,42653,42654],{},"run the code again",[14,42656,42657],{},"Later, you can learn debugger tools in an IDE. These tools let you:",[29,42659,42660,42663,42666],{},[32,42661,42662],{},"pause code while it runs",[32,42664,42665],{},"inspect variables",[32,42667,42668],{},"step through the program line by line",[14,42670,42671],{},"That can be very helpful, but it works best after you already understand basic debugging.",[55,42673,42675],{"id":42674},"common-mistakes-when-debugging","Common mistakes when debugging",[14,42677,42678],{},"These habits make debugging harder:",[29,42680,42681,42691,42701,42711,42724,42734],{},[32,42682,42683,42686],{},[2498,42684,42685],{},"Not reading the full error message",[29,42687,42688],{},[32,42689,42690],{},"The traceback often tells you exactly where to look.",[32,42692,42693,42696],{},[2498,42694,42695],{},"Changing many lines at once",[29,42697,42698],{},[32,42699,42700],{},"If the code starts working, you will not know what fixed it.",[32,42702,42703,42706],{},[2498,42704,42705],{},"Assuming a variable has the value you expect",[29,42707,42708],{},[32,42709,42710],{},"Print it and check.",[32,42712,42713,42718],{},[2498,42714,42715,42716],{},"Forgetting type conversion after ",[21,42717,24345],{},[29,42719,42720],{},[32,42721,42722,41806],{},[21,42723,24345],{},[32,42725,42726,42729],{},[2498,42727,42728],{},"Using data from a file or API without checking its format",[29,42730,42731],{},[32,42732,42733],{},"Print the data and inspect it before using it.",[32,42735,42736,42739],{},[2498,42737,42738],{},"Trying to fix code by guessing",[29,42740,42741],{},[32,42742,42743],{},"Use a process instead.",[55,42745,42747],{"id":42746},"useful-debugging-commands","Useful debugging commands",[14,42749,42750],{},"These simple commands are helpful when checking your code:",[60,42752,42754],{"className":62,"code":42753,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(variable)\nprint(type(variable))\nprint('checkpoint')\nhelp(function_name)\ndir(object_name)\n",[21,42755,42756,42767,42781,42796,42806],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,42757,42758,42760,42762,42765],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,42759,2161],{"class":217},[69,42761,221],{"class":100},[69,42763,42764],{"class":292},"variable",[69,42766,301],{"class":100},[69,42768,42769,42771,42773,42775,42777,42779],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,42770,2161],{"class":217},[69,42772,221],{"class":100},[69,42774,2176],{"class":1859},[69,42776,221],{"class":100},[69,42778,42764],{"class":292},[69,42780,2183],{"class":100},[69,42782,42783,42785,42787,42789,42792,42794],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,42784,2161],{"class":217},[69,42786,221],{"class":100},[69,42788,15283],{"class":110},[69,42790,42791],{"class":114},"checkpoint",[69,42793,15283],{"class":110},[69,42795,301],{"class":100},[69,42797,42798,42800,42802,42804],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,42799,9213],{"class":217},[69,42801,221],{"class":100},[69,42803,35530],{"class":292},[69,42805,301],{"class":100},[69,42807,42808,42810,42812,42815],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,42809,9202],{"class":217},[69,42811,221],{"class":100},[69,42813,42814],{"class":292},"object_name",[69,42816,301],{"class":100},[14,42818,9238],{},[29,42820,42821,42827,42833,42839,42845],{},[32,42822,42823,42826],{},[21,42824,42825],{},"print(variable)"," shows the current value",[32,42828,42829,42832],{},[21,42830,42831],{},"print(type(variable))"," shows the data type",[32,42834,42835,42838],{},[21,42836,42837],{},"print('checkpoint')"," confirms a line ran",[32,42840,42841,42844],{},[21,42842,42843],{},"help(function_name)"," shows built-in help for a function",[32,42846,42847,9252],{},[21,42848,42849],{},"dir(object_name)",[14,42851,370],{},[60,42853,42855],{"className":62,"code":42854,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"hello\"\n\nprint(text)\nprint(type(text))\nprint(dir(text))\n",[21,42856,42857,42869,42873,42883,42897],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,42858,42859,42861,42863,42865,42867],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,42860,16655],{"class":79},[69,42862,97],{"class":96},[69,42864,123],{"class":110},[69,42866,11564],{"class":114},[69,42868,1825],{"class":110},[69,42870,42871],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,42872,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,42874,42875,42877,42879,42881],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,42876,2161],{"class":217},[69,42878,221],{"class":100},[69,42880,568],{"class":292},[69,42882,301],{"class":100},[69,42884,42885,42887,42889,42891,42893,42895],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,42886,2161],{"class":217},[69,42888,221],{"class":100},[69,42890,2176],{"class":1859},[69,42892,221],{"class":100},[69,42894,568],{"class":292},[69,42896,2183],{"class":100},[69,42898,42899,42901,42903,42905,42907,42909],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,42900,2161],{"class":217},[69,42902,221],{"class":100},[69,42904,9202],{"class":217},[69,42906,221],{"class":100},[69,42908,568],{"class":292},[69,42910,2183],{"class":100},[55,42912,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,42914,42916],{"id":42915},"what-is-the-easiest-way-to-debug-python-code","What is the easiest way to debug Python code?",[14,42918,42919,42920,42922],{},"Start by reading the error message, then use ",[21,42921,23684],{}," to check which lines run and what values your variables have.",[1647,42924,42926],{"id":42925},"why-is-my-python-code-wrong-even-without-an-error","Why is my Python code wrong even without an error?",[14,42928,42929],{},"Your code may have a logic bug. Print intermediate values and compare the actual result with the result you expected.",[1647,42931,42933,42934,1414],{"id":42932},"should-beginners-use-a-debugger-or-print","Should beginners use a debugger or ",[21,42935,23684],{},[14,42937,42938,42939,42941],{},"Start with ",[21,42940,23684],{}," because it is simple and works everywhere. Later, you can learn an IDE debugger.",[1647,42943,42945],{"id":42944},"what-should-i-check-first-in-a-traceback","What should I check first in a traceback?",[14,42947,42948],{},"Check the last line for the error type, then look at the line number and the code around that line.",[55,42950,2414],{"id":2413},[29,42952,42953,42957,42966,42972,42978,42986,42992],{},[32,42954,42955],{},[579,42956,40303],{"href":40302},[32,42958,42959],{},[579,42960,42961,42962,38681,42964,41860],{"href":27030},"How to use ",[21,42963,11233],{},[21,42965,11221],{},[32,42967,42968],{},[579,42969,42970,12755],{"href":40227},[21,42971,23684],{},[32,42973,42974],{},[579,42975,42976,12755],{"href":40233},[21,42977,40236],{},[32,42979,42980],{},[579,42981,18294,42983],{"href":42982},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fsyntaxerror-invalid-syntax-fix",[21,42984,42985],{},"SyntaxError: invalid syntax",[32,42987,42988],{},[579,42989,18294,42990],{"href":41479},[21,42991,41482],{},[32,42993,42994],{},[579,42995,18294,42996],{"href":40465},[21,42997,40468],{},[2450,42999,43000],{},"html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sGLFI, html code.shiki .sGLFI{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sFwrP, html code.shiki .sFwrP{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":43002},[43003,43004,43005,43006,43011,43012,43018,43027,43034,43040,43041,43042,43043,43050],{"id":40135,"depth":83,"text":40136},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":40260,"depth":83,"text":40261},{"id":40306,"depth":83,"text":40307,"children":43007},[43008,43009,43010],{"id":40313,"depth":90,"text":40314},{"id":40471,"depth":90,"text":40472},{"id":40514,"depth":90,"text":40515},{"id":40661,"depth":83,"text":40662},{"id":40750,"depth":83,"text":43013,"children":43014},"Use print() to inspect your code",[43015,43016,43017],{"id":40778,"depth":90,"text":40779},{"id":40919,"depth":90,"text":40920},{"id":41151,"depth":90,"text":41152},{"id":41306,"depth":83,"text":41307,"children":43019},[43020,43021,43022,43023,43024,43025],{"id":8693,"depth":90,"text":8694},{"id":41413,"depth":90,"text":41414},{"id":41485,"depth":90,"text":41486},{"id":41594,"depth":90,"text":41595},{"id":41722,"depth":90,"text":41723},{"id":41761,"depth":90,"text":43026},"Forgetting to convert input()",{"id":41863,"depth":83,"text":41864,"children":43028},[43029,43030,43032,43033],{"id":41873,"depth":90,"text":41874},{"id":42269,"depth":90,"text":43031},"Check loop conditions and if conditions",{"id":42349,"depth":90,"text":42350},{"id":42362,"depth":90,"text":42363},{"id":42383,"depth":83,"text":42384,"children":43035},[43036,43037,43038,43039],{"id":42390,"depth":90,"text":42391},{"id":42571,"depth":90,"text":42572},{"id":42611,"depth":90,"text":42612},{"id":42621,"depth":90,"text":42622},{"id":42631,"depth":83,"text":42632},{"id":42674,"depth":83,"text":42675},{"id":42746,"depth":83,"text":42747},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":43044},[43045,43046,43047,43049],{"id":42915,"depth":90,"text":42916},{"id":42925,"depth":90,"text":42926},{"id":42932,"depth":90,"text":43048},"Should beginners use a debugger or print()?",{"id":42944,"depth":90,"text":42945},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to debug python code beginner guide in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-debug-python-code-beginner-guide",{"title":40094,"description":43051},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-debug-python-code-beginner-guide","gbux2Ns-4LZj2EOKnA8qlk-30lk8_QJsNZxuxYEVSmI",{"id":43058,"title":43059,"body":43060,"description":44861,"extension":2479,"meta":44862,"navigation":86,"path":44863,"seo":44864,"stem":44865,"__hash__":44866},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-delete-a-file-in-python.md","How to Delete a File in Python",{"type":7,"value":43061,"toc":44821},[43062,43065,43071,43074,43085,43090,43092,43194,43201,43203,43217,43223,43231,43278,43280,43300,43302,43321,43324,43329,43333,43336,43434,43438,43451,43460,43464,43467,43471,43474,43556,43560,43563,43629,43633,43636,43663,43666,43690,43701,43707,43713,43810,43815,43828,43834,43837,43849,43852,43856,43859,43863,43866,43877,43879,43913,43916,44001,44008,44012,44015,44017,44051,44054,44065,44072,44078,44081,44114,44119,44128,44134,44137,44144,44287,44291,44294,44310,44312,44463,44465,44468,44484,44487,44502,44526,44559,44592,44618,44621,44638,44640,44644,44652,44656,44667,44732,44738,44745,44751,44754,44764,44771,44774,44787,44789,44818],[10,43063,43059],{"id":43064},"how-to-delete-a-file-in-python",[14,43066,43067,43068,289],{},"If you want to delete a file in Python, the most common way is to use ",[21,43069,43070],{},"os.remove()",[14,43072,43073],{},"For beginners, the safest approach is:",[29,43075,43076,43079,43082],{},[32,43077,43078],{},"store the file path in a variable",[32,43080,43081],{},"check whether the file exists",[32,43083,43084],{},"delete it only if it is really there",[14,43086,43087,43088,289],{},"This helps you avoid common errors like ",[21,43089,9933],{},[55,43091,58],{"id":57},[60,43093,43095],{"className":62,"code":43094,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nfile_path = \"notes.txt\"\n\nif os.path.exists(file_path):\n    os.remove(file_path)\n    print(\"File deleted\")\nelse:\n    print(\"File does not exist\")\n",[21,43096,43097,43103,43107,43119,43123,43143,43159,43174,43180],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,43098,43099,43101],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,43100,76],{"class":75},[69,43102,2229],{"class":79},[69,43104,43105],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,43106,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,43108,43109,43111,43113,43115,43117],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,43110,13120],{"class":79},[69,43112,97],{"class":96},[69,43114,123],{"class":110},[69,43116,9437],{"class":114},[69,43118,1825],{"class":110},[69,43120,43121],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,43122,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,43124,43125,43127,43129,43131,43133,43135,43137,43139,43141],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,43126,3201],{"class":75},[69,43128,13563],{"class":79},[69,43130,289],{"class":100},[69,43132,2243],{"class":2216},[69,43134,289],{"class":100},[69,43136,2248],{"class":292},[69,43138,221],{"class":100},[69,43140,13320],{"class":292},[69,43142,7526],{"class":100},[69,43144,43145,43148,43150,43153,43155,43157],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,43146,43147],{"class":79},"    os",[69,43149,289],{"class":100},[69,43151,43152],{"class":292},"remove",[69,43154,221],{"class":100},[69,43156,13320],{"class":292},[69,43158,301],{"class":100},[69,43160,43161,43163,43165,43167,43170,43172],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,43162,3220],{"class":217},[69,43164,221],{"class":100},[69,43166,111],{"class":110},[69,43168,43169],{"class":114},"File deleted",[69,43171,111],{"class":110},[69,43173,301],{"class":100},[69,43175,43176,43178],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,43177,3277],{"class":75},[69,43179,275],{"class":100},[69,43181,43182,43184,43186,43188,43190,43192],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,43183,3220],{"class":217},[69,43185,221],{"class":100},[69,43187,111],{"class":110},[69,43189,13198],{"class":114},[69,43191,111],{"class":110},[69,43193,301],{"class":100},[14,43195,322,43196,43198,43199,289],{},[21,43197,43070],{}," to delete a file. Check that the path exists first to avoid a ",[21,43200,9933],{},[55,43202,2666],{"id":2665},[29,43204,43205,43208,43211,43214],{},[32,43206,43207],{},"Delete a single file with Python",[32,43209,43210],{},"Use the correct function for files, not folders",[32,43212,43213],{},"Check whether a file exists before deleting it",[32,43215,43216],{},"Understand common errors you may see",[55,43218,43220,43221],{"id":43219},"delete-a-file-with-osremove","Delete a file with ",[21,43222,43070],{},[14,43224,43225,43226,43228,43229,289],{},"To delete a file, import the ",[21,43227,2238],{}," module and pass the file path to ",[21,43230,43070],{},[60,43232,43234],{"className":62,"code":43233,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nos.remove(\"notes.txt\")\nprint(\"File deleted\")\n",[21,43235,43236,43242,43246,43264],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,43237,43238,43240],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,43239,76],{"class":75},[69,43241,2229],{"class":79},[69,43243,43244],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,43245,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,43247,43248,43250,43252,43254,43256,43258,43260,43262],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,43249,2238],{"class":79},[69,43251,289],{"class":100},[69,43253,43152],{"class":292},[69,43255,221],{"class":100},[69,43257,111],{"class":110},[69,43259,9437],{"class":114},[69,43261,111],{"class":110},[69,43263,301],{"class":100},[69,43265,43266,43268,43270,43272,43274,43276],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,43267,2161],{"class":217},[69,43269,221],{"class":100},[69,43271,111],{"class":110},[69,43273,43169],{"class":114},[69,43275,111],{"class":110},[69,43277,301],{"class":100},[1647,43279,9620],{"id":9619},[29,43281,43282,43288,43294],{},[32,43283,43284,43287],{},[21,43285,43286],{},"import os"," gives you access to file system tools",[32,43289,43290,43293],{},[21,43291,43292],{},"os.remove(\"notes.txt\")"," deletes the file",[32,43295,43296,43299],{},[21,43297,43298],{},"\"notes.txt\""," is the path to the file",[14,43301,21383],{},[29,43303,43304,43309,43315],{},[32,43305,43306,43307],{},"a simple file name like ",[21,43308,43298],{},[32,43310,43311,43312],{},"a relative path like ",[21,43313,43314],{},"\"data\u002Freport.csv\"",[32,43316,43317,43318],{},"an absolute path like ",[21,43319,43320],{},"\"\u002FUsers\u002Fname\u002FDocuments\u002Fnotes.txt\"",[14,43322,43323],{},"This removes the file from the file system.",[14,43325,43326,43327,289],{},"If you are new to file paths, see ",[579,43328,10830],{"href":10829},[55,43330,43332],{"id":43331},"check-if-the-file-exists-first","Check if the file exists first",[14,43334,43335],{},"A beginner-friendly way to delete a file is to check for it first.",[60,43337,43338],{"className":62,"code":43094,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,43339,43340,43346,43350,43362,43366,43386,43400,43414,43420],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,43341,43342,43344],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,43343,76],{"class":75},[69,43345,2229],{"class":79},[69,43347,43348],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,43349,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,43351,43352,43354,43356,43358,43360],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,43353,13120],{"class":79},[69,43355,97],{"class":96},[69,43357,123],{"class":110},[69,43359,9437],{"class":114},[69,43361,1825],{"class":110},[69,43363,43364],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,43365,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,43367,43368,43370,43372,43374,43376,43378,43380,43382,43384],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,43369,3201],{"class":75},[69,43371,13563],{"class":79},[69,43373,289],{"class":100},[69,43375,2243],{"class":2216},[69,43377,289],{"class":100},[69,43379,2248],{"class":292},[69,43381,221],{"class":100},[69,43383,13320],{"class":292},[69,43385,7526],{"class":100},[69,43387,43388,43390,43392,43394,43396,43398],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,43389,43147],{"class":79},[69,43391,289],{"class":100},[69,43393,43152],{"class":292},[69,43395,221],{"class":100},[69,43397,13320],{"class":292},[69,43399,301],{"class":100},[69,43401,43402,43404,43406,43408,43410,43412],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,43403,3220],{"class":217},[69,43405,221],{"class":100},[69,43407,111],{"class":110},[69,43409,43169],{"class":114},[69,43411,111],{"class":110},[69,43413,301],{"class":100},[69,43415,43416,43418],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,43417,3277],{"class":75},[69,43419,275],{"class":100},[69,43421,43422,43424,43426,43428,43430,43432],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,43423,3220],{"class":217},[69,43425,221],{"class":100},[69,43427,111],{"class":110},[69,43429,13198],{"class":114},[69,43431,111],{"class":110},[69,43433,301],{"class":100},[1647,43435,43437],{"id":43436},"why-this-helps","Why this helps",[29,43439,43440,43445,43448],{},[32,43441,43442,43443],{},"It avoids ",[21,43444,9933],{},[32,43446,43447],{},"It makes your script easier to understand",[32,43449,43450],{},"It is useful when the file may or may not exist",[14,43452,43453,43454,50,43456,289],{},"If you want more detail, see ",[579,43455,2285],{"href":34783},[579,43457,7919,43458,12755],{"href":13639},[21,43459,13498],{},[55,43461,43463],{"id":43462},"use-the-right-path","Use the right path",[14,43465,43466],{},"A wrong path is one of the most common reasons file deletion fails.",[1647,43468,43470],{"id":43469},"relative-path","Relative path",[14,43472,43473],{},"A relative path starts from the folder your script is currently using.",[60,43475,43477],{"className":62,"code":43476,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nfile_path = \"notes.txt\"\nprint(os.getcwd())  # shows the current working folder\n\nif os.path.exists(file_path):\n    os.remove(file_path)\n",[21,43478,43479,43485,43489,43501,43518,43522,43542],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,43480,43481,43483],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,43482,76],{"class":75},[69,43484,2229],{"class":79},[69,43486,43487],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,43488,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,43490,43491,43493,43495,43497,43499],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,43492,13120],{"class":79},[69,43494,97],{"class":96},[69,43496,123],{"class":110},[69,43498,9437],{"class":114},[69,43500,1825],{"class":110},[69,43502,43503,43505,43507,43509,43511,43513,43515],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,43504,2161],{"class":217},[69,43506,221],{"class":100},[69,43508,2238],{"class":292},[69,43510,289],{"class":100},[69,43512,11031],{"class":292},[69,43514,13327],{"class":100},[69,43516,43517],{"class":2596},"  # shows the current working folder\n",[69,43519,43520],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,43521,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,43523,43524,43526,43528,43530,43532,43534,43536,43538,43540],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,43525,3201],{"class":75},[69,43527,13563],{"class":79},[69,43529,289],{"class":100},[69,43531,2243],{"class":2216},[69,43533,289],{"class":100},[69,43535,2248],{"class":292},[69,43537,221],{"class":100},[69,43539,13320],{"class":292},[69,43541,7526],{"class":100},[69,43543,43544,43546,43548,43550,43552,43554],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,43545,43147],{"class":79},[69,43547,289],{"class":100},[69,43549,43152],{"class":292},[69,43551,221],{"class":100},[69,43553,13320],{"class":292},[69,43555,301],{"class":100},[1647,43557,43559],{"id":43558},"absolute-path","Absolute path",[14,43561,43562],{},"An absolute path gives the full location of the file.",[60,43564,43566],{"className":62,"code":43565,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nfile_path = \"\u002Fhome\u002Fuser\u002Fproject\u002Fnotes.txt\"\n\nif os.path.exists(file_path):\n    os.remove(file_path)\n",[21,43567,43568,43574,43578,43591,43595,43615],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,43569,43570,43572],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,43571,76],{"class":75},[69,43573,2229],{"class":79},[69,43575,43576],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,43577,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,43579,43580,43582,43584,43586,43589],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,43581,13120],{"class":79},[69,43583,97],{"class":96},[69,43585,123],{"class":110},[69,43587,43588],{"class":114},"\u002Fhome\u002Fuser\u002Fproject\u002Fnotes.txt",[69,43590,1825],{"class":110},[69,43592,43593],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,43594,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,43596,43597,43599,43601,43603,43605,43607,43609,43611,43613],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,43598,3201],{"class":75},[69,43600,13563],{"class":79},[69,43602,289],{"class":100},[69,43604,2243],{"class":2216},[69,43606,289],{"class":100},[69,43608,2248],{"class":292},[69,43610,221],{"class":100},[69,43612,13320],{"class":292},[69,43614,7526],{"class":100},[69,43616,43617,43619,43621,43623,43625,43627],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,43618,43147],{"class":79},[69,43620,289],{"class":100},[69,43622,43152],{"class":292},[69,43624,221],{"class":100},[69,43626,13320],{"class":292},[69,43628,301],{"class":100},[1647,43630,43632],{"id":43631},"if-you-are-not-sure-what-path-your-code-is-using","If you are not sure what path your code is using",[14,43634,43635],{},"Print the path before deleting:",[60,43637,43639],{"className":62,"code":43638,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"file_path = \"notes.txt\"\nprint(file_path)\n",[21,43640,43641,43653],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,43642,43643,43645,43647,43649,43651],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,43644,13120],{"class":79},[69,43646,97],{"class":96},[69,43648,123],{"class":110},[69,43650,9437],{"class":114},[69,43652,1825],{"class":110},[69,43654,43655,43657,43659,43661],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,43656,2161],{"class":217},[69,43658,221],{"class":100},[69,43660,13320],{"class":292},[69,43662,301],{"class":100},[14,43664,43665],{},"You can also print the current working folder:",[60,43667,43668],{"className":62,"code":11010,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,43669,43670,43676],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,43671,43672,43674],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,43673,76],{"class":75},[69,43675,2229],{"class":79},[69,43677,43678,43680,43682,43684,43686,43688],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,43679,2161],{"class":217},[69,43681,221],{"class":100},[69,43683,2238],{"class":292},[69,43685,289],{"class":100},[69,43687,11031],{"class":292},[69,43689,3923],{"class":100},[14,43691,43692,43693,50,43696,289],{},"If your file path problems are causing errors, see ",[579,43694,43695],{"href":10829},"how to understand file paths in Python",[579,43697,2892,43698],{"href":9941},[21,43699,43700],{},"FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory",[55,43702,43704,43705],{"id":43703},"deleting-with-pathlib","Deleting with ",[21,43706,13232],{},[14,43708,43709,43710,43712],{},"You can also delete files with ",[21,43711,13232],{},", which many beginners find easier to read.",[60,43714,43716],{"className":62,"code":43715,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nfile_path = Path(\"notes.txt\")\n\nif file_path.exists():\n    file_path.unlink()\n    print(\"File deleted\")\nelse:\n    print(\"File does not exist\")\n",[21,43717,43718,43728,43732,43750,43754,43766,43776,43790,43796],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,43719,43720,43722,43724,43726],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,43721,13103],{"class":75},[69,43723,13106],{"class":79},[69,43725,76],{"class":75},[69,43727,13111],{"class":79},[69,43729,43730],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,43731,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,43733,43734,43736,43738,43740,43742,43744,43746,43748],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,43735,13120],{"class":79},[69,43737,97],{"class":96},[69,43739,13125],{"class":292},[69,43741,221],{"class":100},[69,43743,111],{"class":110},[69,43745,9437],{"class":114},[69,43747,111],{"class":110},[69,43749,301],{"class":100},[69,43751,43752],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,43753,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,43755,43756,43758,43760,43762,43764],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,43757,3201],{"class":75},[69,43759,13147],{"class":79},[69,43761,289],{"class":100},[69,43763,2248],{"class":292},[69,43765,3730],{"class":100},[69,43767,43768,43770,43772,43774],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,43769,14032],{"class":79},[69,43771,289],{"class":100},[69,43773,14037],{"class":292},[69,43775,1385],{"class":100},[69,43777,43778,43780,43782,43784,43786,43788],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,43779,3220],{"class":217},[69,43781,221],{"class":100},[69,43783,111],{"class":110},[69,43785,43169],{"class":114},[69,43787,111],{"class":110},[69,43789,301],{"class":100},[69,43791,43792,43794],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,43793,3277],{"class":75},[69,43795,275],{"class":100},[69,43797,43798,43800,43802,43804,43806,43808],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,43799,3220],{"class":217},[69,43801,221],{"class":100},[69,43803,111],{"class":110},[69,43805,13198],{"class":114},[69,43807,111],{"class":110},[69,43809,301],{"class":100},[1647,43811,1410,43813,1414],{"id":43812},"why-use-pathlib",[21,43814,13232],{},[29,43816,43817,43820,43825],{},[32,43818,43819],{},"The code often reads more clearly",[32,43821,43822,43824],{},[21,43823,13249],{}," objects are convenient for file work",[32,43826,43827],{},"It works well when you do many path-related tasks in one script",[14,43829,43830,43833],{},[21,43831,43832],{},"Path.unlink()"," is for files, not directories.",[14,43835,43836],{},"Both styles are fine:",[29,43838,43839,43844],{},[32,43840,43841],{},[21,43842,43843],{},"os.remove(path)",[32,43845,43846],{},[21,43847,43848],{},"Path(path).unlink()",[14,43850,43851],{},"Choose one style and stay consistent in your script.",[55,43853,43855],{"id":43854},"common-errors-when-deleting-files","Common errors when deleting files",[14,43857,43858],{},"Here are the main errors you may see.",[1647,43860,43861],{"id":34442},[21,43862,9933],{},[14,43864,43865],{},"This usually means:",[29,43867,43868,43871,43874],{},[32,43869,43870],{},"the path is wrong",[32,43872,43873],{},"the file was already deleted",[32,43875,43876],{},"your script is running in a different folder than you expected",[14,43878,370],{},[60,43880,43882],{"className":62,"code":43881,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nos.remove(\"missing_file.txt\")\n",[21,43883,43884,43890,43894],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,43885,43886,43888],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,43887,76],{"class":75},[69,43889,2229],{"class":79},[69,43891,43892],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,43893,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,43895,43896,43898,43900,43902,43904,43906,43909,43911],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,43897,2238],{"class":79},[69,43899,289],{"class":100},[69,43901,43152],{"class":292},[69,43903,221],{"class":100},[69,43905,111],{"class":110},[69,43907,43908],{"class":114},"missing_file.txt",[69,43910,111],{"class":110},[69,43912,301],{"class":100},[14,43914,43915],{},"Possible fix:",[60,43917,43919],{"className":62,"code":43918,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nfile_path = \"missing_file.txt\"\n\nif os.path.exists(file_path):\n    os.remove(file_path)\nelse:\n    print(\"File does not exist\")\n",[21,43920,43921,43927,43931,43943,43947,43967,43981,43987],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,43922,43923,43925],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,43924,76],{"class":75},[69,43926,2229],{"class":79},[69,43928,43929],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,43930,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,43932,43933,43935,43937,43939,43941],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,43934,13120],{"class":79},[69,43936,97],{"class":96},[69,43938,123],{"class":110},[69,43940,43908],{"class":114},[69,43942,1825],{"class":110},[69,43944,43945],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,43946,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,43948,43949,43951,43953,43955,43957,43959,43961,43963,43965],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,43950,3201],{"class":75},[69,43952,13563],{"class":79},[69,43954,289],{"class":100},[69,43956,2243],{"class":2216},[69,43958,289],{"class":100},[69,43960,2248],{"class":292},[69,43962,221],{"class":100},[69,43964,13320],{"class":292},[69,43966,7526],{"class":100},[69,43968,43969,43971,43973,43975,43977,43979],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,43970,43147],{"class":79},[69,43972,289],{"class":100},[69,43974,43152],{"class":292},[69,43976,221],{"class":100},[69,43978,13320],{"class":292},[69,43980,301],{"class":100},[69,43982,43983,43985],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,43984,3277],{"class":75},[69,43986,275],{"class":100},[69,43988,43989,43991,43993,43995,43997,43999],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,43990,3220],{"class":217},[69,43992,221],{"class":100},[69,43994,111],{"class":110},[69,43996,13198],{"class":114},[69,43998,111],{"class":110},[69,44000,301],{"class":100},[14,44002,44003,44004,289],{},"For a full fix guide, see ",[579,44005,44006],{"href":9941},[21,44007,43700],{},[1647,44009,44010],{"id":34369},[21,44011,10837],{},[14,44013,44014],{},"This means your program does not have permission to delete the file.",[14,44016,370],{},[60,44018,44020],{"className":62,"code":44019,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nos.remove(\"protected_file.txt\")\n",[21,44021,44022,44028,44032],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,44023,44024,44026],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,44025,76],{"class":75},[69,44027,2229],{"class":79},[69,44029,44030],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,44031,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,44033,44034,44036,44038,44040,44042,44044,44047,44049],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,44035,2238],{"class":79},[69,44037,289],{"class":100},[69,44039,43152],{"class":292},[69,44041,221],{"class":100},[69,44043,111],{"class":110},[69,44045,44046],{"class":114},"protected_file.txt",[69,44048,111],{"class":110},[69,44050,301],{"class":100},[14,44052,44053],{},"This can happen if:",[29,44055,44056,44059,44062],{},[32,44057,44058],{},"the file belongs to another user",[32,44060,44061],{},"the file is protected by the operating system",[32,44063,44064],{},"another program is locking the file",[14,44066,44067,44068,289],{},"See ",[579,44069,2892,44070],{"href":2447},[21,44071,34439],{},[1647,44073,44075],{"id":44074},"isadirectoryerror",[21,44076,44077],{},"IsADirectoryError",[14,44079,44080],{},"This happens when you try to delete a folder with a file function.",[60,44082,44084],{"className":62,"code":44083,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nos.remove(\"my_folder\")\n",[21,44085,44086,44092,44096],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,44087,44088,44090],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,44089,76],{"class":75},[69,44091,2229],{"class":79},[69,44093,44094],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,44095,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,44097,44098,44100,44102,44104,44106,44108,44110,44112],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,44099,2238],{"class":79},[69,44101,289],{"class":100},[69,44103,43152],{"class":292},[69,44105,221],{"class":100},[69,44107,111],{"class":110},[69,44109,13865],{"class":114},[69,44111,111],{"class":110},[69,44113,301],{"class":100},[14,44115,44116,44118],{},[21,44117,43070],{}," is for files only.",[14,44120,44067,44121,44127],{},[579,44122,2892,44124],{"href":44123},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fisadirectoryerror-errno-21-is-a-directory-fix",[21,44125,44126],{},"IsADirectoryError: [Errno 21] Is a directory"," if that happens.",[1647,44129,44131],{"id":44130},"oserror",[21,44132,44133],{},"OSError",[14,44135,44136],{},"This is a broader file system error. It can happen for different system-level reasons.",[14,44138,44139,44140,50,44142,1174],{},"A simple way to handle deletion errors is to use ",[21,44141,11233],{},[21,44143,11221],{},[60,44145,44147],{"className":62,"code":44146,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nfile_path = \"notes.txt\"\n\ntry:\n    os.remove(file_path)\n    print(\"File deleted\")\nexcept FileNotFoundError:\n    print(\"File does not exist\")\nexcept PermissionError:\n    print(\"You do not have permission to delete this file\")\nexcept OSError as error:\n    print(\"A file system error happened:\", error)\n",[21,44148,44149,44155,44159,44171,44175,44181,44195,44209,44217,44231,44239,44254,44268],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,44150,44151,44153],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,44152,76],{"class":75},[69,44154,2229],{"class":79},[69,44156,44157],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,44158,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,44160,44161,44163,44165,44167,44169],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,44162,13120],{"class":79},[69,44164,97],{"class":96},[69,44166,123],{"class":110},[69,44168,9437],{"class":114},[69,44170,1825],{"class":110},[69,44172,44173],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,44174,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,44176,44177,44179],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,44178,11233],{"class":75},[69,44180,275],{"class":100},[69,44182,44183,44185,44187,44189,44191,44193],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,44184,43147],{"class":79},[69,44186,289],{"class":100},[69,44188,43152],{"class":292},[69,44190,221],{"class":100},[69,44192,13320],{"class":292},[69,44194,301],{"class":100},[69,44196,44197,44199,44201,44203,44205,44207],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,44198,3220],{"class":217},[69,44200,221],{"class":100},[69,44202,111],{"class":110},[69,44204,43169],{"class":114},[69,44206,111],{"class":110},[69,44208,301],{"class":100},[69,44210,44211,44213,44215],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,44212,11221],{"class":75},[69,44214,14206],{"class":1859},[69,44216,275],{"class":100},[69,44218,44219,44221,44223,44225,44227,44229],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,44220,3220],{"class":217},[69,44222,221],{"class":100},[69,44224,111],{"class":110},[69,44226,13198],{"class":114},[69,44228,111],{"class":110},[69,44230,301],{"class":100},[69,44232,44233,44235,44237],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,44234,11221],{"class":75},[69,44236,14229],{"class":1859},[69,44238,275],{"class":100},[69,44240,44241,44243,44245,44247,44250,44252],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,44242,3220],{"class":217},[69,44244,221],{"class":100},[69,44246,111],{"class":110},[69,44248,44249],{"class":114},"You do not have permission to delete this file",[69,44251,111],{"class":110},[69,44253,301],{"class":100},[69,44255,44256,44258,44261,44263,44266],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,44257,11221],{"class":75},[69,44259,44260],{"class":1859}," OSError",[69,44262,268],{"class":75},[69,44264,44265],{"class":79}," error",[69,44267,275],{"class":100},[69,44269,44270,44272,44274,44276,44279,44281,44283,44285],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,44271,3220],{"class":217},[69,44273,221],{"class":100},[69,44275,111],{"class":110},[69,44277,44278],{"class":114},"A file system error happened:",[69,44280,111],{"class":110},[69,44282,120],{"class":100},[69,44284,44265],{"class":292},[69,44286,301],{"class":100},[55,44288,44290],{"id":44289},"simple-safety-tips","Simple safety tips",[14,44292,44293],{},"When deleting files, a few small checks can prevent bigger mistakes.",[29,44295,44296,44299,44302,44305],{},[32,44297,44298],{},"Print the file path before deleting important files",[32,44300,44301],{},"Test your code with a sample file first",[32,44303,44304],{},"Do not delete files directly from unchecked user input",[32,44306,322,44307,44309],{},[21,44308,13795],{}," if your script should keep running after an error",[14,44311,370],{},[60,44313,44315],{"className":62,"code":44314,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nfile_path = \"test_file.txt\"\nprint(\"About to delete:\", file_path)\n\ntry:\n    if os.path.isfile(file_path):\n        os.remove(file_path)\n        print(\"File deleted\")\n    else:\n        print(\"That path is not a file\")\nexcept PermissionError:\n    print(\"Permission denied\")\n",[21,44316,44317,44323,44327,44340,44359,44363,44369,44389,44404,44418,44425,44440,44448],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,44318,44319,44321],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,44320,76],{"class":75},[69,44322,2229],{"class":79},[69,44324,44325],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,44326,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,44328,44329,44331,44333,44335,44338],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,44330,13120],{"class":79},[69,44332,97],{"class":96},[69,44334,123],{"class":110},[69,44336,44337],{"class":114},"test_file.txt",[69,44339,1825],{"class":110},[69,44341,44342,44344,44346,44348,44351,44353,44355,44357],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,44343,2161],{"class":217},[69,44345,221],{"class":100},[69,44347,111],{"class":110},[69,44349,44350],{"class":114},"About to delete:",[69,44352,111],{"class":110},[69,44354,120],{"class":100},[69,44356,13147],{"class":292},[69,44358,301],{"class":100},[69,44360,44361],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,44362,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,44364,44365,44367],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,44366,11233],{"class":75},[69,44368,275],{"class":100},[69,44370,44371,44373,44375,44377,44379,44381,44383,44385,44387],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,44372,19705],{"class":75},[69,44374,13563],{"class":79},[69,44376,289],{"class":100},[69,44378,2243],{"class":2216},[69,44380,289],{"class":100},[69,44382,13590],{"class":292},[69,44384,221],{"class":100},[69,44386,13320],{"class":292},[69,44388,7526],{"class":100},[69,44390,44391,44394,44396,44398,44400,44402],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,44392,44393],{"class":79},"        os",[69,44395,289],{"class":100},[69,44397,43152],{"class":292},[69,44399,221],{"class":100},[69,44401,13320],{"class":292},[69,44403,301],{"class":100},[69,44405,44406,44408,44410,44412,44414,44416],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,44407,7531],{"class":217},[69,44409,221],{"class":100},[69,44411,111],{"class":110},[69,44413,43169],{"class":114},[69,44415,111],{"class":110},[69,44417,301],{"class":100},[69,44419,44420,44423],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,44421,44422],{"class":75},"    else",[69,44424,275],{"class":100},[69,44426,44427,44429,44431,44433,44436,44438],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,44428,7531],{"class":217},[69,44430,221],{"class":100},[69,44432,111],{"class":110},[69,44434,44435],{"class":114},"That path is not a file",[69,44437,111],{"class":110},[69,44439,301],{"class":100},[69,44441,44442,44444,44446],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,44443,11221],{"class":75},[69,44445,14229],{"class":1859},[69,44447,275],{"class":100},[69,44449,44450,44452,44454,44456,44459,44461],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,44451,3220],{"class":217},[69,44453,221],{"class":100},[69,44455,111],{"class":110},[69,44457,44458],{"class":114},"Permission denied",[69,44460,111],{"class":110},[69,44462,301],{"class":100},[55,44464,3868],{"id":3867},[14,44466,44467],{},"These are common causes of problems when deleting files:",[29,44469,44470,44472,44475,44478,44481],{},[32,44471,10743],{},[32,44473,44474],{},"Trying to delete a folder instead of a file",[32,44476,44477],{},"Deleting a file that does not exist",[32,44479,44480],{},"Not having permission to delete the file",[32,44482,44483],{},"Confusing relative paths with absolute paths",[14,44485,44486],{},"Useful debugging checks:",[60,44488,44490],{"className":62,"code":44489,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(file_path)\n",[21,44491,44492],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,44493,44494,44496,44498,44500],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,44495,2161],{"class":217},[69,44497,221],{"class":100},[69,44499,13320],{"class":292},[69,44501,301],{"class":100},[60,44503,44504],{"className":62,"code":11010,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,44505,44506,44512],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,44507,44508,44510],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,44509,76],{"class":75},[69,44511,2229],{"class":79},[69,44513,44514,44516,44518,44520,44522,44524],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,44515,2161],{"class":217},[69,44517,221],{"class":100},[69,44519,2238],{"class":292},[69,44521,289],{"class":100},[69,44523,11031],{"class":292},[69,44525,3923],{"class":100},[60,44527,44529],{"className":62,"code":44528,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\nprint(os.path.exists(file_path))\n",[21,44530,44531,44537],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,44532,44533,44535],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,44534,76],{"class":75},[69,44536,2229],{"class":79},[69,44538,44539,44541,44543,44545,44547,44549,44551,44553,44555,44557],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,44540,2161],{"class":217},[69,44542,221],{"class":100},[69,44544,2238],{"class":292},[69,44546,289],{"class":100},[69,44548,2243],{"class":2216},[69,44550,289],{"class":100},[69,44552,2248],{"class":292},[69,44554,221],{"class":100},[69,44556,13320],{"class":292},[69,44558,2183],{"class":100},[60,44560,44562],{"className":62,"code":44561,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\nprint(os.path.isfile(file_path))\n",[21,44563,44564,44570],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,44565,44566,44568],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,44567,76],{"class":75},[69,44569,2229],{"class":79},[69,44571,44572,44574,44576,44578,44580,44582,44584,44586,44588,44590],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,44573,2161],{"class":217},[69,44575,221],{"class":100},[69,44577,2238],{"class":292},[69,44579,289],{"class":100},[69,44581,2243],{"class":2216},[69,44583,289],{"class":100},[69,44585,13590],{"class":292},[69,44587,221],{"class":100},[69,44589,13320],{"class":292},[69,44591,2183],{"class":100},[60,44593,44595],{"className":62,"code":44594,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\nprint(os.listdir())\n",[21,44596,44597,44603],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,44598,44599,44601],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,44600,76],{"class":75},[69,44602,2229],{"class":79},[69,44604,44605,44607,44609,44611,44613,44616],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,44606,2161],{"class":217},[69,44608,221],{"class":100},[69,44610,2238],{"class":292},[69,44612,289],{"class":100},[69,44614,44615],{"class":292},"listdir",[69,44617,3923],{"class":100},[14,44619,44620],{},"These commands help you answer basic questions:",[29,44622,44623,44626,44629,44632,44635],{},[32,44624,44625],{},"What path is my code using?",[32,44627,44628],{},"Which folder is my script running in?",[32,44630,44631],{},"Does the path exist?",[32,44633,44634],{},"Is it really a file?",[32,44636,44637],{},"What files are in the current folder?",[55,44639,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,44641,44643],{"id":44642},"what-is-the-easiest-way-to-delete-a-file-in-python","What is the easiest way to delete a file in Python?",[14,44645,322,44646,44648,44649,4276],{},[21,44647,43843],{},". For a safer beginner approach, check ",[21,44650,44651],{},"os.path.exists(path)",[1647,44653,44655],{"id":44654},"how-do-i-delete-a-file-only-if-it-exists","How do I delete a file only if it exists?",[14,44657,44658,44659,44661,44662,44664,44665,289],{},"Use an ",[21,44660,3201],{}," statement with ",[21,44663,44651],{},", then call ",[21,44666,43843],{},[60,44668,44670],{"className":62,"code":44669,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nfile_path = \"notes.txt\"\n\nif os.path.exists(file_path):\n    os.remove(file_path)\n",[21,44671,44672,44678,44682,44694,44698,44718],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,44673,44674,44676],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,44675,76],{"class":75},[69,44677,2229],{"class":79},[69,44679,44680],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,44681,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,44683,44684,44686,44688,44690,44692],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,44685,13120],{"class":79},[69,44687,97],{"class":96},[69,44689,123],{"class":110},[69,44691,9437],{"class":114},[69,44693,1825],{"class":110},[69,44695,44696],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,44697,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,44699,44700,44702,44704,44706,44708,44710,44712,44714,44716],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,44701,3201],{"class":75},[69,44703,13563],{"class":79},[69,44705,289],{"class":100},[69,44707,2243],{"class":2216},[69,44709,289],{"class":100},[69,44711,2248],{"class":292},[69,44713,221],{"class":100},[69,44715,13320],{"class":292},[69,44717,7526],{"class":100},[69,44719,44720,44722,44724,44726,44728,44730],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,44721,43147],{"class":79},[69,44723,289],{"class":100},[69,44725,43152],{"class":292},[69,44727,221],{"class":100},[69,44729,13320],{"class":292},[69,44731,301],{"class":100},[1647,44733,25757,44735,44737],{"id":44734},"can-osremove-delete-a-folder",[21,44736,43070],{}," delete a folder?",[14,44739,44740,44741,289],{},"No. It is for files. Folders need a different function. If you need to create folders, see ",[579,44742,44744],{"href":44743},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-create-a-directory-in-python\u002F","how to create a directory in Python",[1647,44746,35316,44748,44750],{"id":44747},"why-do-i-get-filenotfounderror-when-deleting-a-file",[21,44749,9933],{}," when deleting a file?",[14,44752,44753],{},"Usually:",[29,44755,44756,44759,44761],{},[32,44757,44758],{},"the file path is wrong",[32,44760,43873],{},[32,44762,44763],{},"your script is running in a different folder than you expect",[1647,44765,2392,44767,364,44769,1414],{"id":44766},"should-i-use-osremove-or-pathlib",[21,44768,43070],{},[21,44770,13232],{},[14,44772,44773],{},"Both work.",[29,44775,44776,44781],{},[32,44777,44778,44780],{},[21,44779,43070],{}," is common and simple",[32,44782,44783,44786],{},[21,44784,44785],{},"pathlib.Path.unlink()"," is also clear and beginner-friendly",[55,44788,2414],{"id":2413},[29,44790,44791,44798,44802,44808,44814],{},[32,44792,44793],{},[579,44794,14649,44795,44797],{"href":34139},[21,44796,2238],{}," module overview",[32,44799,44800],{},[579,44801,2436],{"href":34783},[32,44803,44804],{},[579,44805,44807],{"href":44806},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-rename-a-file-in-python\u002F","How to rename a file in Python",[32,44809,44810],{},[579,44811,14649,44812,12755],{"href":9673},[21,44813,576],{},[32,44815,44816],{},[579,44817,11115],{"href":10829},[2450,44819,44820],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .skxfh, html code.shiki .skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":44822},[44823,44824,44825,44829,44832,44837,44842,44848,44849,44850,44860],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":43219,"depth":83,"text":44826,"children":44827},"Delete a file with os.remove()",[44828],{"id":9619,"depth":90,"text":9620},{"id":43331,"depth":83,"text":43332,"children":44830},[44831],{"id":43436,"depth":90,"text":43437},{"id":43462,"depth":83,"text":43463,"children":44833},[44834,44835,44836],{"id":43469,"depth":90,"text":43470},{"id":43558,"depth":90,"text":43559},{"id":43631,"depth":90,"text":43632},{"id":43703,"depth":83,"text":44838,"children":44839},"Deleting with pathlib",[44840],{"id":43812,"depth":90,"text":44841},"Why use pathlib?",{"id":43854,"depth":83,"text":43855,"children":44843},[44844,44845,44846,44847],{"id":34442,"depth":90,"text":9933},{"id":34369,"depth":90,"text":10837},{"id":44074,"depth":90,"text":44077},{"id":44130,"depth":90,"text":44133},{"id":44289,"depth":83,"text":44290},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":44851},[44852,44853,44854,44856,44858],{"id":44642,"depth":90,"text":44643},{"id":44654,"depth":90,"text":44655},{"id":44734,"depth":90,"text":44855},"Can os.remove() delete a folder?",{"id":44747,"depth":90,"text":44857},"Why do I get FileNotFoundError when deleting a file?",{"id":44766,"depth":90,"text":44859},"Should I use os.remove() or pathlib?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to delete a file in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-delete-a-file-in-python",{"title":43059,"description":44861},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-delete-a-file-in-python","aP-pXt5KGRAGVlJ50LOk8v8oS8iqSRAtUiCI9JXtMAE",{"id":44868,"title":44869,"body":44870,"description":46467,"extension":2479,"meta":46468,"navigation":86,"path":46469,"seo":46470,"stem":46471,"__hash__":46472},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-exit-a-program-in-python.md","How to Exit a Program in Python",{"type":7,"value":44871,"toc":46418},[44872,44875,44878,44881,44883,44941,44951,44953,44973,44979,44984,44990,45096,45100,45119,45122,45137,45143,45146,45227,45230,45234,45237,45240,45355,45359,45376,45379,45393,45397,45400,45410,45413,45434,45437,45469,45472,45478,45485,45488,45593,45597,45612,45618,45622,45633,45638,45645,45651,45656,45723,45726,45745,45750,45755,45758,45840,45852,45858,45865,45868,45893,45906,45909,45932,45937,45947,45951,45956,45958,45972,45975,45978,45981,45995,45997,46000,46006,46011,46016,46022,46025,46030,46032,46076,46079,46115,46121,46123,46138,46140,46164,46171,46174,46229,46236,46242,46249,46304,46311,46325,46327,46331,46336,46342,46346,46351,46356,46363,46366,46372,46375,46377,46415],[10,44873,44869],{"id":44874},"how-to-exit-a-program-in-python",[14,44876,44877],{},"Sometimes you want a Python program to stop on purpose.",[14,44879,44880],{},"This page shows the main ways to do that, when to use each one, and what mistakes to avoid. You will also see the difference between stopping a loop, leaving a function, and ending the whole script.",[55,44882,58],{"id":57},[60,44884,44886],{"className":62,"code":44885,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n\nprint(\"Starting program\")\nsys.exit()\nprint(\"This line will not run\")\n",[21,44887,44888,44895,44899,44914,44926],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,44889,44890,44892],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,44891,76],{"class":75},[69,44893,44894],{"class":79}," sys\n",[69,44896,44897],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,44898,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,44900,44901,44903,44905,44907,44910,44912],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,44902,2161],{"class":217},[69,44904,221],{"class":100},[69,44906,111],{"class":110},[69,44908,44909],{"class":114},"Starting program",[69,44911,111],{"class":110},[69,44913,301],{"class":100},[69,44915,44916,44919,44921,44924],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,44917,44918],{"class":79},"sys",[69,44920,289],{"class":100},[69,44922,44923],{"class":292},"exit",[69,44925,1385],{"class":100},[69,44927,44928,44930,44932,44934,44937,44939],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,44929,2161],{"class":217},[69,44931,221],{"class":100},[69,44933,111],{"class":110},[69,44935,44936],{"class":114},"This line will not run",[69,44938,111],{"class":110},[69,44940,301],{"class":100},[14,44942,322,44943,44946,44947,44950],{},[21,44944,44945],{},"sys.exit()"," when you want to stop the program early. It raises ",[21,44948,44949],{},"SystemExit"," and ends the script unless it is caught.",[55,44952,2666],{"id":2665},[29,44954,44955,44958,44961,44964],{},[32,44956,44957],{},"Stop a Python script on purpose",[32,44959,44960],{},"Exit early when a condition is met",[32,44962,44963],{},"Understand the difference between stopping a loop and stopping the whole program",[32,44965,14839,44966,5914,44968,14844,44971],{},[21,44967,44945],{},[21,44969,44970],{},"raise SystemExit",[21,44972,8547],{},[55,44974,322,44976,44978],{"id":44975},"use-sysexit-to-end-the-program",[21,44977,44945],{}," to end the program",[14,44980,44981,44982,289],{},"The most common way to end a Python script is ",[21,44983,44945],{},[14,44985,44986,44987,44989],{},"You need to import the ",[21,44988,44918],{}," module first:",[60,44991,44993],{"className":62,"code":44992,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n\nprint(\"Program started\")\n\nuser_age = -1\n\nif user_age \u003C 0:\n    print(\"Age cannot be negative\")\n    sys.exit()\n\nprint(\"This line will not run\")\n",[21,44994,44995,45001,45005,45019,45023,45035,45039,45052,45067,45078,45082],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,44996,44997,44999],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,44998,76],{"class":75},[69,45000,44894],{"class":79},[69,45002,45003],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,45004,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,45006,45007,45009,45011,45013,45015,45017],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,45008,2161],{"class":217},[69,45010,221],{"class":100},[69,45012,111],{"class":110},[69,45014,40795],{"class":114},[69,45016,111],{"class":110},[69,45018,301],{"class":100},[69,45020,45021],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,45022,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,45024,45025,45028,45030,45033],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,45026,45027],{"class":79},"user_age ",[69,45029,97],{"class":96},[69,45031,45032],{"class":96}," -",[69,45034,17286],{"class":157},[69,45036,45037],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,45038,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,45040,45041,45043,45046,45048,45050],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,45042,3201],{"class":75},[69,45044,45045],{"class":79}," user_age ",[69,45047,21097],{"class":96},[69,45049,6711],{"class":157},[69,45051,275],{"class":100},[69,45053,45054,45056,45058,45060,45063,45065],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,45055,3220],{"class":217},[69,45057,221],{"class":100},[69,45059,111],{"class":110},[69,45061,45062],{"class":114},"Age cannot be negative",[69,45064,111],{"class":110},[69,45066,301],{"class":100},[69,45068,45069,45072,45074,45076],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,45070,45071],{"class":79},"    sys",[69,45073,289],{"class":100},[69,45075,44923],{"class":292},[69,45077,1385],{"class":100},[69,45079,45080],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,45081,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,45083,45084,45086,45088,45090,45092,45094],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,45085,2161],{"class":217},[69,45087,221],{"class":100},[69,45089,111],{"class":110},[69,45091,44936],{"class":114},[69,45093,111],{"class":110},[69,45095,301],{"class":100},[1647,45097,45099],{"id":45098},"what-this-does","What this does",[29,45101,45102,45110,45116],{},[32,45103,45104,45107,45108],{},[21,45105,45106],{},"import sys"," gives you access to ",[21,45109,44945],{},[32,45111,45112,45113,45115],{},"When Python reaches ",[21,45114,44945],{},", it stops the script",[32,45117,45118],{},"Any code after that line will not run",[14,45120,45121],{},"This is a common choice for command-line scripts.",[14,45123,45124,45125,45130,45131,289],{},"If you want to learn more about the module itself, see the ",[579,45126,45128,44797],{"href":45127},"\u002Fstandard-library\u002Fpython-sys-module-overview",[21,45129,44918],{},". For a deeper explanation of this function, see ",[579,45132,45134,45136],{"href":45133},"\u002Fstandard-library\u002Fsys.exit-function-explained",[21,45135,44945],{}," explained",[1647,45138,45140,45141],{"id":45139},"pass-a-message-to-sysexit","Pass a message to ",[21,45142,44945],{},[14,45144,45145],{},"You can also pass a message:",[60,45147,45149],{"className":62,"code":45148,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n\nname = \"\"\n\nif name == \"\":\n    sys.exit(\"Name is required\")\n\nprint(\"Hello\", name)\n",[21,45150,45151,45157,45161,45170,45174,45186,45205,45209],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,45152,45153,45155],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,45154,76],{"class":75},[69,45156,44894],{"class":79},[69,45158,45159],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,45160,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,45162,45163,45165,45167],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,45164,1816],{"class":79},[69,45166,97],{"class":96},[69,45168,45169],{"class":110}," \"\"\n",[69,45171,45172],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,45173,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,45175,45176,45178,45180,45182,45184],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,45177,3201],{"class":75},[69,45179,768],{"class":79},[69,45181,17712],{"class":96},[69,45183,25167],{"class":110},[69,45185,275],{"class":100},[69,45187,45188,45190,45192,45194,45196,45198,45201,45203],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,45189,45071],{"class":79},[69,45191,289],{"class":100},[69,45193,44923],{"class":292},[69,45195,221],{"class":100},[69,45197,111],{"class":110},[69,45199,45200],{"class":114},"Name is required",[69,45202,111],{"class":110},[69,45204,301],{"class":100},[69,45206,45207],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,45208,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,45210,45211,45213,45215,45217,45219,45221,45223,45225],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,45212,2161],{"class":217},[69,45214,221],{"class":100},[69,45216,111],{"class":110},[69,45218,7659],{"class":114},[69,45220,111],{"class":110},[69,45222,120],{"class":100},[69,45224,7952],{"class":292},[69,45226,301],{"class":100},[14,45228,45229],{},"In many terminal environments, the message is shown before the program ends.",[55,45231,45233],{"id":45232},"exit-with-a-status-code","Exit with a status code",[14,45235,45236],{},"Sometimes you want your program to tell the terminal or another program whether it succeeded.",[14,45238,45239],{},"That is what an exit status code is for.",[60,45241,45243],{"className":62,"code":45242,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n\npassword = \"abc\"\n\nif len(password) \u003C 8:\n    print(\"Password is too short\")\n    sys.exit(1)\n\nprint(\"Password accepted\")\nsys.exit(0)\n",[21,45244,45245,45251,45255,45268,45272,45293,45308,45322,45326,45341],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,45246,45247,45249],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,45248,76],{"class":75},[69,45250,44894],{"class":79},[69,45252,45253],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,45254,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,45256,45257,45260,45262,45264,45266],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,45258,45259],{"class":79},"password ",[69,45261,97],{"class":96},[69,45263,123],{"class":110},[69,45265,26763],{"class":114},[69,45267,1825],{"class":110},[69,45269,45270],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,45271,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,45273,45274,45276,45279,45281,45284,45286,45288,45291],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,45275,3201],{"class":75},[69,45277,45278],{"class":217}," len",[69,45280,221],{"class":100},[69,45282,45283],{"class":292},"password",[69,45285,265],{"class":100},[69,45287,40402],{"class":96},[69,45289,45290],{"class":157}," 8",[69,45292,275],{"class":100},[69,45294,45295,45297,45299,45301,45304,45306],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,45296,3220],{"class":217},[69,45298,221],{"class":100},[69,45300,111],{"class":110},[69,45302,45303],{"class":114},"Password is too short",[69,45305,111],{"class":110},[69,45307,301],{"class":100},[69,45309,45310,45312,45314,45316,45318,45320],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,45311,45071],{"class":79},[69,45313,289],{"class":100},[69,45315,44923],{"class":292},[69,45317,221],{"class":100},[69,45319,5940],{"class":157},[69,45321,301],{"class":100},[69,45323,45324],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,45325,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,45327,45328,45330,45332,45334,45337,45339],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,45329,2161],{"class":217},[69,45331,221],{"class":100},[69,45333,111],{"class":110},[69,45335,45336],{"class":114},"Password accepted",[69,45338,111],{"class":110},[69,45340,301],{"class":100},[69,45342,45343,45345,45347,45349,45351,45353],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,45344,44918],{"class":79},[69,45346,289],{"class":100},[69,45348,44923],{"class":292},[69,45350,221],{"class":100},[69,45352,2200],{"class":157},[69,45354,301],{"class":100},[1647,45356,45358],{"id":45357},"common-status-codes","Common status codes",[29,45360,45361,45367,45373],{},[32,45362,45363,45366],{},[21,45364,45365],{},"sys.exit(0)"," usually means success",[32,45368,45369,45372],{},[21,45370,45371],{},"sys.exit(1)"," usually means an error",[32,45374,45375],{},"Any non-zero number usually means something went wrong",[14,45377,45378],{},"This matters most when your script is run:",[29,45380,45381,45384,45387,45390],{},[32,45382,45383],{},"from the terminal",[32,45385,45386],{},"by a shell script",[32,45388,45389],{},"by another program",[32,45391,45392],{},"by an automated tool",[1647,45394,45396],{"id":45395},"check-the-exit-code-in-a-terminal","Check the exit code in a terminal",[14,45398,45399],{},"Run your script:",[60,45401,45402],{"className":22537,"code":22538,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,45403,45404],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,45405,45406,45408],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,45407,64],{"class":7506},[69,45409,22548],{"class":114},[14,45411,45412],{},"Then check the exit status:",[60,45414,45416],{"className":22537,"code":45415,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python your_script.py; echo $?\n",[21,45417,45418],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,45419,45420,45422,45425,45428,45431],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,45421,64],{"class":7506},[69,45423,45424],{"class":114}," your_script.py",[69,45426,45427],{"class":100},";",[69,45429,45430],{"class":217}," echo",[69,45432,45433],{"class":7964}," $?\n",[14,45435,45436],{},"You can also test it directly:",[60,45438,45440],{"className":22537,"code":45439,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python -c \"import sys; sys.exit(0)\"\npython -c \"import sys; sys.exit(1)\"\n",[21,45441,45442,45456],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,45443,45444,45446,45449,45451,45454],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,45445,64],{"class":7506},[69,45447,45448],{"class":14546}," -c",[69,45450,123],{"class":110},[69,45452,45453],{"class":114},"import sys; sys.exit(0)",[69,45455,1825],{"class":110},[69,45457,45458,45460,45462,45464,45467],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,45459,64],{"class":7506},[69,45461,45448],{"class":14546},[69,45463,123],{"class":110},[69,45465,45466],{"class":114},"import sys; sys.exit(1)",[69,45468,1825],{"class":110},[14,45470,45471],{},"These commands help you see how success and error codes work.",[55,45473,322,45475,45477],{"id":45474},"use-return-instead-of-exiting-the-whole-program",[21,45476,8547],{}," instead of exiting the whole program",[14,45479,45480,9688,45482,45484],{},[21,45481,8547],{},[2498,45483,3315],{}," stop the whole script. It only leaves the current function.",[14,45486,45487],{},"This is often the better choice when you are inside a helper function.",[60,45489,45491],{"className":62,"code":45490,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def greet(name):\n    if name == \"\":\n        print(\"No name provided\")\n        return\n\n    print(\"Hello,\", name)\n\n\ngreet(\"\")\nprint(\"Program continues\")\n",[21,45492,45493,45505,45517,45532,45537,45541,45560,45564,45568,45578],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,45494,45495,45497,45499,45501,45503],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,45496,7847],{"class":7502},[69,45498,8209],{"class":7517},[69,45500,221],{"class":100},[69,45502,115],{"class":7951},[69,45504,7526],{"class":100},[69,45506,45507,45509,45511,45513,45515],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,45508,19705],{"class":75},[69,45510,768],{"class":79},[69,45512,17712],{"class":96},[69,45514,25167],{"class":110},[69,45516,275],{"class":100},[69,45518,45519,45521,45523,45525,45528,45530],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,45520,7531],{"class":217},[69,45522,221],{"class":100},[69,45524,111],{"class":110},[69,45526,45527],{"class":114},"No name provided",[69,45529,111],{"class":110},[69,45531,301],{"class":100},[69,45533,45534],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,45535,45536],{"class":75},"        return\n",[69,45538,45539],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,45540,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,45542,45543,45545,45547,45549,45552,45554,45556,45558],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,45544,3220],{"class":217},[69,45546,221],{"class":100},[69,45548,111],{"class":110},[69,45550,45551],{"class":114},"Hello,",[69,45553,111],{"class":110},[69,45555,120],{"class":100},[69,45557,7952],{"class":292},[69,45559,301],{"class":100},[69,45561,45562],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,45563,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,45565,45566],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,45567,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,45569,45570,45572,45574,45576],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,45571,8290],{"class":292},[69,45573,221],{"class":100},[69,45575,248],{"class":110},[69,45577,301],{"class":100},[69,45579,45580,45582,45584,45586,45589,45591],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,45581,2161],{"class":217},[69,45583,221],{"class":100},[69,45585,111],{"class":110},[69,45587,45588],{"class":114},"Program continues",[69,45590,111],{"class":110},[69,45592,301],{"class":100},[1647,45594,45596],{"id":45595},"output","Output",[60,45598,45600],{"className":62,"code":45599,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"No name provided\nProgram continues\n",[21,45601,45602,45607],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,45603,45604],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,45605,45606],{"class":79},"No name provided\n",[69,45608,45609],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,45610,45611],{"class":79},"Program continues\n",[14,45613,45614,45615,45617],{},"This is cleaner than calling ",[21,45616,44945],{}," from deep inside a reusable function.",[14,45619,322,45620,34904],{},[21,45621,8547],{},[29,45623,45624,45627,45630],{},[32,45625,45626],{},"you only want to stop the current function",[32,45628,45629],{},"the rest of the program should continue",[32,45631,45632],{},"you are writing reusable code",[14,45634,45635,45636,289],{},"If you are not comfortable with functions yet, see ",[579,45637,35420],{"href":35419},[55,45639,45641,45644],{"id":45640},"break-is-not-the-same-as-exiting",[21,45642,45643],{},"break"," is not the same as exiting",[14,45646,45647,45648,45650],{},"A very common mistake is using ",[21,45649,45643],{}," when you really want to stop the whole script.",[14,45652,45653,45655],{},[21,45654,45643],{}," only stops the current loop.",[60,45657,45659],{"className":62,"code":45658,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for number in range(5):\n    if number == 2:\n        break\n    print(number)\n\nprint(\"Program continues after the loop\")\n",[21,45660,45661,45678,45690,45694,45704,45708],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,45662,45663,45665,45667,45669,45672,45674,45676],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,45664,3710],{"class":75},[69,45666,8482],{"class":79},[69,45668,771],{"class":75},[69,45670,45671],{"class":217}," range",[69,45673,221],{"class":100},[69,45675,6670],{"class":157},[69,45677,7526],{"class":100},[69,45679,45680,45682,45684,45686,45688],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,45681,19705],{"class":75},[69,45683,8482],{"class":79},[69,45685,17712],{"class":96},[69,45687,5762],{"class":157},[69,45689,275],{"class":100},[69,45691,45692],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,45693,19733],{"class":75},[69,45695,45696,45698,45700,45702],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,45697,3220],{"class":217},[69,45699,221],{"class":100},[69,45701,17913],{"class":292},[69,45703,301],{"class":100},[69,45705,45706],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,45707,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,45709,45710,45712,45714,45716,45719,45721],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,45711,2161],{"class":217},[69,45713,221],{"class":100},[69,45715,111],{"class":110},[69,45717,45718],{"class":114},"Program continues after the loop",[69,45720,111],{"class":110},[69,45722,301],{"class":100},[1647,45724,45596],{"id":45725},"output-1",[60,45727,45729],{"className":62,"code":45728,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"0\n1\nProgram continues after the loop\n",[21,45730,45731,45736,45740],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,45732,45733],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,45734,45735],{"class":157},"0\n",[69,45737,45738],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,45739,17286],{"class":157},[69,45741,45742],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,45743,45744],{"class":79},"Program continues after the loop\n",[14,45746,45747,45748,289],{},"If you want to stop repeating, use ",[21,45749,45643],{},[14,45751,45752,45753,289],{},"If you want to stop the entire script, use ",[21,45754,44945],{},[14,45756,45757],{},"Here is the difference:",[60,45759,45761],{"className":62,"code":45760,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n\nfor number in range(5):\n    if number == 2:\n        sys.exit()\n    print(number)\n\nprint(\"This line will not run\")\n",[21,45762,45763,45769,45773,45789,45801,45812,45822,45826],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,45764,45765,45767],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,45766,76],{"class":75},[69,45768,44894],{"class":79},[69,45770,45771],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,45772,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,45774,45775,45777,45779,45781,45783,45785,45787],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,45776,3710],{"class":75},[69,45778,8482],{"class":79},[69,45780,771],{"class":75},[69,45782,45671],{"class":217},[69,45784,221],{"class":100},[69,45786,6670],{"class":157},[69,45788,7526],{"class":100},[69,45790,45791,45793,45795,45797,45799],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,45792,19705],{"class":75},[69,45794,8482],{"class":79},[69,45796,17712],{"class":96},[69,45798,5762],{"class":157},[69,45800,275],{"class":100},[69,45802,45803,45806,45808,45810],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,45804,45805],{"class":79},"        sys",[69,45807,289],{"class":100},[69,45809,44923],{"class":292},[69,45811,1385],{"class":100},[69,45813,45814,45816,45818,45820],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,45815,3220],{"class":217},[69,45817,221],{"class":100},[69,45819,17913],{"class":292},[69,45821,301],{"class":100},[69,45823,45824],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,45825,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,45827,45828,45830,45832,45834,45836,45838],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,45829,2161],{"class":217},[69,45831,221],{"class":100},[69,45833,111],{"class":110},[69,45835,44936],{"class":114},[69,45837,111],{"class":110},[69,45839,301],{"class":100},[14,45841,45842,45843,289],{},"To learn more about loop control, see ",[579,45844,14649,45846,50,45848,45851],{"href":45845},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-break-and-continue-statements",[21,45847,45643],{},[21,45849,45850],{},"continue"," statements",[55,45853,45855,45857],{"id":45854},"raise-systemexit-as-another-option",[21,45856,44970],{}," as another option",[14,45859,45860,45862,45863,289],{},[21,45861,44945],{}," works by raising a special exception called ",[21,45864,44949],{},[14,45866,45867],{},"So these are closely related:",[60,45869,45871],{"className":62,"code":45870,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n\nsys.exit()\n",[21,45872,45873,45879,45883],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,45874,45875,45877],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,45876,76],{"class":75},[69,45878,44894],{"class":79},[69,45880,45881],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,45882,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,45884,45885,45887,45889,45891],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,45886,44918],{"class":79},[69,45888,289],{"class":100},[69,45890,44923],{"class":292},[69,45892,1385],{"class":100},[60,45894,45896],{"className":62,"code":45895,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"raise SystemExit\n",[21,45897,45898],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,45899,45900,45903],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,45901,45902],{"class":75},"raise",[69,45904,45905],{"class":1859}," SystemExit\n",[14,45907,45908],{},"You can also include a message or code:",[60,45910,45912],{"className":62,"code":45911,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"raise SystemExit(\"Stopping program\")\n",[21,45913,45914],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,45915,45916,45918,45921,45923,45925,45928,45930],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,45917,45902],{"class":75},[69,45919,45920],{"class":1859}," SystemExit",[69,45922,221],{"class":100},[69,45924,111],{"class":110},[69,45926,45927],{"class":114},"Stopping program",[69,45929,111],{"class":110},[69,45931,301],{"class":100},[14,45933,29770,45934,45936],{},[21,45935,44945],{}," is the clearer choice.",[14,45938,45939,45940,45942,45943,289],{},"Still, it helps to know about ",[21,45941,44949],{}," because you may see it in error output or in advanced code. See ",[579,45944,45946],{"href":45945},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fkeyboardinterrupt-exception-in-python-explained","SystemExit exception in Python explained",[55,45948,45950],{"id":45949},"what-happens-in-interactive-environments","What happens in interactive environments",[14,45952,45953,45955],{},[21,45954,44945],{}," can look a little different depending on where you run your code.",[14,45957,29049],{},[29,45959,45960,45963,45966,45969],{},[32,45961,45962],{},"IDLE",[32,45964,45965],{},"Jupyter notebooks",[32,45967,45968],{},"some IDEs",[32,45970,45971],{},"the terminal",[14,45973,45974],{},"In a terminal script, the Python process usually ends completely.",[14,45976,45977],{},"In an IDE or notebook, the script may stop running, but the environment itself stays open.",[14,45979,45980],{},"That is normal. The important thing is this:",[29,45982,45983,45989],{},[32,45984,45985,45986,45988],{},"code before ",[21,45987,44945],{}," runs",[32,45990,45991,45992,45994],{},"code after ",[21,45993,44945],{}," does not run",[55,45996,3868],{"id":3867},[14,45998,45999],{},"Here are some common problems beginners run into.",[1647,46001,1628,46003,46005],{"id":46002},"using-break-when-you-meant-to-stop-the-whole-program",[21,46004,45643],{}," when you meant to stop the whole program",[14,46007,46008,46010],{},[21,46009,45643],{}," only exits the current loop.",[14,46012,46013,46014,7120],{},"If you want to end the script, use ",[21,46015,44945],{},[1647,46017,1628,46019,46021],{"id":46018},"using-return-outside-a-function",[21,46020,8547],{}," outside a function",[14,46023,46024],{},"This is not allowed in normal Python code.",[14,46026,46027,46029],{},[21,46028,8547],{}," can only be used inside a function.",[14,46031,1726],{},[60,46033,46035],{"className":62,"code":46034,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def check_value(x):\n    if x \u003C 0:\n        return\n    print(x)\n",[21,46036,46037,46050,46062,46066],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,46038,46039,46041,46044,46046,46048],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,46040,7847],{"class":7502},[69,46042,46043],{"class":7517}," check_value",[69,46045,221],{"class":100},[69,46047,40205],{"class":7951},[69,46049,7526],{"class":100},[69,46051,46052,46054,46056,46058,46060],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,46053,19705],{"class":75},[69,46055,41235],{"class":79},[69,46057,21097],{"class":96},[69,46059,6711],{"class":157},[69,46061,275],{"class":100},[69,46063,46064],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,46065,45536],{"class":75},[69,46067,46068,46070,46072,46074],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,46069,3220],{"class":217},[69,46071,221],{"class":100},[69,46073,40205],{"class":292},[69,46075,301],{"class":100},[14,46077,46078],{},"Incorrect:",[60,46080,46082],{"className":62,"code":46081,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"x = -1\n\nif x \u003C 0:\n    return\n",[21,46083,46084,46094,46098,46110],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,46085,46086,46088,46090,46092],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,46087,41165],{"class":79},[69,46089,97],{"class":96},[69,46091,45032],{"class":96},[69,46093,17286],{"class":157},[69,46095,46096],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,46097,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,46099,46100,46102,46104,46106,46108],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,46101,3201],{"class":75},[69,46103,41235],{"class":79},[69,46105,21097],{"class":96},[69,46107,6711],{"class":157},[69,46109,275],{"class":100},[69,46111,46112],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,46113,46114],{"class":75},"    return\n",[1647,46116,46118,46119],{"id":46117},"forgetting-to-import-sys","Forgetting to import ",[21,46120,44918],{},[14,46122,23480],{},[60,46124,46126],{"className":62,"code":46125,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"sys.exit()\n",[21,46127,46128],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,46129,46130,46132,46134,46136],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,46131,44918],{"class":79},[69,46133,289],{"class":100},[69,46135,44923],{"class":292},[69,46137,1385],{"class":100},[14,46139,26392],{},[60,46141,46142],{"className":62,"code":45870,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,46143,46144,46150,46154],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,46145,46146,46148],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,46147,76],{"class":75},[69,46149,44894],{"class":79},[69,46151,46152],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,46153,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,46155,46156,46158,46160,46162],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,46157,44918],{"class":79},[69,46159,289],{"class":100},[69,46161,44923],{"class":292},[69,46163,1385],{"class":100},[1647,46165,46167,46168,46170],{"id":46166},"expecting-code-after-sysexit-to-still-run","Expecting code after ",[21,46169,44945],{}," to still run",[14,46172,46173],{},"It will not.",[60,46175,46177],{"className":62,"code":46176,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n\nprint(\"Before exit\")\nsys.exit()\nprint(\"After exit\")\n",[21,46178,46179,46185,46189,46204,46214],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,46180,46181,46183],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,46182,76],{"class":75},[69,46184,44894],{"class":79},[69,46186,46187],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,46188,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,46190,46191,46193,46195,46197,46200,46202],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,46192,2161],{"class":217},[69,46194,221],{"class":100},[69,46196,111],{"class":110},[69,46198,46199],{"class":114},"Before exit",[69,46201,111],{"class":110},[69,46203,301],{"class":100},[69,46205,46206,46208,46210,46212],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,46207,44918],{"class":79},[69,46209,289],{"class":100},[69,46211,44923],{"class":292},[69,46213,1385],{"class":100},[69,46215,46216,46218,46220,46222,46225,46227],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,46217,2161],{"class":217},[69,46219,221],{"class":100},[69,46221,111],{"class":110},[69,46223,46224],{"class":114},"After exit",[69,46226,111],{"class":110},[69,46228,301],{"class":100},[14,46230,46231,46232,46235],{},"Only ",[21,46233,46234],{},"\"Before exit\""," is printed.",[1647,46237,12383,46239,46241],{"id":46238},"catching-systemexit-by-accident",[21,46240,44949],{}," by accident",[14,46243,5105,46244,29501,46246,46248],{},[21,46245,44945],{},[21,46247,44949],{},", a broad exception handler can sometimes interfere with it.",[60,46250,46252],{"className":62,"code":46251,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n\ntry:\n    sys.exit()\nexcept BaseException:\n    print(\"Caught something\")\n",[21,46253,46254,46260,46264,46270,46280,46289],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,46255,46256,46258],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,46257,76],{"class":75},[69,46259,44894],{"class":79},[69,46261,46262],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,46263,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,46265,46266,46268],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,46267,11233],{"class":75},[69,46269,275],{"class":100},[69,46271,46272,46274,46276,46278],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,46273,45071],{"class":79},[69,46275,289],{"class":100},[69,46277,44923],{"class":292},[69,46279,1385],{"class":100},[69,46281,46282,46284,46287],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,46283,11221],{"class":75},[69,46285,46286],{"class":1859}," BaseException",[69,46288,275],{"class":100},[69,46290,46291,46293,46295,46297,46300,46302],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,46292,3220],{"class":217},[69,46294,221],{"class":100},[69,46296,111],{"class":110},[69,46298,46299],{"class":114},"Caught something",[69,46301,111],{"class":110},[69,46303,301],{"class":100},[14,46305,46306,46307,46310],{},"In this example, the program may not exit as expected because ",[21,46308,46309],{},"BaseException"," is very broad.",[14,46312,46313,46314,50,46316,46318,46319,289],{},"In beginner code, it is usually better to catch specific exceptions with ",[21,46315,11233],{},[21,46317,11221],{},". See ",[579,46320,41855,46321,38681,46323,41860],{"href":27030},[21,46322,11233],{},[21,46324,11221],{},[55,46326,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,46328,46330],{"id":46329},"what-is-the-easiest-way-to-exit-a-python-program","What is the easiest way to exit a Python program?",[14,46332,322,46333,46335],{},[21,46334,44945],{}," in most scripts. It is clear and commonly used.",[1647,46337,11052,46339,46341],{"id":46338},"does-break-exit-the-program",[21,46340,45643],{}," exit the program?",[14,46343,7376,46344,45655],{},[21,46345,45643],{},[1647,46347,11052,46349,46341],{"id":46348},"does-return-exit-the-program",[21,46350,8547],{},[14,46352,7376,46353,46355],{},[21,46354,8547],{}," exits the current function. The rest of the program may continue.",[1647,46357,46359,46360,46362],{"id":46358},"what-does-sysexit1-mean","What does ",[21,46361,45371],{}," mean?",[14,46364,46365],{},"It ends the program with a non-zero exit status, which usually signals an error.",[1647,46367,46369,46370,1414],{"id":46368},"why-does-my-ide-stay-open-after-sysexit","Why does my IDE stay open after ",[21,46371,44945],{},[14,46373,46374],{},"The script stops, but the IDE or notebook environment itself usually keeps running.",[55,46376,2414],{"id":2413},[29,46378,46379,46385,46391,46399,46403,46407],{},[32,46380,46381],{},[579,46382,46383,12755],{"href":45133},[21,46384,44945],{},[32,46386,46387],{},[579,46388,14649,46389,44797],{"href":45127},[21,46390,44918],{},[32,46392,46393],{},[579,46394,14649,46395,50,46397,45851],{"href":45845},[21,46396,45643],{},[21,46398,45850],{},[32,46400,46401],{},[579,46402,35420],{"href":35419},[32,46404,46405],{},[579,46406,45946],{"href":45945},[32,46408,46409],{},[579,46410,42961,46411,38681,46413,41860],{"href":27030},[21,46412,11233],{},[21,46414,11221],{},[2450,46416,46417],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sbgvK, html code.shiki .sbgvK{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .s_hVV, html code.shiki .s_hVV{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .stzsN, html code.shiki .stzsN{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sGLFI, html code.shiki .sGLFI{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sFwrP, html code.shiki .sFwrP{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":46419},[46420,46421,46422,46428,46432,46436,46440,46442,46443,46455,46466],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":44975,"depth":83,"text":46423,"children":46424},"Use sys.exit() to end the program",[46425,46426],{"id":45098,"depth":90,"text":45099},{"id":45139,"depth":90,"text":46427},"Pass a message to sys.exit()",{"id":45232,"depth":83,"text":45233,"children":46429},[46430,46431],{"id":45357,"depth":90,"text":45358},{"id":45395,"depth":90,"text":45396},{"id":45474,"depth":83,"text":46433,"children":46434},"Use return instead of exiting the whole program",[46435],{"id":45595,"depth":90,"text":45596},{"id":45640,"depth":83,"text":46437,"children":46438},"break is not the same as exiting",[46439],{"id":45725,"depth":90,"text":45596},{"id":45854,"depth":83,"text":46441},"raise SystemExit as another option",{"id":45949,"depth":83,"text":45950},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":46444},[46445,46447,46449,46451,46453],{"id":46002,"depth":90,"text":46446},"Using break when you meant to stop the whole program",{"id":46018,"depth":90,"text":46448},"Using return outside a function",{"id":46117,"depth":90,"text":46450},"Forgetting to import sys",{"id":46166,"depth":90,"text":46452},"Expecting code after sys.exit() to still run",{"id":46238,"depth":90,"text":46454},"Catching SystemExit by accident",{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":46456},[46457,46458,46460,46462,46464],{"id":46329,"depth":90,"text":46330},{"id":46338,"depth":90,"text":46459},"Does break exit the program?",{"id":46348,"depth":90,"text":46461},"Does return exit the program?",{"id":46358,"depth":90,"text":46463},"What does sys.exit(1) mean?",{"id":46368,"depth":90,"text":46465},"Why does my IDE stay open after sys.exit()?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to exit a program in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-exit-a-program-in-python",{"title":44869,"description":46467},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-exit-a-program-in-python","0THTIjKXCBngLlSgDq87AWXw_RI0AYNnvlwJv3Np0PU",{"id":46474,"title":46475,"body":46476,"description":49339,"extension":2479,"meta":49340,"navigation":86,"path":49341,"seo":49342,"stem":49343,"__hash__":49344},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-filter-a-list-in-python.md","How to Filter a List in Python",{"type":7,"value":46477,"toc":49296},[46478,46481,46484,46487,46504,46514,46516,46606,46609,46613,46616,46627,46633,46636,46720,46722,46760,46765,46769,46772,46775,46803,46805,46823,46826,46909,46911,46932,46936,46939,46964,46971,46975,46978,46982,47090,47092,47117,47124,47128,47232,47234,47259,47265,47271,47276,47279,47291,47293,47414,47416,47436,47443,47452,47457,47544,47546,47580,47588,47592,47595,47682,47684,47717,47723,47725,47742,47748,47753,47826,47828,47853,47856,47860,47863,47866,48044,48046,48116,48118,48128,48135,48139,48145,48288,48292,48298,48463,48465,48502,48507,48511,48513,48517,48520,48607,48614,48619,48621,48636,48638,48711,48713,48730,48737,48739,48814,48816,48835,48838,48867,48871,48874,48876,48943,48945,48966,48976,48980,48983,48986,49080,49083,49165,49172,49174,49178,49189,49195,49206,49209,49220,49222,49226,49229,49235,49238,49242,49245,49251,49259,49261,49293],[10,46479,46475],{"id":46480},"how-to-filter-a-list-in-python",[14,46482,46483],{},"Filtering a list means keeping only the items that match a rule.",[14,46485,46486],{},"For example, you might want to:",[29,46488,46489,46492,46495,46498],{},[32,46490,46491],{},"keep only even numbers",[32,46493,46494],{},"keep only names longer than 4 letters",[32,46496,46497],{},"remove empty strings",[32,46499,46500,46501],{},"keep only dictionaries where ",[21,46502,46503],{},"age >= 18",[14,46505,46506,46507,46510,46511,24335],{},"In Python, the most common way to do this is with a ",[2498,46508,46509],{},"list comprehension",". You can also use the built-in ",[21,46512,46513],{},"filter()",[55,46515,58],{"id":57},[60,46517,46519],{"className":62,"code":46518,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]\neven_numbers = [n for n in numbers if n % 2 == 0]\nprint(even_numbers)\n# Output: [2, 4, 6]\n",[21,46520,46521,46553,46590,46601],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,46522,46523,46525,46527,46529,46531,46533,46535,46537,46539,46541,46543,46545,46547,46549,46551],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,46524,5933],{"class":79},[69,46526,97],{"class":96},[69,46528,636],{"class":100},[69,46530,5940],{"class":157},[69,46532,120],{"class":100},[69,46534,5762],{"class":157},[69,46536,120],{"class":100},[69,46538,5949],{"class":157},[69,46540,120],{"class":100},[69,46542,7167],{"class":157},[69,46544,120],{"class":100},[69,46546,6172],{"class":157},[69,46548,120],{"class":100},[69,46550,6177],{"class":157},[69,46552,198],{"class":100},[69,46554,46555,46558,46560,46562,46565,46567,46570,46572,46575,46577,46579,46582,46584,46586,46588],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,46556,46557],{"class":79},"even_numbers ",[69,46559,97],{"class":96},[69,46561,636],{"class":100},[69,46563,46564],{"class":79},"n ",[69,46566,3710],{"class":75},[69,46568,46569],{"class":79}," n ",[69,46571,771],{"class":75},[69,46573,46574],{"class":79}," numbers ",[69,46576,3201],{"class":75},[69,46578,46569],{"class":79},[69,46580,46581],{"class":96},"%",[69,46583,5762],{"class":157},[69,46585,19865],{"class":96},[69,46587,6711],{"class":157},[69,46589,198],{"class":100},[69,46591,46592,46594,46596,46599],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,46593,2161],{"class":217},[69,46595,221],{"class":100},[69,46597,46598],{"class":292},"even_numbers",[69,46600,301],{"class":100},[69,46602,46603],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,46604,46605],{"class":2596},"# Output: [2, 4, 6]\n",[14,46607,46608],{},"Use a list comprehension when you want to build a new list by keeping only items that match a condition.",[55,46610,46612],{"id":46611},"what-filtering-a-list-means","What filtering a list means",[14,46614,46615],{},"Filtering means:",[29,46617,46618,46621,46624],{},[32,46619,46620],{},"keeping some items",[32,46622,46623],{},"leaving out other items",[32,46625,46626],{},"creating a new list based on a condition",[14,46628,46629,46630,46632],{},"For example, if you only want numbers greater than ",[21,46631,18507],{},", you check each item and keep the ones that match.",[14,46634,46635],{},"In most cases, the original list stays unchanged.",[60,46637,46639],{"className":62,"code":46638,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [5, 12, 8, 20]\nfiltered = [n for n in numbers if n > 10]\n\nprint(numbers)\nprint(filtered)\n",[21,46640,46641,46666,46695,46699,46709],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,46642,46643,46645,46647,46649,46651,46653,46656,46658,46660,46662,46664],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,46644,5933],{"class":79},[69,46646,97],{"class":96},[69,46648,636],{"class":100},[69,46650,6670],{"class":157},[69,46652,120],{"class":100},[69,46654,46655],{"class":157}," 12",[69,46657,120],{"class":100},[69,46659,45290],{"class":157},[69,46661,120],{"class":100},[69,46663,4671],{"class":157},[69,46665,198],{"class":100},[69,46667,46668,46671,46673,46675,46677,46679,46681,46683,46685,46687,46689,46691,46693],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,46669,46670],{"class":79},"filtered ",[69,46672,97],{"class":96},[69,46674,636],{"class":100},[69,46676,46564],{"class":79},[69,46678,3710],{"class":75},[69,46680,46569],{"class":79},[69,46682,771],{"class":75},[69,46684,46574],{"class":79},[69,46686,3201],{"class":75},[69,46688,46569],{"class":79},[69,46690,39547],{"class":96},[69,46692,4798],{"class":157},[69,46694,198],{"class":100},[69,46696,46697],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,46698,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,46700,46701,46703,46705,46707],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,46702,2161],{"class":217},[69,46704,221],{"class":100},[69,46706,5956],{"class":292},[69,46708,301],{"class":100},[69,46710,46711,46713,46715,46718],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,46712,2161],{"class":217},[69,46714,221],{"class":100},[69,46716,46717],{"class":292},"filtered",[69,46719,301],{"class":100},[14,46721,2781],{},[60,46723,46725],{"className":62,"code":46724,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[5, 12, 8, 20]\n[12, 20]\n",[21,46726,46727,46747],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,46728,46729,46731,46733,46735,46737,46739,46741,46743,46745],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,46730,1345],{"class":100},[69,46732,6670],{"class":157},[69,46734,120],{"class":100},[69,46736,46655],{"class":157},[69,46738,120],{"class":100},[69,46740,45290],{"class":157},[69,46742,120],{"class":100},[69,46744,4671],{"class":157},[69,46746,198],{"class":100},[69,46748,46749,46751,46754,46756,46758],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,46750,1345],{"class":100},[69,46752,46753],{"class":157},"12",[69,46755,120],{"class":100},[69,46757,4671],{"class":157},[69,46759,198],{"class":100},[14,46761,46762,46763,289],{},"If you need a refresher on lists first, see ",[579,46764,6736],{"href":18656},[55,46766,46768],{"id":46767},"filter-a-list-with-a-list-comprehension","Filter a list with a list comprehension",[14,46770,46771],{},"A list comprehension is the most common Python way to filter a list.",[14,46773,46774],{},"The basic pattern is:",[60,46776,46778],{"className":62,"code":46777,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[item for item in items if condition]\n",[21,46779,46780],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,46781,46782,46784,46787,46789,46791,46793,46796,46798,46801],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,46783,1345],{"class":100},[69,46785,46786],{"class":79},"item ",[69,46788,3710],{"class":75},[69,46790,19694],{"class":79},[69,46792,771],{"class":75},[69,46794,46795],{"class":79}," items ",[69,46797,3201],{"class":75},[69,46799,46800],{"class":79}," condition",[69,46802,198],{"class":100},[14,46804,8323],{},[29,46806,46807,46812,46817],{},[32,46808,46809,46811],{},[21,46810,20427],{}," is the current value",[32,46813,46814,46816],{},[21,46815,3727],{}," is the original list",[32,46818,46819,46822],{},[21,46820,46821],{},"if condition"," decides whether the item is kept",[14,46824,46825],{},"Example: keep only even numbers.",[60,46827,46829],{"className":62,"code":46828,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]\neven_numbers = [n for n in numbers if n % 2 == 0]\n\nprint(even_numbers)\n",[21,46830,46831,46863,46895,46899],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,46832,46833,46835,46837,46839,46841,46843,46845,46847,46849,46851,46853,46855,46857,46859,46861],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,46834,5933],{"class":79},[69,46836,97],{"class":96},[69,46838,636],{"class":100},[69,46840,5940],{"class":157},[69,46842,120],{"class":100},[69,46844,5762],{"class":157},[69,46846,120],{"class":100},[69,46848,5949],{"class":157},[69,46850,120],{"class":100},[69,46852,7167],{"class":157},[69,46854,120],{"class":100},[69,46856,6172],{"class":157},[69,46858,120],{"class":100},[69,46860,6177],{"class":157},[69,46862,198],{"class":100},[69,46864,46865,46867,46869,46871,46873,46875,46877,46879,46881,46883,46885,46887,46889,46891,46893],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,46866,46557],{"class":79},[69,46868,97],{"class":96},[69,46870,636],{"class":100},[69,46872,46564],{"class":79},[69,46874,3710],{"class":75},[69,46876,46569],{"class":79},[69,46878,771],{"class":75},[69,46880,46574],{"class":79},[69,46882,3201],{"class":75},[69,46884,46569],{"class":79},[69,46886,46581],{"class":96},[69,46888,5762],{"class":157},[69,46890,19865],{"class":96},[69,46892,6711],{"class":157},[69,46894,198],{"class":100},[69,46896,46897],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,46898,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,46900,46901,46903,46905,46907],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,46902,2161],{"class":217},[69,46904,221],{"class":100},[69,46906,46598],{"class":292},[69,46908,301],{"class":100},[14,46910,2781],{},[60,46912,46914],{"className":62,"code":46913,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[2, 4, 6]\n",[21,46915,46916],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,46917,46918,46920,46922,46924,46926,46928,46930],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,46919,1345],{"class":100},[69,46921,19224],{"class":157},[69,46923,120],{"class":100},[69,46925,7167],{"class":157},[69,46927,120],{"class":100},[69,46929,6177],{"class":157},[69,46931,198],{"class":100},[1647,46933,46935],{"id":46934},"how-this-works","How this works",[14,46937,46938],{},"Python checks each number one by one:",[29,46940,46941,46949,46957],{},[32,46942,46943,24831,46946,46948],{},[21,46944,46945],{},"1 % 2 == 0",[21,46947,14886],{}," → leave it out",[32,46950,46951,24831,46954,46956],{},[21,46952,46953],{},"2 % 2 == 0",[21,46955,11002],{}," → keep it",[32,46958,46959,24831,46962,46948],{},[21,46960,46961],{},"3 % 2 == 0",[21,46963,14886],{},[14,46965,46966,46967,289],{},"If you want more practice with this syntax, see ",[579,46968,46970],{"href":46969},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-list-comprehensions-in-python\u002F","how to use list comprehensions in Python",[55,46972,46974],{"id":46973},"filter-strings-from-a-list","Filter strings from a list",[14,46976,46977],{},"You can also filter text values.",[1647,46979,46981],{"id":46980},"keep-names-longer-than-4-letters","Keep names longer than 4 letters",[60,46983,46985],{"className":62,"code":46984,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"names = [\"Sam\", \"Olivia\", \"Liam\", \"Emily\", \"Noah\"]\nlong_names = [name for name in names if len(name) > 4]\n\nprint(long_names)\n",[21,46986,46987,47038,47075,47079],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,46988,46989,46991,46993,46995,46997,46999,47001,47003,47005,47008,47010,47012,47014,47016,47018,47020,47022,47025,47027,47029,47031,47034,47036],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,46990,631],{"class":79},[69,46992,97],{"class":96},[69,46994,636],{"class":100},[69,46996,111],{"class":110},[69,46998,14746],{"class":114},[69,47000,111],{"class":110},[69,47002,120],{"class":100},[69,47004,123],{"class":110},[69,47006,47007],{"class":114},"Olivia",[69,47009,111],{"class":110},[69,47011,120],{"class":100},[69,47013,123],{"class":110},[69,47015,4338],{"class":114},[69,47017,111],{"class":110},[69,47019,120],{"class":100},[69,47021,123],{"class":110},[69,47023,47024],{"class":114},"Emily",[69,47026,111],{"class":110},[69,47028,120],{"class":100},[69,47030,123],{"class":110},[69,47032,47033],{"class":114},"Noah",[69,47035,111],{"class":110},[69,47037,198],{"class":100},[69,47039,47040,47043,47045,47047,47049,47051,47053,47055,47058,47060,47062,47064,47066,47068,47071,47073],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,47041,47042],{"class":79},"long_names ",[69,47044,97],{"class":96},[69,47046,636],{"class":100},[69,47048,1816],{"class":79},[69,47050,3710],{"class":75},[69,47052,768],{"class":79},[69,47054,771],{"class":75},[69,47056,47057],{"class":79}," names ",[69,47059,3201],{"class":75},[69,47061,45278],{"class":217},[69,47063,221],{"class":100},[69,47065,115],{"class":292},[69,47067,265],{"class":100},[69,47069,47070],{"class":96}," >",[69,47072,7167],{"class":157},[69,47074,198],{"class":100},[69,47076,47077],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,47078,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,47080,47081,47083,47085,47088],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,47082,2161],{"class":217},[69,47084,221],{"class":100},[69,47086,47087],{"class":292},"long_names",[69,47089,301],{"class":100},[14,47091,2781],{},[60,47093,47095],{"className":62,"code":47094,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['Olivia', 'Emily']\n",[21,47096,47097],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,47098,47099,47101,47103,47105,47107,47109,47111,47113,47115],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,47100,1345],{"class":100},[69,47102,15283],{"class":110},[69,47104,47007],{"class":114},[69,47106,15283],{"class":110},[69,47108,120],{"class":100},[69,47110,15292],{"class":110},[69,47112,47024],{"class":114},[69,47114,15283],{"class":110},[69,47116,198],{"class":100},[14,47118,47119,47120,47123],{},"The condition is ",[21,47121,47122],{},"len(name) > 4",", so only names with more than 4 letters are kept.",[1647,47125,47127],{"id":47126},"keep-words-starting-with-a-specific-letter","Keep words starting with a specific letter",[60,47129,47131],{"className":62,"code":47130,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"words = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"avocado\", \"grape\"]\na_words = [word for word in words if word.startswith(\"a\")]\n\nprint(a_words)\n",[21,47132,47133,47174,47217,47221],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,47134,47135,47137,47139,47141,47143,47145,47147,47149,47151,47153,47155,47157,47159,47162,47164,47166,47168,47170,47172],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,47136,19093],{"class":79},[69,47138,97],{"class":96},[69,47140,636],{"class":100},[69,47142,111],{"class":110},[69,47144,6037],{"class":114},[69,47146,111],{"class":110},[69,47148,120],{"class":100},[69,47150,123],{"class":110},[69,47152,6046],{"class":114},[69,47154,111],{"class":110},[69,47156,120],{"class":100},[69,47158,123],{"class":110},[69,47160,47161],{"class":114},"avocado",[69,47163,111],{"class":110},[69,47165,120],{"class":100},[69,47167,123],{"class":110},[69,47169,29866],{"class":114},[69,47171,111],{"class":110},[69,47173,198],{"class":100},[69,47175,47176,47179,47181,47183,47186,47188,47191,47193,47196,47198,47201,47203,47206,47208,47210,47212,47214],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,47177,47178],{"class":79},"a_words ",[69,47180,97],{"class":96},[69,47182,636],{"class":100},[69,47184,47185],{"class":79},"word ",[69,47187,3710],{"class":75},[69,47189,47190],{"class":79}," word ",[69,47192,771],{"class":75},[69,47194,47195],{"class":79}," words ",[69,47197,3201],{"class":75},[69,47199,47200],{"class":79}," word",[69,47202,289],{"class":100},[69,47204,47205],{"class":292},"startswith",[69,47207,221],{"class":100},[69,47209,111],{"class":110},[69,47211,579],{"class":114},[69,47213,111],{"class":110},[69,47215,47216],{"class":100},")]\n",[69,47218,47219],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,47220,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,47222,47223,47225,47227,47230],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,47224,2161],{"class":217},[69,47226,221],{"class":100},[69,47228,47229],{"class":292},"a_words",[69,47231,301],{"class":100},[14,47233,2781],{},[60,47235,47237],{"className":62,"code":47236,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['apple', 'avocado']\n",[21,47238,47239],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,47240,47241,47243,47245,47247,47249,47251,47253,47255,47257],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,47242,1345],{"class":100},[69,47244,15283],{"class":110},[69,47246,6037],{"class":114},[69,47248,15283],{"class":110},[69,47250,120],{"class":100},[69,47252,15292],{"class":110},[69,47254,47161],{"class":114},[69,47256,15283],{"class":110},[69,47258,198],{"class":100},[14,47260,4611,47261,47264],{},[21,47262,47263],{},"startswith(\"a\")"," checks each word one by one.",[55,47266,47268,47269],{"id":47267},"filter-a-list-with-filter","Filter a list with ",[21,47270,46513],{},[14,47272,47273,47274,289],{},"Python also has a built-in function called ",[21,47275,46513],{},[14,47277,47278],{},"It needs:",[29,47280,47281,47288],{},[32,47282,47283,47284,364,47286],{},"a function that returns ",[21,47285,11002],{},[21,47287,14886],{},[32,47289,47290],{},"a list or other iterable to check",[14,47292,370],{},[60,47294,47296],{"className":62,"code":47295,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]\n\ndef is_even(n):\n    return n % 2 == 0\n\nresult = filter(is_even, numbers)\neven_numbers = list(result)\n\nprint(even_numbers)\n",[21,47297,47298,47330,47334,47348,47362,47366,47386,47400,47404],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,47299,47300,47302,47304,47306,47308,47310,47312,47314,47316,47318,47320,47322,47324,47326,47328],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,47301,5933],{"class":79},[69,47303,97],{"class":96},[69,47305,636],{"class":100},[69,47307,5940],{"class":157},[69,47309,120],{"class":100},[69,47311,5762],{"class":157},[69,47313,120],{"class":100},[69,47315,5949],{"class":157},[69,47317,120],{"class":100},[69,47319,7167],{"class":157},[69,47321,120],{"class":100},[69,47323,6172],{"class":157},[69,47325,120],{"class":100},[69,47327,6177],{"class":157},[69,47329,198],{"class":100},[69,47331,47332],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,47333,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,47335,47336,47338,47341,47343,47346],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,47337,7847],{"class":7502},[69,47339,47340],{"class":7517}," is_even",[69,47342,221],{"class":100},[69,47344,47345],{"class":7951},"n",[69,47347,7526],{"class":100},[69,47349,47350,47352,47354,47356,47358,47360],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,47351,42494],{"class":75},[69,47353,46569],{"class":79},[69,47355,46581],{"class":96},[69,47357,5762],{"class":157},[69,47359,19865],{"class":96},[69,47361,15253],{"class":157},[69,47363,47364],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,47365,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,47367,47368,47370,47372,47375,47377,47380,47382,47384],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,47369,8506],{"class":79},[69,47371,97],{"class":96},[69,47373,47374],{"class":217}," filter",[69,47376,221],{"class":100},[69,47378,47379],{"class":292},"is_even",[69,47381,120],{"class":100},[69,47383,18540],{"class":292},[69,47385,301],{"class":100},[69,47387,47388,47390,47392,47394,47396,47398],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,47389,46557],{"class":79},[69,47391,97],{"class":96},[69,47393,22306],{"class":1859},[69,47395,221],{"class":100},[69,47397,8530],{"class":292},[69,47399,301],{"class":100},[69,47401,47402],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,47403,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,47405,47406,47408,47410,47412],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,47407,2161],{"class":217},[69,47409,221],{"class":100},[69,47411,46598],{"class":292},[69,47413,301],{"class":100},[14,47415,2781],{},[60,47417,47418],{"className":62,"code":46913,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,47419,47420],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,47421,47422,47424,47426,47428,47430,47432,47434],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,47423,1345],{"class":100},[69,47425,19224],{"class":157},[69,47427,120],{"class":100},[69,47429,7167],{"class":157},[69,47431,120],{"class":100},[69,47433,6177],{"class":157},[69,47435,198],{"class":100},[1647,47437,47439,47440,47442],{"id":47438},"important-filter-does-not-return-a-list","Important: ",[21,47441,46513],{}," does not return a list",[14,47444,47445,47447,47448,47451],{},[21,47446,46513],{}," returns a ",[2498,47449,47450],{},"filter object",", not a normal list.",[14,47453,47454,47455,1174],{},"That is why beginners usually wrap it with ",[21,47456,30144],{},[60,47458,47460],{"className":62,"code":47459,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]\nresult = filter(lambda n: n > 2, numbers)\n\nprint(result)\nprint(list(result))\n",[21,47461,47462,47486,47516,47520,47530],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,47463,47464,47466,47468,47470,47472,47474,47476,47478,47480,47482,47484],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,47465,5933],{"class":79},[69,47467,97],{"class":96},[69,47469,636],{"class":100},[69,47471,5940],{"class":157},[69,47473,120],{"class":100},[69,47475,5762],{"class":157},[69,47477,120],{"class":100},[69,47479,5949],{"class":157},[69,47481,120],{"class":100},[69,47483,7167],{"class":157},[69,47485,198],{"class":100},[69,47487,47488,47490,47492,47494,47496,47499,47502,47504,47506,47508,47510,47512,47514],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,47489,8506],{"class":79},[69,47491,97],{"class":96},[69,47493,47374],{"class":217},[69,47495,221],{"class":100},[69,47497,47498],{"class":7502},"lambda",[69,47500,47501],{"class":7951}," n",[69,47503,1174],{"class":100},[69,47505,46569],{"class":292},[69,47507,39547],{"class":96},[69,47509,5762],{"class":157},[69,47511,120],{"class":100},[69,47513,18540],{"class":292},[69,47515,301],{"class":100},[69,47517,47518],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,47519,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,47521,47522,47524,47526,47528],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,47523,2161],{"class":217},[69,47525,221],{"class":100},[69,47527,8530],{"class":292},[69,47529,301],{"class":100},[69,47531,47532,47534,47536,47538,47540,47542],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,47533,2161],{"class":217},[69,47535,221],{"class":100},[69,47537,14459],{"class":1859},[69,47539,221],{"class":100},[69,47541,8530],{"class":292},[69,47543,2183],{"class":100},[14,47545,28059],{},[60,47547,47549],{"className":62,"code":47548,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"\u003Cfilter object at 0x...>\n[3, 4]\n",[21,47550,47551,47568],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,47552,47553,47555,47558,47560,47562,47564,47566],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,47554,21097],{"class":96},[69,47556,47557],{"class":217},"filter",[69,47559,37045],{"class":1859},[69,47561,37048],{"class":79},[69,47563,35811],{"class":3771},[69,47565,35814],{"class":7964},[69,47567,21108],{"class":96},[69,47569,47570,47572,47574,47576,47578],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,47571,1345],{"class":100},[69,47573,7162],{"class":157},[69,47575,120],{"class":100},[69,47577,7167],{"class":157},[69,47579,198],{"class":100},[14,47581,47582,47583,289],{},"For simple cases, list comprehensions are usually easier to read. If you want to learn more about this built-in function, see the ",[579,47584,14649,47586,12755],{"href":47585},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-filter-function-explained",[21,47587,46513],{},[55,47589,47591],{"id":47590},"filter-out-empty-values","Filter out empty values",[14,47593,47594],{},"A very common task is removing empty strings.",[60,47596,47598],{"className":62,"code":47597,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"\", \"apple\", \"\", \"banana\", \"orange\", \"\"]\nfiltered = [item for item in items if item]\n\nprint(filtered)\n",[21,47599,47600,47644,47668,47672],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,47601,47602,47604,47606,47608,47610,47612,47614,47616,47618,47620,47622,47624,47626,47628,47630,47632,47634,47636,47638,47640,47642],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,47603,6605],{"class":79},[69,47605,97],{"class":96},[69,47607,636],{"class":100},[69,47609,248],{"class":110},[69,47611,120],{"class":100},[69,47613,123],{"class":110},[69,47615,6037],{"class":114},[69,47617,111],{"class":110},[69,47619,120],{"class":100},[69,47621,25167],{"class":110},[69,47623,120],{"class":100},[69,47625,123],{"class":110},[69,47627,6046],{"class":114},[69,47629,111],{"class":110},[69,47631,120],{"class":100},[69,47633,123],{"class":110},[69,47635,6066],{"class":114},[69,47637,111],{"class":110},[69,47639,120],{"class":100},[69,47641,25167],{"class":110},[69,47643,198],{"class":100},[69,47645,47646,47648,47650,47652,47654,47656,47658,47660,47662,47664,47666],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,47647,46670],{"class":79},[69,47649,97],{"class":96},[69,47651,636],{"class":100},[69,47653,46786],{"class":79},[69,47655,3710],{"class":75},[69,47657,19694],{"class":79},[69,47659,771],{"class":75},[69,47661,46795],{"class":79},[69,47663,3201],{"class":75},[69,47665,19716],{"class":79},[69,47667,198],{"class":100},[69,47669,47670],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,47671,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,47673,47674,47676,47678,47680],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,47675,2161],{"class":217},[69,47677,221],{"class":100},[69,47679,46717],{"class":292},[69,47681,301],{"class":100},[14,47683,2781],{},[60,47685,47687],{"className":62,"code":47686,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['apple', 'banana', 'orange']\n",[21,47688,47689],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,47690,47691,47693,47695,47697,47699,47701,47703,47705,47707,47709,47711,47713,47715],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,47692,1345],{"class":100},[69,47694,15283],{"class":110},[69,47696,6037],{"class":114},[69,47698,15283],{"class":110},[69,47700,120],{"class":100},[69,47702,15292],{"class":110},[69,47704,6046],{"class":114},[69,47706,15283],{"class":110},[69,47708,120],{"class":100},[69,47710,15292],{"class":110},[69,47712,6066],{"class":114},[69,47714,15283],{"class":110},[69,47716,198],{"class":100},[1647,47718,30468,47720,25913],{"id":47719},"why-if-item-works",[21,47721,47722],{},"if item",[14,47724,22891],{},[29,47726,47727,47735],{},[32,47728,47729,47730,47732,47733],{},"an empty string ",[21,47731,248],{}," is treated as ",[21,47734,14886],{},[32,47736,47737,47738,47732,47740],{},"a non-empty string like ",[21,47739,18952],{},[21,47741,11002],{},[14,47743,47744,47745,47747],{},"So ",[21,47746,47722],{}," keeps only the non-empty values.",[14,47749,47750,47751,1174],{},"You can do the same with ",[21,47752,46513],{},[60,47754,47756],{"className":62,"code":47755,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"\", \"apple\", \"\", \"banana\"]\nfiltered = list(filter(None, items))\n\nprint(filtered)\n",[21,47757,47758,47790,47812,47816],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,47759,47760,47762,47764,47766,47768,47770,47772,47774,47776,47778,47780,47782,47784,47786,47788],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,47761,6605],{"class":79},[69,47763,97],{"class":96},[69,47765,636],{"class":100},[69,47767,248],{"class":110},[69,47769,120],{"class":100},[69,47771,123],{"class":110},[69,47773,6037],{"class":114},[69,47775,111],{"class":110},[69,47777,120],{"class":100},[69,47779,25167],{"class":110},[69,47781,120],{"class":100},[69,47783,123],{"class":110},[69,47785,6046],{"class":114},[69,47787,111],{"class":110},[69,47789,198],{"class":100},[69,47791,47792,47794,47796,47798,47800,47802,47804,47806,47808,47810],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,47793,46670],{"class":79},[69,47795,97],{"class":96},[69,47797,22306],{"class":1859},[69,47799,221],{"class":100},[69,47801,47557],{"class":217},[69,47803,221],{"class":100},[69,47805,3022],{"class":3012},[69,47807,120],{"class":100},[69,47809,18409],{"class":292},[69,47811,2183],{"class":100},[69,47813,47814],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,47815,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,47817,47818,47820,47822,47824],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,47819,2161],{"class":217},[69,47821,221],{"class":100},[69,47823,46717],{"class":292},[69,47825,301],{"class":100},[14,47827,2781],{},[60,47829,47831],{"className":62,"code":47830,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['apple', 'banana']\n",[21,47832,47833],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,47834,47835,47837,47839,47841,47843,47845,47847,47849,47851],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,47836,1345],{"class":100},[69,47838,15283],{"class":110},[69,47840,6037],{"class":114},[69,47842,15283],{"class":110},[69,47844,120],{"class":100},[69,47846,15292],{"class":110},[69,47848,6046],{"class":114},[69,47850,15283],{"class":110},[69,47852,198],{"class":100},[14,47854,47855],{},"This is short and useful, but the list comprehension version is often easier for beginners to understand.",[55,47857,47859],{"id":47858},"filter-a-list-of-dictionaries","Filter a list of dictionaries",[14,47861,47862],{},"Filtering a list of dictionaries is also common.",[14,47864,47865],{},"Example: keep only people who are age 18 or older.",[60,47867,47869],{"className":62,"code":47868,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"people = [\n    {\"name\": \"Anna\", \"age\": 17},\n    {\"name\": \"Ben\", \"age\": 21},\n    {\"name\": \"Cara\", \"age\": 18}\n]\n\nadults = [person for person in people if person[\"age\"] >= 18]\n\nprint(adults)\n",[21,47870,47871,47880,47914,47947,47979,47983,47987,48029,48033],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,47872,47873,47876,47878],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,47874,47875],{"class":79},"people ",[69,47877,97],{"class":96},[69,47879,101],{"class":100},[69,47881,47882,47884,47886,47888,47890,47892,47894,47897,47899,47901,47903,47905,47907,47909,47912],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,47883,1165],{"class":100},[69,47885,111],{"class":110},[69,47887,115],{"class":114},[69,47889,111],{"class":110},[69,47891,1174],{"class":100},[69,47893,123],{"class":110},[69,47895,47896],{"class":114},"Anna",[69,47898,111],{"class":110},[69,47900,120],{"class":100},[69,47902,123],{"class":110},[69,47904,126],{"class":114},[69,47906,111],{"class":110},[69,47908,1174],{"class":100},[69,47910,47911],{"class":157}," 17",[69,47913,1211],{"class":100},[69,47915,47916,47918,47920,47922,47924,47926,47928,47930,47932,47934,47936,47938,47940,47942,47945],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,47917,1165],{"class":100},[69,47919,111],{"class":110},[69,47921,115],{"class":114},[69,47923,111],{"class":110},[69,47925,1174],{"class":100},[69,47927,123],{"class":110},[69,47929,7085],{"class":114},[69,47931,111],{"class":110},[69,47933,120],{"class":100},[69,47935,123],{"class":110},[69,47937,126],{"class":114},[69,47939,111],{"class":110},[69,47941,1174],{"class":100},[69,47943,47944],{"class":157}," 21",[69,47946,1211],{"class":100},[69,47948,47949,47951,47953,47955,47957,47959,47961,47963,47965,47967,47969,47971,47973,47975,47977],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,47950,1165],{"class":100},[69,47952,111],{"class":110},[69,47954,115],{"class":114},[69,47956,111],{"class":110},[69,47958,1174],{"class":100},[69,47960,123],{"class":110},[69,47962,657],{"class":114},[69,47964,111],{"class":110},[69,47966,120],{"class":100},[69,47968,123],{"class":110},[69,47970,126],{"class":114},[69,47972,111],{"class":110},[69,47974,1174],{"class":100},[69,47976,40842],{"class":157},[69,47978,1260],{"class":100},[69,47980,47981],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,47982,198],{"class":100},[69,47984,47985],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,47986,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,47988,47989,47992,47994,47996,47998,48000,48003,48005,48008,48010,48012,48014,48016,48018,48020,48022,48025,48027],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,47990,47991],{"class":79},"adults ",[69,47993,97],{"class":96},[69,47995,636],{"class":100},[69,47997,2536],{"class":79},[69,47999,3710],{"class":75},[69,48001,48002],{"class":79}," person ",[69,48004,771],{"class":75},[69,48006,48007],{"class":79}," people ",[69,48009,3201],{"class":75},[69,48011,3213],{"class":79},[69,48013,1345],{"class":100},[69,48015,111],{"class":110},[69,48017,126],{"class":114},[69,48019,111],{"class":110},[69,48021,4229],{"class":100},[69,48023,48024],{"class":96}," >=",[69,48026,40842],{"class":157},[69,48028,198],{"class":100},[69,48030,48031],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,48032,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,48034,48035,48037,48039,48042],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,48036,2161],{"class":217},[69,48038,221],{"class":100},[69,48040,48041],{"class":292},"adults",[69,48043,301],{"class":100},[14,48045,2781],{},[60,48047,48049],{"className":62,"code":48048,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[{'name': 'Ben', 'age': 21}, {'name': 'Cara', 'age': 18}]\n",[21,48050,48051],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,48052,48053,48056,48058,48060,48062,48064,48066,48068,48070,48072,48074,48076,48078,48080,48082,48085,48087,48089,48091,48093,48095,48097,48099,48101,48103,48105,48107,48109,48111,48113],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,48054,48055],{"class":100},"[{",[69,48057,15283],{"class":110},[69,48059,115],{"class":114},[69,48061,15283],{"class":110},[69,48063,1174],{"class":100},[69,48065,15292],{"class":110},[69,48067,7085],{"class":114},[69,48069,15283],{"class":110},[69,48071,120],{"class":100},[69,48073,15292],{"class":110},[69,48075,126],{"class":114},[69,48077,15283],{"class":110},[69,48079,1174],{"class":100},[69,48081,47944],{"class":157},[69,48083,48084],{"class":100},"},",[69,48086,1914],{"class":100},[69,48088,15283],{"class":110},[69,48090,115],{"class":114},[69,48092,15283],{"class":110},[69,48094,1174],{"class":100},[69,48096,15292],{"class":110},[69,48098,657],{"class":114},[69,48100,15283],{"class":110},[69,48102,120],{"class":100},[69,48104,15292],{"class":110},[69,48106,126],{"class":114},[69,48108,15283],{"class":110},[69,48110,1174],{"class":100},[69,48112,40842],{"class":157},[69,48114,48115],{"class":100},"}]\n",[1647,48117,6459],{"id":6458},[14,48119,48120,48121,48124,48125,48127],{},"Inside the condition, ",[21,48122,48123],{},"person[\"age\"]"," gets the ",[21,48126,126],{}," value from each dictionary.",[14,48129,48130,48131,48134],{},"If that value is ",[21,48132,48133],{},"18"," or more, the dictionary is kept.",[1647,48136,48138],{"id":48137},"watch-out-for-missing-keys","Watch out for missing keys",[14,48140,48141,48142,48144],{},"This will fail if one dictionary does not have an ",[21,48143,1118],{}," key.",[60,48146,48148],{"className":62,"code":48147,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"people = [\n    {\"name\": \"Anna\", \"age\": 17},\n    {\"name\": \"Ben\"},\n    {\"name\": \"Cara\", \"age\": 18}\n]\n\nadults = [person for person in people if person[\"age\"] >= 18]\n",[21,48149,48150,48158,48190,48210,48242,48246,48250],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,48151,48152,48154,48156],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,48153,47875],{"class":79},[69,48155,97],{"class":96},[69,48157,101],{"class":100},[69,48159,48160,48162,48164,48166,48168,48170,48172,48174,48176,48178,48180,48182,48184,48186,48188],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,48161,1165],{"class":100},[69,48163,111],{"class":110},[69,48165,115],{"class":114},[69,48167,111],{"class":110},[69,48169,1174],{"class":100},[69,48171,123],{"class":110},[69,48173,47896],{"class":114},[69,48175,111],{"class":110},[69,48177,120],{"class":100},[69,48179,123],{"class":110},[69,48181,126],{"class":114},[69,48183,111],{"class":110},[69,48185,1174],{"class":100},[69,48187,47911],{"class":157},[69,48189,1211],{"class":100},[69,48191,48192,48194,48196,48198,48200,48202,48204,48206,48208],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,48193,1165],{"class":100},[69,48195,111],{"class":110},[69,48197,115],{"class":114},[69,48199,111],{"class":110},[69,48201,1174],{"class":100},[69,48203,123],{"class":110},[69,48205,7085],{"class":114},[69,48207,111],{"class":110},[69,48209,1211],{"class":100},[69,48211,48212,48214,48216,48218,48220,48222,48224,48226,48228,48230,48232,48234,48236,48238,48240],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,48213,1165],{"class":100},[69,48215,111],{"class":110},[69,48217,115],{"class":114},[69,48219,111],{"class":110},[69,48221,1174],{"class":100},[69,48223,123],{"class":110},[69,48225,657],{"class":114},[69,48227,111],{"class":110},[69,48229,120],{"class":100},[69,48231,123],{"class":110},[69,48233,126],{"class":114},[69,48235,111],{"class":110},[69,48237,1174],{"class":100},[69,48239,40842],{"class":157},[69,48241,1260],{"class":100},[69,48243,48244],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,48245,198],{"class":100},[69,48247,48248],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,48249,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,48251,48252,48254,48256,48258,48260,48262,48264,48266,48268,48270,48272,48274,48276,48278,48280,48282,48284,48286],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,48253,47991],{"class":79},[69,48255,97],{"class":96},[69,48257,636],{"class":100},[69,48259,2536],{"class":79},[69,48261,3710],{"class":75},[69,48263,48002],{"class":79},[69,48265,771],{"class":75},[69,48267,48007],{"class":79},[69,48269,3201],{"class":75},[69,48271,3213],{"class":79},[69,48273,1345],{"class":100},[69,48275,111],{"class":110},[69,48277,126],{"class":114},[69,48279,111],{"class":110},[69,48281,4229],{"class":100},[69,48283,48024],{"class":96},[69,48285,40842],{"class":157},[69,48287,198],{"class":100},[14,48289,10671,48290,289],{},[21,48291,2816],{},[14,48293,48294,48295,1174],{},"A safer version uses ",[21,48296,48297],{},".get()",[60,48299,48301],{"className":62,"code":48300,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"people = [\n    {\"name\": \"Anna\", \"age\": 17},\n    {\"name\": \"Ben\"},\n    {\"name\": \"Cara\", \"age\": 18}\n]\n\nadults = [person for person in people if person.get(\"age\", 0) >= 18]\n\nprint(adults)\n",[21,48302,48303,48311,48343,48363,48395,48399,48403,48449,48453],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,48304,48305,48307,48309],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,48306,47875],{"class":79},[69,48308,97],{"class":96},[69,48310,101],{"class":100},[69,48312,48313,48315,48317,48319,48321,48323,48325,48327,48329,48331,48333,48335,48337,48339,48341],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,48314,1165],{"class":100},[69,48316,111],{"class":110},[69,48318,115],{"class":114},[69,48320,111],{"class":110},[69,48322,1174],{"class":100},[69,48324,123],{"class":110},[69,48326,47896],{"class":114},[69,48328,111],{"class":110},[69,48330,120],{"class":100},[69,48332,123],{"class":110},[69,48334,126],{"class":114},[69,48336,111],{"class":110},[69,48338,1174],{"class":100},[69,48340,47911],{"class":157},[69,48342,1211],{"class":100},[69,48344,48345,48347,48349,48351,48353,48355,48357,48359,48361],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,48346,1165],{"class":100},[69,48348,111],{"class":110},[69,48350,115],{"class":114},[69,48352,111],{"class":110},[69,48354,1174],{"class":100},[69,48356,123],{"class":110},[69,48358,7085],{"class":114},[69,48360,111],{"class":110},[69,48362,1211],{"class":100},[69,48364,48365,48367,48369,48371,48373,48375,48377,48379,48381,48383,48385,48387,48389,48391,48393],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,48366,1165],{"class":100},[69,48368,111],{"class":110},[69,48370,115],{"class":114},[69,48372,111],{"class":110},[69,48374,1174],{"class":100},[69,48376,123],{"class":110},[69,48378,657],{"class":114},[69,48380,111],{"class":110},[69,48382,120],{"class":100},[69,48384,123],{"class":110},[69,48386,126],{"class":114},[69,48388,111],{"class":110},[69,48390,1174],{"class":100},[69,48392,40842],{"class":157},[69,48394,1260],{"class":100},[69,48396,48397],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,48398,198],{"class":100},[69,48400,48401],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,48402,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,48404,48405,48407,48409,48411,48413,48415,48417,48419,48421,48423,48425,48427,48429,48431,48433,48435,48437,48439,48441,48443,48445,48447],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,48406,47991],{"class":79},[69,48408,97],{"class":96},[69,48410,636],{"class":100},[69,48412,2536],{"class":79},[69,48414,3710],{"class":75},[69,48416,48002],{"class":79},[69,48418,771],{"class":75},[69,48420,48007],{"class":79},[69,48422,3201],{"class":75},[69,48424,3213],{"class":79},[69,48426,289],{"class":100},[69,48428,2610],{"class":292},[69,48430,221],{"class":100},[69,48432,111],{"class":110},[69,48434,126],{"class":114},[69,48436,111],{"class":110},[69,48438,120],{"class":100},[69,48440,6711],{"class":157},[69,48442,265],{"class":100},[69,48444,48024],{"class":96},[69,48446,40842],{"class":157},[69,48448,198],{"class":100},[69,48450,48451],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,48452,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,48454,48455,48457,48459,48461],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,48456,2161],{"class":217},[69,48458,221],{"class":100},[69,48460,48041],{"class":292},[69,48462,301],{"class":100},[14,48464,2781],{},[60,48466,48468],{"className":62,"code":48467,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[{'name': 'Cara', 'age': 18}]\n",[21,48469,48470],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,48471,48472,48474,48476,48478,48480,48482,48484,48486,48488,48490,48492,48494,48496,48498,48500],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,48473,48055],{"class":100},[69,48475,15283],{"class":110},[69,48477,115],{"class":114},[69,48479,15283],{"class":110},[69,48481,1174],{"class":100},[69,48483,15292],{"class":110},[69,48485,657],{"class":114},[69,48487,15283],{"class":110},[69,48489,120],{"class":100},[69,48491,15292],{"class":110},[69,48493,126],{"class":114},[69,48495,15283],{"class":110},[69,48497,1174],{"class":100},[69,48499,40842],{"class":157},[69,48501,48115],{"class":100},[14,48503,48504,48505,289],{},"If you run into this problem, see ",[579,48506,15946],{"href":15945},[55,48508,48510],{"id":48509},"common-beginner-mistakes-when-filtering","Common beginner mistakes when filtering",[14,48512,45999],{},[1647,48514,48516],{"id":48515},"expecting-the-original-list-to-change","Expecting the original list to change",[14,48518,48519],{},"Filtering usually creates a new list.",[60,48521,48523],{"className":62,"code":48522,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]\nfiltered = [n for n in numbers if n > 2]\n\nprint(numbers)   # original list\nprint(filtered)  # new filtered list\n",[21,48524,48525,48549,48577,48581,48594],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,48526,48527,48529,48531,48533,48535,48537,48539,48541,48543,48545,48547],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,48528,5933],{"class":79},[69,48530,97],{"class":96},[69,48532,636],{"class":100},[69,48534,5940],{"class":157},[69,48536,120],{"class":100},[69,48538,5762],{"class":157},[69,48540,120],{"class":100},[69,48542,5949],{"class":157},[69,48544,120],{"class":100},[69,48546,7167],{"class":157},[69,48548,198],{"class":100},[69,48550,48551,48553,48555,48557,48559,48561,48563,48565,48567,48569,48571,48573,48575],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,48552,46670],{"class":79},[69,48554,97],{"class":96},[69,48556,636],{"class":100},[69,48558,46564],{"class":79},[69,48560,3710],{"class":75},[69,48562,46569],{"class":79},[69,48564,771],{"class":75},[69,48566,46574],{"class":79},[69,48568,3201],{"class":75},[69,48570,46569],{"class":79},[69,48572,39547],{"class":96},[69,48574,5762],{"class":157},[69,48576,198],{"class":100},[69,48578,48579],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,48580,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,48582,48583,48585,48587,48589,48591],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,48584,2161],{"class":217},[69,48586,221],{"class":100},[69,48588,5956],{"class":292},[69,48590,265],{"class":100},[69,48592,48593],{"class":2596},"   # original list\n",[69,48595,48596,48598,48600,48602,48604],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,48597,2161],{"class":217},[69,48599,221],{"class":100},[69,48601,46717],{"class":292},[69,48603,265],{"class":100},[69,48605,48606],{"class":2596},"  # new filtered list\n",[1647,48608,1628,48610,10347,48612],{"id":48609},"using-instead-of",[21,48611,97],{},[21,48613,17712],{},[14,48615,322,48616,48618],{},[21,48617,17712],{}," when comparing values.",[14,48620,1658],{},[60,48622,48624],{"className":62,"code":48623,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"# This is invalid Python\n# [n for n in numbers if n = 2]\n",[21,48625,48626,48631],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,48627,48628],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,48629,48630],{"class":2596},"# This is invalid Python\n",[69,48632,48633],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,48634,48635],{"class":2596},"# [n for n in numbers if n = 2]\n",[14,48637,1726],{},[60,48639,48641],{"className":62,"code":48640,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 2]\ntwos = [n for n in numbers if n == 2]\n\nprint(twos)\n",[21,48642,48643,48667,48696,48700],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,48644,48645,48647,48649,48651,48653,48655,48657,48659,48661,48663,48665],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,48646,5933],{"class":79},[69,48648,97],{"class":96},[69,48650,636],{"class":100},[69,48652,5940],{"class":157},[69,48654,120],{"class":100},[69,48656,5762],{"class":157},[69,48658,120],{"class":100},[69,48660,5949],{"class":157},[69,48662,120],{"class":100},[69,48664,5762],{"class":157},[69,48666,198],{"class":100},[69,48668,48669,48672,48674,48676,48678,48680,48682,48684,48686,48688,48690,48692,48694],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,48670,48671],{"class":79},"twos ",[69,48673,97],{"class":96},[69,48675,636],{"class":100},[69,48677,46564],{"class":79},[69,48679,3710],{"class":75},[69,48681,46569],{"class":79},[69,48683,771],{"class":75},[69,48685,46574],{"class":79},[69,48687,3201],{"class":75},[69,48689,46569],{"class":79},[69,48691,17712],{"class":96},[69,48693,5762],{"class":157},[69,48695,198],{"class":100},[69,48697,48698],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,48699,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,48701,48702,48704,48706,48709],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,48703,2161],{"class":217},[69,48705,221],{"class":100},[69,48707,48708],{"class":292},"twos",[69,48710,301],{"class":100},[14,48712,2781],{},[60,48714,48716],{"className":62,"code":48715,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[2, 2]\n",[21,48717,48718],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,48719,48720,48722,48724,48726,48728],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,48721,1345],{"class":100},[69,48723,19224],{"class":157},[69,48725,120],{"class":100},[69,48727,5762],{"class":157},[69,48729,198],{"class":100},[1647,48731,48733,48734,48736],{"id":48732},"forgetting-that-filter-returns-an-iterable","Forgetting that ",[21,48735,46513],{}," returns an iterable",[14,48738,20103],{},[60,48740,48742],{"className":62,"code":48741,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]\nresult = filter(lambda n: n > 2, numbers)\n\nprint(type(result))\n",[21,48743,48744,48768,48796,48800],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,48745,48746,48748,48750,48752,48754,48756,48758,48760,48762,48764,48766],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,48747,5933],{"class":79},[69,48749,97],{"class":96},[69,48751,636],{"class":100},[69,48753,5940],{"class":157},[69,48755,120],{"class":100},[69,48757,5762],{"class":157},[69,48759,120],{"class":100},[69,48761,5949],{"class":157},[69,48763,120],{"class":100},[69,48765,7167],{"class":157},[69,48767,198],{"class":100},[69,48769,48770,48772,48774,48776,48778,48780,48782,48784,48786,48788,48790,48792,48794],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,48771,8506],{"class":79},[69,48773,97],{"class":96},[69,48775,47374],{"class":217},[69,48777,221],{"class":100},[69,48779,47498],{"class":7502},[69,48781,47501],{"class":7951},[69,48783,1174],{"class":100},[69,48785,46569],{"class":292},[69,48787,39547],{"class":96},[69,48789,5762],{"class":157},[69,48791,120],{"class":100},[69,48793,18540],{"class":292},[69,48795,301],{"class":100},[69,48797,48798],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,48799,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,48801,48802,48804,48806,48808,48810,48812],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,48803,2161],{"class":217},[69,48805,221],{"class":100},[69,48807,2176],{"class":1859},[69,48809,221],{"class":100},[69,48811,8530],{"class":292},[69,48813,2183],{"class":100},[14,48815,2781],{},[60,48817,48819],{"className":62,"code":48818,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"\u003Cclass 'filter'>\n",[21,48820,48821],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,48822,48823,48825,48827,48829,48831,48833],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,48824,21097],{"class":96},[69,48826,7503],{"class":7502},[69,48828,15292],{"class":110},[69,48830,47557],{"class":114},[69,48832,15283],{"class":110},[69,48834,21108],{"class":96},[14,48836,48837],{},"If you want a list, convert it:",[60,48839,48841],{"className":62,"code":48840,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"filtered = list(result)\nprint(filtered)\n",[21,48842,48843,48857],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,48844,48845,48847,48849,48851,48853,48855],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,48846,46670],{"class":79},[69,48848,97],{"class":96},[69,48850,22306],{"class":1859},[69,48852,221],{"class":100},[69,48854,8530],{"class":292},[69,48856,301],{"class":100},[69,48858,48859,48861,48863,48865],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,48860,2161],{"class":217},[69,48862,221],{"class":100},[69,48864,46717],{"class":292},[69,48866,301],{"class":100},[1647,48868,48870],{"id":48869},"writing-a-condition-that-does-not-behave-as-expected","Writing a condition that does not behave as expected",[14,48872,48873],{},"Sometimes the condition is not checking what you think it is.",[14,48875,11201],{},[60,48877,48879],{"className":62,"code":48878,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3]\nfiltered = [n for n in numbers if n]\n\nprint(filtered)\n",[21,48880,48881,48905,48929,48933],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,48882,48883,48885,48887,48889,48891,48893,48895,48897,48899,48901,48903],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,48884,5933],{"class":79},[69,48886,97],{"class":96},[69,48888,636],{"class":100},[69,48890,2200],{"class":157},[69,48892,120],{"class":100},[69,48894,5748],{"class":157},[69,48896,120],{"class":100},[69,48898,5762],{"class":157},[69,48900,120],{"class":100},[69,48902,5949],{"class":157},[69,48904,198],{"class":100},[69,48906,48907,48909,48911,48913,48915,48917,48919,48921,48923,48925,48927],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,48908,46670],{"class":79},[69,48910,97],{"class":96},[69,48912,636],{"class":100},[69,48914,46564],{"class":79},[69,48916,3710],{"class":75},[69,48918,46569],{"class":79},[69,48920,771],{"class":75},[69,48922,46574],{"class":79},[69,48924,3201],{"class":75},[69,48926,47501],{"class":79},[69,48928,198],{"class":100},[69,48930,48931],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,48932,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,48934,48935,48937,48939,48941],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,48936,2161],{"class":217},[69,48938,221],{"class":100},[69,48940,46717],{"class":292},[69,48942,301],{"class":100},[14,48944,2781],{},[60,48946,48948],{"className":62,"code":48947,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[1, 2, 3]\n",[21,48949,48950],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,48951,48952,48954,48956,48958,48960,48962,48964],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,48953,1345],{"class":100},[69,48955,5940],{"class":157},[69,48957,120],{"class":100},[69,48959,5762],{"class":157},[69,48961,120],{"class":100},[69,48963,5949],{"class":157},[69,48965,198],{"class":100},[14,48967,48968,48969,16250,48971,47732,48973,48975],{},"This removes ",[21,48970,2200],{},[21,48972,2200],{},[21,48974,14886],{}," in Python.",[1647,48977,48979],{"id":48978},"removing-items-from-a-list-while-looping-over-it","Removing items from a list while looping over it",[14,48981,48982],{},"This often causes skipped values or unexpected results.",[14,48984,48985],{},"Avoid this:",[60,48987,48989],{"className":62,"code":48988,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n\nfor n in numbers:\n    if n % 2 == 0:\n        numbers.remove(n)\n\nprint(numbers)\n",[21,48990,48991,49019,49023,49035,49051,49066,49070],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,48992,48993,48995,48997,48999,49001,49003,49005,49007,49009,49011,49013,49015,49017],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,48994,5933],{"class":79},[69,48996,97],{"class":96},[69,48998,636],{"class":100},[69,49000,5940],{"class":157},[69,49002,120],{"class":100},[69,49004,5762],{"class":157},[69,49006,120],{"class":100},[69,49008,5949],{"class":157},[69,49010,120],{"class":100},[69,49012,7167],{"class":157},[69,49014,120],{"class":100},[69,49016,6172],{"class":157},[69,49018,198],{"class":100},[69,49020,49021],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,49022,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,49024,49025,49027,49029,49031,49033],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,49026,3710],{"class":75},[69,49028,46569],{"class":79},[69,49030,771],{"class":75},[69,49032,18540],{"class":79},[69,49034,275],{"class":100},[69,49036,49037,49039,49041,49043,49045,49047,49049],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,49038,19705],{"class":75},[69,49040,46569],{"class":79},[69,49042,46581],{"class":96},[69,49044,5762],{"class":157},[69,49046,19865],{"class":96},[69,49048,6711],{"class":157},[69,49050,275],{"class":100},[69,49052,49053,49056,49058,49060,49062,49064],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,49054,49055],{"class":79},"        numbers",[69,49057,289],{"class":100},[69,49059,43152],{"class":292},[69,49061,221],{"class":100},[69,49063,47345],{"class":292},[69,49065,301],{"class":100},[69,49067,49068],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,49069,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,49071,49072,49074,49076,49078],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,49073,2161],{"class":217},[69,49075,221],{"class":100},[69,49077,5956],{"class":292},[69,49079,301],{"class":100},[14,49081,49082],{},"Instead, create a new filtered list:",[60,49084,49086],{"className":62,"code":49085,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\nodd_numbers = [n for n in numbers if n % 2 != 0]\n\nprint(odd_numbers)\n",[21,49087,49088,49116,49150,49154],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,49089,49090,49092,49094,49096,49098,49100,49102,49104,49106,49108,49110,49112,49114],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,49091,5933],{"class":79},[69,49093,97],{"class":96},[69,49095,636],{"class":100},[69,49097,5940],{"class":157},[69,49099,120],{"class":100},[69,49101,5762],{"class":157},[69,49103,120],{"class":100},[69,49105,5949],{"class":157},[69,49107,120],{"class":100},[69,49109,7167],{"class":157},[69,49111,120],{"class":100},[69,49113,6172],{"class":157},[69,49115,198],{"class":100},[69,49117,49118,49121,49123,49125,49127,49129,49131,49133,49135,49137,49139,49141,49143,49146,49148],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,49119,49120],{"class":79},"odd_numbers ",[69,49122,97],{"class":96},[69,49124,636],{"class":100},[69,49126,46564],{"class":79},[69,49128,3710],{"class":75},[69,49130,46569],{"class":79},[69,49132,771],{"class":75},[69,49134,46574],{"class":79},[69,49136,3201],{"class":75},[69,49138,46569],{"class":79},[69,49140,46581],{"class":96},[69,49142,5762],{"class":157},[69,49144,49145],{"class":96}," !=",[69,49147,6711],{"class":157},[69,49149,198],{"class":100},[69,49151,49152],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,49153,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,49155,49156,49158,49160,49163],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,49157,2161],{"class":217},[69,49159,221],{"class":100},[69,49161,49162],{"class":292},"odd_numbers",[69,49164,301],{"class":100},[14,49166,49167,49168,289],{},"If you are practicing list loops, see ",[579,49169,49171],{"href":49170},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-loop-through-a-list-in-python\u002F","how to loop through a list in Python",[55,49173,3819],{"id":3818},[14,49175,9549,49176,34904],{},[2498,49177,46509],{},[29,49179,49180,49183,49186],{},[32,49181,49182],{},"the condition is simple",[32,49184,49185],{},"you want the result as a list",[32,49187,49188],{},"you want code that is easy to read",[14,49190,322,49191,34904],{},[2498,49192,49193],{},[21,49194,46513],{},[29,49196,49197,49200,49203],{},[32,49198,49199],{},"you already have a function that checks each item",[32,49201,49202],{},"you want to reuse that function",[32,49204,49205],{},"the code reads clearly with that function",[14,49207,49208],{},"In general:",[29,49210,49211,49214,49217],{},[32,49212,49213],{},"choose the version that is easiest to understand",[32,49215,49216],{},"avoid very complex one-line conditions",[32,49218,49219],{},"prefer readability over clever code",[55,49221,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,49223,49225],{"id":49224},"does-filtering-change-the-original-list","Does filtering change the original list?",[14,49227,49228],{},"Usually no. Most filtering examples create a new list and leave the original list unchanged.",[1647,49230,49232,49233,1414],{"id":49231},"should-i-use-list-comprehension-or-filter","Should I use list comprehension or ",[21,49234,46513],{},[14,49236,49237],{},"For beginners, list comprehensions are usually easier to read and more common in everyday Python code.",[1647,49239,49241],{"id":49240},"can-i-filter-numbers-strings-and-dictionaries","Can I filter numbers, strings, and dictionaries?",[14,49243,49244],{},"Yes. You can filter any list as long as you can write a condition that checks each item.",[1647,49246,18230,49248,49250],{"id":49247},"why-does-filter-not-print-a-normal-list",[21,49249,46513],{}," not print a normal list?",[14,49252,5105,49253,49255,49256,49258],{},[21,49254,46513],{}," returns a filter object. Wrap it in ",[21,49257,30144],{}," if you want a list.",[55,49260,2414],{"id":2413},[29,49262,49263,49267,49273,49278,49283,49289],{},[32,49264,49265],{},[579,49266,6736],{"href":18656},[32,49268,49269],{},[579,49270,49272],{"href":49271},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-check-if-a-value-exists-in-a-list-in-python\u002F","How to check if a value exists in a list in Python",[32,49274,49275],{},[579,49276,49277],{"href":49170},"How to loop through a list in Python",[32,49279,49280],{},[579,49281,49282],{"href":46969},"How to use list comprehensions in Python",[32,49284,49285],{},[579,49286,14649,49287,12755],{"href":47585},[21,49288,46513],{},[32,49290,49291],{},[579,49292,15946],{"href":15945},[2450,49294,49295],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: 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.sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .srjyR, html code.shiki .srjyR{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:inherit;--shiki-default:#B31D28;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#FDAEB7;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .s_hVV, html code.shiki .s_hVV{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":49297},[49298,49299,49300,49303,49307,49312,49316,49320,49329,49330,49338],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":46611,"depth":83,"text":46612},{"id":46767,"depth":83,"text":46768,"children":49301},[49302],{"id":46934,"depth":90,"text":46935},{"id":46973,"depth":83,"text":46974,"children":49304},[49305,49306],{"id":46980,"depth":90,"text":46981},{"id":47126,"depth":90,"text":47127},{"id":47267,"depth":83,"text":49308,"children":49309},"Filter a list with filter()",[49310],{"id":47438,"depth":90,"text":49311},"Important: filter() does not return a list",{"id":47590,"depth":83,"text":47591,"children":49313},[49314],{"id":47719,"depth":90,"text":49315},"Why if item works",{"id":47858,"depth":83,"text":47859,"children":49317},[49318,49319],{"id":6458,"depth":90,"text":6459},{"id":48137,"depth":90,"text":48138},{"id":48509,"depth":83,"text":48510,"children":49321},[49322,49323,49325,49327,49328],{"id":48515,"depth":90,"text":48516},{"id":48609,"depth":90,"text":49324},"Using = instead of ==",{"id":48732,"depth":90,"text":49326},"Forgetting that filter() returns an iterable",{"id":48869,"depth":90,"text":48870},{"id":48978,"depth":90,"text":48979},{"id":3818,"depth":83,"text":3819},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":49331},[49332,49333,49335,49336],{"id":49224,"depth":90,"text":49225},{"id":49231,"depth":90,"text":49334},"Should I use list comprehension or filter()?",{"id":49240,"depth":90,"text":49241},{"id":49247,"depth":90,"text":49337},"Why does filter() not print a normal list?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to filter a list in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-filter-a-list-in-python",{"title":46475,"description":49339},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-filter-a-list-in-python","ScGnvSYGdpO8QKtk-N2_AHmcaZCq_gcapSH35z7RGi4",{"id":49346,"title":49347,"body":49348,"description":51639,"extension":2479,"meta":51640,"navigation":86,"path":51641,"seo":51642,"stem":51643,"__hash__":51644},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-find-an-item-in-a-list-in-python.md","How to Find an Item in a List in Python",{"type":7,"value":49349,"toc":51606},[49350,49353,49356,49358,49376,49378,49499,49508,49510,49524,49530,49540,49543,49620,49622,49634,49639,49732,49735,49798,49804,49810,49816,49889,49891,49899,49902,49930,49936,49942,50013,50015,50023,50030,50034,50041,50104,50110,50116,50122,50129,50132,50243,50251,50254,50355,50358,50372,50377,50381,50387,50393,50533,50535,50556,50562,50567,50575,50578,50653,50655,50680,50690,50694,50697,50717,50720,50910,50912,50915,50948,50951,51052,51055,51069,51071,51075,51079,51110,51114,51119,51178,51182,51189,51198,51299,51303,51309,51418,51422,51428,51431,51489,51492,51572,51574,51603],[10,49351,49347],{"id":49352},"how-to-find-an-item-in-a-list-in-python",[14,49354,49355],{},"If you want to find an item in a Python list, there are a few simple ways to do it.",[14,49357,27],{},[29,49359,49360,49363,49366,49369],{},[32,49361,49362],{},"Check if a list contains a value",[32,49364,49365],{},"Get the index of a value",[32,49367,49368],{},"Find items safely when they may not exist",[32,49370,46,49371,49373,49374],{},[21,49372,771],{}," and when to use ",[21,49375,16643],{},[55,49377,58],{"id":57},[60,49379,49381],{"className":62,"code":49380,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\n\n# Check if an item exists\nif \"banana\" in fruits:\n    print(\"Found it\")\n\n# Get the index of an item\nposition = fruits.index(\"banana\")\nprint(position)  # 1\n",[21,49382,49383,49415,49419,49424,49440,49455,49459,49464,49486],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,49384,49385,49387,49389,49391,49393,49395,49397,49399,49401,49403,49405,49407,49409,49411,49413],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,49386,6028],{"class":79},[69,49388,97],{"class":96},[69,49390,636],{"class":100},[69,49392,111],{"class":110},[69,49394,6037],{"class":114},[69,49396,111],{"class":110},[69,49398,120],{"class":100},[69,49400,123],{"class":110},[69,49402,6046],{"class":114},[69,49404,111],{"class":110},[69,49406,120],{"class":100},[69,49408,123],{"class":110},[69,49410,6066],{"class":114},[69,49412,111],{"class":110},[69,49414,198],{"class":100},[69,49416,49417],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,49418,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,49420,49421],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,49422,49423],{"class":2596},"# Check if an item exists\n",[69,49425,49426,49428,49430,49432,49434,49436,49438],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,49427,3201],{"class":75},[69,49429,123],{"class":110},[69,49431,6046],{"class":114},[69,49433,111],{"class":110},[69,49435,3210],{"class":96},[69,49437,19039],{"class":79},[69,49439,275],{"class":100},[69,49441,49442,49444,49446,49448,49451,49453],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,49443,3220],{"class":217},[69,49445,221],{"class":100},[69,49447,111],{"class":110},[69,49449,49450],{"class":114},"Found it",[69,49452,111],{"class":110},[69,49454,301],{"class":100},[69,49456,49457],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,49458,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,49460,49461],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,49462,49463],{"class":2596},"# Get the index of an item\n",[69,49465,49466,49468,49470,49472,49474,49476,49478,49480,49482,49484],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,49467,17163],{"class":79},[69,49469,97],{"class":96},[69,49471,19039],{"class":79},[69,49473,289],{"class":100},[69,49475,17362],{"class":292},[69,49477,221],{"class":100},[69,49479,111],{"class":110},[69,49481,6046],{"class":114},[69,49483,111],{"class":110},[69,49485,301],{"class":100},[69,49487,49488,49490,49492,49494,49496],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,49489,2161],{"class":217},[69,49491,221],{"class":100},[69,49493,17187],{"class":292},[69,49495,265],{"class":100},[69,49497,49498],{"class":2596},"  # 1\n",[14,49500,322,49501,49503,49504,49507],{},[21,49502,771],{}," when you only need to check if an item exists. Use ",[21,49505,49506],{},"list.index()"," when you need its position.",[55,49509,2666],{"id":2665},[29,49511,49512,49514,49516,49518],{},[32,49513,49362],{},[32,49515,49365],{},[32,49517,49368],{},[32,49519,46,49520,49373,49522],{},[21,49521,771],{},[21,49523,16643],{},[55,49525,49527,49528],{"id":49526},"check-if-an-item-exists-with-in","Check if an item exists with ",[21,49529,771],{},[14,49531,322,49532,49535,49536,364,49538,289],{},[21,49533,49534],{},"item in my_list"," when you want a simple ",[21,49537,11002],{},[21,49539,14886],{},[14,49541,49542],{},"This is the best choice when you only need to know whether the value is present.",[60,49544,49546],{"className":62,"code":49545,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\n\nprint(\"banana\" in fruits)\nprint(\"grape\" in fruits)\n",[21,49547,49548,49580,49584,49602],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,49549,49550,49552,49554,49556,49558,49560,49562,49564,49566,49568,49570,49572,49574,49576,49578],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,49551,6028],{"class":79},[69,49553,97],{"class":96},[69,49555,636],{"class":100},[69,49557,111],{"class":110},[69,49559,6037],{"class":114},[69,49561,111],{"class":110},[69,49563,120],{"class":100},[69,49565,123],{"class":110},[69,49567,6046],{"class":114},[69,49569,111],{"class":110},[69,49571,120],{"class":100},[69,49573,123],{"class":110},[69,49575,6066],{"class":114},[69,49577,111],{"class":110},[69,49579,198],{"class":100},[69,49581,49582],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,49583,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,49585,49586,49588,49590,49592,49594,49596,49598,49600],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,49587,2161],{"class":217},[69,49589,221],{"class":100},[69,49591,111],{"class":110},[69,49593,6046],{"class":114},[69,49595,111],{"class":110},[69,49597,3210],{"class":75},[69,49599,19039],{"class":292},[69,49601,301],{"class":100},[69,49603,49604,49606,49608,49610,49612,49614,49616,49618],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,49605,2161],{"class":217},[69,49607,221],{"class":100},[69,49609,111],{"class":110},[69,49611,29866],{"class":114},[69,49613,111],{"class":110},[69,49615,3210],{"class":75},[69,49617,19039],{"class":292},[69,49619,301],{"class":100},[14,49621,2781],{},[60,49623,49624],{"className":62,"code":15803,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,49625,49626,49630],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,49627,49628],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,49629,15810],{"class":3012},[69,49631,49632],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,49633,15815],{"class":3012},[14,49635,49636,49637,18577],{},"You can also use it in an ",[21,49638,3201],{},[60,49640,49642],{"className":62,"code":49641,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\n\nif \"banana\" in fruits:\n    print(\"Banana is in the list\")\nelse:\n    print(\"Banana is not in the list\")\n",[21,49643,49644,49676,49680,49696,49711,49717],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,49645,49646,49648,49650,49652,49654,49656,49658,49660,49662,49664,49666,49668,49670,49672,49674],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,49647,6028],{"class":79},[69,49649,97],{"class":96},[69,49651,636],{"class":100},[69,49653,111],{"class":110},[69,49655,6037],{"class":114},[69,49657,111],{"class":110},[69,49659,120],{"class":100},[69,49661,123],{"class":110},[69,49663,6046],{"class":114},[69,49665,111],{"class":110},[69,49667,120],{"class":100},[69,49669,123],{"class":110},[69,49671,6066],{"class":114},[69,49673,111],{"class":110},[69,49675,198],{"class":100},[69,49677,49678],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,49679,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,49681,49682,49684,49686,49688,49690,49692,49694],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,49683,3201],{"class":75},[69,49685,123],{"class":110},[69,49687,6046],{"class":114},[69,49689,111],{"class":110},[69,49691,3210],{"class":96},[69,49693,19039],{"class":79},[69,49695,275],{"class":100},[69,49697,49698,49700,49702,49704,49707,49709],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,49699,3220],{"class":217},[69,49701,221],{"class":100},[69,49703,111],{"class":110},[69,49705,49706],{"class":114},"Banana is in the list",[69,49708,111],{"class":110},[69,49710,301],{"class":100},[69,49712,49713,49715],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,49714,3277],{"class":75},[69,49716,275],{"class":100},[69,49718,49719,49721,49723,49725,49728,49730],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,49720,3220],{"class":217},[69,49722,221],{"class":100},[69,49724,111],{"class":110},[69,49726,49727],{"class":114},"Banana is not in the list",[69,49729,111],{"class":110},[69,49731,301],{"class":100},[14,49733,49734],{},"This works with strings, numbers, and other values:",[60,49736,49738],{"className":62,"code":49737,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [10, 20, 30]\n\nprint(20 in numbers)   # True\nprint(50 in numbers)   # False\n",[21,49739,49740,49760,49764,49781],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,49741,49742,49744,49746,49748,49750,49752,49754,49756,49758],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,49743,5933],{"class":79},[69,49745,97],{"class":96},[69,49747,636],{"class":100},[69,49749,18507],{"class":157},[69,49751,120],{"class":100},[69,49753,4671],{"class":157},[69,49755,120],{"class":100},[69,49757,158],{"class":157},[69,49759,198],{"class":100},[69,49761,49762],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,49763,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,49765,49766,49768,49770,49772,49774,49776,49778],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,49767,2161],{"class":217},[69,49769,221],{"class":100},[69,49771,18535],{"class":157},[69,49773,3210],{"class":75},[69,49775,18540],{"class":292},[69,49777,265],{"class":100},[69,49779,49780],{"class":2596},"   # True\n",[69,49782,49783,49785,49787,49789,49791,49793,49795],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,49784,2161],{"class":217},[69,49786,221],{"class":100},[69,49788,9123],{"class":157},[69,49790,3210],{"class":75},[69,49792,18540],{"class":292},[69,49794,265],{"class":100},[69,49796,49797],{"class":2596},"   # False\n",[14,49799,49800,49801,289],{},"If you want a full beginner explanation of this pattern, see ",[579,49802,49803],{"href":49271},"how to check if a value exists in a list in Python",[55,49805,49807,49808],{"id":49806},"get-the-position-with-listindex","Get the position with ",[21,49809,49506],{},[14,49811,322,49812,49815],{},[21,49813,49814],{},"my_list.index(item)"," when you need the position of a value in the list.",[60,49817,49819],{"className":62,"code":49818,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\n\nposition = fruits.index(\"banana\")\nprint(position)\n",[21,49820,49821,49853,49857,49879],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,49822,49823,49825,49827,49829,49831,49833,49835,49837,49839,49841,49843,49845,49847,49849,49851],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,49824,6028],{"class":79},[69,49826,97],{"class":96},[69,49828,636],{"class":100},[69,49830,111],{"class":110},[69,49832,6037],{"class":114},[69,49834,111],{"class":110},[69,49836,120],{"class":100},[69,49838,123],{"class":110},[69,49840,6046],{"class":114},[69,49842,111],{"class":110},[69,49844,120],{"class":100},[69,49846,123],{"class":110},[69,49848,6066],{"class":114},[69,49850,111],{"class":110},[69,49852,198],{"class":100},[69,49854,49855],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,49856,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,49858,49859,49861,49863,49865,49867,49869,49871,49873,49875,49877],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,49860,17163],{"class":79},[69,49862,97],{"class":96},[69,49864,19039],{"class":79},[69,49866,289],{"class":100},[69,49868,17362],{"class":292},[69,49870,221],{"class":100},[69,49872,111],{"class":110},[69,49874,6046],{"class":114},[69,49876,111],{"class":110},[69,49878,301],{"class":100},[69,49880,49881,49883,49885,49887],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,49882,2161],{"class":217},[69,49884,221],{"class":100},[69,49886,17187],{"class":292},[69,49888,301],{"class":100},[14,49890,2781],{},[60,49892,49893],{"className":62,"code":17286,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,49894,49895],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,49896,49897],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,49898,17286],{"class":157},[14,49900,49901],{},"Remember:",[29,49903,49904,49909,49916,49923],{},[32,49905,49906,49907],{},"List indexes start at ",[21,49908,2200],{},[32,49910,49911,49913,49914],{},[21,49912,18952],{}," is at index ",[21,49915,2200],{},[32,49917,49918,49913,49921],{},[21,49919,49920],{},"\"banana\"",[21,49922,5940],{},[32,49924,49925,49913,49928],{},[21,49926,49927],{},"\"orange\"",[21,49929,19224],{},[1647,49931,49933,49935],{"id":49932},"index-returns-the-first-match",[21,49934,16643],{}," returns the first match",[14,49937,49938,49939,49941],{},"If the same item appears more than once, ",[21,49940,16643],{}," only returns the first matching position.",[60,49943,49945],{"className":62,"code":49944,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"colors = [\"red\", \"blue\", \"red\", \"green\"]\n\nprint(colors.index(\"red\"))\n",[21,49946,49947,49987,49991],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,49948,49949,49951,49953,49955,49957,49959,49961,49963,49965,49967,49969,49971,49973,49975,49977,49979,49981,49983,49985],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,49950,6490],{"class":79},[69,49952,97],{"class":96},[69,49954,636],{"class":100},[69,49956,111],{"class":110},[69,49958,6499],{"class":114},[69,49960,111],{"class":110},[69,49962,120],{"class":100},[69,49964,123],{"class":110},[69,49966,6508],{"class":114},[69,49968,111],{"class":110},[69,49970,120],{"class":100},[69,49972,123],{"class":110},[69,49974,6499],{"class":114},[69,49976,111],{"class":110},[69,49978,120],{"class":100},[69,49980,123],{"class":110},[69,49982,6532],{"class":114},[69,49984,111],{"class":110},[69,49986,198],{"class":100},[69,49988,49989],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,49990,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,49992,49993,49995,49997,49999,50001,50003,50005,50007,50009,50011],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,49994,2161],{"class":217},[69,49996,221],{"class":100},[69,49998,6517],{"class":292},[69,50000,289],{"class":100},[69,50002,17362],{"class":292},[69,50004,221],{"class":100},[69,50006,111],{"class":110},[69,50008,6499],{"class":114},[69,50010,111],{"class":110},[69,50012,2183],{"class":100},[14,50014,2781],{},[60,50016,50017],{"className":62,"code":45735,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,50018,50019],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,50020,50021],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,50022,45735],{"class":157},[14,50024,30017,50025,289],{},[579,50026,6115,50028,3141],{"href":50027},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-list-index-method\u002F",[21,50029,16643],{},[1647,50031,50033],{"id":50032},"what-happens-if-the-item-is-missing","What happens if the item is missing",[14,50035,50036,50037,15931,50039,289],{},"If the item is not in the list, ",[21,50038,16643],{},[21,50040,11209],{},[60,50042,50044],{"className":62,"code":50043,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\n\nprint(fruits.index(\"grape\"))\n",[21,50045,50046,50078,50082],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,50047,50048,50050,50052,50054,50056,50058,50060,50062,50064,50066,50068,50070,50072,50074,50076],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,50049,6028],{"class":79},[69,50051,97],{"class":96},[69,50053,636],{"class":100},[69,50055,111],{"class":110},[69,50057,6037],{"class":114},[69,50059,111],{"class":110},[69,50061,120],{"class":100},[69,50063,123],{"class":110},[69,50065,6046],{"class":114},[69,50067,111],{"class":110},[69,50069,120],{"class":100},[69,50071,123],{"class":110},[69,50073,6066],{"class":114},[69,50075,111],{"class":110},[69,50077,198],{"class":100},[69,50079,50080],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,50081,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,50083,50084,50086,50088,50090,50092,50094,50096,50098,50100,50102],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,50085,2161],{"class":217},[69,50087,221],{"class":100},[69,50089,6055],{"class":292},[69,50091,289],{"class":100},[69,50093,17362],{"class":292},[69,50095,221],{"class":100},[69,50097,111],{"class":110},[69,50099,29866],{"class":114},[69,50101,111],{"class":110},[69,50103,2183],{"class":100},[14,50105,2882,50106,50109],{},[21,50107,50108],{},"\"grape\""," is not in the list.",[55,50111,50113,50114],{"id":50112},"how-to-avoid-errors-when-using-index","How to avoid errors when using ",[21,50115,16643],{},[14,50117,50118,50119,50121],{},"When an item may be missing, do not call ",[21,50120,16643],{}," blindly.",[1647,50123,50125,50126,50128],{"id":50124},"option-1-check-with-in-first","Option 1: Check with ",[21,50127,771],{}," first",[14,50130,50131],{},"This is often the easiest approach for beginners.",[60,50133,50135],{"className":62,"code":50134,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\n\nif \"banana\" in fruits:\n    position = fruits.index(\"banana\")\n    print(position)\nelse:\n    print(\"Item not found\")\n",[21,50136,50137,50169,50173,50189,50212,50222,50228],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,50138,50139,50141,50143,50145,50147,50149,50151,50153,50155,50157,50159,50161,50163,50165,50167],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,50140,6028],{"class":79},[69,50142,97],{"class":96},[69,50144,636],{"class":100},[69,50146,111],{"class":110},[69,50148,6037],{"class":114},[69,50150,111],{"class":110},[69,50152,120],{"class":100},[69,50154,123],{"class":110},[69,50156,6046],{"class":114},[69,50158,111],{"class":110},[69,50160,120],{"class":100},[69,50162,123],{"class":110},[69,50164,6066],{"class":114},[69,50166,111],{"class":110},[69,50168,198],{"class":100},[69,50170,50171],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,50172,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,50174,50175,50177,50179,50181,50183,50185,50187],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,50176,3201],{"class":75},[69,50178,123],{"class":110},[69,50180,6046],{"class":114},[69,50182,111],{"class":110},[69,50184,3210],{"class":96},[69,50186,19039],{"class":79},[69,50188,275],{"class":100},[69,50190,50191,50194,50196,50198,50200,50202,50204,50206,50208,50210],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,50192,50193],{"class":79},"    position ",[69,50195,97],{"class":96},[69,50197,19039],{"class":79},[69,50199,289],{"class":100},[69,50201,17362],{"class":292},[69,50203,221],{"class":100},[69,50205,111],{"class":110},[69,50207,6046],{"class":114},[69,50209,111],{"class":110},[69,50211,301],{"class":100},[69,50213,50214,50216,50218,50220],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,50215,3220],{"class":217},[69,50217,221],{"class":100},[69,50219,17187],{"class":292},[69,50221,301],{"class":100},[69,50223,50224,50226],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,50225,3277],{"class":75},[69,50227,275],{"class":100},[69,50229,50230,50232,50234,50236,50239,50241],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,50231,3220],{"class":217},[69,50233,221],{"class":100},[69,50235,111],{"class":110},[69,50237,50238],{"class":114},"Item not found",[69,50240,111],{"class":110},[69,50242,301],{"class":100},[1647,50244,50246,50247,50,50249],{"id":50245},"option-2-use-try-and-except-valueerror","Option 2: Use ",[21,50248,11233],{},[21,50250,12235],{},[14,50252,50253],{},"This is useful when you want to handle the error directly.",[60,50255,50257],{"className":62,"code":50256,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\n\ntry:\n    position = fruits.index(\"grape\")\n    print(position)\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"Item not found\")\n",[21,50258,50259,50291,50295,50301,50323,50333,50341],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,50260,50261,50263,50265,50267,50269,50271,50273,50275,50277,50279,50281,50283,50285,50287,50289],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,50262,6028],{"class":79},[69,50264,97],{"class":96},[69,50266,636],{"class":100},[69,50268,111],{"class":110},[69,50270,6037],{"class":114},[69,50272,111],{"class":110},[69,50274,120],{"class":100},[69,50276,123],{"class":110},[69,50278,6046],{"class":114},[69,50280,111],{"class":110},[69,50282,120],{"class":100},[69,50284,123],{"class":110},[69,50286,6066],{"class":114},[69,50288,111],{"class":110},[69,50290,198],{"class":100},[69,50292,50293],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,50294,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,50296,50297,50299],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,50298,11233],{"class":75},[69,50300,275],{"class":100},[69,50302,50303,50305,50307,50309,50311,50313,50315,50317,50319,50321],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,50304,50193],{"class":79},[69,50306,97],{"class":96},[69,50308,19039],{"class":79},[69,50310,289],{"class":100},[69,50312,17362],{"class":292},[69,50314,221],{"class":100},[69,50316,111],{"class":110},[69,50318,29866],{"class":114},[69,50320,111],{"class":110},[69,50322,301],{"class":100},[69,50324,50325,50327,50329,50331],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,50326,3220],{"class":217},[69,50328,221],{"class":100},[69,50330,17187],{"class":292},[69,50332,301],{"class":100},[69,50334,50335,50337,50339],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,50336,11221],{"class":75},[69,50338,11901],{"class":1859},[69,50340,275],{"class":100},[69,50342,50343,50345,50347,50349,50351,50353],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,50344,3220],{"class":217},[69,50346,221],{"class":100},[69,50348,111],{"class":110},[69,50350,50238],{"class":114},[69,50352,111],{"class":110},[69,50354,301],{"class":100},[14,50356,50357],{},"Both approaches are valid.",[29,50359,50360,50365],{},[32,50361,322,50362,50364],{},[21,50363,771],{}," first if you want simple, readable code",[32,50366,322,50367,50,50369,50371],{},[21,50368,11233],{},[21,50370,11221],{}," if the missing value is part of normal program flow",[14,50373,50374,50375,289],{},"If you run into this kind of problem often, learning safe looping and checking patterns will help. A good next step is ",[579,50376,49171],{"href":49170},[55,50378,50380],{"id":50379},"find-all-matching-positions","Find all matching positions",[14,50382,50383,50384,50386],{},"If a value appears more than once, ",[21,50385,16643],{}," is not enough because it only gives you the first match.",[14,50388,50389,50390,289],{},"To find every matching index, loop through the list with ",[21,50391,50392],{},"enumerate()",[60,50394,50396],{"className":62,"code":50395,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"colors = [\"red\", \"blue\", \"red\", \"green\", \"red\"]\n\nmatches = []\n\nfor i, value in enumerate(colors):\n    if value == \"red\":\n        matches.append(i)\n\nprint(matches)\n",[21,50397,50398,50446,50450,50460,50464,50486,50502,50518,50522],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,50399,50400,50402,50404,50406,50408,50410,50412,50414,50416,50418,50420,50422,50424,50426,50428,50430,50432,50434,50436,50438,50440,50442,50444],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,50401,6490],{"class":79},[69,50403,97],{"class":96},[69,50405,636],{"class":100},[69,50407,111],{"class":110},[69,50409,6499],{"class":114},[69,50411,111],{"class":110},[69,50413,120],{"class":100},[69,50415,123],{"class":110},[69,50417,6508],{"class":114},[69,50419,111],{"class":110},[69,50421,120],{"class":100},[69,50423,123],{"class":110},[69,50425,6499],{"class":114},[69,50427,111],{"class":110},[69,50429,120],{"class":100},[69,50431,123],{"class":110},[69,50433,6532],{"class":114},[69,50435,111],{"class":110},[69,50437,120],{"class":100},[69,50439,123],{"class":110},[69,50441,6499],{"class":114},[69,50443,111],{"class":110},[69,50445,198],{"class":100},[69,50447,50448],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,50449,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,50451,50452,50455,50457],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,50453,50454],{"class":79},"matches ",[69,50456,97],{"class":96},[69,50458,50459],{"class":100}," []\n",[69,50461,50462],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,50463,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,50465,50466,50468,50471,50473,50475,50477,50480,50482,50484],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,50467,3710],{"class":75},[69,50469,50470],{"class":79}," i",[69,50472,120],{"class":100},[69,50474,3718],{"class":79},[69,50476,771],{"class":75},[69,50478,50479],{"class":217}," enumerate",[69,50481,221],{"class":100},[69,50483,6517],{"class":292},[69,50485,7526],{"class":100},[69,50487,50488,50490,50492,50494,50496,50498,50500],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,50489,19705],{"class":75},[69,50491,3718],{"class":79},[69,50493,17712],{"class":96},[69,50495,123],{"class":110},[69,50497,6499],{"class":114},[69,50499,111],{"class":110},[69,50501,275],{"class":100},[69,50503,50504,50507,50509,50511,50513,50516],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,50505,50506],{"class":79},"        matches",[69,50508,289],{"class":100},[69,50510,5961],{"class":292},[69,50512,221],{"class":100},[69,50514,50515],{"class":292},"i",[69,50517,301],{"class":100},[69,50519,50520],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,50521,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,50523,50524,50526,50528,50531],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,50525,2161],{"class":217},[69,50527,221],{"class":100},[69,50529,50530],{"class":292},"matches",[69,50532,301],{"class":100},[14,50534,2781],{},[60,50536,50538],{"className":62,"code":50537,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[0, 2, 4]\n",[21,50539,50540],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,50541,50542,50544,50546,50548,50550,50552,50554],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,50543,1345],{"class":100},[69,50545,2200],{"class":157},[69,50547,120],{"class":100},[69,50549,5762],{"class":157},[69,50551,120],{"class":100},[69,50553,7167],{"class":157},[69,50555,198],{"class":100},[1647,50557,30468,50559,50561],{"id":50558},"why-enumerate-helps",[21,50560,50392],{}," helps",[14,50563,50564,50566],{},[21,50565,50392],{}," gives you both:",[29,50568,50569,50572],{},[32,50570,50571],{},"the index",[32,50573,50574],{},"the value",[14,50576,50577],{},"That makes it very useful when searching through a list.",[60,50579,50581],{"className":62,"code":50580,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"colors = [\"red\", \"blue\", \"red\"]\n\nfor i, value in enumerate(colors):\n    print(i, value)\n",[21,50582,50583,50615,50619,50639],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,50584,50585,50587,50589,50591,50593,50595,50597,50599,50601,50603,50605,50607,50609,50611,50613],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,50586,6490],{"class":79},[69,50588,97],{"class":96},[69,50590,636],{"class":100},[69,50592,111],{"class":110},[69,50594,6499],{"class":114},[69,50596,111],{"class":110},[69,50598,120],{"class":100},[69,50600,123],{"class":110},[69,50602,6508],{"class":114},[69,50604,111],{"class":110},[69,50606,120],{"class":100},[69,50608,123],{"class":110},[69,50610,6499],{"class":114},[69,50612,111],{"class":110},[69,50614,198],{"class":100},[69,50616,50617],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,50618,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,50620,50621,50623,50625,50627,50629,50631,50633,50635,50637],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,50622,3710],{"class":75},[69,50624,50470],{"class":79},[69,50626,120],{"class":100},[69,50628,3718],{"class":79},[69,50630,771],{"class":75},[69,50632,50479],{"class":217},[69,50634,221],{"class":100},[69,50636,6517],{"class":292},[69,50638,7526],{"class":100},[69,50640,50641,50643,50645,50647,50649,50651],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,50642,3220],{"class":217},[69,50644,221],{"class":100},[69,50646,50515],{"class":292},[69,50648,120],{"class":100},[69,50650,3753],{"class":292},[69,50652,301],{"class":100},[14,50654,2781],{},[60,50656,50658],{"className":62,"code":50657,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"0 red\n1 blue\n2 red\n",[21,50659,50660,50667,50674],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,50661,50662,50664],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,50663,2200],{"class":157},[69,50665,50666],{"class":79}," red\n",[69,50668,50669,50671],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,50670,5940],{"class":157},[69,50672,50673],{"class":79}," blue\n",[69,50675,50676,50678],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,50677,19224],{"class":157},[69,50679,50666],{"class":79},[14,50681,9646,50682,50684,50685,289],{},[21,50683,50392],{}," is new to you, see ",[579,50686,14649,50688,45136],{"href":50687},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-enumerate-function-explained\u002F",[21,50689,50392],{},[55,50691,50693],{"id":50692},"choosing-the-right-approach","Choosing the right approach",[14,50695,50696],{},"Pick the method based on what you need:",[29,50698,50699,50704,50709,50714],{},[32,50700,322,50701,50703],{},[21,50702,771],{}," for existence checks",[32,50705,322,50706,50708],{},[21,50707,16643],{}," for the first position",[32,50710,322,50711,50713],{},[21,50712,50392],{}," in a loop for all positions",[32,50715,50716],{},"Pick the simplest method for your task",[14,50718,50719],{},"A quick summary:",[60,50721,50723],{"className":62,"code":50722,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"a\", \"b\", \"a\"]\n\n# Exists?\nprint(\"b\" in items)          # True\n\n# First position\nprint(items.index(\"a\"))      # 0\n\n# All positions\npositions = []\nfor i, value in enumerate(items):\n    if value == \"a\":\n        positions.append(i)\n\nprint(positions)             # [0, 2]\n",[21,50724,50725,50757,50761,50766,50787,50791,50796,50821,50825,50830,50839,50859,50875,50890,50895],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,50726,50727,50729,50731,50733,50735,50737,50739,50741,50743,50745,50747,50749,50751,50753,50755],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,50728,6605],{"class":79},[69,50730,97],{"class":96},[69,50732,636],{"class":100},[69,50734,111],{"class":110},[69,50736,579],{"class":114},[69,50738,111],{"class":110},[69,50740,120],{"class":100},[69,50742,123],{"class":110},[69,50744,5755],{"class":114},[69,50746,111],{"class":110},[69,50748,120],{"class":100},[69,50750,123],{"class":110},[69,50752,579],{"class":114},[69,50754,111],{"class":110},[69,50756,198],{"class":100},[69,50758,50759],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,50760,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,50762,50763],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,50764,50765],{"class":2596},"# Exists?\n",[69,50767,50768,50770,50772,50774,50776,50778,50780,50782,50784],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,50769,2161],{"class":217},[69,50771,221],{"class":100},[69,50773,111],{"class":110},[69,50775,5755],{"class":114},[69,50777,111],{"class":110},[69,50779,3210],{"class":75},[69,50781,18409],{"class":292},[69,50783,265],{"class":100},[69,50785,50786],{"class":2596},"          # True\n",[69,50788,50789],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,50790,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,50792,50793],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,50794,50795],{"class":2596},"# First position\n",[69,50797,50798,50800,50802,50804,50806,50808,50810,50812,50814,50816,50818],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,50799,2161],{"class":217},[69,50801,221],{"class":100},[69,50803,3727],{"class":292},[69,50805,289],{"class":100},[69,50807,17362],{"class":292},[69,50809,221],{"class":100},[69,50811,111],{"class":110},[69,50813,579],{"class":114},[69,50815,111],{"class":110},[69,50817,2621],{"class":100},[69,50819,50820],{"class":2596},"      # 0\n",[69,50822,50823],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,50824,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,50826,50827],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,50828,50829],{"class":2596},"# All positions\n",[69,50831,50832,50835,50837],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,50833,50834],{"class":79},"positions ",[69,50836,97],{"class":96},[69,50838,50459],{"class":100},[69,50840,50841,50843,50845,50847,50849,50851,50853,50855,50857],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,50842,3710],{"class":75},[69,50844,50470],{"class":79},[69,50846,120],{"class":100},[69,50848,3718],{"class":79},[69,50850,771],{"class":75},[69,50852,50479],{"class":217},[69,50854,221],{"class":100},[69,50856,3727],{"class":292},[69,50858,7526],{"class":100},[69,50860,50861,50863,50865,50867,50869,50871,50873],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,50862,19705],{"class":75},[69,50864,3718],{"class":79},[69,50866,17712],{"class":96},[69,50868,123],{"class":110},[69,50870,579],{"class":114},[69,50872,111],{"class":110},[69,50874,275],{"class":100},[69,50876,50877,50880,50882,50884,50886,50888],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,50878,50879],{"class":79},"        positions",[69,50881,289],{"class":100},[69,50883,5961],{"class":292},[69,50885,221],{"class":100},[69,50887,50515],{"class":292},[69,50889,301],{"class":100},[69,50891,50893],{"class":71,"line":50892},14,[69,50894,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,50896,50898,50900,50902,50905,50907],{"class":71,"line":50897},15,[69,50899,2161],{"class":217},[69,50901,221],{"class":100},[69,50903,50904],{"class":292},"positions",[69,50906,265],{"class":100},[69,50908,50909],{"class":2596},"             # [0, 2]\n",[55,50911,3868],{"id":3867},[14,50913,50914],{},"Here are some common reasons list searching does not work as expected:",[29,50916,50917,50922,50927,50932,50940],{},[32,50918,1628,50919,50921],{},[21,50920,16643],{}," without checking whether the item exists",[32,50923,5316,50924,50926],{},[21,50925,16643],{}," to return all matches instead of the first one",[32,50928,50929,50930],{},"Forgetting that list indexes start at ",[21,50931,2200],{},[32,50933,50934,50935,50937,50938],{},"Checking for a string with different capitalization, such as ",[21,50936,10089],{}," vs ",[21,50939,6046],{},[32,50941,50942,50943,50,50946],{},"Comparing different data types, such as ",[21,50944,50945],{},"'5'",[21,50947,6670],{},[14,50949,50950],{},"These quick checks can help you debug:",[60,50952,50954],{"className":62,"code":50953,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(my_list)\nprint(item in my_list)\nprint(type(item))\nprint([type(x) for x in my_list])\nfor i, value in enumerate(my_list):\n    print(i, value)\n",[21,50955,50956,50966,50980,50994,51018,51038],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,50957,50958,50960,50962,50964],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,50959,2161],{"class":217},[69,50961,221],{"class":100},[69,50963,6948],{"class":292},[69,50965,301],{"class":100},[69,50967,50968,50970,50972,50974,50976,50978],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,50969,2161],{"class":217},[69,50971,221],{"class":100},[69,50973,46786],{"class":292},[69,50975,771],{"class":75},[69,50977,6925],{"class":292},[69,50979,301],{"class":100},[69,50981,50982,50984,50986,50988,50990,50992],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,50983,2161],{"class":217},[69,50985,221],{"class":100},[69,50987,2176],{"class":1859},[69,50989,221],{"class":100},[69,50991,20427],{"class":292},[69,50993,2183],{"class":100},[69,50995,50996,50998,51000,51002,51004,51006,51008,51010,51012,51014,51016],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,50997,2161],{"class":217},[69,50999,469],{"class":100},[69,51001,2176],{"class":1859},[69,51003,221],{"class":100},[69,51005,40205],{"class":292},[69,51007,265],{"class":100},[69,51009,19391],{"class":75},[69,51011,41235],{"class":292},[69,51013,771],{"class":75},[69,51015,6925],{"class":292},[69,51017,494],{"class":100},[69,51019,51020,51022,51024,51026,51028,51030,51032,51034,51036],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,51021,3710],{"class":75},[69,51023,50470],{"class":79},[69,51025,120],{"class":100},[69,51027,3718],{"class":79},[69,51029,771],{"class":75},[69,51031,50479],{"class":217},[69,51033,221],{"class":100},[69,51035,6948],{"class":292},[69,51037,7526],{"class":100},[69,51039,51040,51042,51044,51046,51048,51050],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,51041,3220],{"class":217},[69,51043,221],{"class":100},[69,51045,50515],{"class":292},[69,51047,120],{"class":100},[69,51049,3753],{"class":292},[69,51051,301],{"class":100},[14,51053,51054],{},"These are useful for spotting:",[29,51056,51057,51060,51063,51066],{},[32,51058,51059],{},"unexpected values in the list",[32,51061,51062],{},"type problems",[32,51064,51065],{},"capitalization differences",[32,51067,51068],{},"duplicate items",[55,51070,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,51072,51074],{"id":51073},"how-do-i-check-if-an-item-is-in-a-list-in-python","How do I check if an item is in a list in Python?",[14,51076,1872,51077,20496],{},[21,51078,771],{},[60,51080,51082],{"className":62,"code":51081,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"if item in my_list:\n    print(\"Found\")\n",[21,51083,51084,51096],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,51085,51086,51088,51090,51092,51094],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,51087,3201],{"class":75},[69,51089,19694],{"class":79},[69,51091,771],{"class":96},[69,51093,6925],{"class":79},[69,51095,275],{"class":100},[69,51097,51098,51100,51102,51104,51106,51108],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,51099,3220],{"class":217},[69,51101,221],{"class":100},[69,51103,111],{"class":110},[69,51105,16707],{"class":114},[69,51107,111],{"class":110},[69,51109,301],{"class":100},[1647,51111,51113],{"id":51112},"how-do-i-get-the-index-of-an-item-in-a-list","How do I get the index of an item in a list?",[14,51115,322,51116,51118],{},[21,51117,49814],{},". This returns the first matching index.",[60,51120,51122],{"className":62,"code":51121,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"letters = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]\nprint(letters.index(\"b\"))\n",[21,51123,51124,51156],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,51125,51126,51128,51130,51132,51134,51136,51138,51140,51142,51144,51146,51148,51150,51152,51154],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,51127,6382],{"class":79},[69,51129,97],{"class":96},[69,51131,636],{"class":100},[69,51133,111],{"class":110},[69,51135,579],{"class":114},[69,51137,111],{"class":110},[69,51139,120],{"class":100},[69,51141,123],{"class":110},[69,51143,5755],{"class":114},[69,51145,111],{"class":110},[69,51147,120],{"class":100},[69,51149,123],{"class":110},[69,51151,6399],{"class":114},[69,51153,111],{"class":110},[69,51155,198],{"class":100},[69,51157,51158,51160,51162,51164,51166,51168,51170,51172,51174,51176],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,51159,2161],{"class":217},[69,51161,221],{"class":100},[69,51163,6417],{"class":292},[69,51165,289],{"class":100},[69,51167,17362],{"class":292},[69,51169,221],{"class":100},[69,51171,111],{"class":110},[69,51173,5755],{"class":114},[69,51175,111],{"class":110},[69,51177,2183],{"class":100},[1647,51179,51181],{"id":51180},"what-happens-if-the-item-is-not-in-the-list","What happens if the item is not in the list?",[14,51183,6205,51184,51186,51187,289],{},[21,51185,16643],{},", Python raises ",[21,51188,11209],{},[14,51190,322,51191,51193,51194,50,51196,289],{},[21,51192,771],{}," first or catch the error with ",[21,51195,11233],{},[21,51197,11221],{},[60,51199,51201],{"className":62,"code":51200,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"letters = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]\n\nif \"z\" in letters:\n    print(letters.index(\"z\"))\nelse:\n    print(\"Not found\")\n",[21,51202,51203,51235,51239,51257,51279,51285],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,51204,51205,51207,51209,51211,51213,51215,51217,51219,51221,51223,51225,51227,51229,51231,51233],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,51206,6382],{"class":79},[69,51208,97],{"class":96},[69,51210,636],{"class":100},[69,51212,111],{"class":110},[69,51214,579],{"class":114},[69,51216,111],{"class":110},[69,51218,120],{"class":100},[69,51220,123],{"class":110},[69,51222,5755],{"class":114},[69,51224,111],{"class":110},[69,51226,120],{"class":100},[69,51228,123],{"class":110},[69,51230,6399],{"class":114},[69,51232,111],{"class":110},[69,51234,198],{"class":100},[69,51236,51237],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,51238,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,51240,51241,51243,51245,51248,51250,51252,51255],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,51242,3201],{"class":75},[69,51244,123],{"class":110},[69,51246,51247],{"class":114},"z",[69,51249,111],{"class":110},[69,51251,3210],{"class":96},[69,51253,51254],{"class":79}," letters",[69,51256,275],{"class":100},[69,51258,51259,51261,51263,51265,51267,51269,51271,51273,51275,51277],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,51260,3220],{"class":217},[69,51262,221],{"class":100},[69,51264,6417],{"class":292},[69,51266,289],{"class":100},[69,51268,17362],{"class":292},[69,51270,221],{"class":100},[69,51272,111],{"class":110},[69,51274,51247],{"class":114},[69,51276,111],{"class":110},[69,51278,2183],{"class":100},[69,51280,51281,51283],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,51282,3277],{"class":75},[69,51284,275],{"class":100},[69,51286,51287,51289,51291,51293,51295,51297],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,51288,3220],{"class":217},[69,51290,221],{"class":100},[69,51292,111],{"class":110},[69,51294,16728],{"class":114},[69,51296,111],{"class":110},[69,51298,301],{"class":100},[1647,51300,51302],{"id":51301},"how-do-i-find-all-positions-of-a-value-in-a-list","How do I find all positions of a value in a list?",[14,51304,51305,51306,51308],{},"Loop through the list with ",[21,51307,50392],{}," and collect every matching index.",[60,51310,51312],{"className":62,"code":51311,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 1, 3, 1]\n\npositions = []\n\nfor i, value in enumerate(numbers):\n    if value == 1:\n        positions.append(i)\n\nprint(positions)\n",[21,51313,51314,51342,51346,51354,51358,51378,51390,51404,51408],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,51315,51316,51318,51320,51322,51324,51326,51328,51330,51332,51334,51336,51338,51340],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,51317,5933],{"class":79},[69,51319,97],{"class":96},[69,51321,636],{"class":100},[69,51323,5940],{"class":157},[69,51325,120],{"class":100},[69,51327,5762],{"class":157},[69,51329,120],{"class":100},[69,51331,5748],{"class":157},[69,51333,120],{"class":100},[69,51335,5949],{"class":157},[69,51337,120],{"class":100},[69,51339,5748],{"class":157},[69,51341,198],{"class":100},[69,51343,51344],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,51345,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,51347,51348,51350,51352],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,51349,50834],{"class":79},[69,51351,97],{"class":96},[69,51353,50459],{"class":100},[69,51355,51356],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,51357,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,51359,51360,51362,51364,51366,51368,51370,51372,51374,51376],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,51361,3710],{"class":75},[69,51363,50470],{"class":79},[69,51365,120],{"class":100},[69,51367,3718],{"class":79},[69,51369,771],{"class":75},[69,51371,50479],{"class":217},[69,51373,221],{"class":100},[69,51375,5956],{"class":292},[69,51377,7526],{"class":100},[69,51379,51380,51382,51384,51386,51388],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,51381,19705],{"class":75},[69,51383,3718],{"class":79},[69,51385,17712],{"class":96},[69,51387,5748],{"class":157},[69,51389,275],{"class":100},[69,51391,51392,51394,51396,51398,51400,51402],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,51393,50879],{"class":79},[69,51395,289],{"class":100},[69,51397,5961],{"class":292},[69,51399,221],{"class":100},[69,51401,50515],{"class":292},[69,51403,301],{"class":100},[69,51405,51406],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,51407,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,51409,51410,51412,51414,51416],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,51411,2161],{"class":217},[69,51413,221],{"class":100},[69,51415,50904],{"class":292},[69,51417,301],{"class":100},[1647,51419,51421],{"id":51420},"can-i-search-for-part-of-a-string-inside-a-list","Can I search for part of a string inside a list?",[14,51423,51424,51425,51427],{},"Not directly with ",[21,51426,771],{}," for whole list items.",[14,51429,51430],{},"For example, this checks for a full item:",[60,51432,51434],{"className":62,"code":51433,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"words = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\nprint(\"app\" in words)   # False\n",[21,51435,51436,51468],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,51437,51438,51440,51442,51444,51446,51448,51450,51452,51454,51456,51458,51460,51462,51464,51466],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,51439,19093],{"class":79},[69,51441,97],{"class":96},[69,51443,636],{"class":100},[69,51445,111],{"class":110},[69,51447,6037],{"class":114},[69,51449,111],{"class":110},[69,51451,120],{"class":100},[69,51453,123],{"class":110},[69,51455,6046],{"class":114},[69,51457,111],{"class":110},[69,51459,120],{"class":100},[69,51461,123],{"class":110},[69,51463,6066],{"class":114},[69,51465,111],{"class":110},[69,51467,198],{"class":100},[69,51469,51470,51472,51474,51476,51479,51481,51483,51485,51487],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,51471,2161],{"class":217},[69,51473,221],{"class":100},[69,51475,111],{"class":110},[69,51477,51478],{"class":114},"app",[69,51480,111],{"class":110},[69,51482,3210],{"class":75},[69,51484,19145],{"class":292},[69,51486,265],{"class":100},[69,51488,49797],{"class":2596},[14,51490,51491],{},"If you want partial matches inside each string, use a loop:",[60,51493,51495],{"className":62,"code":51494,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"words = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\n\nfor word in words:\n    if \"app\" in word:\n        print(word)\n",[21,51496,51497,51529,51533,51545,51561],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,51498,51499,51501,51503,51505,51507,51509,51511,51513,51515,51517,51519,51521,51523,51525,51527],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,51500,19093],{"class":79},[69,51502,97],{"class":96},[69,51504,636],{"class":100},[69,51506,111],{"class":110},[69,51508,6037],{"class":114},[69,51510,111],{"class":110},[69,51512,120],{"class":100},[69,51514,123],{"class":110},[69,51516,6046],{"class":114},[69,51518,111],{"class":110},[69,51520,120],{"class":100},[69,51522,123],{"class":110},[69,51524,6066],{"class":114},[69,51526,111],{"class":110},[69,51528,198],{"class":100},[69,51530,51531],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,51532,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,51534,51535,51537,51539,51541,51543],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,51536,3710],{"class":75},[69,51538,47190],{"class":79},[69,51540,771],{"class":75},[69,51542,19145],{"class":79},[69,51544,275],{"class":100},[69,51546,51547,51549,51551,51553,51555,51557,51559],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,51548,19705],{"class":75},[69,51550,123],{"class":110},[69,51552,51478],{"class":114},[69,51554,111],{"class":110},[69,51556,3210],{"class":96},[69,51558,47200],{"class":79},[69,51560,275],{"class":100},[69,51562,51563,51565,51567,51570],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,51564,7531],{"class":217},[69,51566,221],{"class":100},[69,51568,51569],{"class":292},"word",[69,51571,301],{"class":100},[55,51573,2414],{"id":2413},[29,51575,51576,51582,51586,51590,51596],{},[32,51577,51578],{},[579,51579,6115,51580,3141],{"href":50027},[21,51581,16643],{},[32,51583,51584],{},[579,51585,49272],{"href":49271},[32,51587,51588],{},[579,51589,49277],{"href":49170},[32,51591,51592],{},[579,51593,14649,51594,45136],{"href":50687},[21,51595,50392],{},[32,51597,51598],{},[579,51599,4119,51600,51602],{"href":17500},[21,51601,11209],{}," when a value is not found",[2450,51604,51605],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":51607},[51608,51609,51610,51612,51618,51625,51629,51630,51631,51638],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":49526,"depth":83,"text":51611},"Check if an item exists with in",{"id":49806,"depth":83,"text":51613,"children":51614},"Get the position with list.index()",[51615,51617],{"id":49932,"depth":90,"text":51616},"index() returns the first match",{"id":50032,"depth":90,"text":50033},{"id":50112,"depth":83,"text":51619,"children":51620},"How to avoid errors when using index()",[51621,51623],{"id":50124,"depth":90,"text":51622},"Option 1: Check with in first",{"id":50245,"depth":90,"text":51624},"Option 2: Use try and except ValueError",{"id":50379,"depth":83,"text":50380,"children":51626},[51627],{"id":50558,"depth":90,"text":51628},"Why enumerate() helps",{"id":50692,"depth":83,"text":50693},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":51632},[51633,51634,51635,51636,51637],{"id":51073,"depth":90,"text":51074},{"id":51112,"depth":90,"text":51113},{"id":51180,"depth":90,"text":51181},{"id":51301,"depth":90,"text":51302},{"id":51420,"depth":90,"text":51421},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to find an item in a list in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-find-an-item-in-a-list-in-python",{"title":49347,"description":51639},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-find-an-item-in-a-list-in-python","RQJk8lB9BB5al4OWKCEcsr-_QHWi2K3LiFDxqfbDryk",{"id":51646,"title":51647,"body":51648,"description":53456,"extension":2479,"meta":53457,"navigation":86,"path":53458,"seo":53459,"stem":53460,"__hash__":53461},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-format-strings-in-python.md","How to Format Strings in Python",{"type":7,"value":51649,"toc":53423},[51650,51653,51656,51659,51666,51668,51733,51737,51762,51765,51769,51772,51783,51786,51812,51815,51829,51836,51840,51846,51852,51919,51923,51942,51945,52026,52030,52052,52055,52069,52072,52076,52079,52082,52120,52124,52140,52145,52163,52165,52179,52181,52220,52224,52239,52246,52253,52261,52339,52343,52367,52370,52373,52432,52436,52461,52471,52475,52480,52548,52552,52561,52564,52567,52612,52616,52628,52641,52644,52646,52648,52670,52673,52700,52702,52745,52749,52798,52802,52851,52854,52858,52861,52868,52874,52917,52921,52938,52943,52989,52995,52997,53036,53044,53046,53090,53093,53134,53139,53145,53148,53199,53202,53205,53212,53215,53258,53262,53274,53280,53283,53348,53350,53354,53357,53361,53367,53373,53376,53383,53391,53393,53420],[10,51651,51647],{"id":51652},"how-to-format-strings-in-python",[14,51654,51655],{},"String formatting in Python means putting values into text.",[14,51657,51658],{},"This is useful when you want to build messages, labels, filenames, or printed output. For example, you might want to combine text with variables like a name, price, or age.",[14,51660,51661,51662,51665],{},"For most beginners, the best option is an ",[2498,51663,51664],{},"f-string"," because it is simple and easy to read.",[55,51667,58],{"id":57},[60,51669,51671],{"className":62,"code":51670,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = \"Sam\"\nage = 25\nmessage = f\"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old.\"\nprint(message)\n",[21,51672,51673,51685,51693,51723],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,51674,51675,51677,51679,51681,51683],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,51676,1816],{"class":79},[69,51678,97],{"class":96},[69,51680,123],{"class":110},[69,51682,14746],{"class":114},[69,51684,1825],{"class":110},[69,51686,51687,51689,51691],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,51688,1830],{"class":79},[69,51690,97],{"class":96},[69,51692,3414],{"class":157},[69,51694,51695,51697,51699,51702,51705,51707,51709,51711,51714,51716,51718,51720],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,51696,23714],{"class":79},[69,51698,97],{"class":96},[69,51700,51701],{"class":7502}," f",[69,51703,51704],{"class":114},"\"My name is ",[69,51706,8018],{"class":157},[69,51708,115],{"class":79},[69,51710,8027],{"class":157},[69,51712,51713],{"class":114}," and I am ",[69,51715,8018],{"class":157},[69,51717,126],{"class":79},[69,51719,8027],{"class":157},[69,51721,51722],{"class":114}," years old.\"\n",[69,51724,51725,51727,51729,51731],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,51726,2161],{"class":217},[69,51728,221],{"class":100},[69,51730,23767],{"class":292},[69,51732,301],{"class":100},[14,51734,51735],{},[2498,51736,2781],{},[60,51738,51740],{"className":62,"code":51739,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"My name is Sam and I am 25 years old.\n",[21,51741,51742],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,51743,51744,51747,51749,51752,51754,51756,51758,51760],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,51745,51746],{"class":79},"My name ",[69,51748,8098],{"class":96},[69,51750,51751],{"class":79}," Sam ",[69,51753,32835],{"class":96},[69,51755,32838],{"class":79},[69,51757,23026],{"class":157},[69,51759,8103],{"class":79},[69,51761,8106],{"class":100},[14,51763,51764],{},"Use an f-string for the simplest and most readable way to insert values into text.",[55,51766,51768],{"id":51767},"what-string-formatting-means","What string formatting means",[14,51770,51771],{},"String formatting means:",[29,51773,51774,51777,51780],{},[32,51775,51776],{},"Putting values into a string",[32,51778,51779],{},"Combining text and variables",[32,51781,51782],{},"Creating clear output for users or for yourself",[14,51784,51785],{},"For example, if you have variables like this:",[60,51787,51789],{"className":62,"code":51788,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = \"Mia\"\nage = 30\n",[21,51790,51791,51804],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,51792,51793,51795,51797,51799,51802],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,51794,1816],{"class":79},[69,51796,97],{"class":96},[69,51798,123],{"class":110},[69,51800,51801],{"class":114},"Mia",[69,51803,1825],{"class":110},[69,51805,51806,51808,51810],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,51807,1830],{"class":79},[69,51809,97],{"class":96},[69,51811,1835],{"class":157},[14,51813,51814],{},"You may want to create a message like:",[60,51816,51818],{"className":62,"code":51817,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"\"Mia is 30 years old.\"\n",[21,51819,51820],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,51821,51822,51824,51827],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,51823,111],{"class":18043},[69,51825,51826],{"class":18046},"Mia is 30 years old.",[69,51828,1825],{"class":18043},[14,51830,51831,51832,289],{},"If you are new to strings, see ",[579,51833,51835],{"href":51834},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-strings-explained-basics-and-examples","Python strings explained with basics and examples",[55,51837,51839],{"id":51838},"use-f-strings-for-most-cases","Use f-strings for most cases",[14,51841,51842,51843,51845],{},"An f-string is a string with an ",[21,51844,8013],{}," before the opening quote.",[14,51847,51848,51849,289],{},"Inside the string, put variables or expressions in curly braces ",[21,51850,51851],{},"{}",[60,51853,51855],{"className":62,"code":51854,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = \"Alex\"\nage = 19\n\nmessage = f\"{name} is {age} years old.\"\nprint(message)\n",[21,51856,51857,51870,51879,51883,51909],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,51858,51859,51861,51863,51865,51868],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,51860,1816],{"class":79},[69,51862,97],{"class":96},[69,51864,123],{"class":110},[69,51866,51867],{"class":114},"Alex",[69,51869,1825],{"class":110},[69,51871,51872,51874,51876],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,51873,1830],{"class":79},[69,51875,97],{"class":96},[69,51877,51878],{"class":157}," 19\n",[69,51880,51881],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,51882,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,51884,51885,51887,51889,51891,51893,51895,51897,51899,51901,51903,51905,51907],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,51886,23714],{"class":79},[69,51888,97],{"class":96},[69,51890,51701],{"class":7502},[69,51892,111],{"class":114},[69,51894,8018],{"class":157},[69,51896,115],{"class":79},[69,51898,8027],{"class":157},[69,51900,8030],{"class":114},[69,51902,8018],{"class":157},[69,51904,126],{"class":79},[69,51906,8027],{"class":157},[69,51908,51722],{"class":114},[69,51910,51911,51913,51915,51917],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,51912,2161],{"class":217},[69,51914,221],{"class":100},[69,51916,23767],{"class":292},[69,51918,301],{"class":100},[14,51920,51921],{},[2498,51922,2781],{},[60,51924,51926],{"className":62,"code":51925,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Alex is 19 years old.\n",[21,51927,51928],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,51929,51930,51933,51935,51938,51940],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,51931,51932],{"class":79},"Alex ",[69,51934,8098],{"class":96},[69,51936,51937],{"class":157}," 19",[69,51939,8103],{"class":79},[69,51941,8106],{"class":100},[14,51943,51944],{},"You can also use simple expressions inside the braces:",[60,51946,51948],{"className":62,"code":51947,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"item = \"notebook\"\nprice = 2.5\nquantity = 4\n\nmessage = f\"Total for {item}: ${price * quantity}\"\nprint(message)\n",[21,51949,51950,51963,51972,51980,51984,52016],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,51951,51952,51954,51956,51958,51961],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,51953,46786],{"class":79},[69,51955,97],{"class":96},[69,51957,123],{"class":110},[69,51959,51960],{"class":114},"notebook",[69,51962,1825],{"class":110},[69,51964,51965,51967,51969],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,51966,27911],{"class":79},[69,51968,97],{"class":96},[69,51970,51971],{"class":157}," 2.5\n",[69,51973,51974,51976,51978],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,51975,40942],{"class":79},[69,51977,97],{"class":96},[69,51979,42059],{"class":157},[69,51981,51982],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,51983,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,51985,51986,51988,51990,51992,51995,51997,51999,52001,52004,52006,52008,52010,52012,52014],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,51987,23714],{"class":79},[69,51989,97],{"class":96},[69,51991,51701],{"class":7502},[69,51993,51994],{"class":114},"\"Total for ",[69,51996,8018],{"class":157},[69,51998,20427],{"class":79},[69,52000,8027],{"class":157},[69,52002,52003],{"class":114},": $",[69,52005,8018],{"class":157},[69,52007,27911],{"class":79},[69,52009,8392],{"class":96},[69,52011,40987],{"class":79},[69,52013,8027],{"class":157},[69,52015,1825],{"class":114},[69,52017,52018,52020,52022,52024],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,52019,2161],{"class":217},[69,52021,221],{"class":100},[69,52023,23767],{"class":292},[69,52025,301],{"class":100},[14,52027,52028],{},[2498,52029,2781],{},[60,52031,52033],{"className":62,"code":52032,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Total for notebook: $10.0\n",[21,52034,52035],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52036,52037,52040,52042,52045,52047,52050],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52038,52039],{"class":79},"Total ",[69,52041,3710],{"class":75},[69,52043,52044],{"class":79}," notebook",[69,52046,1174],{"class":100},[69,52048,52049],{"class":3771}," $",[69,52051,24602],{"class":157},[14,52053,52054],{},"Why f-strings are usually the best choice:",[29,52056,52057,52060,52063,52066],{},[32,52058,52059],{},"Easy to read",[32,52061,52062],{},"Short and clear",[32,52064,52065],{},"Good for beginners",[32,52067,52068],{},"Common in modern Python code",[14,52070,52071],{},"f-strings work in Python 3.6 and later.",[55,52073,52075],{"id":52074},"format-numbers-inside-f-strings","Format numbers inside f-strings",[14,52077,52078],{},"You can control how numbers appear inside an f-string.",[14,52080,52081],{},"A common example is showing 2 decimal places:",[60,52083,52085],{"className":62,"code":52084,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"price = 3.456\nprint(f\"Price: ${price:.2f}\")\n",[21,52086,52087,52096],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52088,52089,52091,52093],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52090,27911],{"class":79},[69,52092,97],{"class":96},[69,52094,52095],{"class":157}," 3.456\n",[69,52097,52098,52100,52102,52104,52107,52109,52111,52114,52116,52118],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,52099,2161],{"class":217},[69,52101,221],{"class":100},[69,52103,8013],{"class":7502},[69,52105,52106],{"class":114},"\"Price: $",[69,52108,8018],{"class":157},[69,52110,4791],{"class":292},[69,52112,52113],{"class":7502},":.2f",[69,52115,8027],{"class":157},[69,52117,111],{"class":114},[69,52119,301],{"class":100},[14,52121,52122],{},[2498,52123,2781],{},[60,52125,52127],{"className":62,"code":52126,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Price: $3.46\n",[21,52128,52129],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52130,52131,52133,52135,52137],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52132,28376],{"class":79},[69,52134,1174],{"class":100},[69,52136,52049],{"class":3771},[69,52138,52139],{"class":157},"3.46\n",[14,52141,4611,52142,52144],{},[21,52143,52113],{}," means:",[29,52146,52147,52152,52158],{},[32,52148,52149,52151],{},[21,52150,1174],{}," starts the format part",[32,52153,52154,52157],{},[21,52155,52156],{},".2"," means 2 digits after the decimal point",[32,52159,52160,52162],{},[21,52161,8013],{}," means format as a floating-point number",[14,52164,19447],{},[29,52166,52167,52170,52173,52176],{},[32,52168,52169],{},"Money",[32,52171,52172],{},"Averages",[32,52174,52175],{},"Percentages",[32,52177,52178],{},"Scores",[14,52180,5001],{},[60,52182,52184],{"className":62,"code":52183,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"average = 87.1289\nprint(f\"Average score: {average:.2f}\")\n",[21,52185,52186,52196],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52187,52188,52191,52193],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52189,52190],{"class":79},"average ",[69,52192,97],{"class":96},[69,52194,52195],{"class":157}," 87.1289\n",[69,52197,52198,52200,52202,52204,52207,52209,52212,52214,52216,52218],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,52199,2161],{"class":217},[69,52201,221],{"class":100},[69,52203,8013],{"class":7502},[69,52205,52206],{"class":114},"\"Average score: ",[69,52208,8018],{"class":157},[69,52210,52211],{"class":292},"average",[69,52213,52113],{"class":7502},[69,52215,8027],{"class":157},[69,52217,111],{"class":114},[69,52219,301],{"class":100},[14,52221,52222],{},[2498,52223,2781],{},[60,52225,52227],{"className":62,"code":52226,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Average score: 87.13\n",[21,52228,52229],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52230,52231,52234,52236],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52232,52233],{"class":79},"Average score",[69,52235,1174],{"class":100},[69,52237,52238],{"class":157}," 87.13\n",[55,52240,322,52242,52245],{"id":52241},"use-strformat-if-needed",[21,52243,52244],{},"str.format()"," if needed",[14,52247,52248,52249,52252],{},"Another way to format strings is with the ",[21,52250,52251],{},".format()"," method.",[14,52254,52255,52256,52258,52259,289],{},"You place ",[21,52257,51851],{}," inside the string, then pass values to ",[21,52260,52251],{},[60,52262,52264],{"className":62,"code":52263,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = \"Lena\"\nage = 22\n\nmessage = \"My name is {} and I am {} years old.\".format(name, age)\nprint(message)\n",[21,52265,52266,52279,52288,52292,52329],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52267,52268,52270,52272,52274,52277],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52269,1816],{"class":79},[69,52271,97],{"class":96},[69,52273,123],{"class":110},[69,52275,52276],{"class":114},"Lena",[69,52278,1825],{"class":110},[69,52280,52281,52283,52285],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,52282,1830],{"class":79},[69,52284,97],{"class":96},[69,52286,52287],{"class":157}," 22\n",[69,52289,52290],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,52291,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,52293,52294,52296,52298,52300,52303,52305,52307,52309,52312,52314,52316,52319,52321,52323,52325,52327],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,52295,23714],{"class":79},[69,52297,97],{"class":96},[69,52299,123],{"class":110},[69,52301,52302],{"class":114},"My name is ",[69,52304,51851],{"class":157},[69,52306,51713],{"class":114},[69,52308,51851],{"class":157},[69,52310,52311],{"class":114}," years old.",[69,52313,111],{"class":110},[69,52315,289],{"class":100},[69,52317,52318],{"class":292},"format",[69,52320,221],{"class":100},[69,52322,115],{"class":292},[69,52324,120],{"class":100},[69,52326,7957],{"class":292},[69,52328,301],{"class":100},[69,52330,52331,52333,52335,52337],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,52332,2161],{"class":217},[69,52334,221],{"class":100},[69,52336,23767],{"class":292},[69,52338,301],{"class":100},[14,52340,52341],{},[2498,52342,2781],{},[60,52344,52346],{"className":62,"code":52345,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"My name is Lena and I am 22 years old.\n",[21,52347,52348],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52349,52350,52352,52354,52357,52359,52361,52363,52365],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52351,51746],{"class":79},[69,52353,8098],{"class":96},[69,52355,52356],{"class":79}," Lena ",[69,52358,32835],{"class":96},[69,52360,32838],{"class":79},[69,52362,32841],{"class":157},[69,52364,8103],{"class":79},[69,52366,8106],{"class":100},[14,52368,52369],{},"This style is older than f-strings, but you will still see it in many examples and existing code.",[14,52371,52372],{},"You can also use numbered placeholders:",[60,52374,52376],{"className":62,"code":52375,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"message = \"First: {0}, Second: {1}\".format(\"apple\", \"banana\")\nprint(message)\n",[21,52377,52378,52422],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52379,52380,52382,52384,52386,52389,52392,52395,52398,52400,52402,52404,52406,52408,52410,52412,52414,52416,52418,52420],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52381,23714],{"class":79},[69,52383,97],{"class":96},[69,52385,123],{"class":110},[69,52387,52388],{"class":114},"First: ",[69,52390,52391],{"class":157},"{0}",[69,52393,52394],{"class":114},", Second: ",[69,52396,52397],{"class":157},"{1}",[69,52399,111],{"class":110},[69,52401,289],{"class":100},[69,52403,52318],{"class":292},[69,52405,221],{"class":100},[69,52407,111],{"class":110},[69,52409,6037],{"class":114},[69,52411,111],{"class":110},[69,52413,120],{"class":100},[69,52415,123],{"class":110},[69,52417,6046],{"class":114},[69,52419,111],{"class":110},[69,52421,301],{"class":100},[69,52423,52424,52426,52428,52430],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,52425,2161],{"class":217},[69,52427,221],{"class":100},[69,52429,23767],{"class":292},[69,52431,301],{"class":100},[14,52433,52434],{},[2498,52435,2781],{},[60,52437,52439],{"className":62,"code":52438,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"First: apple, Second: banana\n",[21,52440,52441],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52442,52443,52446,52448,52451,52453,52456,52458],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52444,52445],{"class":79},"First",[69,52447,1174],{"class":100},[69,52449,52450],{"class":79}," apple",[69,52452,120],{"class":100},[69,52454,52455],{"class":79}," Second",[69,52457,1174],{"class":100},[69,52459,52460],{"class":79}," banana\n",[14,52462,52463,52464,289],{},"If you want a method-focused explanation, see ",[579,52465,52467,52468,3141],{"href":52466},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-string-format-method","Python string ",[21,52469,52470],{},"format()",[55,52472,52474],{"id":52473},"use-concatenation-only-for-simple-cases","Use concatenation only for simple cases",[14,52476,52477,52478,289],{},"Concatenation means joining strings with ",[21,52479,1847],{},[60,52481,52483],{"className":62,"code":52482,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"first_name = \"Sam\"\nlast_name = \"Lee\"\n\nfull_name = first_name + \" \" + last_name\nprint(full_name)\n",[21,52484,52485,52498,52512,52516,52537],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52486,52487,52490,52492,52494,52496],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52488,52489],{"class":79},"first_name ",[69,52491,97],{"class":96},[69,52493,123],{"class":110},[69,52495,14746],{"class":114},[69,52497,1825],{"class":110},[69,52499,52500,52503,52505,52507,52510],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,52501,52502],{"class":79},"last_name ",[69,52504,97],{"class":96},[69,52506,123],{"class":110},[69,52508,52509],{"class":114},"Lee",[69,52511,1825],{"class":110},[69,52513,52514],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,52515,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,52517,52518,52521,52523,52526,52528,52530,52532,52534],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,52519,52520],{"class":79},"full_name ",[69,52522,97],{"class":96},[69,52524,52525],{"class":79}," first_name ",[69,52527,1847],{"class":96},[69,52529,123],{"class":110},[69,52531,123],{"class":110},[69,52533,1856],{"class":96},[69,52535,52536],{"class":79}," last_name\n",[69,52538,52539,52541,52543,52546],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,52540,2161],{"class":217},[69,52542,221],{"class":100},[69,52544,52545],{"class":292},"full_name",[69,52547,301],{"class":100},[14,52549,52550],{},[2498,52551,2781],{},[60,52553,52555],{"className":62,"code":52554,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Sam Lee\n",[21,52556,52557],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52558,52559],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52560,52554],{"class":79},[14,52562,52563],{},"This works well for very small string joins.",[14,52565,52566],{},"But if one value is not already a string, you must convert it first:",[60,52568,52570],{"className":62,"code":52569,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = 25\nmessage = \"Age: \" + str(age)\nprint(message)\n",[21,52571,52572,52580,52602],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52573,52574,52576,52578],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52575,1830],{"class":79},[69,52577,97],{"class":96},[69,52579,3414],{"class":157},[69,52581,52582,52584,52586,52588,52590,52592,52594,52596,52598,52600],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,52583,23714],{"class":79},[69,52585,97],{"class":96},[69,52587,123],{"class":110},[69,52589,23264],{"class":114},[69,52591,111],{"class":110},[69,52593,1856],{"class":96},[69,52595,1860],{"class":1859},[69,52597,221],{"class":100},[69,52599,126],{"class":292},[69,52601,301],{"class":100},[69,52603,52604,52606,52608,52610],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,52605,2161],{"class":217},[69,52607,221],{"class":100},[69,52609,23767],{"class":292},[69,52611,301],{"class":100},[14,52613,52614],{},[2498,52615,2781],{},[60,52617,52618],{"className":62,"code":23320,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,52619,52620],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52621,52622,52624,52626],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52623,23327],{"class":79},[69,52625,1174],{"class":100},[69,52627,3414],{"class":157},[14,52629,9337,52630,52632,52633,364,52638,289],{},[21,52631,11089],{}," function converts a value to a string. If needed, read ",[579,52634,14649,52636,12755],{"href":52635},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-str-function-explained",[21,52637,11089],{},[579,52639,52640],{"href":27765},"how to convert an int to a string in Python",[14,52642,52643],{},"For larger messages, concatenation is usually less readable than f-strings.",[55,52645,6572],{"id":6571},[14,52647,3847],{},[29,52649,52650,52656,52663],{},[32,52651,322,52652,52655],{},[2498,52653,52654],{},"f-strings"," for most new Python code",[32,52657,322,52658,52662],{},[2498,52659,52660],{},[21,52661,52251],{}," when reading or updating older code",[32,52664,322,52665,52669],{},[2498,52666,52667],{},[21,52668,1847],{}," only for very small string joins",[14,52671,52672],{},"Here is the same message written all 3 ways:",[60,52674,52676],{"className":62,"code":52675,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = \"Nora\"\nscore = 95\n",[21,52677,52678,52691],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52679,52680,52682,52684,52686,52689],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52681,1816],{"class":79},[69,52683,97],{"class":96},[69,52685,123],{"class":110},[69,52687,52688],{"class":114},"Nora",[69,52690,1825],{"class":110},[69,52692,52693,52695,52697],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,52694,41435],{"class":79},[69,52696,97],{"class":96},[69,52698,52699],{"class":157}," 95\n",[1647,52701,51664],{"id":51664},[60,52703,52705],{"className":62,"code":52704,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"message = f\"{name} scored {score} points.\"\nprint(message)\n",[21,52706,52707,52735],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52708,52709,52711,52713,52715,52717,52719,52721,52723,52726,52728,52730,52732],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52710,23714],{"class":79},[69,52712,97],{"class":96},[69,52714,51701],{"class":7502},[69,52716,111],{"class":114},[69,52718,8018],{"class":157},[69,52720,115],{"class":79},[69,52722,8027],{"class":157},[69,52724,52725],{"class":114}," scored ",[69,52727,8018],{"class":157},[69,52729,41428],{"class":79},[69,52731,8027],{"class":157},[69,52733,52734],{"class":114}," points.\"\n",[69,52736,52737,52739,52741,52743],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,52738,2161],{"class":217},[69,52740,221],{"class":100},[69,52742,23767],{"class":292},[69,52744,301],{"class":100},[1647,52746,52747],{"id":52318},[21,52748,52251],{},[60,52750,52752],{"className":62,"code":52751,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"message = \"{} scored {} points.\".format(name, score)\nprint(message)\n",[21,52753,52754,52788],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52755,52756,52758,52760,52762,52764,52766,52768,52771,52773,52775,52777,52779,52781,52783,52786],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52757,23714],{"class":79},[69,52759,97],{"class":96},[69,52761,123],{"class":110},[69,52763,51851],{"class":157},[69,52765,52725],{"class":114},[69,52767,51851],{"class":157},[69,52769,52770],{"class":114}," points.",[69,52772,111],{"class":110},[69,52774,289],{"class":100},[69,52776,52318],{"class":292},[69,52778,221],{"class":100},[69,52780,115],{"class":292},[69,52782,120],{"class":100},[69,52784,52785],{"class":292}," score",[69,52787,301],{"class":100},[69,52789,52790,52792,52794,52796],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,52791,2161],{"class":217},[69,52793,221],{"class":100},[69,52795,23767],{"class":292},[69,52797,301],{"class":100},[1647,52799,52801],{"id":52800},"concatenation","Concatenation",[60,52803,52805],{"className":62,"code":52804,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"message = name + \" scored \" + str(score) + \" points.\"\nprint(message)\n",[21,52806,52807,52841],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52808,52809,52811,52813,52815,52817,52819,52821,52823,52825,52827,52829,52831,52833,52835,52837,52839],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52810,23714],{"class":79},[69,52812,97],{"class":96},[69,52814,768],{"class":79},[69,52816,1847],{"class":96},[69,52818,123],{"class":110},[69,52820,52725],{"class":114},[69,52822,111],{"class":110},[69,52824,1856],{"class":96},[69,52826,1860],{"class":1859},[69,52828,221],{"class":100},[69,52830,41428],{"class":292},[69,52832,265],{"class":100},[69,52834,1856],{"class":96},[69,52836,123],{"class":110},[69,52838,52770],{"class":114},[69,52840,1825],{"class":110},[69,52842,52843,52845,52847,52849],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,52844,2161],{"class":217},[69,52846,221],{"class":100},[69,52848,23767],{"class":292},[69,52850,301],{"class":100},[14,52852,52853],{},"All 3 work, but the f-string version is usually the easiest to read.",[55,52855,52857],{"id":52856},"common-errors-when-formatting-strings","Common errors when formatting strings",[14,52859,52860],{},"Here are some common mistakes beginners make.",[1647,52862,52864,52865,52867],{"id":52863},"forgetting-the-f-before-an-f-string","Forgetting the ",[21,52866,8013],{}," before an f-string",[14,52869,52870,52871,52873],{},"If you forget the ",[21,52872,8013],{},", Python does not replace the values.",[60,52875,52877],{"className":62,"code":52876,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = \"Sam\"\nmessage = \"Hello, {name}\"\nprint(message)\n",[21,52878,52879,52891,52907],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52880,52881,52883,52885,52887,52889],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52882,1816],{"class":79},[69,52884,97],{"class":96},[69,52886,123],{"class":110},[69,52888,14746],{"class":114},[69,52890,1825],{"class":110},[69,52892,52893,52895,52897,52899,52902,52905],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,52894,23714],{"class":79},[69,52896,97],{"class":96},[69,52898,123],{"class":110},[69,52900,52901],{"class":114},"Hello, ",[69,52903,52904],{"class":157},"{name}",[69,52906,1825],{"class":110},[69,52908,52909,52911,52913,52915],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,52910,2161],{"class":217},[69,52912,221],{"class":100},[69,52914,23767],{"class":292},[69,52916,301],{"class":100},[14,52918,52919],{},[2498,52920,2781],{},[60,52922,52924],{"className":62,"code":52923,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Hello, {name}\n",[21,52925,52926],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52927,52928,52930,52932,52934,52936],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52929,7659],{"class":79},[69,52931,120],{"class":100},[69,52933,1914],{"class":100},[69,52935,115],{"class":79},[69,52937,1260],{"class":100},[14,52939,52940,52941,1174],{},"Fix it by adding the ",[21,52942,8013],{},[60,52944,52946],{"className":62,"code":52945,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = \"Sam\"\nmessage = f\"Hello, {name}\"\nprint(message)\n",[21,52947,52948,52960,52979],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,52949,52950,52952,52954,52956,52958],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,52951,1816],{"class":79},[69,52953,97],{"class":96},[69,52955,123],{"class":110},[69,52957,14746],{"class":114},[69,52959,1825],{"class":110},[69,52961,52962,52964,52966,52968,52971,52973,52975,52977],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,52963,23714],{"class":79},[69,52965,97],{"class":96},[69,52967,51701],{"class":7502},[69,52969,52970],{"class":114},"\"Hello, ",[69,52972,8018],{"class":157},[69,52974,115],{"class":79},[69,52976,8027],{"class":157},[69,52978,1825],{"class":114},[69,52980,52981,52983,52985,52987],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,52982,2161],{"class":217},[69,52984,221],{"class":100},[69,52986,23767],{"class":292},[69,52988,301],{"class":100},[1647,52990,52992,52993],{"id":52991},"trying-to-join-a-string-and-an-integer-with","Trying to join a string and an integer with ",[21,52994,1847],{},[14,52996,23248],{},[60,52998,53000],{"className":62,"code":52999,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = 25\nmessage = \"Age: \" + age\nprint(message)\n",[21,53001,53002,53010,53026],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,53003,53004,53006,53008],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,53005,1830],{"class":79},[69,53007,97],{"class":96},[69,53009,3414],{"class":157},[69,53011,53012,53014,53016,53018,53020,53022,53024],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,53013,23714],{"class":79},[69,53015,97],{"class":96},[69,53017,123],{"class":110},[69,53019,23264],{"class":114},[69,53021,111],{"class":110},[69,53023,1856],{"class":96},[69,53025,7987],{"class":79},[69,53027,53028,53030,53032,53034],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,53029,2161],{"class":217},[69,53031,221],{"class":100},[69,53033,23767],{"class":292},[69,53035,301],{"class":100},[14,53037,53038,53039,16250,53041,53043],{},"Python will raise a ",[21,53040,8638],{},[21,53042,126],{}," is an integer, not a string.",[14,53045,23731],{},[60,53047,53048],{"className":62,"code":52569,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,53049,53050,53058,53080],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,53051,53052,53054,53056],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,53053,1830],{"class":79},[69,53055,97],{"class":96},[69,53057,3414],{"class":157},[69,53059,53060,53062,53064,53066,53068,53070,53072,53074,53076,53078],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,53061,23714],{"class":79},[69,53063,97],{"class":96},[69,53065,123],{"class":110},[69,53067,23264],{"class":114},[69,53069,111],{"class":110},[69,53071,1856],{"class":96},[69,53073,1860],{"class":1859},[69,53075,221],{"class":100},[69,53077,126],{"class":292},[69,53079,301],{"class":100},[69,53081,53082,53084,53086,53088],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,53083,2161],{"class":217},[69,53085,221],{"class":100},[69,53087,23767],{"class":292},[69,53089,301],{"class":100},[14,53091,53092],{},"Or better:",[60,53094,53096],{"className":62,"code":53095,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = 25\nmessage = f\"Age: {age}\"\nprint(message)\n",[21,53097,53098,53106,53124],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,53099,53100,53102,53104],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,53101,1830],{"class":79},[69,53103,97],{"class":96},[69,53105,3414],{"class":157},[69,53107,53108,53110,53112,53114,53116,53118,53120,53122],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,53109,23714],{"class":79},[69,53111,97],{"class":96},[69,53113,51701],{"class":7502},[69,53115,23374],{"class":114},[69,53117,8018],{"class":157},[69,53119,126],{"class":79},[69,53121,8027],{"class":157},[69,53123,1825],{"class":114},[69,53125,53126,53128,53130,53132],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,53127,2161],{"class":217},[69,53129,221],{"class":100},[69,53131,23767],{"class":292},[69,53133,301],{"class":100},[14,53135,41476,53136,289],{},[579,53137,23343],{"href":53138},"\u002Ferrors\u002Ftypeerror-can-only-concatenate-str-not-int-to-str-fix",[1647,53140,53142,53143],{"id":53141},"using-the-wrong-number-of-placeholders-in-format","Using the wrong number of placeholders in ",[21,53144,52251],{},[14,53146,53147],{},"If your string has placeholders, make sure you provide enough values.",[60,53149,53151],{"className":62,"code":53150,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"message = \"{} is {} years old\".format(\"Mia\", 30)\nprint(message)\n",[21,53152,53153,53189],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,53154,53155,53157,53159,53161,53163,53165,53167,53169,53171,53173,53175,53177,53179,53181,53183,53185,53187],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,53156,23714],{"class":79},[69,53158,97],{"class":96},[69,53160,123],{"class":110},[69,53162,51851],{"class":157},[69,53164,8030],{"class":114},[69,53166,51851],{"class":157},[69,53168,8103],{"class":114},[69,53170,111],{"class":110},[69,53172,289],{"class":100},[69,53174,52318],{"class":292},[69,53176,221],{"class":100},[69,53178,111],{"class":110},[69,53180,51801],{"class":114},[69,53182,111],{"class":110},[69,53184,120],{"class":100},[69,53186,158],{"class":157},[69,53188,301],{"class":100},[69,53190,53191,53193,53195,53197],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,53192,2161],{"class":217},[69,53194,221],{"class":100},[69,53196,23767],{"class":292},[69,53198,301],{"class":100},[14,53200,53201],{},"This is correct.",[14,53203,53204],{},"But if the number of placeholders and values does not match, your code may fail or produce the wrong result.",[1647,53206,53208,53209,53211],{"id":53207},"confusing-print-arguments-with-actual-string-formatting","Confusing ",[21,53210,23684],{}," arguments with actual string formatting",[14,53213,53214],{},"This prints multiple values:",[60,53216,53218],{"className":62,"code":53217,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = \"Sam\"\nage = 25\n\nprint(name, age)\n",[21,53219,53220,53232,53240,53244],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,53221,53222,53224,53226,53228,53230],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,53223,1816],{"class":79},[69,53225,97],{"class":96},[69,53227,123],{"class":110},[69,53229,14746],{"class":114},[69,53231,1825],{"class":110},[69,53233,53234,53236,53238],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,53235,1830],{"class":79},[69,53237,97],{"class":96},[69,53239,3414],{"class":157},[69,53241,53242],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,53243,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,53245,53246,53248,53250,53252,53254,53256],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,53247,2161],{"class":217},[69,53249,221],{"class":100},[69,53251,115],{"class":292},[69,53253,120],{"class":100},[69,53255,7957],{"class":292},[69,53257,301],{"class":100},[14,53259,53260],{},[2498,53261,2781],{},[60,53263,53265],{"className":62,"code":53264,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Sam 25\n",[21,53266,53267],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,53268,53269,53272],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,53270,53271],{"class":79},"Sam ",[69,53273,2796],{"class":157},[14,53275,53276,53277,53279],{},"This is useful, but it does ",[2498,53278,3315],{}," create one formatted string.",[14,53281,53282],{},"If you want a single string, do this:",[60,53284,53286],{"className":62,"code":53285,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = \"Sam\"\nage = 25\n\nmessage = f\"{name} is {age} years old.\"\nprint(message)\n",[21,53287,53288,53300,53308,53312,53338],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,53289,53290,53292,53294,53296,53298],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,53291,1816],{"class":79},[69,53293,97],{"class":96},[69,53295,123],{"class":110},[69,53297,14746],{"class":114},[69,53299,1825],{"class":110},[69,53301,53302,53304,53306],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,53303,1830],{"class":79},[69,53305,97],{"class":96},[69,53307,3414],{"class":157},[69,53309,53310],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,53311,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,53313,53314,53316,53318,53320,53322,53324,53326,53328,53330,53332,53334,53336],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,53315,23714],{"class":79},[69,53317,97],{"class":96},[69,53319,51701],{"class":7502},[69,53321,111],{"class":114},[69,53323,8018],{"class":157},[69,53325,115],{"class":79},[69,53327,8027],{"class":157},[69,53329,8030],{"class":114},[69,53331,8018],{"class":157},[69,53333,126],{"class":79},[69,53335,8027],{"class":157},[69,53337,51722],{"class":114},[69,53339,53340,53342,53344,53346],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,53341,2161],{"class":217},[69,53343,221],{"class":100},[69,53345,23767],{"class":292},[69,53347,301],{"class":100},[55,53349,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,53351,53353],{"id":53352},"what-is-the-best-way-to-format-strings-in-python","What is the best way to format strings in Python?",[14,53355,53356],{},"For most beginners and modern code, use f-strings because they are simple and easy to read.",[1647,53358,53360],{"id":53359},"can-i-put-numbers-inside-a-string","Can I put numbers inside a string?",[14,53362,53363,53364,53366],{},"Yes. Use an f-string or convert the number with ",[21,53365,11089],{}," before concatenating.",[1647,53368,46359,53370,53372],{"id":53369},"what-does-2f-mean-in-an-f-string",[21,53371,52113],{}," mean in an f-string?",[14,53374,53375],{},"It formats a number as a float with 2 digits after the decimal point.",[1647,53377,2392,53379,364,53381,1414],{"id":53378},"should-i-use-or-format",[21,53380,1847],{},[21,53382,52251],{},[14,53384,322,53385,53387,53388,53390],{},[21,53386,1847],{}," only for very simple joins. Use ",[21,53389,52251],{}," mainly when working with older code. Prefer f-strings for new code.",[55,53392,2414],{"id":2413},[29,53394,53395,53399,53405,53411,53416],{},[32,53396,53397],{},[579,53398,51835],{"href":51834},[32,53400,53401],{},[579,53402,52467,53403,3141],{"href":52466},[21,53404,52470],{},[32,53406,53407],{},[579,53408,14649,53409,12755],{"href":52635},[21,53410,11089],{},[32,53412,53413],{},[579,53414,53415],{"href":27765},"How to convert an int to a string in Python",[32,53417,53418],{},[579,53419,23343],{"href":53138},[2450,53421,53422],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: 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.s2W-s{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sithA, html code.shiki .sithA{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .srjyR, html code.shiki .srjyR{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:inherit;--shiki-default:#B31D28;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#FDAEB7;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":53424},[53425,53426,53427,53428,53429,53431,53432,53437,53447,53455],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":51767,"depth":83,"text":51768},{"id":51838,"depth":83,"text":51839},{"id":52074,"depth":83,"text":52075},{"id":52241,"depth":83,"text":53430},"Use str.format() if needed",{"id":52473,"depth":83,"text":52474},{"id":6571,"depth":83,"text":6572,"children":53433},[53434,53435,53436],{"id":51664,"depth":90,"text":51664},{"id":52318,"depth":90,"text":52251},{"id":52800,"depth":90,"text":52801},{"id":52856,"depth":83,"text":52857,"children":53438},[53439,53441,53443,53445],{"id":52863,"depth":90,"text":53440},"Forgetting the f before an f-string",{"id":52991,"depth":90,"text":53442},"Trying to join a string and an integer with +",{"id":53141,"depth":90,"text":53444},"Using the wrong number of placeholders in .format()",{"id":53207,"depth":90,"text":53446},"Confusing print() arguments with actual string formatting",{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":53448},[53449,53450,53451,53453],{"id":53352,"depth":90,"text":53353},{"id":53359,"depth":90,"text":53360},{"id":53369,"depth":90,"text":53452},"What does :.2f mean in an f-string?",{"id":53378,"depth":90,"text":53454},"Should I use + or .format()?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to format strings in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-format-strings-in-python",{"title":51647,"description":53456},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-format-strings-in-python","MpzTVrqsiFJljevyD6hvCW0o4xwBQCbhOOWGetzT71M",{"id":53463,"title":53464,"body":53465,"description":55538,"extension":2479,"meta":55539,"navigation":86,"path":55540,"seo":55541,"stem":55542,"__hash__":55543},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-get-all-keys-from-a-dictionary-in-python.md","How to Get All Keys from a Dictionary in Python",{"type":7,"value":53466,"toc":55506},[53467,53470,53476,53478,53492,53494,53596,53600,53664,53673,53679,53685,53770,53774,53809,53811,53827,53830,53837,53841,53847,53852,53943,53947,53980,53983,53994,53996,54093,54097,54106,54109,54113,54116,54120,54203,54207,54226,54232,54319,54323,54339,54342,54348,54355,54361,54366,54388,54392,54484,54488,54521,54524,54621,54625,54637,54642,54647,54649,54651,54659,54662,54705,54710,54761,54767,54773,54823,54826,54881,54885,54888,54891,54964,54968,55014,55023,55029,55034,55036,55092,55095,55099,55101,55188,55191,55208,55210,55216,55226,55232,55235,55298,55302,55308,55383,55392,55396,55401,55460,55463,55468,55470,55503],[10,53468,53464],{"id":53469},"how-to-get-all-keys-from-a-dictionary-in-python",[14,53471,53472,53473,52252],{},"If you want every key from a Python dictionary, use the ",[21,53474,53475],{},"keys()",[14,53477,3795],{},[29,53479,53480,53483,53486,53489],{},[32,53481,53482],{},"see which keys a dictionary has",[32,53484,53485],{},"loop through the keys",[32,53487,53488],{},"check for a key",[32,53490,53491],{},"convert the keys to a list",[55,53493,58],{"id":57},[60,53495,53497],{"className":62,"code":53496,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nkeys_view = person.keys()\nprint(keys_view)\nprint(list(keys_view))\n",[21,53498,53499,53552,53556,53571,53582],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,53500,53501,53503,53505,53507,53509,53511,53513,53515,53517,53519,53521,53523,53525,53527,53529,53531,53533,53535,53537,53539,53541,53543,53545,53548,53550],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,53502,2536],{"class":79},[69,53504,97],{"class":96},[69,53506,1914],{"class":100},[69,53508,111],{"class":110},[69,53510,115],{"class":114},[69,53512,111],{"class":110},[69,53514,1174],{"class":100},[69,53516,123],{"class":110},[69,53518,2553],{"class":114},[69,53520,111],{"class":110},[69,53522,120],{"class":100},[69,53524,123],{"class":110},[69,53526,126],{"class":114},[69,53528,111],{"class":110},[69,53530,1174],{"class":100},[69,53532,186],{"class":157},[69,53534,120],{"class":100},[69,53536,123],{"class":110},[69,53538,135],{"class":114},[69,53540,111],{"class":110},[69,53542,1174],{"class":100},[69,53544,123],{"class":110},[69,53546,53547],{"class":114},"Lima",[69,53549,111],{"class":110},[69,53551,1260],{"class":100},[69,53553,53554],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,53555,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,53557,53558,53561,53563,53565,53567,53569],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,53559,53560],{"class":79},"keys_view ",[69,53562,97],{"class":96},[69,53564,3213],{"class":79},[69,53566,289],{"class":100},[69,53568,3920],{"class":292},[69,53570,1385],{"class":100},[69,53572,53573,53575,53577,53580],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,53574,2161],{"class":217},[69,53576,221],{"class":100},[69,53578,53579],{"class":292},"keys_view",[69,53581,301],{"class":100},[69,53583,53584,53586,53588,53590,53592,53594],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,53585,2161],{"class":217},[69,53587,221],{"class":100},[69,53589,14459],{"class":1859},[69,53591,221],{"class":100},[69,53593,53579],{"class":292},[69,53595,2183],{"class":100},[14,53597,53598],{},[2498,53599,2781],{},[60,53601,53603],{"className":62,"code":53602,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'city'])\n['name', 'age', 'city']\n",[21,53604,53605,53636],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,53606,53607,53610,53612,53614,53616,53618,53620,53622,53624,53626,53628,53630,53632,53634],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,53608,53609],{"class":292},"dict_keys",[69,53611,469],{"class":100},[69,53613,15283],{"class":110},[69,53615,115],{"class":114},[69,53617,15283],{"class":110},[69,53619,120],{"class":100},[69,53621,15292],{"class":110},[69,53623,126],{"class":114},[69,53625,15283],{"class":110},[69,53627,120],{"class":100},[69,53629,15292],{"class":110},[69,53631,135],{"class":114},[69,53633,15283],{"class":110},[69,53635,494],{"class":100},[69,53637,53638,53640,53642,53644,53646,53648,53650,53652,53654,53656,53658,53660,53662],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,53639,1345],{"class":100},[69,53641,15283],{"class":110},[69,53643,115],{"class":114},[69,53645,15283],{"class":110},[69,53647,120],{"class":100},[69,53649,15292],{"class":110},[69,53651,126],{"class":114},[69,53653,15283],{"class":110},[69,53655,120],{"class":100},[69,53657,15292],{"class":110},[69,53659,135],{"class":114},[69,53661,15283],{"class":110},[69,53663,198],{"class":100},[14,53665,322,53666,53669,53670,53672],{},[21,53667,53668],{},"dict.keys()"," to get all keys. Convert it with ",[21,53671,30144],{}," if you need a regular list.",[55,53674,322,53676,53678],{"id":53675},"use-keys-to-get-all-dictionary-keys",[21,53677,53475],{}," to get all dictionary keys",[14,53680,9555,53681,53684],{},[21,53682,53683],{},".keys()"," on a dictionary:",[60,53686,53688],{"className":62,"code":53687,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nkeys_view = person.keys()\nprint(keys_view)\n",[21,53689,53690,53742,53746,53760],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,53691,53692,53694,53696,53698,53700,53702,53704,53706,53708,53710,53712,53714,53716,53718,53720,53722,53724,53726,53728,53730,53732,53734,53736,53738,53740],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,53693,2536],{"class":79},[69,53695,97],{"class":96},[69,53697,1914],{"class":100},[69,53699,111],{"class":110},[69,53701,115],{"class":114},[69,53703,111],{"class":110},[69,53705,1174],{"class":100},[69,53707,123],{"class":110},[69,53709,2553],{"class":114},[69,53711,111],{"class":110},[69,53713,120],{"class":100},[69,53715,123],{"class":110},[69,53717,126],{"class":114},[69,53719,111],{"class":110},[69,53721,1174],{"class":100},[69,53723,186],{"class":157},[69,53725,120],{"class":100},[69,53727,123],{"class":110},[69,53729,135],{"class":114},[69,53731,111],{"class":110},[69,53733,1174],{"class":100},[69,53735,123],{"class":110},[69,53737,53547],{"class":114},[69,53739,111],{"class":110},[69,53741,1260],{"class":100},[69,53743,53744],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,53745,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,53747,53748,53750,53752,53754,53756,53758],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,53749,53560],{"class":79},[69,53751,97],{"class":96},[69,53753,3213],{"class":79},[69,53755,289],{"class":100},[69,53757,3920],{"class":292},[69,53759,1385],{"class":100},[69,53761,53762,53764,53766,53768],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,53763,2161],{"class":217},[69,53765,221],{"class":100},[69,53767,53579],{"class":292},[69,53769,301],{"class":100},[14,53771,53772],{},[2498,53773,2781],{},[60,53775,53777],{"className":62,"code":53776,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'city'])\n",[21,53778,53779],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,53780,53781,53783,53785,53787,53789,53791,53793,53795,53797,53799,53801,53803,53805,53807],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,53782,53609],{"class":292},[69,53784,469],{"class":100},[69,53786,15283],{"class":110},[69,53788,115],{"class":114},[69,53790,15283],{"class":110},[69,53792,120],{"class":100},[69,53794,15292],{"class":110},[69,53796,126],{"class":114},[69,53798,15283],{"class":110},[69,53800,120],{"class":100},[69,53802,15292],{"class":110},[69,53804,135],{"class":114},[69,53806,15283],{"class":110},[69,53808,494],{"class":100},[14,53810,23644],{},[29,53812,53813,53819,53824],{},[32,53814,53815,53818],{},[21,53816,53817],{},"person.keys()"," returns all keys from the dictionary",[32,53820,53821,53822,37045],{},"the result is a ",[21,53823,53609],{},[32,53825,53826],{},"you can print it or loop through it",[14,53828,53829],{},"This is the standard way to get dictionary keys in Python.",[14,53831,30017,53832,289],{},[579,53833,53835,30024],{"href":53834},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-dictionary-keys-method\u002F",[21,53836,53668],{},[55,53838,53840],{"id":53839},"convert-dictionary-keys-to-a-list","Convert dictionary keys to a list",[14,53842,53843,53844,53846],{},"Beginners often expect ",[21,53845,53475],{}," to return a list. It does not.",[14,53848,53849,53850,1174],{},"If you need a normal list, wrap it with ",[21,53851,30144],{},[60,53853,53855],{"className":62,"code":53854,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nkey_list = list(person.keys())\nprint(key_list)\n",[21,53856,53857,53909,53913,53932],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,53858,53859,53861,53863,53865,53867,53869,53871,53873,53875,53877,53879,53881,53883,53885,53887,53889,53891,53893,53895,53897,53899,53901,53903,53905,53907],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,53860,2536],{"class":79},[69,53862,97],{"class":96},[69,53864,1914],{"class":100},[69,53866,111],{"class":110},[69,53868,115],{"class":114},[69,53870,111],{"class":110},[69,53872,1174],{"class":100},[69,53874,123],{"class":110},[69,53876,2553],{"class":114},[69,53878,111],{"class":110},[69,53880,120],{"class":100},[69,53882,123],{"class":110},[69,53884,126],{"class":114},[69,53886,111],{"class":110},[69,53888,1174],{"class":100},[69,53890,186],{"class":157},[69,53892,120],{"class":100},[69,53894,123],{"class":110},[69,53896,135],{"class":114},[69,53898,111],{"class":110},[69,53900,1174],{"class":100},[69,53902,123],{"class":110},[69,53904,53547],{"class":114},[69,53906,111],{"class":110},[69,53908,1260],{"class":100},[69,53910,53911],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,53912,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,53914,53915,53918,53920,53922,53924,53926,53928,53930],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,53916,53917],{"class":79},"key_list ",[69,53919,97],{"class":96},[69,53921,22306],{"class":1859},[69,53923,221],{"class":100},[69,53925,2582],{"class":292},[69,53927,289],{"class":100},[69,53929,3920],{"class":292},[69,53931,3923],{"class":100},[69,53933,53934,53936,53938,53941],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,53935,2161],{"class":217},[69,53937,221],{"class":100},[69,53939,53940],{"class":292},"key_list",[69,53942,301],{"class":100},[14,53944,53945],{},[2498,53946,2781],{},[60,53948,53950],{"className":62,"code":53949,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['name', 'age', 'city']\n",[21,53951,53952],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,53953,53954,53956,53958,53960,53962,53964,53966,53968,53970,53972,53974,53976,53978],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,53955,1345],{"class":100},[69,53957,15283],{"class":110},[69,53959,115],{"class":114},[69,53961,15283],{"class":110},[69,53963,120],{"class":100},[69,53965,15292],{"class":110},[69,53967,126],{"class":114},[69,53969,15283],{"class":110},[69,53971,120],{"class":100},[69,53973,15292],{"class":110},[69,53975,135],{"class":114},[69,53977,15283],{"class":110},[69,53979,198],{"class":100},[14,53981,53982],{},"Use a list when you need list behavior, such as:",[29,53984,53985,53988,53991],{},[32,53986,53987],{},"indexing",[32,53989,53990],{},"passing keys to code that expects a list",[32,53992,53993],{},"printing in a more familiar format",[14,53995,370],{},[60,53997,53999],{"className":62,"code":53998,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nkey_list = list(person.keys())\n\nprint(key_list[0])\n",[21,54000,54001,54053,54057,54075,54079],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,54002,54003,54005,54007,54009,54011,54013,54015,54017,54019,54021,54023,54025,54027,54029,54031,54033,54035,54037,54039,54041,54043,54045,54047,54049,54051],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,54004,2536],{"class":79},[69,54006,97],{"class":96},[69,54008,1914],{"class":100},[69,54010,111],{"class":110},[69,54012,115],{"class":114},[69,54014,111],{"class":110},[69,54016,1174],{"class":100},[69,54018,123],{"class":110},[69,54020,2553],{"class":114},[69,54022,111],{"class":110},[69,54024,120],{"class":100},[69,54026,123],{"class":110},[69,54028,126],{"class":114},[69,54030,111],{"class":110},[69,54032,1174],{"class":100},[69,54034,186],{"class":157},[69,54036,120],{"class":100},[69,54038,123],{"class":110},[69,54040,135],{"class":114},[69,54042,111],{"class":110},[69,54044,1174],{"class":100},[69,54046,123],{"class":110},[69,54048,53547],{"class":114},[69,54050,111],{"class":110},[69,54052,1260],{"class":100},[69,54054,54055],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,54056,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,54058,54059,54061,54063,54065,54067,54069,54071,54073],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,54060,53917],{"class":79},[69,54062,97],{"class":96},[69,54064,22306],{"class":1859},[69,54066,221],{"class":100},[69,54068,2582],{"class":292},[69,54070,289],{"class":100},[69,54072,3920],{"class":292},[69,54074,3923],{"class":100},[69,54076,54077],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,54078,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,54080,54081,54083,54085,54087,54089,54091],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,54082,2161],{"class":217},[69,54084,221],{"class":100},[69,54086,53940],{"class":292},[69,54088,1345],{"class":100},[69,54090,2200],{"class":157},[69,54092,494],{"class":100},[14,54094,54095],{},[2498,54096,2781],{},[60,54098,54100],{"className":62,"code":54099,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name\n",[21,54101,54102],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,54103,54104],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,54105,54099],{"class":79},[14,54107,54108],{},"Only convert to a list when you actually need it.",[55,54110,54112],{"id":54111},"loop-through-all-keys","Loop through all keys",[14,54114,54115],{},"You can loop through dictionary keys in two common ways.",[1647,54117,54119],{"id":54118},"loop-directly-over-the-dictionary","Loop directly over the dictionary",[60,54121,54123],{"className":62,"code":54122,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nfor key in person:\n    print(key)\n",[21,54124,54125,54177,54181,54193],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,54126,54127,54129,54131,54133,54135,54137,54139,54141,54143,54145,54147,54149,54151,54153,54155,54157,54159,54161,54163,54165,54167,54169,54171,54173,54175],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,54128,2536],{"class":79},[69,54130,97],{"class":96},[69,54132,1914],{"class":100},[69,54134,111],{"class":110},[69,54136,115],{"class":114},[69,54138,111],{"class":110},[69,54140,1174],{"class":100},[69,54142,123],{"class":110},[69,54144,2553],{"class":114},[69,54146,111],{"class":110},[69,54148,120],{"class":100},[69,54150,123],{"class":110},[69,54152,126],{"class":114},[69,54154,111],{"class":110},[69,54156,1174],{"class":100},[69,54158,186],{"class":157},[69,54160,120],{"class":100},[69,54162,123],{"class":110},[69,54164,135],{"class":114},[69,54166,111],{"class":110},[69,54168,1174],{"class":100},[69,54170,123],{"class":110},[69,54172,53547],{"class":114},[69,54174,111],{"class":110},[69,54176,1260],{"class":100},[69,54178,54179],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,54180,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,54182,54183,54185,54187,54189,54191],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,54184,3710],{"class":75},[69,54186,4878],{"class":79},[69,54188,771],{"class":75},[69,54190,3213],{"class":79},[69,54192,275],{"class":100},[69,54194,54195,54197,54199,54201],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,54196,3220],{"class":217},[69,54198,221],{"class":100},[69,54200,3739],{"class":292},[69,54202,301],{"class":100},[14,54204,54205],{},[2498,54206,2781],{},[60,54208,54210],{"className":62,"code":54209,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name\nage\ncity\n",[21,54211,54212,54216,54221],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,54213,54214],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,54215,54099],{"class":79},[69,54217,54218],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,54219,54220],{"class":79},"age\n",[69,54222,54223],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,54224,54225],{"class":79},"city\n",[1647,54227,54229,54230],{"id":54228},"loop-with-keys","Loop with ",[21,54231,53475],{},[60,54233,54235],{"className":62,"code":54234,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nfor key in person.keys():\n    print(key)\n",[21,54236,54237,54289,54293,54309],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,54238,54239,54241,54243,54245,54247,54249,54251,54253,54255,54257,54259,54261,54263,54265,54267,54269,54271,54273,54275,54277,54279,54281,54283,54285,54287],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,54240,2536],{"class":79},[69,54242,97],{"class":96},[69,54244,1914],{"class":100},[69,54246,111],{"class":110},[69,54248,115],{"class":114},[69,54250,111],{"class":110},[69,54252,1174],{"class":100},[69,54254,123],{"class":110},[69,54256,2553],{"class":114},[69,54258,111],{"class":110},[69,54260,120],{"class":100},[69,54262,123],{"class":110},[69,54264,126],{"class":114},[69,54266,111],{"class":110},[69,54268,1174],{"class":100},[69,54270,186],{"class":157},[69,54272,120],{"class":100},[69,54274,123],{"class":110},[69,54276,135],{"class":114},[69,54278,111],{"class":110},[69,54280,1174],{"class":100},[69,54282,123],{"class":110},[69,54284,53547],{"class":114},[69,54286,111],{"class":110},[69,54288,1260],{"class":100},[69,54290,54291],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,54292,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,54294,54295,54297,54299,54301,54303,54305,54307],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,54296,3710],{"class":75},[69,54298,4878],{"class":79},[69,54300,771],{"class":75},[69,54302,3213],{"class":79},[69,54304,289],{"class":100},[69,54306,3920],{"class":292},[69,54308,3730],{"class":100},[69,54310,54311,54313,54315,54317],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,54312,3220],{"class":217},[69,54314,221],{"class":100},[69,54316,3739],{"class":292},[69,54318,301],{"class":100},[14,54320,54321],{},[2498,54322,2781],{},[60,54324,54325],{"className":62,"code":54209,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,54326,54327,54331,54335],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,54328,54329],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,54330,54099],{"class":79},[69,54332,54333],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,54334,54220],{"class":79},[69,54336,54337],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,54338,54225],{"class":79},[14,54340,54341],{},"Both approaches work.",[14,54343,54344,54345,54347],{},"In Python, looping directly over a dictionary is shorter and very common. But using ",[21,54346,53475],{}," can be clearer when you want to show that you are working only with keys.",[14,54349,54350,54351,289],{},"If you want to go deeper, see ",[579,54352,54354],{"href":54353},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-loop-through-a-dictionary-in-python\u002F","how to loop through a dictionary in Python",[55,54356,14079,54358,54360],{"id":54357},"when-keys-is-useful",[21,54359,53475],{}," is useful",[14,54362,54363,54365],{},[21,54364,53475],{}," is helpful when:",[29,54367,54368,54371,54374,54385],{},[32,54369,54370],{},"you only need the key names",[32,54372,54373],{},"you want clearer code",[32,54375,54376,54377,5914,54379,5918,54382],{},"you want to convert keys to ",[21,54378,30144],{},[21,54380,54381],{},"set()",[21,54383,54384],{},"sorted()",[32,54386,54387],{},"you want to inspect the structure of a dictionary",[14,54389,9772,54390,1174],{},[21,54391,54384],{},[60,54393,54395],{"className":62,"code":54394,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nsorted_keys = sorted(person.keys())\nprint(sorted_keys)\n",[21,54396,54397,54449,54453,54473],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,54398,54399,54401,54403,54405,54407,54409,54411,54413,54415,54417,54419,54421,54423,54425,54427,54429,54431,54433,54435,54437,54439,54441,54443,54445,54447],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,54400,2536],{"class":79},[69,54402,97],{"class":96},[69,54404,1914],{"class":100},[69,54406,111],{"class":110},[69,54408,115],{"class":114},[69,54410,111],{"class":110},[69,54412,1174],{"class":100},[69,54414,123],{"class":110},[69,54416,2553],{"class":114},[69,54418,111],{"class":110},[69,54420,120],{"class":100},[69,54422,123],{"class":110},[69,54424,126],{"class":114},[69,54426,111],{"class":110},[69,54428,1174],{"class":100},[69,54430,186],{"class":157},[69,54432,120],{"class":100},[69,54434,123],{"class":110},[69,54436,135],{"class":114},[69,54438,111],{"class":110},[69,54440,1174],{"class":100},[69,54442,123],{"class":110},[69,54444,53547],{"class":114},[69,54446,111],{"class":110},[69,54448,1260],{"class":100},[69,54450,54451],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,54452,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,54454,54455,54458,54460,54463,54465,54467,54469,54471],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,54456,54457],{"class":79},"sorted_keys ",[69,54459,97],{"class":96},[69,54461,54462],{"class":217}," sorted",[69,54464,221],{"class":100},[69,54466,2582],{"class":292},[69,54468,289],{"class":100},[69,54470,3920],{"class":292},[69,54472,3923],{"class":100},[69,54474,54475,54477,54479,54482],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,54476,2161],{"class":217},[69,54478,221],{"class":100},[69,54480,54481],{"class":292},"sorted_keys",[69,54483,301],{"class":100},[14,54485,54486],{},[2498,54487,2781],{},[60,54489,54491],{"className":62,"code":54490,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['age', 'city', 'name']\n",[21,54492,54493],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,54494,54495,54497,54499,54501,54503,54505,54507,54509,54511,54513,54515,54517,54519],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,54496,1345],{"class":100},[69,54498,15283],{"class":110},[69,54500,126],{"class":114},[69,54502,15283],{"class":110},[69,54504,120],{"class":100},[69,54506,15292],{"class":110},[69,54508,135],{"class":114},[69,54510,15283],{"class":110},[69,54512,120],{"class":100},[69,54514,15292],{"class":110},[69,54516,115],{"class":114},[69,54518,15283],{"class":110},[69,54520,198],{"class":100},[14,54522,54523],{},"Example with a key check:",[60,54525,54527],{"className":62,"code":54526,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nprint(\"age\" in person)\nprint(\"country\" in person)\n",[21,54528,54529,54581,54585,54603],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,54530,54531,54533,54535,54537,54539,54541,54543,54545,54547,54549,54551,54553,54555,54557,54559,54561,54563,54565,54567,54569,54571,54573,54575,54577,54579],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,54532,2536],{"class":79},[69,54534,97],{"class":96},[69,54536,1914],{"class":100},[69,54538,111],{"class":110},[69,54540,115],{"class":114},[69,54542,111],{"class":110},[69,54544,1174],{"class":100},[69,54546,123],{"class":110},[69,54548,2553],{"class":114},[69,54550,111],{"class":110},[69,54552,120],{"class":100},[69,54554,123],{"class":110},[69,54556,126],{"class":114},[69,54558,111],{"class":110},[69,54560,1174],{"class":100},[69,54562,186],{"class":157},[69,54564,120],{"class":100},[69,54566,123],{"class":110},[69,54568,135],{"class":114},[69,54570,111],{"class":110},[69,54572,1174],{"class":100},[69,54574,123],{"class":110},[69,54576,53547],{"class":114},[69,54578,111],{"class":110},[69,54580,1260],{"class":100},[69,54582,54583],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,54584,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,54586,54587,54589,54591,54593,54595,54597,54599,54601],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,54588,2161],{"class":217},[69,54590,221],{"class":100},[69,54592,111],{"class":110},[69,54594,126],{"class":114},[69,54596,111],{"class":110},[69,54598,3210],{"class":75},[69,54600,3213],{"class":292},[69,54602,301],{"class":100},[69,54604,54605,54607,54609,54611,54613,54615,54617,54619],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,54606,2161],{"class":217},[69,54608,221],{"class":100},[69,54610,111],{"class":110},[69,54612,1947],{"class":114},[69,54614,111],{"class":110},[69,54616,3210],{"class":75},[69,54618,3213],{"class":292},[69,54620,301],{"class":100},[14,54622,54623],{},[2498,54624,2781],{},[60,54626,54627],{"className":62,"code":15803,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,54628,54629,54633],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,54630,54631],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,54632,15810],{"class":3012},[69,54634,54635],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,54636,15815],{"class":3012},[14,54638,54639,54640,289],{},"For simple key checks, Python usually uses the dictionary directly with ",[21,54641,771],{},[14,54643,54644,54645,289],{},"You can learn more in ",[579,54646,3345],{"href":3344},[55,54648,3868],{"id":3867},[14,54650,45999],{},[1647,54652,1628,54654,10347,54657],{"id":54653},"using-key-instead-of-keys",[21,54655,54656],{},"key()",[21,54658,53475],{},[14,54660,54661],{},"This is incorrect:",[60,54663,54665],{"className":62,"code":54664,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_dict = {\"a\": 1, \"b\": 2}\n# my_dict.key()\n",[21,54666,54667,54700],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,54668,54669,54672,54674,54676,54678,54680,54682,54684,54686,54688,54690,54692,54694,54696,54698],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,54670,54671],{"class":79},"my_dict ",[69,54673,97],{"class":96},[69,54675,1914],{"class":100},[69,54677,111],{"class":110},[69,54679,579],{"class":114},[69,54681,111],{"class":110},[69,54683,1174],{"class":100},[69,54685,5748],{"class":157},[69,54687,120],{"class":100},[69,54689,123],{"class":110},[69,54691,5755],{"class":114},[69,54693,111],{"class":110},[69,54695,1174],{"class":100},[69,54697,5762],{"class":157},[69,54699,1260],{"class":100},[69,54701,54702],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,54703,54704],{"class":2596},"# my_dict.key()\n",[14,54706,54707,54708,1174],{},"The correct method name is ",[21,54709,53475],{},[60,54711,54713],{"className":62,"code":54712,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_dict = {\"a\": 1, \"b\": 2}\nprint(my_dict.keys())\n",[21,54714,54715,54747],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,54716,54717,54719,54721,54723,54725,54727,54729,54731,54733,54735,54737,54739,54741,54743,54745],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,54718,54671],{"class":79},[69,54720,97],{"class":96},[69,54722,1914],{"class":100},[69,54724,111],{"class":110},[69,54726,579],{"class":114},[69,54728,111],{"class":110},[69,54730,1174],{"class":100},[69,54732,5748],{"class":157},[69,54734,120],{"class":100},[69,54736,123],{"class":110},[69,54738,5755],{"class":114},[69,54740,111],{"class":110},[69,54742,1174],{"class":100},[69,54744,5762],{"class":157},[69,54746,1260],{"class":100},[69,54748,54749,54751,54753,54755,54757,54759],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,54750,2161],{"class":217},[69,54752,221],{"class":100},[69,54754,3905],{"class":292},[69,54756,289],{"class":100},[69,54758,3920],{"class":292},[69,54760,3923],{"class":100},[1647,54762,5316,54764,54766],{"id":54763},"expecting-keys-to-return-a-list",[21,54765,53475],{}," to return a list",[14,54768,54769,54770,54772],{},"This prints a ",[21,54771,53609],{}," object, not a list:",[60,54774,54775],{"className":62,"code":54712,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,54776,54777,54809],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,54778,54779,54781,54783,54785,54787,54789,54791,54793,54795,54797,54799,54801,54803,54805,54807],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,54780,54671],{"class":79},[69,54782,97],{"class":96},[69,54784,1914],{"class":100},[69,54786,111],{"class":110},[69,54788,579],{"class":114},[69,54790,111],{"class":110},[69,54792,1174],{"class":100},[69,54794,5748],{"class":157},[69,54796,120],{"class":100},[69,54798,123],{"class":110},[69,54800,5755],{"class":114},[69,54802,111],{"class":110},[69,54804,1174],{"class":100},[69,54806,5762],{"class":157},[69,54808,1260],{"class":100},[69,54810,54811,54813,54815,54817,54819,54821],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,54812,2161],{"class":217},[69,54814,221],{"class":100},[69,54816,3905],{"class":292},[69,54818,289],{"class":100},[69,54820,3920],{"class":292},[69,54822,3923],{"class":100},[14,54824,54825],{},"If you need a list:",[60,54827,54829],{"className":62,"code":54828,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_dict = {\"a\": 1, \"b\": 2}\nprint(list(my_dict.keys()))\n",[21,54830,54831,54863],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,54832,54833,54835,54837,54839,54841,54843,54845,54847,54849,54851,54853,54855,54857,54859,54861],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,54834,54671],{"class":79},[69,54836,97],{"class":96},[69,54838,1914],{"class":100},[69,54840,111],{"class":110},[69,54842,579],{"class":114},[69,54844,111],{"class":110},[69,54846,1174],{"class":100},[69,54848,5748],{"class":157},[69,54850,120],{"class":100},[69,54852,123],{"class":110},[69,54854,5755],{"class":114},[69,54856,111],{"class":110},[69,54858,1174],{"class":100},[69,54860,5762],{"class":157},[69,54862,1260],{"class":100},[69,54864,54865,54867,54869,54871,54873,54875,54877,54879],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,54866,2161],{"class":217},[69,54868,221],{"class":100},[69,54870,14459],{"class":1859},[69,54872,221],{"class":100},[69,54874,3905],{"class":292},[69,54876,289],{"class":100},[69,54878,3920],{"class":292},[69,54880,14479],{"class":100},[1647,54882,54884],{"id":54883},"confusing-keys-with-values","Confusing keys with values",[14,54886,54887],{},"Keys are the names on the left side of the dictionary.",[14,54889,54890],{},"Values are the data stored for each key.",[60,54892,54894],{"className":62,"code":54893,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_dict = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25}\n\nprint(my_dict.keys())\nprint(my_dict.values())\n",[21,54895,54896,54932,54936,54950],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,54897,54898,54900,54902,54904,54906,54908,54910,54912,54914,54916,54918,54920,54922,54924,54926,54928,54930],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,54899,54671],{"class":79},[69,54901,97],{"class":96},[69,54903,1914],{"class":100},[69,54905,111],{"class":110},[69,54907,115],{"class":114},[69,54909,111],{"class":110},[69,54911,1174],{"class":100},[69,54913,123],{"class":110},[69,54915,2553],{"class":114},[69,54917,111],{"class":110},[69,54919,120],{"class":100},[69,54921,123],{"class":110},[69,54923,126],{"class":114},[69,54925,111],{"class":110},[69,54927,1174],{"class":100},[69,54929,186],{"class":157},[69,54931,1260],{"class":100},[69,54933,54934],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,54935,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,54937,54938,54940,54942,54944,54946,54948],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,54939,2161],{"class":217},[69,54941,221],{"class":100},[69,54943,3905],{"class":292},[69,54945,289],{"class":100},[69,54947,3920],{"class":292},[69,54949,3923],{"class":100},[69,54951,54952,54954,54956,54958,54960,54962],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,54953,2161],{"class":217},[69,54955,221],{"class":100},[69,54957,3905],{"class":292},[69,54959,289],{"class":100},[69,54961,16093],{"class":292},[69,54963,3923],{"class":100},[14,54965,54966],{},[2498,54967,2781],{},[60,54969,54971],{"className":62,"code":54970,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dict_keys(['name', 'age'])\ndict_values(['Ana', 25])\n",[21,54972,54973,54995],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,54974,54975,54977,54979,54981,54983,54985,54987,54989,54991,54993],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,54976,53609],{"class":292},[69,54978,469],{"class":100},[69,54980,15283],{"class":110},[69,54982,115],{"class":114},[69,54984,15283],{"class":110},[69,54986,120],{"class":100},[69,54988,15292],{"class":110},[69,54990,126],{"class":114},[69,54992,15283],{"class":110},[69,54994,494],{"class":100},[69,54996,54997,55000,55002,55004,55006,55008,55010,55012],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,54998,54999],{"class":292},"dict_values",[69,55001,469],{"class":100},[69,55003,15283],{"class":110},[69,55005,2553],{"class":114},[69,55007,15283],{"class":110},[69,55009,120],{"class":100},[69,55011,186],{"class":157},[69,55013,494],{"class":100},[14,55015,55016,55017,289],{},"If you need values instead, see the ",[579,55018,55020,30024],{"href":55019},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-dictionary-values-method\u002F",[21,55021,55022],{},"dict.values()",[1647,55024,55026,55027],{"id":55025},"using-parentheses-incorrectly-with-dict_keys","Using parentheses incorrectly with ",[21,55028,53609],{},[14,55030,36773,55031,55033],{},[21,55032,53609],{}," object is not called like a function.",[14,55035,5135],{},[60,55037,55039],{"className":62,"code":55038,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_dict = {\"a\": 1, \"b\": 2}\nkeys_view = my_dict.keys()\n# keys_view()\n",[21,55040,55041,55073,55087],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,55042,55043,55045,55047,55049,55051,55053,55055,55057,55059,55061,55063,55065,55067,55069,55071],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,55044,54671],{"class":79},[69,55046,97],{"class":96},[69,55048,1914],{"class":100},[69,55050,111],{"class":110},[69,55052,579],{"class":114},[69,55054,111],{"class":110},[69,55056,1174],{"class":100},[69,55058,5748],{"class":157},[69,55060,120],{"class":100},[69,55062,123],{"class":110},[69,55064,5755],{"class":114},[69,55066,111],{"class":110},[69,55068,1174],{"class":100},[69,55070,5762],{"class":157},[69,55072,1260],{"class":100},[69,55074,55075,55077,55079,55081,55083,55085],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,55076,53560],{"class":79},[69,55078,97],{"class":96},[69,55080,3940],{"class":79},[69,55082,289],{"class":100},[69,55084,3920],{"class":292},[69,55086,1385],{"class":100},[69,55088,55089],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,55090,55091],{"class":2596},"# keys_view()\n",[14,55093,55094],{},"Treat it like a result you can print, loop through, or convert to a list.",[55,55096,55098],{"id":55097},"helpful-debugging-commands","Helpful debugging commands",[14,55100,2151],{},[60,55102,55104],{"className":62,"code":55103,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(my_dict)\nprint(my_dict.keys())\nprint(list(my_dict.keys()))\nprint(type(my_dict.keys()))\nfor key in my_dict:\n    print(key)\n",[21,55105,55106,55116,55130,55148,55166,55178],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,55107,55108,55110,55112,55114],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,55109,2161],{"class":217},[69,55111,221],{"class":100},[69,55113,3905],{"class":292},[69,55115,301],{"class":100},[69,55117,55118,55120,55122,55124,55126,55128],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,55119,2161],{"class":217},[69,55121,221],{"class":100},[69,55123,3905],{"class":292},[69,55125,289],{"class":100},[69,55127,3920],{"class":292},[69,55129,3923],{"class":100},[69,55131,55132,55134,55136,55138,55140,55142,55144,55146],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,55133,2161],{"class":217},[69,55135,221],{"class":100},[69,55137,14459],{"class":1859},[69,55139,221],{"class":100},[69,55141,3905],{"class":292},[69,55143,289],{"class":100},[69,55145,3920],{"class":292},[69,55147,14479],{"class":100},[69,55149,55150,55152,55154,55156,55158,55160,55162,55164],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,55151,2161],{"class":217},[69,55153,221],{"class":100},[69,55155,2176],{"class":1859},[69,55157,221],{"class":100},[69,55159,3905],{"class":292},[69,55161,289],{"class":100},[69,55163,3920],{"class":292},[69,55165,14479],{"class":100},[69,55167,55168,55170,55172,55174,55176],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,55169,3710],{"class":75},[69,55171,4878],{"class":79},[69,55173,771],{"class":75},[69,55175,3940],{"class":79},[69,55177,275],{"class":100},[69,55179,55180,55182,55184,55186],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,55181,3220],{"class":217},[69,55183,221],{"class":100},[69,55185,3739],{"class":292},[69,55187,301],{"class":100},[14,55189,55190],{},"These help you confirm:",[29,55192,55193,55196,55202,55205],{},[32,55194,55195],{},"what the dictionary contains",[32,55197,55198,55199,55201],{},"what ",[21,55200,53475],{}," returns",[32,55203,55204],{},"whether you need a list",[32,55206,55207],{},"whether your loop is reading the keys correctly",[55,55209,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,55211,11052,55213,55215],{"id":55212},"does-keys-return-a-list",[21,55214,53475],{}," return a list?",[14,55217,55218,55219,55221,55222,55225],{},"No. It returns a ",[21,55220,53609],{}," object. Use ",[21,55223,55224],{},"list(my_dict.keys())"," if you need a list.",[1647,55227,55229,55230,1414],{"id":55228},"can-i-loop-through-a-dictionary-without-keys","Can I loop through a dictionary without ",[21,55231,53475],{},[14,55233,55234],{},"Yes. Looping directly over a dictionary gives its keys.",[60,55236,55238],{"className":62,"code":55237,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_dict = {\"a\": 1, \"b\": 2}\n\nfor key in my_dict:\n    print(key)\n",[21,55239,55240,55272,55276,55288],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,55241,55242,55244,55246,55248,55250,55252,55254,55256,55258,55260,55262,55264,55266,55268,55270],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,55243,54671],{"class":79},[69,55245,97],{"class":96},[69,55247,1914],{"class":100},[69,55249,111],{"class":110},[69,55251,579],{"class":114},[69,55253,111],{"class":110},[69,55255,1174],{"class":100},[69,55257,5748],{"class":157},[69,55259,120],{"class":100},[69,55261,123],{"class":110},[69,55263,5755],{"class":114},[69,55265,111],{"class":110},[69,55267,1174],{"class":100},[69,55269,5762],{"class":157},[69,55271,1260],{"class":100},[69,55273,55274],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,55275,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,55277,55278,55280,55282,55284,55286],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,55279,3710],{"class":75},[69,55281,4878],{"class":79},[69,55283,771],{"class":75},[69,55285,3940],{"class":79},[69,55287,275],{"class":100},[69,55289,55290,55292,55294,55296],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,55291,3220],{"class":217},[69,55293,221],{"class":100},[69,55295,3739],{"class":292},[69,55297,301],{"class":100},[1647,55299,55301],{"id":55300},"how-do-i-get-keys-and-values-together","How do I get keys and values together?",[14,55303,322,55304,55307],{},[21,55305,55306],{},"my_dict.items()"," to get both keys and values.",[60,55309,55311],{"className":62,"code":55310,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_dict = {\"a\": 1, \"b\": 2}\n\nfor key, value in my_dict.items():\n    print(key, value)\n",[21,55312,55313,55345,55349,55369],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,55314,55315,55317,55319,55321,55323,55325,55327,55329,55331,55333,55335,55337,55339,55341,55343],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,55316,54671],{"class":79},[69,55318,97],{"class":96},[69,55320,1914],{"class":100},[69,55322,111],{"class":110},[69,55324,579],{"class":114},[69,55326,111],{"class":110},[69,55328,1174],{"class":100},[69,55330,5748],{"class":157},[69,55332,120],{"class":100},[69,55334,123],{"class":110},[69,55336,5755],{"class":114},[69,55338,111],{"class":110},[69,55340,1174],{"class":100},[69,55342,5762],{"class":157},[69,55344,1260],{"class":100},[69,55346,55347],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,55348,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,55350,55351,55353,55355,55357,55359,55361,55363,55365,55367],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,55352,3710],{"class":75},[69,55354,3713],{"class":79},[69,55356,120],{"class":100},[69,55358,3718],{"class":79},[69,55360,771],{"class":75},[69,55362,3940],{"class":79},[69,55364,289],{"class":100},[69,55366,3727],{"class":292},[69,55368,3730],{"class":100},[69,55370,55371,55373,55375,55377,55379,55381],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,55372,3220],{"class":217},[69,55374,221],{"class":100},[69,55376,3739],{"class":292},[69,55378,120],{"class":100},[69,55380,3753],{"class":292},[69,55382,301],{"class":100},[14,55384,55385,55386,289],{},"If you want to learn that method, see the ",[579,55387,55389,30024],{"href":55388},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-dictionary-items-method\u002F",[21,55390,55391],{},"dict.items()",[1647,55393,55395],{"id":55394},"how-do-i-check-if-a-key-exists","How do I check if a key exists?",[14,55397,322,55398,55400],{},[21,55399,771],{}," with the dictionary:",[60,55402,55404],{"className":62,"code":55403,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_dict = {\"a\": 1, \"b\": 2}\n\nprint(\"a\" in my_dict)\n",[21,55405,55406,55438,55442],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,55407,55408,55410,55412,55414,55416,55418,55420,55422,55424,55426,55428,55430,55432,55434,55436],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,55409,54671],{"class":79},[69,55411,97],{"class":96},[69,55413,1914],{"class":100},[69,55415,111],{"class":110},[69,55417,579],{"class":114},[69,55419,111],{"class":110},[69,55421,1174],{"class":100},[69,55423,5748],{"class":157},[69,55425,120],{"class":100},[69,55427,123],{"class":110},[69,55429,5755],{"class":114},[69,55431,111],{"class":110},[69,55433,1174],{"class":100},[69,55435,5762],{"class":157},[69,55437,1260],{"class":100},[69,55439,55440],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,55441,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,55443,55444,55446,55448,55450,55452,55454,55456,55458],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,55445,2161],{"class":217},[69,55447,221],{"class":100},[69,55449,111],{"class":110},[69,55451,579],{"class":114},[69,55453,111],{"class":110},[69,55455,3210],{"class":75},[69,55457,3940],{"class":292},[69,55459,301],{"class":100},[14,55461,55462],{},"This is the simplest way to test whether a key exists.",[14,55464,21742,55465,55467],{},[579,55466,5668],{"href":5667}," if you want to use the key after checking it.",[55,55469,2414],{"id":2413},[29,55471,55472,55478,55482,55487,55491,55497],{},[32,55473,55474],{},[579,55475,55476,30024],{"href":53834},[21,55477,53668],{},[32,55479,55480],{},[579,55481,5834],{"href":5667},[32,55483,55484],{},[579,55485,55486],{"href":54353},"How to loop through a dictionary in Python",[32,55488,55489],{},[579,55490,4103],{"href":3344},[32,55492,55493],{},[579,55494,55495,30024],{"href":55388},[21,55496,55391],{},[32,55498,55499],{},[579,55500,55501,30024],{"href":55019},[21,55502,55022],{},[2450,55504,55505],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":55507},[55508,55509,55511,55512,55517,55519,55528,55529,55537],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":53675,"depth":83,"text":55510},"Use keys() to get all dictionary keys",{"id":53839,"depth":83,"text":53840},{"id":54111,"depth":83,"text":54112,"children":55513},[55514,55515],{"id":54118,"depth":90,"text":54119},{"id":54228,"depth":90,"text":55516},"Loop with keys()",{"id":54357,"depth":83,"text":55518},"When keys() is useful",{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":55520},[55521,55523,55525,55526],{"id":54653,"depth":90,"text":55522},"Using key() instead of keys()",{"id":54763,"depth":90,"text":55524},"Expecting keys() to return a list",{"id":54883,"depth":90,"text":54884},{"id":55025,"depth":90,"text":55527},"Using parentheses incorrectly with dict_keys",{"id":55097,"depth":83,"text":55098},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":55530},[55531,55533,55535,55536],{"id":55212,"depth":90,"text":55532},"Does keys() return a list?",{"id":55228,"depth":90,"text":55534},"Can I loop through a dictionary without keys()?",{"id":55300,"depth":90,"text":55301},{"id":55394,"depth":90,"text":55395},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to get all keys from a dictionary in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-get-all-keys-from-a-dictionary-in-python",{"title":53464,"description":55538},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-get-all-keys-from-a-dictionary-in-python","gu0Ggci9LyLaUGk-ruYmdbJ8mR4lFmbdk4u96R57daw",{"id":55545,"title":55546,"body":55547,"description":57895,"extension":2479,"meta":57896,"navigation":86,"path":57897,"seo":57898,"stem":57899,"__hash__":57900},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-get-all-values-from-a-dictionary-in-python.md","How to Get All Values from a Dictionary in Python",{"type":7,"value":55548,"toc":57867},[55549,55552,55557,55559,55575,55577,55676,55680,55735,55742,55744,55760,55767,55772,55859,55863,55894,55897,55899,55915,55922,55926,55931,56022,56026,56055,56061,56072,56074,56185,56189,56204,56207,56213,56217,56222,56303,56307,56324,56327,56329,56340,56342,56442,56446,56472,56475,56550,56554,56574,56579,56585,56591,56594,56601,56714,56718,56763,56768,56771,56880,56884,56921,56924,56929,56933,56936,56953,56955,57058,57062,57181,57186,57289,57296,57298,57301,57305,57308,57375,57379,57392,57395,57426,57431,57434,57507,57511,57548,57551,57574,57578,57580,57644,57647,57724,57734,57736,57753,57758,57760,57764,57771,57776,57779,57783,57786,57817,57824,57832,57834,57864],[10,55550,55546],{"id":55551},"how-to-get-all-values-from-a-dictionary-in-python",[14,55553,55554,55555,289],{},"If you want all values from a Python dictionary, the simplest solution is to use ",[21,55556,55022],{},[14,55558,11225],{},[29,55560,55561,55564,55569,55572],{},[32,55562,55563],{},"How to get all values from a dictionary",[32,55565,55566,55567,55201],{},"What ",[21,55568,55022],{},[32,55570,55571],{},"When to convert the result to a list",[32,55573,55574],{},"How to loop through dictionary values",[55,55576,58],{"id":57},[60,55578,55580],{"className":62,"code":55579,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nvalues = person.values()\nprint(values)\nprint(list(values))\n",[21,55581,55582,55634,55638,55652,55662],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,55583,55584,55586,55588,55590,55592,55594,55596,55598,55600,55602,55604,55606,55608,55610,55612,55614,55616,55618,55620,55622,55624,55626,55628,55630,55632],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,55585,2536],{"class":79},[69,55587,97],{"class":96},[69,55589,1914],{"class":100},[69,55591,111],{"class":110},[69,55593,115],{"class":114},[69,55595,111],{"class":110},[69,55597,1174],{"class":100},[69,55599,123],{"class":110},[69,55601,2553],{"class":114},[69,55603,111],{"class":110},[69,55605,120],{"class":100},[69,55607,123],{"class":110},[69,55609,126],{"class":114},[69,55611,111],{"class":110},[69,55613,1174],{"class":100},[69,55615,186],{"class":157},[69,55617,120],{"class":100},[69,55619,123],{"class":110},[69,55621,135],{"class":114},[69,55623,111],{"class":110},[69,55625,1174],{"class":100},[69,55627,123],{"class":110},[69,55629,53547],{"class":114},[69,55631,111],{"class":110},[69,55633,1260],{"class":100},[69,55635,55636],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,55637,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,55639,55640,55642,55644,55646,55648,55650],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,55641,19207],{"class":79},[69,55643,97],{"class":96},[69,55645,3213],{"class":79},[69,55647,289],{"class":100},[69,55649,16093],{"class":292},[69,55651,1385],{"class":100},[69,55653,55654,55656,55658,55660],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,55655,2161],{"class":217},[69,55657,221],{"class":100},[69,55659,16093],{"class":292},[69,55661,301],{"class":100},[69,55663,55664,55666,55668,55670,55672,55674],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,55665,2161],{"class":217},[69,55667,221],{"class":100},[69,55669,14459],{"class":1859},[69,55671,221],{"class":100},[69,55673,16093],{"class":292},[69,55675,2183],{"class":100},[14,55677,55678],{},[2498,55679,2781],{},[60,55681,55683],{"className":62,"code":55682,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dict_values(['Ana', 25, 'Lima'])\n['Ana', 25, 'Lima']\n",[21,55684,55685,55711],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,55686,55687,55689,55691,55693,55695,55697,55699,55701,55703,55705,55707,55709],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,55688,54999],{"class":292},[69,55690,469],{"class":100},[69,55692,15283],{"class":110},[69,55694,2553],{"class":114},[69,55696,15283],{"class":110},[69,55698,120],{"class":100},[69,55700,186],{"class":157},[69,55702,120],{"class":100},[69,55704,15292],{"class":110},[69,55706,53547],{"class":114},[69,55708,15283],{"class":110},[69,55710,494],{"class":100},[69,55712,55713,55715,55717,55719,55721,55723,55725,55727,55729,55731,55733],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,55714,1345],{"class":100},[69,55716,15283],{"class":110},[69,55718,2553],{"class":114},[69,55720,15283],{"class":110},[69,55722,120],{"class":100},[69,55724,186],{"class":157},[69,55726,120],{"class":100},[69,55728,15292],{"class":110},[69,55730,53547],{"class":114},[69,55732,15283],{"class":110},[69,55734,198],{"class":100},[14,55736,322,55737,55739,55740,53672],{},[21,55738,55022],{}," to get all dictionary values. Convert it with ",[21,55741,30144],{},[55,55743,2666],{"id":2665},[29,55745,55746,55749,55754,55757],{},[32,55747,55748],{},"Get all values from a dictionary",[32,55750,55751,55752,55201],{},"Understand what ",[21,55753,55022],{},[32,55755,55756],{},"Convert dictionary values to a list when needed",[32,55758,55759],{},"Loop through dictionary values",[55,55761,322,55763,55766],{"id":55762},"use-values-to-get-all-values",[21,55764,55765],{},"values()"," to get all values",[14,55768,9555,55769,55771],{},[21,55770,55765],{}," on a dictionary object.",[60,55773,55775],{"className":62,"code":55774,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"student = {\"name\": \"Maya\", \"grade\": \"A\", \"age\": 16}\n\nvalues = student.values()\nprint(values)\n",[21,55776,55777,55830,55834,55849],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,55778,55779,55781,55783,55785,55787,55789,55791,55793,55795,55797,55799,55801,55803,55805,55807,55809,55811,55813,55815,55817,55819,55821,55823,55825,55828],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,55780,4321],{"class":79},[69,55782,97],{"class":96},[69,55784,1914],{"class":100},[69,55786,111],{"class":110},[69,55788,115],{"class":114},[69,55790,111],{"class":110},[69,55792,1174],{"class":100},[69,55794,123],{"class":110},[69,55796,8276],{"class":114},[69,55798,111],{"class":110},[69,55800,120],{"class":100},[69,55802,123],{"class":110},[69,55804,4354],{"class":114},[69,55806,111],{"class":110},[69,55808,1174],{"class":100},[69,55810,123],{"class":110},[69,55812,4365],{"class":114},[69,55814,111],{"class":110},[69,55816,120],{"class":100},[69,55818,123],{"class":110},[69,55820,126],{"class":114},[69,55822,111],{"class":110},[69,55824,1174],{"class":100},[69,55826,55827],{"class":157}," 16",[69,55829,1260],{"class":100},[69,55831,55832],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,55833,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,55835,55836,55838,55840,55843,55845,55847],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,55837,19207],{"class":79},[69,55839,97],{"class":96},[69,55841,55842],{"class":79}," student",[69,55844,289],{"class":100},[69,55846,16093],{"class":292},[69,55848,1385],{"class":100},[69,55850,55851,55853,55855,55857],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,55852,2161],{"class":217},[69,55854,221],{"class":100},[69,55856,16093],{"class":292},[69,55858,301],{"class":100},[14,55860,55861],{},[2498,55862,2781],{},[60,55864,55866],{"className":62,"code":55865,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dict_values(['Maya', 'A', 16])\n",[21,55867,55868],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,55869,55870,55872,55874,55876,55878,55880,55882,55884,55886,55888,55890,55892],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,55871,54999],{"class":292},[69,55873,469],{"class":100},[69,55875,15283],{"class":110},[69,55877,8276],{"class":114},[69,55879,15283],{"class":110},[69,55881,120],{"class":100},[69,55883,15292],{"class":110},[69,55885,4365],{"class":114},[69,55887,15283],{"class":110},[69,55889,120],{"class":100},[69,55891,55827],{"class":157},[69,55893,494],{"class":100},[14,55895,55896],{},"This is the standard way to get dictionary values in Python.",[14,55898,28280],{},[29,55900,55901,55906,55909],{},[32,55902,55903,55905],{},[21,55904,55765],{}," returns the values only",[32,55907,55908],{},"It works with strings, numbers, lists, and other Python objects",[32,55910,55911,55912,55914],{},"It does ",[2498,55913,3315],{}," return the keys",[14,55916,55917,55918,289],{},"If you want to understand the method itself in more detail, see the ",[579,55919,55920,30024],{"href":55019},[21,55921,55022],{},[55,55923,55925],{"id":55924},"convert-values-to-a-list","Convert values to a list",[14,55927,55928,55929,289],{},"Sometimes you need a regular list instead of a dictionary view. In that case, wrap the result in ",[21,55930,30144],{},[60,55932,55934],{"className":62,"code":55933,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"student = {\"name\": \"Maya\", \"grade\": \"A\", \"age\": 16}\n\nvalue_list = list(student.values())\nprint(value_list)\n",[21,55935,55936,55988,55992,56011],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,55937,55938,55940,55942,55944,55946,55948,55950,55952,55954,55956,55958,55960,55962,55964,55966,55968,55970,55972,55974,55976,55978,55980,55982,55984,55986],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,55939,4321],{"class":79},[69,55941,97],{"class":96},[69,55943,1914],{"class":100},[69,55945,111],{"class":110},[69,55947,115],{"class":114},[69,55949,111],{"class":110},[69,55951,1174],{"class":100},[69,55953,123],{"class":110},[69,55955,8276],{"class":114},[69,55957,111],{"class":110},[69,55959,120],{"class":100},[69,55961,123],{"class":110},[69,55963,4354],{"class":114},[69,55965,111],{"class":110},[69,55967,1174],{"class":100},[69,55969,123],{"class":110},[69,55971,4365],{"class":114},[69,55973,111],{"class":110},[69,55975,120],{"class":100},[69,55977,123],{"class":110},[69,55979,126],{"class":114},[69,55981,111],{"class":110},[69,55983,1174],{"class":100},[69,55985,55827],{"class":157},[69,55987,1260],{"class":100},[69,55989,55990],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,55991,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,55993,55994,55997,55999,56001,56003,56005,56007,56009],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,55995,55996],{"class":79},"value_list ",[69,55998,97],{"class":96},[69,56000,22306],{"class":1859},[69,56002,221],{"class":100},[69,56004,4347],{"class":292},[69,56006,289],{"class":100},[69,56008,16093],{"class":292},[69,56010,3923],{"class":100},[69,56012,56013,56015,56017,56020],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,56014,2161],{"class":217},[69,56016,221],{"class":100},[69,56018,56019],{"class":292},"value_list",[69,56021,301],{"class":100},[14,56023,56024],{},[2498,56025,2781],{},[60,56027,56029],{"className":62,"code":56028,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['Maya', 'A', 16]\n",[21,56030,56031],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,56032,56033,56035,56037,56039,56041,56043,56045,56047,56049,56051,56053],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,56034,1345],{"class":100},[69,56036,15283],{"class":110},[69,56038,8276],{"class":114},[69,56040,15283],{"class":110},[69,56042,120],{"class":100},[69,56044,15292],{"class":110},[69,56046,4365],{"class":114},[69,56048,15283],{"class":110},[69,56050,120],{"class":100},[69,56052,55827],{"class":157},[69,56054,198],{"class":100},[14,56056,322,56057,56060],{},[21,56058,56059],{},"list(my_dict.values())"," when you need:",[29,56062,56063,56066,56069],{},[32,56064,56065],{},"A list you can print more clearly",[32,56067,56068],{},"A value at a specific position",[32,56070,56071],{},"To pass the values to code that expects a list",[14,56073,370],{},[60,56075,56077],{"className":62,"code":56076,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"student = {\"name\": \"Maya\", \"grade\": \"A\", \"age\": 16}\n\nvalue_list = list(student.values())\n\nprint(value_list[0])\nprint(value_list[1])\n",[21,56078,56079,56131,56135,56153,56157,56171],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,56080,56081,56083,56085,56087,56089,56091,56093,56095,56097,56099,56101,56103,56105,56107,56109,56111,56113,56115,56117,56119,56121,56123,56125,56127,56129],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,56082,4321],{"class":79},[69,56084,97],{"class":96},[69,56086,1914],{"class":100},[69,56088,111],{"class":110},[69,56090,115],{"class":114},[69,56092,111],{"class":110},[69,56094,1174],{"class":100},[69,56096,123],{"class":110},[69,56098,8276],{"class":114},[69,56100,111],{"class":110},[69,56102,120],{"class":100},[69,56104,123],{"class":110},[69,56106,4354],{"class":114},[69,56108,111],{"class":110},[69,56110,1174],{"class":100},[69,56112,123],{"class":110},[69,56114,4365],{"class":114},[69,56116,111],{"class":110},[69,56118,120],{"class":100},[69,56120,123],{"class":110},[69,56122,126],{"class":114},[69,56124,111],{"class":110},[69,56126,1174],{"class":100},[69,56128,55827],{"class":157},[69,56130,1260],{"class":100},[69,56132,56133],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,56134,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,56136,56137,56139,56141,56143,56145,56147,56149,56151],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,56138,55996],{"class":79},[69,56140,97],{"class":96},[69,56142,22306],{"class":1859},[69,56144,221],{"class":100},[69,56146,4347],{"class":292},[69,56148,289],{"class":100},[69,56150,16093],{"class":292},[69,56152,3923],{"class":100},[69,56154,56155],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,56156,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,56158,56159,56161,56163,56165,56167,56169],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,56160,2161],{"class":217},[69,56162,221],{"class":100},[69,56164,56019],{"class":292},[69,56166,1345],{"class":100},[69,56168,2200],{"class":157},[69,56170,494],{"class":100},[69,56172,56173,56175,56177,56179,56181,56183],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,56174,2161],{"class":217},[69,56176,221],{"class":100},[69,56178,56019],{"class":292},[69,56180,1345],{"class":100},[69,56182,5940],{"class":157},[69,56184,494],{"class":100},[14,56186,56187],{},[2498,56188,2781],{},[60,56190,56192],{"className":62,"code":56191,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Maya\nA\n",[21,56193,56194,56199],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,56195,56196],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,56197,56198],{"class":79},"Maya\n",[69,56200,56201],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,56202,56203],{"class":79},"A\n",[14,56205,56206],{},"The order follows the dictionary insertion order.",[14,56208,56209,56210,289],{},"If you also need the keys, see ",[579,56211,56212],{"href":4108},"how to get all keys from a dictionary in Python",[55,56214,56216],{"id":56215},"loop-through-all-values","Loop through all values",[14,56218,56219,56220,289],{},"If you want to process each value, loop through ",[21,56221,4063],{},[60,56223,56225],{"className":62,"code":56224,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"prices = {\"apple\": 2, \"banana\": 1, \"orange\": 3}\n\nfor value in prices.values():\n    print(value)\n",[21,56226,56227,56272,56276,56293],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,56228,56229,56232,56234,56236,56238,56240,56242,56244,56246,56248,56250,56252,56254,56256,56258,56260,56262,56264,56266,56268,56270],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,56230,56231],{"class":79},"prices ",[69,56233,97],{"class":96},[69,56235,1914],{"class":100},[69,56237,111],{"class":110},[69,56239,6037],{"class":114},[69,56241,111],{"class":110},[69,56243,1174],{"class":100},[69,56245,5762],{"class":157},[69,56247,120],{"class":100},[69,56249,123],{"class":110},[69,56251,6046],{"class":114},[69,56253,111],{"class":110},[69,56255,1174],{"class":100},[69,56257,5748],{"class":157},[69,56259,120],{"class":100},[69,56261,123],{"class":110},[69,56263,6066],{"class":114},[69,56265,111],{"class":110},[69,56267,1174],{"class":100},[69,56269,5949],{"class":157},[69,56271,1260],{"class":100},[69,56273,56274],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,56275,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,56277,56278,56280,56282,56284,56287,56289,56291],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,56279,3710],{"class":75},[69,56281,3718],{"class":79},[69,56283,771],{"class":75},[69,56285,56286],{"class":79}," prices",[69,56288,289],{"class":100},[69,56290,16093],{"class":292},[69,56292,3730],{"class":100},[69,56294,56295,56297,56299,56301],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,56296,3220],{"class":217},[69,56298,221],{"class":100},[69,56300,20383],{"class":292},[69,56302,301],{"class":100},[14,56304,56305],{},[2498,56306,2781],{},[60,56308,56310],{"className":62,"code":56309,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"2\n1\n3\n",[21,56311,56312,56316,56320],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,56313,56314],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,56315,38884],{"class":157},[69,56317,56318],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,56319,17286],{"class":157},[69,56321,56322],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,56323,39381],{"class":157},[14,56325,56326],{},"Each loop gives you one value.",[14,56328,3795],{},[29,56330,56331,56334,56337],{},[32,56332,56333],{},"Print all values",[32,56335,56336],{},"Check each value",[32,56338,56339],{},"Do calculations or other processing",[14,56341,11201],{},[60,56343,56345],{"className":62,"code":56344,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"prices = {\"apple\": 2, \"banana\": 1, \"orange\": 3}\n\nfor value in prices.values():\n    if value > 1:\n        print(\"Greater than 1:\", value)\n",[21,56346,56347,56391,56395,56411,56423],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,56348,56349,56351,56353,56355,56357,56359,56361,56363,56365,56367,56369,56371,56373,56375,56377,56379,56381,56383,56385,56387,56389],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,56350,56231],{"class":79},[69,56352,97],{"class":96},[69,56354,1914],{"class":100},[69,56356,111],{"class":110},[69,56358,6037],{"class":114},[69,56360,111],{"class":110},[69,56362,1174],{"class":100},[69,56364,5762],{"class":157},[69,56366,120],{"class":100},[69,56368,123],{"class":110},[69,56370,6046],{"class":114},[69,56372,111],{"class":110},[69,56374,1174],{"class":100},[69,56376,5748],{"class":157},[69,56378,120],{"class":100},[69,56380,123],{"class":110},[69,56382,6066],{"class":114},[69,56384,111],{"class":110},[69,56386,1174],{"class":100},[69,56388,5949],{"class":157},[69,56390,1260],{"class":100},[69,56392,56393],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,56394,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,56396,56397,56399,56401,56403,56405,56407,56409],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,56398,3710],{"class":75},[69,56400,3718],{"class":79},[69,56402,771],{"class":75},[69,56404,56286],{"class":79},[69,56406,289],{"class":100},[69,56408,16093],{"class":292},[69,56410,3730],{"class":100},[69,56412,56413,56415,56417,56419,56421],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,56414,19705],{"class":75},[69,56416,3718],{"class":79},[69,56418,39547],{"class":96},[69,56420,5748],{"class":157},[69,56422,275],{"class":100},[69,56424,56425,56427,56429,56431,56434,56436,56438,56440],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,56426,7531],{"class":217},[69,56428,221],{"class":100},[69,56430,111],{"class":110},[69,56432,56433],{"class":114},"Greater than 1:",[69,56435,111],{"class":110},[69,56437,120],{"class":100},[69,56439,3753],{"class":292},[69,56441,301],{"class":100},[14,56443,56444],{},[2498,56445,2781],{},[60,56447,56449],{"className":62,"code":56448,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Greater than 1: 2\nGreater than 1: 3\n",[21,56450,56451,56462],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,56452,56453,56456,56458,56460],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,56454,56455],{"class":79},"Greater than ",[69,56457,5940],{"class":157},[69,56459,1174],{"class":100},[69,56461,8487],{"class":157},[69,56463,56464,56466,56468,56470],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,56465,56455],{"class":79},[69,56467,5940],{"class":157},[69,56469,1174],{"class":100},[69,56471,23641],{"class":157},[14,56473,56474],{},"Do not loop over the dictionary directly if you only want values. Looping over a dictionary by itself gives you the keys.",[60,56476,56478],{"className":62,"code":56477,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"prices = {\"apple\": 2, \"banana\": 1, \"orange\": 3}\n\nfor item in prices:\n    print(item)\n",[21,56479,56480,56524,56528,56540],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,56481,56482,56484,56486,56488,56490,56492,56494,56496,56498,56500,56502,56504,56506,56508,56510,56512,56514,56516,56518,56520,56522],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,56483,56231],{"class":79},[69,56485,97],{"class":96},[69,56487,1914],{"class":100},[69,56489,111],{"class":110},[69,56491,6037],{"class":114},[69,56493,111],{"class":110},[69,56495,1174],{"class":100},[69,56497,5762],{"class":157},[69,56499,120],{"class":100},[69,56501,123],{"class":110},[69,56503,6046],{"class":114},[69,56505,111],{"class":110},[69,56507,1174],{"class":100},[69,56509,5748],{"class":157},[69,56511,120],{"class":100},[69,56513,123],{"class":110},[69,56515,6066],{"class":114},[69,56517,111],{"class":110},[69,56519,1174],{"class":100},[69,56521,5949],{"class":157},[69,56523,1260],{"class":100},[69,56525,56526],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,56527,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,56529,56530,56532,56534,56536,56538],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,56531,3710],{"class":75},[69,56533,19694],{"class":79},[69,56535,771],{"class":75},[69,56537,56286],{"class":79},[69,56539,275],{"class":100},[69,56541,56542,56544,56546,56548],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,56543,3220],{"class":217},[69,56545,221],{"class":100},[69,56547,20427],{"class":292},[69,56549,301],{"class":100},[14,56551,56552],{},[2498,56553,2781],{},[60,56555,56557],{"className":62,"code":56556,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"apple\nbanana\norange\n",[21,56558,56559,56564,56569],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,56560,56561],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,56562,56563],{"class":79},"apple\n",[69,56565,56566],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,56567,56568],{"class":79},"banana\n",[69,56570,56571],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,56572,56573],{"class":79},"orange\n",[14,56575,56576,56577,289],{},"If you want more examples, see ",[579,56578,54354],{"href":54353},[55,56580,56582,56583],{"id":56581},"understand-the-result-of-values","Understand the result of ",[21,56584,55765],{},[14,56586,56587,56588,56590],{},"A common beginner mistake is expecting ",[21,56589,55765],{}," to return a list.",[14,56592,56593],{},"It does not.",[14,56595,56596,56597,56600],{},"It returns a ",[2498,56598,56599],{},"view object"," linked to the dictionary. That means it reflects changes made to the dictionary.",[60,56602,56604],{"className":62,"code":56603,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25}\n\nvalues = person.values()\nprint(list(values))\n\nperson[\"city\"] = \"Lima\"\nprint(list(values))\n",[21,56605,56606,56642,56646,56660,56674,56678,56700],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,56607,56608,56610,56612,56614,56616,56618,56620,56622,56624,56626,56628,56630,56632,56634,56636,56638,56640],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,56609,2536],{"class":79},[69,56611,97],{"class":96},[69,56613,1914],{"class":100},[69,56615,111],{"class":110},[69,56617,115],{"class":114},[69,56619,111],{"class":110},[69,56621,1174],{"class":100},[69,56623,123],{"class":110},[69,56625,2553],{"class":114},[69,56627,111],{"class":110},[69,56629,120],{"class":100},[69,56631,123],{"class":110},[69,56633,126],{"class":114},[69,56635,111],{"class":110},[69,56637,1174],{"class":100},[69,56639,186],{"class":157},[69,56641,1260],{"class":100},[69,56643,56644],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,56645,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,56647,56648,56650,56652,56654,56656,56658],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,56649,19207],{"class":79},[69,56651,97],{"class":96},[69,56653,3213],{"class":79},[69,56655,289],{"class":100},[69,56657,16093],{"class":292},[69,56659,1385],{"class":100},[69,56661,56662,56664,56666,56668,56670,56672],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,56663,2161],{"class":217},[69,56665,221],{"class":100},[69,56667,14459],{"class":1859},[69,56669,221],{"class":100},[69,56671,16093],{"class":292},[69,56673,2183],{"class":100},[69,56675,56676],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,56677,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,56679,56680,56682,56684,56686,56688,56690,56692,56694,56696,56698],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,56681,2582],{"class":79},[69,56683,1345],{"class":100},[69,56685,111],{"class":110},[69,56687,135],{"class":114},[69,56689,111],{"class":110},[69,56691,4229],{"class":100},[69,56693,4232],{"class":96},[69,56695,123],{"class":110},[69,56697,53547],{"class":114},[69,56699,1825],{"class":110},[69,56701,56702,56704,56706,56708,56710,56712],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,56703,2161],{"class":217},[69,56705,221],{"class":100},[69,56707,14459],{"class":1859},[69,56709,221],{"class":100},[69,56711,16093],{"class":292},[69,56713,2183],{"class":100},[14,56715,56716],{},[2498,56717,2781],{},[60,56719,56721],{"className":62,"code":56720,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['Ana', 25]\n['Ana', 25, 'Lima']\n",[21,56722,56723,56739],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,56724,56725,56727,56729,56731,56733,56735,56737],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,56726,1345],{"class":100},[69,56728,15283],{"class":110},[69,56730,2553],{"class":114},[69,56732,15283],{"class":110},[69,56734,120],{"class":100},[69,56736,186],{"class":157},[69,56738,198],{"class":100},[69,56740,56741,56743,56745,56747,56749,56751,56753,56755,56757,56759,56761],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,56742,1345],{"class":100},[69,56744,15283],{"class":110},[69,56746,2553],{"class":114},[69,56748,15283],{"class":110},[69,56750,120],{"class":100},[69,56752,186],{"class":157},[69,56754,120],{"class":100},[69,56756,15292],{"class":110},[69,56758,53547],{"class":114},[69,56760,15283],{"class":110},[69,56762,198],{"class":100},[14,56764,4732,56765,56767],{},[21,56766,16093],{}," changed after the dictionary changed.",[14,56769,56770],{},"If you need a separate snapshot that does not change, convert it to a list.",[60,56772,56774],{"className":62,"code":56773,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25}\n\nvalue_list = list(person.values())\nprint(value_list)\n\nperson[\"city\"] = \"Lima\"\nprint(value_list)\n",[21,56775,56776,56812,56816,56834,56844,56848,56870],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,56777,56778,56780,56782,56784,56786,56788,56790,56792,56794,56796,56798,56800,56802,56804,56806,56808,56810],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,56779,2536],{"class":79},[69,56781,97],{"class":96},[69,56783,1914],{"class":100},[69,56785,111],{"class":110},[69,56787,115],{"class":114},[69,56789,111],{"class":110},[69,56791,1174],{"class":100},[69,56793,123],{"class":110},[69,56795,2553],{"class":114},[69,56797,111],{"class":110},[69,56799,120],{"class":100},[69,56801,123],{"class":110},[69,56803,126],{"class":114},[69,56805,111],{"class":110},[69,56807,1174],{"class":100},[69,56809,186],{"class":157},[69,56811,1260],{"class":100},[69,56813,56814],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,56815,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,56817,56818,56820,56822,56824,56826,56828,56830,56832],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,56819,55996],{"class":79},[69,56821,97],{"class":96},[69,56823,22306],{"class":1859},[69,56825,221],{"class":100},[69,56827,2582],{"class":292},[69,56829,289],{"class":100},[69,56831,16093],{"class":292},[69,56833,3923],{"class":100},[69,56835,56836,56838,56840,56842],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,56837,2161],{"class":217},[69,56839,221],{"class":100},[69,56841,56019],{"class":292},[69,56843,301],{"class":100},[69,56845,56846],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,56847,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,56849,56850,56852,56854,56856,56858,56860,56862,56864,56866,56868],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,56851,2582],{"class":79},[69,56853,1345],{"class":100},[69,56855,111],{"class":110},[69,56857,135],{"class":114},[69,56859,111],{"class":110},[69,56861,4229],{"class":100},[69,56863,4232],{"class":96},[69,56865,123],{"class":110},[69,56867,53547],{"class":114},[69,56869,1825],{"class":110},[69,56871,56872,56874,56876,56878],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,56873,2161],{"class":217},[69,56875,221],{"class":100},[69,56877,56019],{"class":292},[69,56879,301],{"class":100},[14,56881,56882],{},[2498,56883,2781],{},[60,56885,56887],{"className":62,"code":56886,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['Ana', 25]\n['Ana', 25]\n",[21,56888,56889,56905],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,56890,56891,56893,56895,56897,56899,56901,56903],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,56892,1345],{"class":100},[69,56894,15283],{"class":110},[69,56896,2553],{"class":114},[69,56898,15283],{"class":110},[69,56900,120],{"class":100},[69,56902,186],{"class":157},[69,56904,198],{"class":100},[69,56906,56907,56909,56911,56913,56915,56917,56919],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,56908,1345],{"class":100},[69,56910,15283],{"class":110},[69,56912,2553],{"class":114},[69,56914,15283],{"class":110},[69,56916,120],{"class":100},[69,56918,186],{"class":157},[69,56920,198],{"class":100},[14,56922,56923],{},"This difference matters when you plan to store the result and use it later.",[14,56925,56926,56927,289],{},"If you want a broader explanation of dictionaries, see ",[579,56928,4023],{"href":4275},[55,56930,56932],{"id":56931},"when-to-use-this-vs-other-dictionary-methods","When to use this vs other dictionary methods",[14,56934,56935],{},"Use the dictionary method that matches the data you need:",[29,56937,56938,56943,56948],{},[32,56939,322,56940,56942],{},[21,56941,55765],{}," for values only",[32,56944,322,56945,56947],{},[21,56946,53475],{}," for keys only",[32,56949,322,56950,56952],{},[21,56951,3815],{}," for both keys and values together",[14,56954,370],{},[60,56956,56958],{"className":62,"code":56957,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nprint(person.keys())\nprint(person.values())\nprint(person.items())\n",[21,56959,56960,57012,57016,57030,57044],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,56961,56962,56964,56966,56968,56970,56972,56974,56976,56978,56980,56982,56984,56986,56988,56990,56992,56994,56996,56998,57000,57002,57004,57006,57008,57010],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,56963,2536],{"class":79},[69,56965,97],{"class":96},[69,56967,1914],{"class":100},[69,56969,111],{"class":110},[69,56971,115],{"class":114},[69,56973,111],{"class":110},[69,56975,1174],{"class":100},[69,56977,123],{"class":110},[69,56979,2553],{"class":114},[69,56981,111],{"class":110},[69,56983,120],{"class":100},[69,56985,123],{"class":110},[69,56987,126],{"class":114},[69,56989,111],{"class":110},[69,56991,1174],{"class":100},[69,56993,186],{"class":157},[69,56995,120],{"class":100},[69,56997,123],{"class":110},[69,56999,135],{"class":114},[69,57001,111],{"class":110},[69,57003,1174],{"class":100},[69,57005,123],{"class":110},[69,57007,53547],{"class":114},[69,57009,111],{"class":110},[69,57011,1260],{"class":100},[69,57013,57014],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,57015,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,57017,57018,57020,57022,57024,57026,57028],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,57019,2161],{"class":217},[69,57021,221],{"class":100},[69,57023,2582],{"class":292},[69,57025,289],{"class":100},[69,57027,3920],{"class":292},[69,57029,3923],{"class":100},[69,57031,57032,57034,57036,57038,57040,57042],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,57033,2161],{"class":217},[69,57035,221],{"class":100},[69,57037,2582],{"class":292},[69,57039,289],{"class":100},[69,57041,16093],{"class":292},[69,57043,3923],{"class":100},[69,57045,57046,57048,57050,57052,57054,57056],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,57047,2161],{"class":217},[69,57049,221],{"class":100},[69,57051,2582],{"class":292},[69,57053,289],{"class":100},[69,57055,3727],{"class":292},[69,57057,3923],{"class":100},[14,57059,57060],{},[2498,57061,2781],{},[60,57063,57065],{"className":62,"code":57064,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'city'])\ndict_values(['Ana', 25, 'Lima'])\ndict_items([('name', 'Ana'), ('age', 25), ('city', 'Lima')])\n",[21,57066,57067,57097,57123],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,57068,57069,57071,57073,57075,57077,57079,57081,57083,57085,57087,57089,57091,57093,57095],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,57070,53609],{"class":292},[69,57072,469],{"class":100},[69,57074,15283],{"class":110},[69,57076,115],{"class":114},[69,57078,15283],{"class":110},[69,57080,120],{"class":100},[69,57082,15292],{"class":110},[69,57084,126],{"class":114},[69,57086,15283],{"class":110},[69,57088,120],{"class":100},[69,57090,15292],{"class":110},[69,57092,135],{"class":114},[69,57094,15283],{"class":110},[69,57096,494],{"class":100},[69,57098,57099,57101,57103,57105,57107,57109,57111,57113,57115,57117,57119,57121],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,57100,54999],{"class":292},[69,57102,469],{"class":100},[69,57104,15283],{"class":110},[69,57106,2553],{"class":114},[69,57108,15283],{"class":110},[69,57110,120],{"class":100},[69,57112,186],{"class":157},[69,57114,120],{"class":100},[69,57116,15292],{"class":110},[69,57118,53547],{"class":114},[69,57120,15283],{"class":110},[69,57122,494],{"class":100},[69,57124,57125,57128,57131,57133,57135,57137,57139,57141,57143,57145,57148,57150,57152,57154,57156,57158,57160,57162,57164,57166,57168,57170,57172,57174,57176,57178],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,57126,57127],{"class":292},"dict_items",[69,57129,57130],{"class":100},"([(",[69,57132,15283],{"class":110},[69,57134,115],{"class":114},[69,57136,15283],{"class":110},[69,57138,120],{"class":100},[69,57140,15292],{"class":110},[69,57142,2553],{"class":114},[69,57144,15283],{"class":110},[69,57146,57147],{"class":100},"),",[69,57149,11302],{"class":100},[69,57151,15283],{"class":110},[69,57153,126],{"class":114},[69,57155,15283],{"class":110},[69,57157,120],{"class":100},[69,57159,186],{"class":157},[69,57161,57147],{"class":100},[69,57163,11302],{"class":100},[69,57165,15283],{"class":110},[69,57167,135],{"class":114},[69,57169,15283],{"class":110},[69,57171,120],{"class":100},[69,57173,15292],{"class":110},[69,57175,53547],{"class":114},[69,57177,15283],{"class":110},[69,57179,57180],{"class":100},")])\n",[14,57182,322,57183,57185],{},[21,57184,3815],{}," when you need both parts together in a loop:",[60,57187,57189],{"className":62,"code":57188,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nfor key, value in person.items():\n    print(key, \"->\", value)\n",[21,57190,57191,57243,57247,57267],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,57192,57193,57195,57197,57199,57201,57203,57205,57207,57209,57211,57213,57215,57217,57219,57221,57223,57225,57227,57229,57231,57233,57235,57237,57239,57241],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,57194,2536],{"class":79},[69,57196,97],{"class":96},[69,57198,1914],{"class":100},[69,57200,111],{"class":110},[69,57202,115],{"class":114},[69,57204,111],{"class":110},[69,57206,1174],{"class":100},[69,57208,123],{"class":110},[69,57210,2553],{"class":114},[69,57212,111],{"class":110},[69,57214,120],{"class":100},[69,57216,123],{"class":110},[69,57218,126],{"class":114},[69,57220,111],{"class":110},[69,57222,1174],{"class":100},[69,57224,186],{"class":157},[69,57226,120],{"class":100},[69,57228,123],{"class":110},[69,57230,135],{"class":114},[69,57232,111],{"class":110},[69,57234,1174],{"class":100},[69,57236,123],{"class":110},[69,57238,53547],{"class":114},[69,57240,111],{"class":110},[69,57242,1260],{"class":100},[69,57244,57245],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,57246,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,57248,57249,57251,57253,57255,57257,57259,57261,57263,57265],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,57250,3710],{"class":75},[69,57252,3713],{"class":79},[69,57254,120],{"class":100},[69,57256,3718],{"class":79},[69,57258,771],{"class":75},[69,57260,3213],{"class":79},[69,57262,289],{"class":100},[69,57264,3727],{"class":292},[69,57266,3730],{"class":100},[69,57268,57269,57271,57273,57275,57277,57279,57281,57283,57285,57287],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,57270,3220],{"class":217},[69,57272,221],{"class":100},[69,57274,3739],{"class":292},[69,57276,120],{"class":100},[69,57278,123],{"class":110},[69,57280,3746],{"class":114},[69,57282,111],{"class":110},[69,57284,120],{"class":100},[69,57286,3753],{"class":292},[69,57288,301],{"class":100},[14,57290,57291,57292,289],{},"If that is what you need, see the ",[579,57293,57294,30024],{"href":55388},[21,57295,55391],{},[55,57297,3868],{"id":3867},[14,57299,57300],{},"These are the most common problems beginners run into.",[1647,57302,57304],{"id":57303},"using-the-dictionary-directly-and-getting-keys-instead-of-values","Using the dictionary directly and getting keys instead of values",[14,57306,57307],{},"This gives keys, not values:",[60,57309,57311],{"className":62,"code":57310,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25}\n\nfor item in person:\n    print(item)\n",[21,57312,57313,57349,57353,57365],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,57314,57315,57317,57319,57321,57323,57325,57327,57329,57331,57333,57335,57337,57339,57341,57343,57345,57347],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,57316,2536],{"class":79},[69,57318,97],{"class":96},[69,57320,1914],{"class":100},[69,57322,111],{"class":110},[69,57324,115],{"class":114},[69,57326,111],{"class":110},[69,57328,1174],{"class":100},[69,57330,123],{"class":110},[69,57332,2553],{"class":114},[69,57334,111],{"class":110},[69,57336,120],{"class":100},[69,57338,123],{"class":110},[69,57340,126],{"class":114},[69,57342,111],{"class":110},[69,57344,1174],{"class":100},[69,57346,186],{"class":157},[69,57348,1260],{"class":100},[69,57350,57351],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,57352,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,57354,57355,57357,57359,57361,57363],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,57356,3710],{"class":75},[69,57358,19694],{"class":79},[69,57360,771],{"class":75},[69,57362,3213],{"class":79},[69,57364,275],{"class":100},[69,57366,57367,57369,57371,57373],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,57368,3220],{"class":217},[69,57370,221],{"class":100},[69,57372,20427],{"class":292},[69,57374,301],{"class":100},[14,57376,57377],{},[2498,57378,2781],{},[60,57380,57382],{"className":62,"code":57381,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name\nage\n",[21,57383,57384,57388],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,57385,57386],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,57387,54099],{"class":79},[69,57389,57390],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,57391,54220],{"class":79},[14,57393,57394],{},"If you want values, use:",[60,57396,57398],{"className":62,"code":57397,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for value in person.values():\n    print(value)\n",[21,57399,57400,57416],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,57401,57402,57404,57406,57408,57410,57412,57414],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,57403,3710],{"class":75},[69,57405,3718],{"class":79},[69,57407,771],{"class":75},[69,57409,3213],{"class":79},[69,57411,289],{"class":100},[69,57413,16093],{"class":292},[69,57415,3730],{"class":100},[69,57417,57418,57420,57422,57424],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,57419,3220],{"class":217},[69,57421,221],{"class":100},[69,57423,20383],{"class":292},[69,57425,301],{"class":100},[1647,57427,5316,57429,54766],{"id":57428},"expecting-values-to-return-a-list",[21,57430,55765],{},[14,57432,57433],{},"This is a view object:",[60,57435,57437],{"className":62,"code":57436,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25}\nprint(person.values())\nprint(type(person.values()))\n",[21,57438,57439,57475,57489],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,57440,57441,57443,57445,57447,57449,57451,57453,57455,57457,57459,57461,57463,57465,57467,57469,57471,57473],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,57442,2536],{"class":79},[69,57444,97],{"class":96},[69,57446,1914],{"class":100},[69,57448,111],{"class":110},[69,57450,115],{"class":114},[69,57452,111],{"class":110},[69,57454,1174],{"class":100},[69,57456,123],{"class":110},[69,57458,2553],{"class":114},[69,57460,111],{"class":110},[69,57462,120],{"class":100},[69,57464,123],{"class":110},[69,57466,126],{"class":114},[69,57468,111],{"class":110},[69,57470,1174],{"class":100},[69,57472,186],{"class":157},[69,57474,1260],{"class":100},[69,57476,57477,57479,57481,57483,57485,57487],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,57478,2161],{"class":217},[69,57480,221],{"class":100},[69,57482,2582],{"class":292},[69,57484,289],{"class":100},[69,57486,16093],{"class":292},[69,57488,3923],{"class":100},[69,57490,57491,57493,57495,57497,57499,57501,57503,57505],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,57492,2161],{"class":217},[69,57494,221],{"class":100},[69,57496,2176],{"class":1859},[69,57498,221],{"class":100},[69,57500,2582],{"class":292},[69,57502,289],{"class":100},[69,57504,16093],{"class":292},[69,57506,14479],{"class":100},[14,57508,57509],{},[2498,57510,2781],{},[60,57512,57514],{"className":62,"code":57513,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dict_values(['Ana', 25])\n\u003Cclass 'dict_values'>\n",[21,57515,57516,57534],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,57517,57518,57520,57522,57524,57526,57528,57530,57532],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,57519,54999],{"class":292},[69,57521,469],{"class":100},[69,57523,15283],{"class":110},[69,57525,2553],{"class":114},[69,57527,15283],{"class":110},[69,57529,120],{"class":100},[69,57531,186],{"class":157},[69,57533,494],{"class":100},[69,57535,57536,57538,57540,57542,57544,57546],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,57537,21097],{"class":96},[69,57539,7503],{"class":7502},[69,57541,15292],{"class":110},[69,57543,54999],{"class":114},[69,57545,15283],{"class":110},[69,57547,21108],{"class":96},[14,57549,57550],{},"Convert it if needed:",[60,57552,57554],{"className":62,"code":57553,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(list(person.values()))\n",[21,57555,57556],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,57557,57558,57560,57562,57564,57566,57568,57570,57572],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,57559,2161],{"class":217},[69,57561,221],{"class":100},[69,57563,14459],{"class":1859},[69,57565,221],{"class":100},[69,57567,2582],{"class":292},[69,57569,289],{"class":100},[69,57571,16093],{"class":292},[69,57573,14479],{"class":100},[1647,57575,57577],{"id":57576},"trying-to-access-values-by-index-without-converting-first","Trying to access values by index without converting first",[14,57579,23480],{},[60,57581,57583],{"className":62,"code":57582,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25}\nvalues = person.values()\n\n# print(values[0])  # TypeError\n",[21,57584,57585,57621,57635,57639],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,57586,57587,57589,57591,57593,57595,57597,57599,57601,57603,57605,57607,57609,57611,57613,57615,57617,57619],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,57588,2536],{"class":79},[69,57590,97],{"class":96},[69,57592,1914],{"class":100},[69,57594,111],{"class":110},[69,57596,115],{"class":114},[69,57598,111],{"class":110},[69,57600,1174],{"class":100},[69,57602,123],{"class":110},[69,57604,2553],{"class":114},[69,57606,111],{"class":110},[69,57608,120],{"class":100},[69,57610,123],{"class":110},[69,57612,126],{"class":114},[69,57614,111],{"class":110},[69,57616,1174],{"class":100},[69,57618,186],{"class":157},[69,57620,1260],{"class":100},[69,57622,57623,57625,57627,57629,57631,57633],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,57624,19207],{"class":79},[69,57626,97],{"class":96},[69,57628,3213],{"class":79},[69,57630,289],{"class":100},[69,57632,16093],{"class":292},[69,57634,1385],{"class":100},[69,57636,57637],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,57638,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,57640,57641],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,57642,57643],{"class":2596},"# print(values[0])  # TypeError\n",[14,57645,57646],{},"Instead, do this:",[60,57648,57650],{"className":62,"code":57649,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25}\nvalues = list(person.values())\n\nprint(values[0])\n",[21,57651,57652,57688,57706,57710],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,57653,57654,57656,57658,57660,57662,57664,57666,57668,57670,57672,57674,57676,57678,57680,57682,57684,57686],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,57655,2536],{"class":79},[69,57657,97],{"class":96},[69,57659,1914],{"class":100},[69,57661,111],{"class":110},[69,57663,115],{"class":114},[69,57665,111],{"class":110},[69,57667,1174],{"class":100},[69,57669,123],{"class":110},[69,57671,2553],{"class":114},[69,57673,111],{"class":110},[69,57675,120],{"class":100},[69,57677,123],{"class":110},[69,57679,126],{"class":114},[69,57681,111],{"class":110},[69,57683,1174],{"class":100},[69,57685,186],{"class":157},[69,57687,1260],{"class":100},[69,57689,57690,57692,57694,57696,57698,57700,57702,57704],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,57691,19207],{"class":79},[69,57693,97],{"class":96},[69,57695,22306],{"class":1859},[69,57697,221],{"class":100},[69,57699,2582],{"class":292},[69,57701,289],{"class":100},[69,57703,16093],{"class":292},[69,57705,3923],{"class":100},[69,57707,57708],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,57709,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,57711,57712,57714,57716,57718,57720,57722],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,57713,2161],{"class":217},[69,57715,221],{"class":100},[69,57717,16093],{"class":292},[69,57719,1345],{"class":100},[69,57721,2200],{"class":157},[69,57723,494],{"class":100},[1647,57725,57727,57728,5914,57730,14844,57732],{"id":57726},"mixing-up-keys-values-and-items","Mixing up ",[21,57729,53475],{},[21,57731,55765],{},[21,57733,3815],{},[14,57735,49901],{},[29,57737,57738,57743,57748],{},[32,57739,57740,57742],{},[21,57741,53475],{}," → keys only",[32,57744,57745,57747],{},[21,57746,55765],{}," → values only",[32,57749,57750,57752],{},[21,57751,3815],{}," → key-value pairs",[14,57754,57755,57756,289],{},"If you need help getting a single value or working with dictionary data, see ",[579,57757,5668],{"href":5667},[55,57759,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,57761,57763],{"id":57762},"how-do-i-get-all-values-from-a-dictionary-in-python","How do I get all values from a dictionary in Python?",[14,57765,322,57766,57768,57769,289],{},[21,57767,4063],{},". If you need a list, use ",[21,57770,56059],{},[1647,57772,11052,57774,55215],{"id":57773},"does-values-return-a-list",[21,57775,55765],{},[14,57777,57778],{},"No. It returns a dictionary view object. Convert it to a list if needed.",[1647,57780,57782],{"id":57781},"can-i-loop-through-dictionary-values-only","Can I loop through dictionary values only?",[14,57784,57785],{},"Yes. Use:",[60,57787,57789],{"className":62,"code":57788,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for value in my_dict.values():\n    print(value)\n",[21,57790,57791,57807],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,57792,57793,57795,57797,57799,57801,57803,57805],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,57794,3710],{"class":75},[69,57796,3718],{"class":79},[69,57798,771],{"class":75},[69,57800,3940],{"class":79},[69,57802,289],{"class":100},[69,57804,16093],{"class":292},[69,57806,3730],{"class":100},[69,57808,57809,57811,57813,57815],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,57810,3220],{"class":217},[69,57812,221],{"class":100},[69,57814,20383],{"class":292},[69,57816,301],{"class":100},[1647,57818,57820,57821,1414],{"id":57819},"can-i-index-dictionary-values-like-values0","Can I index dictionary values like ",[21,57822,57823],{},"values[0]",[14,57825,57826,57827,57829,57830,289],{},"Not directly from ",[21,57828,55765],{},". Convert first with ",[21,57831,56059],{},[55,57833,2414],{"id":2413},[29,57835,57836,57842,57846,57850,57854,57860],{},[32,57837,57838],{},[579,57839,57840,30024],{"href":55019},[21,57841,55022],{},[32,57843,57844],{},[579,57845,5834],{"href":5667},[32,57847,57848],{},[579,57849,4109],{"href":4108},[32,57851,57852],{},[579,57853,55486],{"href":54353},[32,57855,57856],{},[579,57857,57858,30024],{"href":55388},[21,57859,55391],{},[32,57861,57862],{},[579,57863,4023],{"href":4275},[2450,57865,57866],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":57868},[57869,57870,57871,57873,57874,57875,57877,57878,57886,57894],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":55762,"depth":83,"text":57872},"Use values() to get all values",{"id":55924,"depth":83,"text":55925},{"id":56215,"depth":83,"text":56216},{"id":56581,"depth":83,"text":57876},"Understand the result of values()",{"id":56931,"depth":83,"text":56932},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":57879},[57880,57881,57883,57884],{"id":57303,"depth":90,"text":57304},{"id":57428,"depth":90,"text":57882},"Expecting values() to return a list",{"id":57576,"depth":90,"text":57577},{"id":57726,"depth":90,"text":57885},"Mixing up keys(), values(), and items()",{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":57887},[57888,57889,57891,57892],{"id":57762,"depth":90,"text":57763},{"id":57773,"depth":90,"text":57890},"Does values() return a list?",{"id":57781,"depth":90,"text":57782},{"id":57819,"depth":90,"text":57893},"Can I index dictionary values like values[0]?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to get all values from a dictionary in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-get-all-values-from-a-dictionary-in-python",{"title":55546,"description":57895},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-get-all-values-from-a-dictionary-in-python","-NPiAdEjrfPQcnBS5cfx1-BfuMan7FgHLmX3lwbkZ2g",{"id":57902,"title":57903,"body":57904,"description":59212,"extension":2479,"meta":59213,"navigation":86,"path":59214,"seo":59215,"stem":59216,"__hash__":59217},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-get-the-length-of-a-list-in-python.md","How to Get the Length of a List in Python",{"type":7,"value":57905,"toc":59180},[57906,57909,57914,57924,57926,57983,57989,57991,58007,58013,58018,58061,58063,58072,58074,58090,58093,58150,58162,58166,58169,58234,58236,58244,58247,58265,58269,58274,58301,58303,58311,58317,58333,58335,58343,58346,58350,58356,58360,58437,58441,58517,58520,58533,58539,58541,58543,58552,58554,58593,58596,58635,58640,58644,58652,58727,58732,58738,58740,58795,58809,58812,58865,58872,58879,58882,58979,58981,59054,59056,59067,59073,59080,59083,59089,59106,59111,59113,59117,59123,59129,59134,59138,59143,59150,59153,59155,59177],[10,57907,57903],{"id":57908},"how-to-get-the-length-of-a-list-in-python",[14,57910,57911,57912,289],{},"If you want to count how many items are in a Python list, use ",[21,57913,20599],{},[14,57915,57916,57917,57919,57920,289],{},"This page shows the quickest way to do that, explains what ",[21,57918,20599],{}," returns, and points out common beginner mistakes. If you want a broader explanation of the function, see ",[579,57921,57923],{"href":57922},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-len-function-explained\u002F","Python len() Function Explained",[55,57925,58],{"id":57},[60,57927,57929],{"className":62,"code":57928,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]\ncount = len(numbers)\nprint(count)  # 4\n",[21,57930,57931,57955,57969],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,57932,57933,57935,57937,57939,57941,57943,57945,57947,57949,57951,57953],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,57934,5933],{"class":79},[69,57936,97],{"class":96},[69,57938,636],{"class":100},[69,57940,18507],{"class":157},[69,57942,120],{"class":100},[69,57944,4671],{"class":157},[69,57946,120],{"class":100},[69,57948,158],{"class":157},[69,57950,120],{"class":100},[69,57952,18520],{"class":157},[69,57954,198],{"class":100},[69,57956,57957,57959,57961,57963,57965,57967],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,57958,29059],{"class":79},[69,57960,97],{"class":96},[69,57962,45278],{"class":217},[69,57964,221],{"class":100},[69,57966,5956],{"class":292},[69,57968,301],{"class":100},[69,57970,57971,57973,57975,57978,57980],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,57972,2161],{"class":217},[69,57974,221],{"class":100},[69,57976,57977],{"class":292},"count",[69,57979,265],{"class":100},[69,57981,57982],{"class":2596},"  # 4\n",[14,57984,322,57985,57988],{},[21,57986,57987],{},"len(list_name)"," to get the number of items in a list.",[55,57990,2666],{"id":2665},[29,57992,57993,57996,58000,58004],{},[32,57994,57995],{},"Get the number of items in a list",[32,57997,40,57998,27838],{},[21,57999,20599],{},[32,58001,55751,58002,55201],{},[21,58003,20599],{},[32,58005,58006],{},"Avoid common beginner mistakes",[55,58008,322,58010,58012],{"id":58009},"use-len-to-count-list-items",[21,58011,20599],{}," to count list items",[14,58014,58015,58016,1174],{},"To get the length of a list, pass the list into ",[21,58017,20599],{},[60,58019,58021],{"className":62,"code":58020,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]\nprint(len(numbers))\n",[21,58022,58023,58047],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,58024,58025,58027,58029,58031,58033,58035,58037,58039,58041,58043,58045],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,58026,5933],{"class":79},[69,58028,97],{"class":96},[69,58030,636],{"class":100},[69,58032,18507],{"class":157},[69,58034,120],{"class":100},[69,58036,4671],{"class":157},[69,58038,120],{"class":100},[69,58040,158],{"class":157},[69,58042,120],{"class":100},[69,58044,18520],{"class":157},[69,58046,198],{"class":100},[69,58048,58049,58051,58053,58055,58057,58059],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,58050,2161],{"class":217},[69,58052,221],{"class":100},[69,58054,7286],{"class":217},[69,58056,221],{"class":100},[69,58058,5956],{"class":292},[69,58060,2183],{"class":100},[14,58062,2781],{},[60,58064,58066],{"className":62,"code":58065,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"4\n",[21,58067,58068],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,58069,58070],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,58071,58065],{"class":157},[14,58073,32482],{},[29,58075,58076,58081,58087],{},[32,58077,58078,58080],{},[21,58079,5956],{}," is a list with 4 elements",[32,58082,58083,58086],{},[21,58084,58085],{},"len(numbers)"," returns an integer",[32,58088,58089],{},"That integer is the number of items in the list",[14,58091,58092],{},"You can print the result directly or store it in a variable:",[60,58094,58096],{"className":62,"code":58095,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]\n\ncount = len(numbers)\nprint(count)\n",[21,58097,58098,58122,58126,58140],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,58099,58100,58102,58104,58106,58108,58110,58112,58114,58116,58118,58120],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,58101,5933],{"class":79},[69,58103,97],{"class":96},[69,58105,636],{"class":100},[69,58107,18507],{"class":157},[69,58109,120],{"class":100},[69,58111,4671],{"class":157},[69,58113,120],{"class":100},[69,58115,158],{"class":157},[69,58117,120],{"class":100},[69,58119,18520],{"class":157},[69,58121,198],{"class":100},[69,58123,58124],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,58125,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,58127,58128,58130,58132,58134,58136,58138],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,58129,29059],{"class":79},[69,58131,97],{"class":96},[69,58133,45278],{"class":217},[69,58135,221],{"class":100},[69,58137,5956],{"class":292},[69,58139,301],{"class":100},[69,58141,58142,58144,58146,58148],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,58143,2161],{"class":217},[69,58145,221],{"class":100},[69,58147,57977],{"class":292},[69,58149,301],{"class":100},[14,58151,58152,58153,58155,58156,364,58160,289],{},"If you want more detail about how ",[21,58154,20599],{}," works with different Python objects, read ",[579,58157,58159],{"href":58158},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-list-length-len\u002F","Python list length with len()",[579,58161,57923],{"href":57922},[55,58163,58165],{"id":58164},"example-with-a-list-of-strings","Example with a list of strings",[14,58167,58168],{},"Each item in a list counts as one element.",[60,58170,58172],{"className":62,"code":58171,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\ncount = len(fruits)\n\nprint(count)\n",[21,58173,58174,58206,58220,58224],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,58175,58176,58178,58180,58182,58184,58186,58188,58190,58192,58194,58196,58198,58200,58202,58204],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,58177,6028],{"class":79},[69,58179,97],{"class":96},[69,58181,636],{"class":100},[69,58183,111],{"class":110},[69,58185,6037],{"class":114},[69,58187,111],{"class":110},[69,58189,120],{"class":100},[69,58191,123],{"class":110},[69,58193,6046],{"class":114},[69,58195,111],{"class":110},[69,58197,120],{"class":100},[69,58199,123],{"class":110},[69,58201,6066],{"class":114},[69,58203,111],{"class":110},[69,58205,198],{"class":100},[69,58207,58208,58210,58212,58214,58216,58218],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,58209,29059],{"class":79},[69,58211,97],{"class":96},[69,58213,45278],{"class":217},[69,58215,221],{"class":100},[69,58217,6055],{"class":292},[69,58219,301],{"class":100},[69,58221,58222],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,58223,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,58225,58226,58228,58230,58232],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,58227,2161],{"class":217},[69,58229,221],{"class":100},[69,58231,57977],{"class":292},[69,58233,301],{"class":100},[14,58235,2781],{},[60,58237,58238],{"className":62,"code":39381,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,58239,58240],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,58241,58242],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,58243,39381],{"class":157},[14,58245,58246],{},"Explanation:",[29,58248,58249,58252,58259,58262],{},[32,58250,58251],{},"The list has 3 string items",[32,58253,58254,3019,58257],{},[21,58255,58256],{},"len(fruits)",[21,58258,7162],{},[32,58260,58261],{},"It does not matter how long each word is",[32,58263,58264],{},"Each list item counts as one item",[55,58266,58268],{"id":58267},"empty-lists","Empty lists",[14,58270,58271,58272,289],{},"An empty list has length ",[21,58273,2200],{},[60,58275,58277],{"className":62,"code":58276,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = []\nprint(len(items))\n",[21,58278,58279,58287],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,58280,58281,58283,58285],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,58282,6605],{"class":79},[69,58284,97],{"class":96},[69,58286,50459],{"class":100},[69,58288,58289,58291,58293,58295,58297,58299],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,58290,2161],{"class":217},[69,58292,221],{"class":100},[69,58294,7286],{"class":217},[69,58296,221],{"class":100},[69,58298,3727],{"class":292},[69,58300,2183],{"class":100},[14,58302,2781],{},[60,58304,58305],{"className":62,"code":45735,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,58306,58307],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,58308,58309],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,58310,45735],{"class":157},[14,58312,58313,58314,58316],{},"You can also call ",[21,58315,20599],{}," directly on an empty list:",[60,58318,58320],{"className":62,"code":58319,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(len([]))\n",[21,58321,58322],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,58323,58324,58326,58328,58330],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,58325,2161],{"class":217},[69,58327,221],{"class":100},[69,58329,7286],{"class":217},[69,58331,58332],{"class":100},"([]))\n",[14,58334,2781],{},[60,58336,58337],{"className":62,"code":45735,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,58338,58339],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,58340,58341],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,58342,45735],{"class":157},[14,58344,58345],{},"This is useful when checking whether a list has items before you try to access them or loop through them.",[55,58347,58349],{"id":58348},"length-after-changing-a-list","Length after changing a list",[14,58351,58352,58353,58355],{},"If the list changes, the length changes too. Call ",[21,58354,20599],{}," again to get the current length.",[1647,58357,58359],{"id":58358},"after-adding-an-item","After adding an item",[60,58361,58363],{"className":62,"code":58362,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [10, 20, 30]\nprint(len(numbers))  # 3\n\nnumbers.append(40)\nprint(len(numbers))  # 4\n",[21,58364,58365,58385,58402,58406,58421],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,58366,58367,58369,58371,58373,58375,58377,58379,58381,58383],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,58368,5933],{"class":79},[69,58370,97],{"class":96},[69,58372,636],{"class":100},[69,58374,18507],{"class":157},[69,58376,120],{"class":100},[69,58378,4671],{"class":157},[69,58380,120],{"class":100},[69,58382,158],{"class":157},[69,58384,198],{"class":100},[69,58386,58387,58389,58391,58393,58395,58397,58399],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,58388,2161],{"class":217},[69,58390,221],{"class":100},[69,58392,7286],{"class":217},[69,58394,221],{"class":100},[69,58396,5956],{"class":292},[69,58398,2621],{"class":100},[69,58400,58401],{"class":2596},"  # 3\n",[69,58403,58404],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,58405,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,58407,58408,58410,58412,58414,58416,58419],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,58409,5956],{"class":79},[69,58411,289],{"class":100},[69,58413,5961],{"class":292},[69,58415,221],{"class":100},[69,58417,58418],{"class":157},"40",[69,58420,301],{"class":100},[69,58422,58423,58425,58427,58429,58431,58433,58435],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,58424,2161],{"class":217},[69,58426,221],{"class":100},[69,58428,7286],{"class":217},[69,58430,221],{"class":100},[69,58432,5956],{"class":292},[69,58434,2621],{"class":100},[69,58436,57982],{"class":2596},[1647,58438,58440],{"id":58439},"after-removing-an-item","After removing an item",[60,58442,58444],{"className":62,"code":58443,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]\nprint(len(numbers))  # 4\n\nnumbers.pop()\nprint(len(numbers))  # 3\n",[21,58445,58446,58470,58486,58490,58501],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,58447,58448,58450,58452,58454,58456,58458,58460,58462,58464,58466,58468],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,58449,5933],{"class":79},[69,58451,97],{"class":96},[69,58453,636],{"class":100},[69,58455,18507],{"class":157},[69,58457,120],{"class":100},[69,58459,4671],{"class":157},[69,58461,120],{"class":100},[69,58463,158],{"class":157},[69,58465,120],{"class":100},[69,58467,18520],{"class":157},[69,58469,198],{"class":100},[69,58471,58472,58474,58476,58478,58480,58482,58484],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,58473,2161],{"class":217},[69,58475,221],{"class":100},[69,58477,7286],{"class":217},[69,58479,221],{"class":100},[69,58481,5956],{"class":292},[69,58483,2621],{"class":100},[69,58485,57982],{"class":2596},[69,58487,58488],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,58489,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,58491,58492,58494,58496,58499],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,58493,5956],{"class":79},[69,58495,289],{"class":100},[69,58497,58498],{"class":292},"pop",[69,58500,1385],{"class":100},[69,58502,58503,58505,58507,58509,58511,58513,58515],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,58504,2161],{"class":217},[69,58506,221],{"class":100},[69,58508,7286],{"class":217},[69,58510,221],{"class":100},[69,58512,5956],{"class":292},[69,58514,2621],{"class":100},[69,58516,58401],{"class":2596},[14,58518,58519],{},"So:",[29,58521,58522,58525,58528],{},[32,58523,58524],{},"Adding an item increases the length",[32,58526,58527],{},"Removing an item decreases the length",[32,58529,58530,58532],{},[21,58531,20599],{}," gives the current number of items, not an old saved value",[14,58534,58535,58536,58538],{},"If you are working with lists often, ",[579,58537,49171],{"href":49170}," is a helpful next step.",[55,58540,3868],{"id":3867},[14,58542,45999],{},[1647,58544,1628,58546,10347,58549],{"id":58545},"using-my_listlen-instead-of-lenmy_list",[21,58547,58548],{},"my_list.len()",[21,58550,58551],{},"len(my_list)",[14,58553,5135],{},[60,58555,58557],{"className":62,"code":58556,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_list = [1, 2, 3]\nprint(my_list.len())\n",[21,58558,58559,58579],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,58560,58561,58563,58565,58567,58569,58571,58573,58575,58577],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,58562,6900],{"class":79},[69,58564,97],{"class":96},[69,58566,636],{"class":100},[69,58568,5940],{"class":157},[69,58570,120],{"class":100},[69,58572,5762],{"class":157},[69,58574,120],{"class":100},[69,58576,5949],{"class":157},[69,58578,198],{"class":100},[69,58580,58581,58583,58585,58587,58589,58591],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,58582,2161],{"class":217},[69,58584,221],{"class":100},[69,58586,6948],{"class":292},[69,58588,289],{"class":100},[69,58590,7286],{"class":292},[69,58592,3923],{"class":100},[14,58594,58595],{},"Use this instead:",[60,58597,58599],{"className":62,"code":58598,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_list = [1, 2, 3]\nprint(len(my_list))\n",[21,58600,58601,58621],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,58602,58603,58605,58607,58609,58611,58613,58615,58617,58619],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,58604,6900],{"class":79},[69,58606,97],{"class":96},[69,58608,636],{"class":100},[69,58610,5940],{"class":157},[69,58612,120],{"class":100},[69,58614,5762],{"class":157},[69,58616,120],{"class":100},[69,58618,5949],{"class":157},[69,58620,198],{"class":100},[69,58622,58623,58625,58627,58629,58631,58633],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,58624,2161],{"class":217},[69,58626,221],{"class":100},[69,58628,7286],{"class":217},[69,58630,221],{"class":100},[69,58632,6948],{"class":292},[69,58634,2183],{"class":100},[14,58636,58637,58639],{},[21,58638,20599],{}," is a built-in function. It is not a method on the list object.",[1647,58641,58643],{"id":58642},"confusing-the-last-index-with-the-length","Confusing the last index with the length",[14,58645,58646,58647,58649,58650,289],{},"If a list has 3 items, its length is ",[21,58648,7162],{},", but the last index is ",[21,58651,19224],{},[60,58653,58655],{"className":62,"code":58654,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"letters = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]\n\nprint(len(letters))   # 3\nprint(letters[2])     # c\n",[21,58656,58657,58689,58693,58710],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,58658,58659,58661,58663,58665,58667,58669,58671,58673,58675,58677,58679,58681,58683,58685,58687],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,58660,6382],{"class":79},[69,58662,97],{"class":96},[69,58664,636],{"class":100},[69,58666,111],{"class":110},[69,58668,579],{"class":114},[69,58670,111],{"class":110},[69,58672,120],{"class":100},[69,58674,123],{"class":110},[69,58676,5755],{"class":114},[69,58678,111],{"class":110},[69,58680,120],{"class":100},[69,58682,123],{"class":110},[69,58684,6399],{"class":114},[69,58686,111],{"class":110},[69,58688,198],{"class":100},[69,58690,58691],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,58692,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,58694,58695,58697,58699,58701,58703,58705,58707],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,58696,2161],{"class":217},[69,58698,221],{"class":100},[69,58700,7286],{"class":217},[69,58702,221],{"class":100},[69,58704,6417],{"class":292},[69,58706,2621],{"class":100},[69,58708,58709],{"class":2596},"   # 3\n",[69,58711,58712,58714,58716,58718,58720,58722,58724],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,58713,2161],{"class":217},[69,58715,221],{"class":100},[69,58717,6417],{"class":292},[69,58719,1345],{"class":100},[69,58721,19224],{"class":157},[69,58723,2593],{"class":100},[69,58725,58726],{"class":2596},"     # c\n",[14,58728,58729,58730,289],{},"Why? Because list indexing starts at ",[21,58731,2200],{},[1647,58733,1628,58735,58737],{"id":58734},"using-lenmy_list-as-an-index",[21,58736,58551],{}," as an index",[14,58739,23248],{},[60,58741,58743],{"className":62,"code":58742,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"letters = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]\nprint(letters[len(letters)])\n",[21,58744,58745,58777],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,58746,58747,58749,58751,58753,58755,58757,58759,58761,58763,58765,58767,58769,58771,58773,58775],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,58748,6382],{"class":79},[69,58750,97],{"class":96},[69,58752,636],{"class":100},[69,58754,111],{"class":110},[69,58756,579],{"class":114},[69,58758,111],{"class":110},[69,58760,120],{"class":100},[69,58762,123],{"class":110},[69,58764,5755],{"class":114},[69,58766,111],{"class":110},[69,58768,120],{"class":100},[69,58770,123],{"class":110},[69,58772,6399],{"class":114},[69,58774,111],{"class":110},[69,58776,198],{"class":100},[69,58778,58779,58781,58783,58785,58787,58789,58791,58793],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,58780,2161],{"class":217},[69,58782,221],{"class":100},[69,58784,6417],{"class":292},[69,58786,1345],{"class":100},[69,58788,7286],{"class":217},[69,58790,221],{"class":100},[69,58792,6417],{"class":292},[69,58794,57180],{"class":100},[14,58796,58797,8030,58800,58802,58803,5914,58805,14844,58807,289],{},[21,58798,58799],{},"len(letters)",[21,58801,7162],{},", but valid indexes are ",[21,58804,2200],{},[21,58806,5940],{},[21,58808,19224],{},[14,58810,58811],{},"If you want the last item, use:",[60,58813,58815],{"className":62,"code":58814,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"letters = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]\nprint(letters[-1])\n",[21,58816,58817,58849],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,58818,58819,58821,58823,58825,58827,58829,58831,58833,58835,58837,58839,58841,58843,58845,58847],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,58820,6382],{"class":79},[69,58822,97],{"class":96},[69,58824,636],{"class":100},[69,58826,111],{"class":110},[69,58828,579],{"class":114},[69,58830,111],{"class":110},[69,58832,120],{"class":100},[69,58834,123],{"class":110},[69,58836,5755],{"class":114},[69,58838,111],{"class":110},[69,58840,120],{"class":100},[69,58842,123],{"class":110},[69,58844,6399],{"class":114},[69,58846,111],{"class":110},[69,58848,198],{"class":100},[69,58850,58851,58853,58855,58857,58859,58861,58863],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,58852,2161],{"class":217},[69,58854,221],{"class":100},[69,58856,6417],{"class":292},[69,58858,1345],{"class":100},[69,58860,7305],{"class":96},[69,58862,5940],{"class":157},[69,58864,494],{"class":100},[14,58866,58867,58868,289],{},"If you get an indexing problem, see ",[579,58869,58871],{"href":58870},"\u002Ferrors\u002Findexerror-list-index-out-of-range-fix-explained\u002F","IndexError: list index out of range fix explained",[1647,58873,58875,58876,58878],{"id":58874},"calling-len-on-a-variable-that-is-not-a-list","Calling ",[21,58877,20599],{}," on a variable that is not a list",[14,58880,58881],{},"Check what the variable actually contains:",[60,58883,58885],{"className":62,"code":58884,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_list = [1, 2, 3]\n\nprint(my_list)\nprint(type(my_list))\nprint(len(my_list))\nprint(my_list[0])\nprint(my_list[-1])\n",[21,58886,58887,58907,58911,58921,58935,58949,58963],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,58888,58889,58891,58893,58895,58897,58899,58901,58903,58905],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,58890,6900],{"class":79},[69,58892,97],{"class":96},[69,58894,636],{"class":100},[69,58896,5940],{"class":157},[69,58898,120],{"class":100},[69,58900,5762],{"class":157},[69,58902,120],{"class":100},[69,58904,5949],{"class":157},[69,58906,198],{"class":100},[69,58908,58909],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,58910,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,58912,58913,58915,58917,58919],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,58914,2161],{"class":217},[69,58916,221],{"class":100},[69,58918,6948],{"class":292},[69,58920,301],{"class":100},[69,58922,58923,58925,58927,58929,58931,58933],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,58924,2161],{"class":217},[69,58926,221],{"class":100},[69,58928,2176],{"class":1859},[69,58930,221],{"class":100},[69,58932,6948],{"class":292},[69,58934,2183],{"class":100},[69,58936,58937,58939,58941,58943,58945,58947],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,58938,2161],{"class":217},[69,58940,221],{"class":100},[69,58942,7286],{"class":217},[69,58944,221],{"class":100},[69,58946,6948],{"class":292},[69,58948,2183],{"class":100},[69,58950,58951,58953,58955,58957,58959,58961],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,58952,2161],{"class":217},[69,58954,221],{"class":100},[69,58956,6948],{"class":292},[69,58958,1345],{"class":100},[69,58960,2200],{"class":157},[69,58962,494],{"class":100},[69,58964,58965,58967,58969,58971,58973,58975,58977],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,58966,2161],{"class":217},[69,58968,221],{"class":100},[69,58970,6948],{"class":292},[69,58972,1345],{"class":100},[69,58974,7305],{"class":96},[69,58976,5940],{"class":157},[69,58978,494],{"class":100},[14,58980,44486],{},[60,58982,58984],{"className":62,"code":58983,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(my_list)\nprint(type(my_list))\nprint(len(my_list))\nprint(my_list[0])\nprint(my_list[-1])\n",[21,58985,58986,58996,59010,59024,59038],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,58987,58988,58990,58992,58994],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,58989,2161],{"class":217},[69,58991,221],{"class":100},[69,58993,6948],{"class":292},[69,58995,301],{"class":100},[69,58997,58998,59000,59002,59004,59006,59008],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,58999,2161],{"class":217},[69,59001,221],{"class":100},[69,59003,2176],{"class":1859},[69,59005,221],{"class":100},[69,59007,6948],{"class":292},[69,59009,2183],{"class":100},[69,59011,59012,59014,59016,59018,59020,59022],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,59013,2161],{"class":217},[69,59015,221],{"class":100},[69,59017,7286],{"class":217},[69,59019,221],{"class":100},[69,59021,6948],{"class":292},[69,59023,2183],{"class":100},[69,59025,59026,59028,59030,59032,59034,59036],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,59027,2161],{"class":217},[69,59029,221],{"class":100},[69,59031,6948],{"class":292},[69,59033,1345],{"class":100},[69,59035,2200],{"class":157},[69,59037,494],{"class":100},[69,59039,59040,59042,59044,59046,59048,59050,59052],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,59041,2161],{"class":217},[69,59043,221],{"class":100},[69,59045,6948],{"class":292},[69,59047,1345],{"class":100},[69,59049,7305],{"class":96},[69,59051,5940],{"class":157},[69,59053,494],{"class":100},[14,59055,55190],{},[29,59057,59058,59061,59064],{},[32,59059,59060],{},"the variable is really a list",[32,59062,59063],{},"the list has the number of items you expect",[32,59065,59066],{},"the first and last items are what you think they are",[14,59068,59069,59070,59072],{},"Also remember that ",[21,59071,20599],{}," works on many container types, not just lists.",[55,59074,59076,59077,59079],{"id":59075},"when-to-use-this-vs-the-len-reference-page","When to use this vs the ",[21,59078,20599],{}," reference page",[14,59081,59082],{},"Use this page when you want to solve one task quickly: get the number of items in a list.",[14,59084,59085,59086,59088],{},"Use the reference page when you want to understand ",[21,59087,20599],{}," more generally, including how it works with:",[29,59090,59091,59094,59097,59100,59103],{},[32,59092,59093],{},"strings",[32,59095,59096],{},"tuples",[32,59098,59099],{},"dictionaries",[32,59101,59102],{},"sets",[32,59104,59105],{},"other Python objects",[14,59107,59108,59109,289],{},"For that, read ",[579,59110,57923],{"href":57922},[55,59112,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,59114,59116],{"id":59115},"how-do-i-count-items-in-a-list-in-python","How do I count items in a list in Python?",[14,59118,322,59119,59122],{},[21,59120,59121],{},"len(your_list)",". It returns the number of items in the list.",[1647,59124,11052,59126,59128],{"id":59125},"does-len-work-on-an-empty-list",[21,59127,20599],{}," work on an empty list?",[14,59130,59131,59132,289],{},"Yes. It returns ",[21,59133,2200],{},[1647,59135,59137],{"id":59136},"is-the-length-the-same-as-the-last-index","Is the length the same as the last index?",[14,59139,59140,59141,289],{},"No. The length is the number of items. The last index is length minus ",[21,59142,5940],{},[1647,59144,59146,59147,59149],{"id":59145},"can-i-use-len-on-things-other-than-lists","Can I use ",[21,59148,20599],{}," on things other than lists?",[14,59151,59152],{},"Yes. It also works with strings, tuples, dictionaries, sets, and more.",[55,59154,2414],{"id":2413},[29,59156,59157,59161,59165,59169,59173],{},[32,59158,59159],{},[579,59160,58159],{"href":58158},[32,59162,59163],{},[579,59164,57923],{"href":57922},[32,59166,59167],{},[579,59168,49277],{"href":49170},[32,59170,59171],{},[579,59172,20586],{"href":18928},[32,59174,59175],{},[579,59176,58871],{"href":58870},[2450,59178,59179],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":59181},[59182,59183,59184,59186,59187,59188,59192,59201,59203,59211],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":58009,"depth":83,"text":59185},"Use len() to count list items",{"id":58164,"depth":83,"text":58165},{"id":58267,"depth":83,"text":58268},{"id":58348,"depth":83,"text":58349,"children":59189},[59190,59191],{"id":58358,"depth":90,"text":58359},{"id":58439,"depth":90,"text":58440},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":59193},[59194,59196,59197,59199],{"id":58545,"depth":90,"text":59195},"Using my_list.len() instead of len(my_list)",{"id":58642,"depth":90,"text":58643},{"id":58734,"depth":90,"text":59198},"Using len(my_list) as an index",{"id":58874,"depth":90,"text":59200},"Calling len() on a variable that is not a list",{"id":59075,"depth":83,"text":59202},"When to use this vs the len() reference page",{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":59204},[59205,59206,59208,59209],{"id":59115,"depth":90,"text":59116},{"id":59125,"depth":90,"text":59207},"Does len() work on an empty list?",{"id":59136,"depth":90,"text":59137},{"id":59145,"depth":90,"text":59210},"Can I use len() on things other than lists?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to get the length of a list in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-get-the-length-of-a-list-in-python",{"title":57903,"description":59212},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-get-the-length-of-a-list-in-python","VrweE0henZ1-ad5JOk7trjXFrwpE2eH5G7HqAb6bufU",{"id":59219,"title":59220,"body":59221,"description":60669,"extension":2479,"meta":60670,"navigation":86,"path":60671,"seo":60672,"stem":60673,"__hash__":60674},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-get-user-input-in-python.md","How to Get User Input in Python",{"type":7,"value":59222,"toc":60636},[59223,59226,59231,59233,59252,59254,59295,59310,59312,59328,59334,59339,59350,59356,59359,59392,59394,59416,59423,59427,59432,59445,59447,59491,59493,59499,59502,59504,59538,59546,59550,59560,59566,59614,59616,59622,59628,59674,59676,59682,59684,59706,59710,59714,59719,59721,59758,59766,59774,59778,59781,59872,59875,59881,59884,59902,59904,59912,59919,59996,59998,60016,60019,60025,60034,60036,60041,60044,60080,60086,60089,60129,60133,60136,60138,60187,60190,60241,60247,60250,60253,60286,60288,60328,60332,60335,60338,60362,60365,60389,60393,60396,60399,60465,60468,60490,60496,60541,60543,60549,60552,60556,60566,60570,60580,60584,60590,60592,60630,60633],[10,59224,59220],{"id":59225},"how-to-get-user-input-in-python",[14,59227,59228,59229,289],{},"If you want your Python program to ask the user for a name, age, or any other value, use ",[21,59230,24345],{},[14,59232,27],{},[29,59234,59235,59240,59243,59246,59249],{},[32,59236,59237,59238],{},"ask for input with ",[21,59239,24345],{},[32,59241,59242],{},"store the result in a variable",[32,59244,59245],{},"print the value back to the user",[32,59247,59248],{},"convert input text to numbers when needed",[32,59250,59251],{},"avoid common beginner mistakes",[55,59253,58],{"id":57},[60,59255,59257],{"className":62,"code":59256,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = input(\"Enter your name: \")\nprint(\"Hello,\", name)\n",[21,59258,59259,59277],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,59260,59261,59263,59265,59267,59269,59271,59273,59275],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,59262,1816],{"class":79},[69,59264,97],{"class":96},[69,59266,11682],{"class":217},[69,59268,221],{"class":100},[69,59270,111],{"class":110},[69,59272,42417],{"class":114},[69,59274,111],{"class":110},[69,59276,301],{"class":100},[69,59278,59279,59281,59283,59285,59287,59289,59291,59293],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,59280,2161],{"class":217},[69,59282,221],{"class":100},[69,59284,111],{"class":110},[69,59286,45551],{"class":114},[69,59288,111],{"class":110},[69,59290,120],{"class":100},[69,59292,7952],{"class":292},[69,59294,301],{"class":100},[14,59296,59297,59299,59300,364,59305,289],{},[21,59298,24345],{}," always returns text. If you need a number, convert it with ",[579,59301,59303],{"href":59302},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-int-function-explained\u002F",[21,59304,12733],{},[579,59306,59308],{"href":59307},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-float-function-explained\u002F",[21,59309,24334],{},[55,59311,2666],{"id":2665},[29,59313,59314,59319,59322,59325],{},[32,59315,322,59316,59318],{},[21,59317,24345],{}," to read text from the keyboard",[32,59320,59321],{},"Store the result in a variable",[32,59323,59324],{},"Print the entered value",[32,59326,59327],{},"Convert input text to numbers when needed",[55,59329,59331,59332],{"id":59330},"basic-syntax-of-input","Basic syntax of ",[21,59333,24345],{},[14,59335,59336,59338],{},[21,59337,24345],{}," pauses the program and waits for the user to type something.",[14,59340,59341,59342,59345,59346,59349],{},"The text inside ",[21,59343,59344],{},"input(\"...\")"," is called the ",[2498,59347,59348],{},"prompt",". It tells the user what to enter.",[14,59351,59352,59353,59355],{},"The value returned by ",[21,59354,24345],{}," is always a string. A string is text in Python.",[14,59357,59358],{},"Basic example:",[60,59360,59362],{"className":62,"code":59361,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = input(\"Enter your name: \")\nprint(name)\n",[21,59363,59364,59382],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,59365,59366,59368,59370,59372,59374,59376,59378,59380],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,59367,1816],{"class":79},[69,59369,97],{"class":96},[69,59371,11682],{"class":217},[69,59373,221],{"class":100},[69,59375,111],{"class":110},[69,59377,42417],{"class":114},[69,59379,111],{"class":110},[69,59381,301],{"class":100},[69,59383,59384,59386,59388,59390],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,59385,2161],{"class":217},[69,59387,221],{"class":100},[69,59389,115],{"class":292},[69,59391,301],{"class":100},[14,59393,32482],{},[29,59395,59396,59402,59405,59410],{},[32,59397,59398,59401],{},[21,59399,59400],{},"input(\"Enter your name: \")"," shows a message",[32,59403,59404],{},"the program waits for the user to type",[32,59406,59407,59408],{},"the typed value is stored in ",[21,59409,115],{},[32,59411,59412,59415],{},[21,59413,59414],{},"print(name)"," shows the value",[14,59417,24656,59418,289],{},[579,59419,14649,59421,12755],{"href":59420},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-input-function-explained\u002F",[21,59422,24345],{},[55,59424,59426],{"id":59425},"get-text-input","Get text input",[14,59428,322,59429,59431],{},[21,59430,24345],{}," directly when you want text such as:",[29,59433,59434,59436,59439,59442],{},[32,59435,7070],{},[32,59437,59438],{},"cities",[32,59440,59441],{},"favorite colors",[32,59443,59444],{},"yes\u002Fno answers",[14,59446,370],{},[60,59448,59450],{"className":62,"code":59449,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"city = input(\"Which city do you live in? \")\nprint(\"You live in\", city)\n",[21,59451,59452,59471],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,59453,59454,59456,59458,59460,59462,59464,59467,59469],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,59455,3787],{"class":79},[69,59457,97],{"class":96},[69,59459,11682],{"class":217},[69,59461,221],{"class":100},[69,59463,111],{"class":110},[69,59465,59466],{"class":114},"Which city do you live in? ",[69,59468,111],{"class":110},[69,59470,301],{"class":100},[69,59472,59473,59475,59477,59479,59482,59484,59486,59489],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,59474,2161],{"class":217},[69,59476,221],{"class":100},[69,59478,111],{"class":110},[69,59480,59481],{"class":114},"You live in",[69,59483,111],{"class":110},[69,59485,120],{"class":100},[69,59487,59488],{"class":292}," city",[69,59490,301],{"class":100},[14,59492,28059],{},[60,59494,59497],{"className":59495,"code":59496,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"Which city do you live in? New York\nYou live in New York\n",[21,59498,59496],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,59500,59501],{},"If the user types spaces, they stay in the result.",[14,59503,370],{},[60,59505,59507],{"className":62,"code":59506,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"full_name = input(\"Enter your full name: \")\nprint(full_name)\n",[21,59508,59509,59528],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,59510,59511,59513,59515,59517,59519,59521,59524,59526],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,59512,52520],{"class":79},[69,59514,97],{"class":96},[69,59516,11682],{"class":217},[69,59518,221],{"class":100},[69,59520,111],{"class":110},[69,59522,59523],{"class":114},"Enter your full name: ",[69,59525,111],{"class":110},[69,59527,301],{"class":100},[69,59529,59530,59532,59534,59536],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,59531,2161],{"class":217},[69,59533,221],{"class":100},[69,59535,52545],{"class":292},[69,59537,301],{"class":100},[14,59539,28149,59540,59543,59544,289],{},[21,59541,59542],{},"Ava Smith",", the variable contains the full text ",[21,59545,59542],{},[55,59547,59549],{"id":59548},"convert-input-to-a-number","Convert input to a number",[14,59551,59552,9688,59554,59556,59557,59559],{},[21,59553,24345],{},[2498,59555,3315],{}," return numbers by itself. Even if the user types ",[21,59558,23026],{},", Python still treats it as text.",[1647,59561,322,59563,59565],{"id":59562},"use-int-for-whole-numbers",[21,59564,12733],{}," for whole numbers",[60,59567,59568],{"className":62,"code":27234,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,59569,59570,59592],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,59571,59572,59574,59576,59578,59580,59582,59584,59586,59588,59590],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,59573,1830],{"class":79},[69,59575,97],{"class":96},[69,59577,11273],{"class":1859},[69,59579,221],{"class":100},[69,59581,12540],{"class":217},[69,59583,221],{"class":100},[69,59585,111],{"class":110},[69,59587,27255],{"class":114},[69,59589,111],{"class":110},[69,59591,2183],{"class":100},[69,59593,59594,59596,59598,59600,59602,59604,59606,59608,59610,59612],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,59595,2161],{"class":217},[69,59597,221],{"class":100},[69,59599,111],{"class":110},[69,59601,27270],{"class":114},[69,59603,111],{"class":110},[69,59605,120],{"class":100},[69,59607,27277],{"class":292},[69,59609,1847],{"class":96},[69,59611,5748],{"class":157},[69,59613,301],{"class":100},[14,59615,28059],{},[60,59617,59620],{"className":59618,"code":59619,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"Enter your age: 30\nNext year you will be 31\n",[21,59621,59619],{"__ignoreMap":65},[1647,59623,322,59625,59627],{"id":59624},"use-float-for-decimal-numbers",[21,59626,24334],{}," for decimal numbers",[60,59629,59631],{"className":62,"code":59630,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"price = float(input(\"Enter the price: \"))\nprint(\"The price is\", price)\n",[21,59632,59633,59655],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,59634,59635,59637,59639,59641,59643,59645,59647,59649,59651,59653],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,59636,27911],{"class":79},[69,59638,97],{"class":96},[69,59640,24375],{"class":1859},[69,59642,221],{"class":100},[69,59644,12540],{"class":217},[69,59646,221],{"class":100},[69,59648,111],{"class":110},[69,59650,27926],{"class":114},[69,59652,111],{"class":110},[69,59654,2183],{"class":100},[69,59656,59657,59659,59661,59663,59666,59668,59670,59672],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,59658,2161],{"class":217},[69,59660,221],{"class":100},[69,59662,111],{"class":110},[69,59664,59665],{"class":114},"The price is",[69,59667,111],{"class":110},[69,59669,120],{"class":100},[69,59671,28960],{"class":292},[69,59673,301],{"class":100},[14,59675,28059],{},[60,59677,59680],{"className":59678,"code":59679,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"Enter the price: 19.99\nThe price is 19.99\n",[21,59681,59679],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,59683,1081],{},[29,59685,59686,59697],{},[32,59687,59688,59692,59693,364,59695],{},[579,59689,59690],{"href":59302},[21,59691,12733],{}," for whole numbers like ",[21,59694,6670],{},[21,59696,22904],{},[32,59698,59699,59703,59704],{},[579,59700,59701],{"href":59307},[21,59702,24334],{}," for decimal numbers like ",[21,59705,24364],{},[14,59707,56576,59708,289],{},[579,59709,25467],{"href":25466},[1647,59711,59713],{"id":59712},"important-warning","Important warning",[14,59715,59716,59717,289],{},"If the user enters something that cannot be converted, Python raises a ",[21,59718,11209],{},[14,59720,370],{},[60,59722,59724],{"className":62,"code":59723,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = int(input(\"Enter your age: \"))\nprint(age)\n",[21,59725,59726,59748],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,59727,59728,59730,59732,59734,59736,59738,59740,59742,59744,59746],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,59729,1830],{"class":79},[69,59731,97],{"class":96},[69,59733,11273],{"class":1859},[69,59735,221],{"class":100},[69,59737,12540],{"class":217},[69,59739,221],{"class":100},[69,59741,111],{"class":110},[69,59743,27255],{"class":114},[69,59745,111],{"class":110},[69,59747,2183],{"class":100},[69,59749,59750,59752,59754,59756],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,59751,2161],{"class":217},[69,59753,221],{"class":100},[69,59755,126],{"class":292},[69,59757,301],{"class":100},[14,59759,25360,59760,59762,59763,59765],{},[21,59761,11564],{},", the program crashes because ",[21,59764,11564],{}," is not a valid integer.",[14,59767,59768,59769,289],{},"For that specific problem, see ",[579,59770,2892,59772],{"href":59771},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fvalueerror-invalid-literal-for-int-with-base-10-fix\u002F",[21,59773,26800],{},[55,59775,59777],{"id":59776},"use-input-in-a-simple-program","Use input in a simple program",[14,59779,59780],{},"Here is a small program that asks for two values and prints a message.",[60,59782,59784],{"className":62,"code":59783,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = input(\"What is your name? \")\nage = int(input(\"How old are you? \"))\n\nprint(\"Hello,\", name)\nprint(\"Next year you will be\", age + 1)\n",[21,59785,59786,59805,59828,59832,59850],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,59787,59788,59790,59792,59794,59796,59798,59801,59803],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,59789,1816],{"class":79},[69,59791,97],{"class":96},[69,59793,11682],{"class":217},[69,59795,221],{"class":100},[69,59797,111],{"class":110},[69,59799,59800],{"class":114},"What is your name? ",[69,59802,111],{"class":110},[69,59804,301],{"class":100},[69,59806,59807,59809,59811,59813,59815,59817,59819,59821,59824,59826],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,59808,1830],{"class":79},[69,59810,97],{"class":96},[69,59812,11273],{"class":1859},[69,59814,221],{"class":100},[69,59816,12540],{"class":217},[69,59818,221],{"class":100},[69,59820,111],{"class":110},[69,59822,59823],{"class":114},"How old are you? ",[69,59825,111],{"class":110},[69,59827,2183],{"class":100},[69,59829,59830],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,59831,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,59833,59834,59836,59838,59840,59842,59844,59846,59848],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,59835,2161],{"class":217},[69,59837,221],{"class":100},[69,59839,111],{"class":110},[69,59841,45551],{"class":114},[69,59843,111],{"class":110},[69,59845,120],{"class":100},[69,59847,7952],{"class":292},[69,59849,301],{"class":100},[69,59851,59852,59854,59856,59858,59860,59862,59864,59866,59868,59870],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,59853,2161],{"class":217},[69,59855,221],{"class":100},[69,59857,111],{"class":110},[69,59859,27270],{"class":114},[69,59861,111],{"class":110},[69,59863,120],{"class":100},[69,59865,27277],{"class":292},[69,59867,1847],{"class":96},[69,59869,5748],{"class":157},[69,59871,301],{"class":100},[14,59873,59874],{},"Example run:",[60,59876,59879],{"className":59877,"code":59878,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"What is your name? Maya\nHow old are you? 12\nHello, Maya\nNext year you will be 13\n",[21,59880,59878],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,59882,59883],{},"This example combines:",[29,59885,59886,59889,59892,59895],{},[32,59887,59888],{},"prompts",[32,59890,59891],{},"variables",[32,59893,59894],{},"number conversion",[32,59896,59897],{},[579,59898,59900],{"href":59899},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-print-function-explained\u002F",[21,59901,23684],{},[55,59903,24865],{"id":24864},[14,59905,59906,59907,364,59909,59911],{},"If you convert user input with ",[21,59908,12733],{},[21,59910,24334],{},", bad input can cause an error.",[14,59913,59914,59915,50,59917,289],{},"A simple way to handle this is with ",[21,59916,11233],{},[21,59918,11221],{},[60,59920,59922],{"className":62,"code":59921,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    age = int(input(\"Enter your age: \"))\n    print(\"Next year you will be\", age + 1)\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"Please enter a valid whole number.\")\n",[21,59923,59924,59930,59952,59974,59982],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,59925,59926,59928],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,59927,11233],{"class":75},[69,59929,275],{"class":100},[69,59931,59932,59934,59936,59938,59940,59942,59944,59946,59948,59950],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,59933,28834],{"class":79},[69,59935,97],{"class":96},[69,59937,11273],{"class":1859},[69,59939,221],{"class":100},[69,59941,12540],{"class":217},[69,59943,221],{"class":100},[69,59945,111],{"class":110},[69,59947,27255],{"class":114},[69,59949,111],{"class":110},[69,59951,2183],{"class":100},[69,59953,59954,59956,59958,59960,59962,59964,59966,59968,59970,59972],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,59955,3220],{"class":217},[69,59957,221],{"class":100},[69,59959,111],{"class":110},[69,59961,27270],{"class":114},[69,59963,111],{"class":110},[69,59965,120],{"class":100},[69,59967,27277],{"class":292},[69,59969,1847],{"class":96},[69,59971,5748],{"class":157},[69,59973,301],{"class":100},[69,59975,59976,59978,59980],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,59977,11221],{"class":75},[69,59979,11901],{"class":1859},[69,59981,275],{"class":100},[69,59983,59984,59986,59988,59990,59992,59994],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,59985,3220],{"class":217},[69,59987,221],{"class":100},[69,59989,111],{"class":110},[69,59991,27374],{"class":114},[69,59993,111],{"class":110},[69,59995,301],{"class":100},[14,59997,23644],{},[29,59999,60000,60005,60013],{},[32,60001,60002,60004],{},[21,60003,11233],{}," runs the code that might fail",[32,60006,60007,60008,60010,60011,45988],{},"if ",[21,60009,12733],{}," cannot convert the text, ",[21,60012,12235],{},[32,60014,60015],{},"the program shows a clear message instead of crashing",[14,60017,60018],{},"Example run with bad input:",[60,60020,60023],{"className":60021,"code":60022,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"Enter your age: twelve\nPlease enter a valid whole number.\n",[21,60024,60022],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,60026,60027,60028,289],{},"If you are new to this, see ",[579,60029,41855,60030,50,60032,41860],{"href":27030},[21,60031,11233],{},[21,60033,11221],{},[55,60035,5117],{"id":5116},[1647,60037,48733,60039,27874],{"id":60038},"forgetting-that-input-returns-a-string",[21,60040,24345],{},[14,60042,60043],{},"This is one of the most common mistakes.",[60,60045,60046],{"className":62,"code":41767,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,60047,60048,60066],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,60049,60050,60052,60054,60056,60058,60060,60062,60064],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,60051,1830],{"class":79},[69,60053,97],{"class":96},[69,60055,11682],{"class":217},[69,60057,221],{"class":100},[69,60059,111],{"class":110},[69,60061,27255],{"class":114},[69,60063,111],{"class":110},[69,60065,301],{"class":100},[69,60067,60068,60070,60072,60074,60076,60078],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,60069,2161],{"class":217},[69,60071,221],{"class":100},[69,60073,1830],{"class":292},[69,60075,1847],{"class":96},[69,60077,5748],{"class":157},[69,60079,301],{"class":100},[14,60081,60082,60083,60085],{},"This does not work because ",[21,60084,126],{}," is text, not a number.",[14,60087,60088],{},"Fix it by converting the input:",[60,60090,60091],{"className":62,"code":41811,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,60092,60093,60115],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,60094,60095,60097,60099,60101,60103,60105,60107,60109,60111,60113],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,60096,1830],{"class":79},[69,60098,97],{"class":96},[69,60100,11273],{"class":1859},[69,60102,221],{"class":100},[69,60104,12540],{"class":217},[69,60106,221],{"class":100},[69,60108,111],{"class":110},[69,60110,27255],{"class":114},[69,60112,111],{"class":110},[69,60114,2183],{"class":100},[69,60116,60117,60119,60121,60123,60125,60127],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,60118,2161],{"class":217},[69,60120,221],{"class":100},[69,60122,1830],{"class":292},[69,60124,1847],{"class":96},[69,60126,5748],{"class":157},[69,60128,301],{"class":100},[1647,60130,60132],{"id":60131},"trying-to-add-a-number-to-raw-input-text","Trying to add a number to raw input text",[14,60134,60135],{},"If you mix strings and integers incorrectly, Python raises an error.",[14,60137,1658],{},[60,60139,60141],{"className":62,"code":60140,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"score = input(\"Enter your score: \")\nprint(\"Your score plus one is \" + (score + 1))\n",[21,60142,60143,60162],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,60144,60145,60147,60149,60151,60153,60155,60158,60160],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,60146,41435],{"class":79},[69,60148,97],{"class":96},[69,60150,11682],{"class":217},[69,60152,221],{"class":100},[69,60154,111],{"class":110},[69,60156,60157],{"class":114},"Enter your score: ",[69,60159,111],{"class":110},[69,60161,301],{"class":100},[69,60163,60164,60166,60168,60170,60173,60175,60177,60179,60181,60183,60185],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,60165,2161],{"class":217},[69,60167,221],{"class":100},[69,60169,111],{"class":110},[69,60171,60172],{"class":114},"Your score plus one is ",[69,60174,111],{"class":110},[69,60176,1856],{"class":96},[69,60178,11302],{"class":100},[69,60180,41435],{"class":292},[69,60182,1847],{"class":96},[69,60184,5748],{"class":157},[69,60186,2183],{"class":100},[14,60188,60189],{},"Right:",[60,60191,60193],{"className":62,"code":60192,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"score = int(input(\"Enter your score: \"))\nprint(\"Your score plus one is\", score + 1)\n",[21,60194,60195,60217],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,60196,60197,60199,60201,60203,60205,60207,60209,60211,60213,60215],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,60198,41435],{"class":79},[69,60200,97],{"class":96},[69,60202,11273],{"class":1859},[69,60204,221],{"class":100},[69,60206,12540],{"class":217},[69,60208,221],{"class":100},[69,60210,111],{"class":110},[69,60212,60157],{"class":114},[69,60214,111],{"class":110},[69,60216,2183],{"class":100},[69,60218,60219,60221,60223,60225,60228,60230,60232,60235,60237,60239],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,60220,2161],{"class":217},[69,60222,221],{"class":100},[69,60224,111],{"class":110},[69,60226,60227],{"class":114},"Your score plus one is",[69,60229,111],{"class":110},[69,60231,120],{"class":100},[69,60233,60234],{"class":292}," score ",[69,60236,1847],{"class":96},[69,60238,5748],{"class":157},[69,60240,301],{"class":100},[1647,60242,1628,60244,60246],{"id":60243},"using-input-without-saving-the-result",[21,60245,24345],{}," without saving the result",[14,60248,60249],{},"If you do not store the result, you cannot use it later.",[14,60251,60252],{},"Less useful:",[60,60254,60256],{"className":62,"code":60255,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"input(\"Enter your name: \")\nprint(\"Hello\")\n",[21,60257,60258,60272],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,60259,60260,60262,60264,60266,60268,60270],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,60261,12540],{"class":217},[69,60263,221],{"class":100},[69,60265,111],{"class":110},[69,60267,42417],{"class":114},[69,60269,111],{"class":110},[69,60271,301],{"class":100},[69,60273,60274,60276,60278,60280,60282,60284],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,60275,2161],{"class":217},[69,60277,221],{"class":100},[69,60279,111],{"class":110},[69,60281,7659],{"class":114},[69,60283,111],{"class":110},[69,60285,301],{"class":100},[14,60287,12593],{},[60,60289,60290],{"className":62,"code":59256,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,60291,60292,60310],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,60293,60294,60296,60298,60300,60302,60304,60306,60308],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,60295,1816],{"class":79},[69,60297,97],{"class":96},[69,60299,11682],{"class":217},[69,60301,221],{"class":100},[69,60303,111],{"class":110},[69,60305,42417],{"class":114},[69,60307,111],{"class":110},[69,60309,301],{"class":100},[69,60311,60312,60314,60316,60318,60320,60322,60324,60326],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,60313,2161],{"class":217},[69,60315,221],{"class":100},[69,60317,111],{"class":110},[69,60319,45551],{"class":114},[69,60321,111],{"class":110},[69,60323,120],{"class":100},[69,60325,7952],{"class":292},[69,60327,301],{"class":100},[1647,60329,60331],{"id":60330},"writing-a-prompt-that-is-unclear","Writing a prompt that is unclear",[14,60333,60334],{},"A good prompt tells the user exactly what to enter.",[14,60336,60337],{},"Unclear:",[60,60339,60341],{"className":62,"code":60340,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"value = input(\"Enter value: \")\n",[21,60342,60343],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,60344,60345,60347,60349,60351,60353,60355,60358,60360],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,60346,20408],{"class":79},[69,60348,97],{"class":96},[69,60350,11682],{"class":217},[69,60352,221],{"class":100},[69,60354,111],{"class":110},[69,60356,60357],{"class":114},"Enter value: ",[69,60359,111],{"class":110},[69,60361,301],{"class":100},[14,60363,60364],{},"Clearer:",[60,60366,60368],{"className":62,"code":60367,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"value = input(\"Enter your age in whole numbers: \")\n",[21,60369,60370],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,60371,60372,60374,60376,60378,60380,60382,60385,60387],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,60373,20408],{"class":79},[69,60375,97],{"class":96},[69,60377,11682],{"class":217},[69,60379,221],{"class":100},[69,60381,111],{"class":110},[69,60383,60384],{"class":114},"Enter your age in whole numbers: ",[69,60386,111],{"class":110},[69,60388,301],{"class":100},[1647,60390,60392],{"id":60391},"leading-or-trailing-spaces-in-input","Leading or trailing spaces in input",[14,60394,60395],{},"Sometimes the user accidentally types extra spaces.",[14,60397,60398],{},"You can check this with:",[60,60400,60402],{"className":62,"code":60401,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user_input = input(\"Enter something: \")\n\nprint(user_input)\nprint(type(user_input))\nprint(repr(user_input))\n",[21,60403,60404,60423,60427,60437,60451],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,60405,60406,60408,60410,60412,60414,60416,60419,60421],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,60407,11429],{"class":79},[69,60409,97],{"class":96},[69,60411,11682],{"class":217},[69,60413,221],{"class":100},[69,60415,111],{"class":110},[69,60417,60418],{"class":114},"Enter something: ",[69,60420,111],{"class":110},[69,60422,301],{"class":100},[69,60424,60425],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,60426,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,60428,60429,60431,60433,60435],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,60430,2161],{"class":217},[69,60432,221],{"class":100},[69,60434,11278],{"class":292},[69,60436,301],{"class":100},[69,60438,60439,60441,60443,60445,60447,60449],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,60440,2161],{"class":217},[69,60442,221],{"class":100},[69,60444,2176],{"class":1859},[69,60446,221],{"class":100},[69,60448,11278],{"class":292},[69,60450,2183],{"class":100},[69,60452,60453,60455,60457,60459,60461,60463],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,60454,2161],{"class":217},[69,60456,221],{"class":100},[69,60458,18025],{"class":217},[69,60460,221],{"class":100},[69,60462,11278],{"class":292},[69,60464,2183],{"class":100},[14,60466,60467],{},"These lines help you debug:",[29,60469,60470,60476,60481],{},[32,60471,60472,60475],{},[21,60473,60474],{},"print(user_input)"," shows the visible value",[32,60477,60478,42832],{},[21,60479,60480],{},"print(type(user_input))",[32,60482,60483,60486,60487],{},[21,60484,60485],{},"print(repr(user_input))"," shows hidden spaces like ",[21,60488,60489],{},"' hello '",[14,60491,60492,60493,1174],{},"If needed, you can remove extra spaces with ",[21,60494,60495],{},".strip()",[60,60497,60499],{"className":62,"code":60498,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = input(\"Enter your name: \").strip()\nprint(\"Hello,\", name)\n",[21,60500,60501,60523],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,60502,60503,60505,60507,60509,60511,60513,60515,60517,60519,60521],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,60504,1816],{"class":79},[69,60506,97],{"class":96},[69,60508,11682],{"class":217},[69,60510,221],{"class":100},[69,60512,111],{"class":110},[69,60514,42417],{"class":114},[69,60516,111],{"class":110},[69,60518,14320],{"class":100},[69,60520,19855],{"class":292},[69,60522,1385],{"class":100},[69,60524,60525,60527,60529,60531,60533,60535,60537,60539],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,60526,2161],{"class":217},[69,60528,221],{"class":100},[69,60530,111],{"class":110},[69,60532,45551],{"class":114},[69,60534,111],{"class":110},[69,60536,120],{"class":100},[69,60538,7952],{"class":292},[69,60540,301],{"class":100},[55,60542,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,60544,46359,60546,60548],{"id":60545},"what-does-input-return-in-python",[21,60547,24345],{}," return in Python?",[14,60550,60551],{},"It returns a string, even if the user types digits.",[1647,60553,60555],{"id":60554},"how-do-i-get-a-number-from-user-input","How do I get a number from user input?",[14,60557,27724,60558,14590,60560,60562,60563,60565],{},[21,60559,24345],{},[21,60561,12733],{}," for whole numbers or ",[21,60564,24334],{}," for decimals.",[1647,60567,60569],{"id":60568},"why-does-my-program-crash-when-i-type-letters-instead-of-a-number","Why does my program crash when I type letters instead of a number?",[14,60571,60572,50,60574,60576,60577,60579],{},[21,60573,12733],{},[21,60575,24334],{}," raise ",[21,60578,11209],{}," if the text cannot be converted.",[1647,60581,60583],{"id":60582},"can-i-ask-for-input-more-than-once","Can I ask for input more than once?",[14,60585,60586,60587,60589],{},"Yes. Call ",[21,60588,24345],{}," again each time you need another value.",[55,60591,2414],{"id":2413},[29,60593,60594,60600,60604,60610,60616,60624],{},[32,60595,60596],{},[579,60597,14649,60598,12755],{"href":59420},[21,60599,24345],{},[32,60601,60602],{},[579,60603,25846],{"href":25466},[32,60605,60606],{},[579,60607,14649,60608,12755],{"href":59302},[21,60609,12733],{},[32,60611,60612],{},[579,60613,14649,60614,12755],{"href":59307},[21,60615,24334],{},[32,60617,60618],{},[579,60619,42961,60620,50,60622,41860],{"href":27030},[21,60621,11233],{},[21,60623,11221],{},[32,60625,60626],{},[579,60627,18294,60628],{"href":59771},[21,60629,26800],{},[14,60631,60632],{},"Next step: learn how to convert input safely and handle bad input without crashing.",[2450,60634,60635],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":60637},[60638,60639,60640,60642,60643,60650,60651,60652,60661,60668],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":59330,"depth":83,"text":60641},"Basic syntax of input()",{"id":59425,"depth":83,"text":59426},{"id":59548,"depth":83,"text":59549,"children":60644},[60645,60647,60649],{"id":59562,"depth":90,"text":60646},"Use int() for whole numbers",{"id":59624,"depth":90,"text":60648},"Use float() for decimal numbers",{"id":59712,"depth":90,"text":59713},{"id":59776,"depth":83,"text":59777},{"id":24864,"depth":83,"text":24865},{"id":5116,"depth":83,"text":5117,"children":60653},[60654,60656,60657,60659,60660],{"id":60038,"depth":90,"text":60655},"Forgetting that input() returns a string",{"id":60131,"depth":90,"text":60132},{"id":60243,"depth":90,"text":60658},"Using input() without saving the result",{"id":60330,"depth":90,"text":60331},{"id":60391,"depth":90,"text":60392},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":60662},[60663,60665,60666,60667],{"id":60545,"depth":90,"text":60664},"What does input() return in Python?",{"id":60554,"depth":90,"text":60555},{"id":60568,"depth":90,"text":60569},{"id":60582,"depth":90,"text":60583},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to get user input in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-get-user-input-in-python",{"title":59220,"description":60669},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-get-user-input-in-python","9b_bD7u552cRge0NIBuX-7-J8tTEAbqIXXeh_emQ68I",{"id":60676,"title":60677,"body":60678,"description":62550,"extension":2479,"meta":62551,"navigation":86,"path":62552,"seo":62553,"stem":62554,"__hash__":62555},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-handle-api-responses-in-python.md","How to Handle API Responses in Python",{"type":7,"value":60679,"toc":62530},[60680,60683,60686,60689,60703,60706,60710,60861,60864,60868,60882,60886,60889,60891,60910,60913,60915,61043,61050,61054,61057,61064,61075,61077,61181,61184,61228,61234,61271,61274,61371,61379,61389,61393,61396,61399,61413,61419,61425,61488,61495,61571,61574,61589,61592,61606,61612,61616,61619,61621,61876,61878,61907,61913,61920,61924,61927,61957,61959,62099,62104,62108,62111,62128,62130,62327,62336,62344,62346,62349,62368,62371,62446,62453,62456,62458,62462,62465,62469,62478,62483,62486,62493,62501,62503,62527],[10,60681,60677],{"id":60682},"how-to-handle-api-responses-in-python",[14,60684,60685],{},"After you make a request to an API, the next step is handling the response safely.",[14,60687,60688],{},"This means:",[29,60690,60691,60694,60697,60700],{},[32,60692,60693],{},"checking whether the request succeeded",[32,60695,60696],{},"reading the returned data",[32,60698,60699],{},"handling JSON correctly",[32,60701,60702],{},"dealing with errors like bad status codes or invalid response content",[14,60704,60705],{},"This page shows a simple beginner-friendly pattern for working with API responses in Python.",[55,60707,60709],{"id":60708},"quick-example","Quick example",[60,60711,60713],{"className":62,"code":60712,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nurl = \"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.example.com\u002Fdata\"\nresponse = requests.get(url, timeout=10)\n\nif response.status_code == 200:\n    data = response.json()\n    print(data)\nelse:\n    print(\"Request failed:\", response.status_code)\n    print(response.text)\n",[21,60714,60715,60721,60725,60739,60769,60773,60792,60807,60817,60823,60846],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,60716,60717,60719],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,60718,76],{"class":75},[69,60720,39308],{"class":79},[69,60722,60723],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,60724,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,60726,60727,60730,60732,60734,60737],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,60728,60729],{"class":79},"url ",[69,60731,97],{"class":96},[69,60733,123],{"class":110},[69,60735,60736],{"class":114},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.example.com\u002Fdata",[69,60738,1825],{"class":110},[69,60740,60741,60744,60746,60749,60751,60753,60755,60758,60760,60763,60765,60767],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,60742,60743],{"class":79},"response ",[69,60745,97],{"class":96},[69,60747,60748],{"class":79}," requests",[69,60750,289],{"class":100},[69,60752,2610],{"class":292},[69,60754,221],{"class":100},[69,60756,60757],{"class":292},"url",[69,60759,120],{"class":100},[69,60761,60762],{"class":242}," timeout",[69,60764,97],{"class":96},[69,60766,18507],{"class":157},[69,60768,301],{"class":100},[69,60770,60771],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,60772,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,60774,60775,60777,60780,60782,60785,60787,60790],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,60776,3201],{"class":75},[69,60778,60779],{"class":79}," response",[69,60781,289],{"class":100},[69,60783,60784],{"class":2216},"status_code",[69,60786,19865],{"class":96},[69,60788,60789],{"class":157}," 200",[69,60791,275],{"class":100},[69,60793,60794,60797,60799,60801,60803,60805],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,60795,60796],{"class":79},"    data ",[69,60798,97],{"class":96},[69,60800,60779],{"class":79},[69,60802,289],{"class":100},[69,60804,20659],{"class":292},[69,60806,1385],{"class":100},[69,60808,60809,60811,60813,60815],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,60810,3220],{"class":217},[69,60812,221],{"class":100},[69,60814,3436],{"class":292},[69,60816,301],{"class":100},[69,60818,60819,60821],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,60820,3277],{"class":75},[69,60822,275],{"class":100},[69,60824,60825,60827,60829,60831,60834,60836,60838,60840,60842,60844],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,60826,3220],{"class":217},[69,60828,221],{"class":100},[69,60830,111],{"class":110},[69,60832,60833],{"class":114},"Request failed:",[69,60835,111],{"class":110},[69,60837,120],{"class":100},[69,60839,60779],{"class":292},[69,60841,289],{"class":100},[69,60843,60784],{"class":2216},[69,60845,301],{"class":100},[69,60847,60848,60850,60852,60855,60857,60859],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,60849,3220],{"class":217},[69,60851,221],{"class":100},[69,60853,60854],{"class":292},"response",[69,60856,289],{"class":100},[69,60858,568],{"class":2216},[69,60860,301],{"class":100},[14,60862,60863],{},"Use this pattern to check whether the request worked before reading the response data.",[55,60865,60867],{"id":60866},"what-this-page-covers","What this page covers",[29,60869,60870,60873,60876,60879],{},[32,60871,60872],{},"Handle the data returned by an API request",[32,60874,60875],{},"Check whether the request succeeded",[32,60877,60878],{},"Read JSON responses safely",[32,60880,60881],{},"Deal with common problems like bad status codes or invalid JSON",[55,60883,60885],{"id":60884},"check-the-http-status-code-first","Check the HTTP status code first",[14,60887,60888],{},"The status code tells you what happened when the server handled your request.",[14,60890,11379],{},[29,60892,60893,60898,60904],{},[32,60894,60895,45366],{},[21,60896,60897],{},"200",[32,60899,60900,60903],{},[21,60901,60902],{},"400"," range usually means something was wrong with the request",[32,60905,60906,60909],{},[21,60907,60908],{},"500"," range usually means the server had a problem",[14,60911,60912],{},"Do not assume every response contains usable data. A request can return a response object even when the request failed.",[14,60914,370],{},[60,60916,60918],{"className":62,"code":60917,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nresponse = requests.get(\"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.example.com\u002Fdata\", timeout=10)\n\nprint(\"Status code:\", response.status_code)\n\nif response.status_code == 200:\n    print(\"The request worked.\")\nelse:\n    print(\"The request failed.\")\n",[21,60919,60920,60926,60930,60960,60964,60987,60991,61007,61022,61028],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,60921,60922,60924],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,60923,76],{"class":75},[69,60925,39308],{"class":79},[69,60927,60928],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,60929,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,60931,60932,60934,60936,60938,60940,60942,60944,60946,60948,60950,60952,60954,60956,60958],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,60933,60743],{"class":79},[69,60935,97],{"class":96},[69,60937,60748],{"class":79},[69,60939,289],{"class":100},[69,60941,2610],{"class":292},[69,60943,221],{"class":100},[69,60945,111],{"class":110},[69,60947,60736],{"class":114},[69,60949,111],{"class":110},[69,60951,120],{"class":100},[69,60953,60762],{"class":242},[69,60955,97],{"class":96},[69,60957,18507],{"class":157},[69,60959,301],{"class":100},[69,60961,60962],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,60963,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,60965,60966,60968,60970,60972,60975,60977,60979,60981,60983,60985],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,60967,2161],{"class":217},[69,60969,221],{"class":100},[69,60971,111],{"class":110},[69,60973,60974],{"class":114},"Status code:",[69,60976,111],{"class":110},[69,60978,120],{"class":100},[69,60980,60779],{"class":292},[69,60982,289],{"class":100},[69,60984,60784],{"class":2216},[69,60986,301],{"class":100},[69,60988,60989],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,60990,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,60992,60993,60995,60997,60999,61001,61003,61005],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,60994,3201],{"class":75},[69,60996,60779],{"class":79},[69,60998,289],{"class":100},[69,61000,60784],{"class":2216},[69,61002,19865],{"class":96},[69,61004,60789],{"class":157},[69,61006,275],{"class":100},[69,61008,61009,61011,61013,61015,61018,61020],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,61010,3220],{"class":217},[69,61012,221],{"class":100},[69,61014,111],{"class":110},[69,61016,61017],{"class":114},"The request worked.",[69,61019,111],{"class":110},[69,61021,301],{"class":100},[69,61023,61024,61026],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,61025,3277],{"class":75},[69,61027,275],{"class":100},[69,61029,61030,61032,61034,61036,61039,61041],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,61031,3220],{"class":217},[69,61033,221],{"class":100},[69,61035,111],{"class":110},[69,61037,61038],{"class":114},"The request failed.",[69,61040,111],{"class":110},[69,61042,301],{"class":100},[14,61044,61045,61046,289],{},"If you are new to requests, see ",[579,61047,61049],{"href":61048},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-make-an-api-request-in-python","how to make an API request in Python",[55,61051,61053],{"id":61052},"read-json-data-from-the-response","Read JSON data from the response",[14,61055,61056],{},"Many APIs return data in JSON format.",[14,61058,61059,61060,61063],{},"In Python, you can use ",[21,61061,61062],{},"response.json()"," to convert that JSON into normal Python data:",[29,61065,61066,61069,61072],{},[32,61067,61068],{},"a dictionary",[32,61070,61071],{},"a list",[32,61073,61074],{},"sometimes nested dictionaries and lists",[14,61076,370],{},[60,61078,61080],{"className":62,"code":61079,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nresponse = requests.get(\"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.example.com\u002Fuser\", timeout=10)\n\nif response.status_code == 200:\n    data = response.json()\n    print(data)\n    print(type(data))\n",[21,61081,61082,61088,61092,61123,61127,61143,61157,61167],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,61083,61084,61086],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,61085,76],{"class":75},[69,61087,39308],{"class":79},[69,61089,61090],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,61091,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,61093,61094,61096,61098,61100,61102,61104,61106,61108,61111,61113,61115,61117,61119,61121],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,61095,60743],{"class":79},[69,61097,97],{"class":96},[69,61099,60748],{"class":79},[69,61101,289],{"class":100},[69,61103,2610],{"class":292},[69,61105,221],{"class":100},[69,61107,111],{"class":110},[69,61109,61110],{"class":114},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.example.com\u002Fuser",[69,61112,111],{"class":110},[69,61114,120],{"class":100},[69,61116,60762],{"class":242},[69,61118,97],{"class":96},[69,61120,18507],{"class":157},[69,61122,301],{"class":100},[69,61124,61125],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,61126,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,61128,61129,61131,61133,61135,61137,61139,61141],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,61130,3201],{"class":75},[69,61132,60779],{"class":79},[69,61134,289],{"class":100},[69,61136,60784],{"class":2216},[69,61138,19865],{"class":96},[69,61140,60789],{"class":157},[69,61142,275],{"class":100},[69,61144,61145,61147,61149,61151,61153,61155],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,61146,60796],{"class":79},[69,61148,97],{"class":96},[69,61150,60779],{"class":79},[69,61152,289],{"class":100},[69,61154,20659],{"class":292},[69,61156,1385],{"class":100},[69,61158,61159,61161,61163,61165],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,61160,3220],{"class":217},[69,61162,221],{"class":100},[69,61164,3436],{"class":292},[69,61166,301],{"class":100},[69,61168,61169,61171,61173,61175,61177,61179],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,61170,3220],{"class":217},[69,61172,221],{"class":100},[69,61174,2176],{"class":1859},[69,61176,221],{"class":100},[69,61178,3436],{"class":292},[69,61180,2183],{"class":100},[14,61182,61183],{},"If the API returns JSON like this:",[60,61185,61187],{"className":21316,"code":61186,"language":20659,"meta":65,"style":65},"{\n  \"name\": \"Sam\",\n  \"age\": 30\n}\n",[21,61188,61189,61193,61212,61224],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,61190,61191],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,61192,21534],{"class":100},[69,61194,61195,61198,61200,61202,61204,61206,61208,61210],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,61196,61197],{"class":3012},"  \"",[69,61199,115],{"class":21327},[69,61201,111],{"class":3012},[69,61203,1174],{"class":100},[69,61205,123],{"class":110},[69,61207,14746],{"class":114},[69,61209,111],{"class":110},[69,61211,3401],{"class":100},[69,61213,61214,61216,61218,61220,61222],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,61215,61197],{"class":3012},[69,61217,126],{"class":21327},[69,61219,111],{"class":3012},[69,61221,1174],{"class":100},[69,61223,1835],{"class":157},[69,61225,61226],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,61227,1260],{"class":100},[14,61229,61230,61231,61233],{},"Then ",[21,61232,61062],{}," will usually give you a Python dictionary:",[60,61235,61237],{"className":62,"code":61236,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{\"name\": \"Sam\", \"age\": 30}\n",[21,61238,61239],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,61240,61241,61243,61245,61247,61249,61251,61253,61255,61257,61259,61261,61263,61265,61267,61269],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,61242,8018],{"class":100},[69,61244,111],{"class":110},[69,61246,115],{"class":114},[69,61248,111],{"class":110},[69,61250,1174],{"class":100},[69,61252,123],{"class":110},[69,61254,14746],{"class":114},[69,61256,111],{"class":110},[69,61258,120],{"class":100},[69,61260,123],{"class":110},[69,61262,126],{"class":114},[69,61264,111],{"class":110},[69,61266,1174],{"class":100},[69,61268,158],{"class":157},[69,61270,1260],{"class":100},[14,61272,61273],{},"You can then access values by key:",[60,61275,61277],{"className":62,"code":61276,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nresponse = requests.get(\"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.example.com\u002Fuser\", timeout=10)\n\nif response.status_code == 200:\n    data = response.json()\n    print(data[\"name\"])\n",[21,61278,61279,61285,61289,61319,61323,61339,61353],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,61280,61281,61283],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,61282,76],{"class":75},[69,61284,39308],{"class":79},[69,61286,61287],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,61288,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,61290,61291,61293,61295,61297,61299,61301,61303,61305,61307,61309,61311,61313,61315,61317],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,61292,60743],{"class":79},[69,61294,97],{"class":96},[69,61296,60748],{"class":79},[69,61298,289],{"class":100},[69,61300,2610],{"class":292},[69,61302,221],{"class":100},[69,61304,111],{"class":110},[69,61306,61110],{"class":114},[69,61308,111],{"class":110},[69,61310,120],{"class":100},[69,61312,60762],{"class":242},[69,61314,97],{"class":96},[69,61316,18507],{"class":157},[69,61318,301],{"class":100},[69,61320,61321],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,61322,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,61324,61325,61327,61329,61331,61333,61335,61337],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,61326,3201],{"class":75},[69,61328,60779],{"class":79},[69,61330,289],{"class":100},[69,61332,60784],{"class":2216},[69,61334,19865],{"class":96},[69,61336,60789],{"class":157},[69,61338,275],{"class":100},[69,61340,61341,61343,61345,61347,61349,61351],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,61342,60796],{"class":79},[69,61344,97],{"class":96},[69,61346,60779],{"class":79},[69,61348,289],{"class":100},[69,61350,20659],{"class":292},[69,61352,1385],{"class":100},[69,61354,61355,61357,61359,61361,61363,61365,61367,61369],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,61356,3220],{"class":217},[69,61358,221],{"class":100},[69,61360,3436],{"class":292},[69,61362,1345],{"class":100},[69,61364,111],{"class":110},[69,61366,115],{"class":114},[69,61368,111],{"class":110},[69,61370,494],{"class":100},[14,61372,61373,61374,61376,61377,289],{},"Be careful here. If a key is missing, Python raises a ",[21,61375,2816],{},". For help with that, see ",[579,61378,15946],{"href":15945},[14,61380,61381,61382,364,61385,289],{},"If you want to understand JSON better, see the ",[579,61383,61384],{"href":22081},"Python JSON module overview",[579,61386,61388],{"href":61387},"\u002Fstandard-library\u002Fjson.loads-function-explained","json.loads() explained",[55,61390,61392],{"id":61391},"handle-non-json-responses","Handle non-JSON responses",[14,61394,61395],{},"Not every API response contains JSON.",[14,61397,61398],{},"Sometimes the server returns:",[29,61400,61401,61404,61407,61410],{},[32,61402,61403],{},"plain text",[32,61405,61406],{},"HTML",[32,61408,61409],{},"an error page",[32,61411,61412],{},"an empty response",[14,61414,61415,61416,61418],{},"In those cases, ",[21,61417,61062],{}," may fail.",[14,61420,322,61421,61424],{},[21,61422,61423],{},"response.text"," when you want the raw text content:",[60,61426,61428],{"className":62,"code":61427,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nresponse = requests.get(\"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.example.com\u002Fdata\", timeout=10)\n\nprint(response.text)\n",[21,61429,61430,61436,61440,61470,61474],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,61431,61432,61434],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,61433,76],{"class":75},[69,61435,39308],{"class":79},[69,61437,61438],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,61439,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,61441,61442,61444,61446,61448,61450,61452,61454,61456,61458,61460,61462,61464,61466,61468],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,61443,60743],{"class":79},[69,61445,97],{"class":96},[69,61447,60748],{"class":79},[69,61449,289],{"class":100},[69,61451,2610],{"class":292},[69,61453,221],{"class":100},[69,61455,111],{"class":110},[69,61457,60736],{"class":114},[69,61459,111],{"class":110},[69,61461,120],{"class":100},[69,61463,60762],{"class":242},[69,61465,97],{"class":96},[69,61467,18507],{"class":157},[69,61469,301],{"class":100},[69,61471,61472],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,61473,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,61475,61476,61478,61480,61482,61484,61486],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,61477,2161],{"class":217},[69,61479,221],{"class":100},[69,61481,60854],{"class":292},[69,61483,289],{"class":100},[69,61485,568],{"class":2216},[69,61487,301],{"class":100},[14,61489,61490,61491,61494],{},"You can also inspect the ",[21,61492,61493],{},"Content-Type"," header to see what kind of data the server returned:",[60,61496,61498],{"className":62,"code":61497,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nresponse = requests.get(\"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.example.com\u002Fdata\", timeout=10)\n\nprint(response.headers.get(\"Content-Type\"))\n",[21,61499,61500,61506,61510,61540,61544],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,61501,61502,61504],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,61503,76],{"class":75},[69,61505,39308],{"class":79},[69,61507,61508],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,61509,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,61511,61512,61514,61516,61518,61520,61522,61524,61526,61528,61530,61532,61534,61536,61538],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,61513,60743],{"class":79},[69,61515,97],{"class":96},[69,61517,60748],{"class":79},[69,61519,289],{"class":100},[69,61521,2610],{"class":292},[69,61523,221],{"class":100},[69,61525,111],{"class":110},[69,61527,60736],{"class":114},[69,61529,111],{"class":110},[69,61531,120],{"class":100},[69,61533,60762],{"class":242},[69,61535,97],{"class":96},[69,61537,18507],{"class":157},[69,61539,301],{"class":100},[69,61541,61542],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,61543,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,61545,61546,61548,61550,61552,61554,61557,61559,61561,61563,61565,61567,61569],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,61547,2161],{"class":217},[69,61549,221],{"class":100},[69,61551,60854],{"class":292},[69,61553,289],{"class":100},[69,61555,61556],{"class":2216},"headers",[69,61558,289],{"class":100},[69,61560,2610],{"class":292},[69,61562,221],{"class":100},[69,61564,111],{"class":110},[69,61566,61493],{"class":114},[69,61568,111],{"class":110},[69,61570,2183],{"class":100},[14,61572,61573],{},"A JSON response often has a content type like:",[60,61575,61577],{"className":62,"code":61576,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"application\u002Fjson\n",[21,61578,61579],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,61580,61581,61584,61586],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,61582,61583],{"class":79},"application",[69,61585,38681],{"class":96},[69,61587,61588],{"class":79},"json\n",[14,61590,61591],{},"If the response is HTML, you might see something like:",[60,61593,61595],{"className":62,"code":61594,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text\u002Fhtml\n",[21,61596,61597],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,61598,61599,61601,61603],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,61600,568],{"class":79},[69,61602,38681],{"class":96},[69,61604,61605],{"class":79},"html\n",[14,61607,61608,61609,61611],{},"That is a sign that calling ",[21,61610,61062],{}," may not be correct.",[55,61613,61615],{"id":61614},"handle-errors-safely","Handle errors safely",[14,61617,61618],{},"A safer pattern is to check the status code and handle JSON parsing carefully.",[14,61620,370],{},[60,61622,61624],{"className":62,"code":61623,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nurl = \"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.example.com\u002Fdata\"\n\ntry:\n    response = requests.get(url, timeout=10)\n    response.raise_for_status()\n\n    data = response.json()\n    print(\"Received data:\", data)\n\nexcept requests.exceptions.HTTPError:\n    print(\"HTTP error:\", response.status_code)\n    print(response.text)\n\nexcept requests.exceptions.Timeout:\n    print(\"The request took too long.\")\n\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"The response was not valid JSON.\")\n    print(response.text)\n",[21,61625,61626,61632,61636,61648,61652,61658,61685,61697,61701,61715,61734,61738,61756,61779,61793,61797,61815,61831,61836,61845,61861],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,61627,61628,61630],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,61629,76],{"class":75},[69,61631,39308],{"class":79},[69,61633,61634],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,61635,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,61637,61638,61640,61642,61644,61646],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,61639,60729],{"class":79},[69,61641,97],{"class":96},[69,61643,123],{"class":110},[69,61645,60736],{"class":114},[69,61647,1825],{"class":110},[69,61649,61650],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,61651,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,61653,61654,61656],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,61655,11233],{"class":75},[69,61657,275],{"class":100},[69,61659,61660,61663,61665,61667,61669,61671,61673,61675,61677,61679,61681,61683],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,61661,61662],{"class":79},"    response ",[69,61664,97],{"class":96},[69,61666,60748],{"class":79},[69,61668,289],{"class":100},[69,61670,2610],{"class":292},[69,61672,221],{"class":100},[69,61674,60757],{"class":292},[69,61676,120],{"class":100},[69,61678,60762],{"class":242},[69,61680,97],{"class":96},[69,61682,18507],{"class":157},[69,61684,301],{"class":100},[69,61686,61687,61690,61692,61695],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,61688,61689],{"class":79},"    response",[69,61691,289],{"class":100},[69,61693,61694],{"class":292},"raise_for_status",[69,61696,1385],{"class":100},[69,61698,61699],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,61700,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,61702,61703,61705,61707,61709,61711,61713],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,61704,60796],{"class":79},[69,61706,97],{"class":96},[69,61708,60779],{"class":79},[69,61710,289],{"class":100},[69,61712,20659],{"class":292},[69,61714,1385],{"class":100},[69,61716,61717,61719,61721,61723,61726,61728,61730,61732],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,61718,3220],{"class":217},[69,61720,221],{"class":100},[69,61722,111],{"class":110},[69,61724,61725],{"class":114},"Received data:",[69,61727,111],{"class":110},[69,61729,120],{"class":100},[69,61731,3539],{"class":292},[69,61733,301],{"class":100},[69,61735,61736],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,61737,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,61739,61740,61742,61744,61746,61749,61751,61754],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,61741,11221],{"class":75},[69,61743,60748],{"class":79},[69,61745,289],{"class":100},[69,61747,61748],{"class":2216},"exceptions",[69,61750,289],{"class":100},[69,61752,61753],{"class":2216},"HTTPError",[69,61755,275],{"class":100},[69,61757,61758,61760,61762,61764,61767,61769,61771,61773,61775,61777],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,61759,3220],{"class":217},[69,61761,221],{"class":100},[69,61763,111],{"class":110},[69,61765,61766],{"class":114},"HTTP error:",[69,61768,111],{"class":110},[69,61770,120],{"class":100},[69,61772,60779],{"class":292},[69,61774,289],{"class":100},[69,61776,60784],{"class":2216},[69,61778,301],{"class":100},[69,61780,61781,61783,61785,61787,61789,61791],{"class":71,"line":50892},[69,61782,3220],{"class":217},[69,61784,221],{"class":100},[69,61786,60854],{"class":292},[69,61788,289],{"class":100},[69,61790,568],{"class":2216},[69,61792,301],{"class":100},[69,61794,61795],{"class":71,"line":50897},[69,61796,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,61798,61800,61802,61804,61806,61808,61810,61813],{"class":71,"line":61799},16,[69,61801,11221],{"class":75},[69,61803,60748],{"class":79},[69,61805,289],{"class":100},[69,61807,61748],{"class":2216},[69,61809,289],{"class":100},[69,61811,61812],{"class":2216},"Timeout",[69,61814,275],{"class":100},[69,61816,61818,61820,61822,61824,61827,61829],{"class":71,"line":61817},17,[69,61819,3220],{"class":217},[69,61821,221],{"class":100},[69,61823,111],{"class":110},[69,61825,61826],{"class":114},"The request took too long.",[69,61828,111],{"class":110},[69,61830,301],{"class":100},[69,61832,61834],{"class":71,"line":61833},18,[69,61835,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,61837,61839,61841,61843],{"class":71,"line":61838},19,[69,61840,11221],{"class":75},[69,61842,11901],{"class":1859},[69,61844,275],{"class":100},[69,61846,61848,61850,61852,61854,61857,61859],{"class":71,"line":61847},20,[69,61849,3220],{"class":217},[69,61851,221],{"class":100},[69,61853,111],{"class":110},[69,61855,61856],{"class":114},"The response was not valid JSON.",[69,61858,111],{"class":110},[69,61860,301],{"class":100},[69,61862,61864,61866,61868,61870,61872,61874],{"class":71,"line":61863},21,[69,61865,3220],{"class":217},[69,61867,221],{"class":100},[69,61869,60854],{"class":292},[69,61871,289],{"class":100},[69,61873,568],{"class":2216},[69,61875,301],{"class":100},[14,61877,7768],{},[29,61879,61880,61886,61897,61902],{},[32,61881,61882,61885],{},[21,61883,61884],{},"timeout=10"," stops the program from waiting forever",[32,61887,61888,61891,61892,364,61895],{},[21,61889,61890],{},"raise_for_status()"," raises an error for bad status codes like ",[21,61893,61894],{},"404",[21,61896,60908],{},[32,61898,61899,61901],{},[21,61900,61062],{}," tries to parse JSON",[32,61903,61904,61906],{},[21,61905,12235],{}," handles invalid JSON",[14,61908,61909,61910,61912],{},"Printing ",[21,61911,61423],{}," is often very helpful when debugging API problems.",[14,61914,61915,61916,289],{},"If you are sending data to an API, you may also want to read ",[579,61917,61919],{"href":61918},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-send-a-post-request-in-python","how to send a POST request in Python",[55,61921,61923],{"id":61922},"useful-response-parts-to-inspect","Useful response parts to inspect",[14,61925,61926],{},"These are the most useful parts of a response object:",[29,61928,61929,61935,61940,61945,61951],{},[32,61930,61931,61934],{},[21,61932,61933],{},"response.status_code"," for the result code",[32,61936,61937,61939],{},[21,61938,61423],{}," for raw text content",[32,61941,61942,61944],{},[21,61943,61062],{}," for parsed JSON content",[32,61946,61947,61950],{},[21,61948,61949],{},"response.headers"," for metadata about the response",[32,61952,61953,61956],{},[21,61954,61955],{},"response.url"," to see the final URL used",[14,61958,370],{},[60,61960,61962],{"className":62,"code":61961,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nresponse = requests.get(\"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.example.com\u002Fdata\", timeout=10)\n\nprint(\"Status code:\", response.status_code)\nprint(\"Final URL:\", response.url)\nprint(\"Headers:\", response.headers)\nprint(\"Text:\", response.text)\n",[21,61963,61964,61970,61974,62004,62008,62030,62053,62076],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,61965,61966,61968],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,61967,76],{"class":75},[69,61969,39308],{"class":79},[69,61971,61972],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,61973,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,61975,61976,61978,61980,61982,61984,61986,61988,61990,61992,61994,61996,61998,62000,62002],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,61977,60743],{"class":79},[69,61979,97],{"class":96},[69,61981,60748],{"class":79},[69,61983,289],{"class":100},[69,61985,2610],{"class":292},[69,61987,221],{"class":100},[69,61989,111],{"class":110},[69,61991,60736],{"class":114},[69,61993,111],{"class":110},[69,61995,120],{"class":100},[69,61997,60762],{"class":242},[69,61999,97],{"class":96},[69,62001,18507],{"class":157},[69,62003,301],{"class":100},[69,62005,62006],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,62007,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,62009,62010,62012,62014,62016,62018,62020,62022,62024,62026,62028],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,62011,2161],{"class":217},[69,62013,221],{"class":100},[69,62015,111],{"class":110},[69,62017,60974],{"class":114},[69,62019,111],{"class":110},[69,62021,120],{"class":100},[69,62023,60779],{"class":292},[69,62025,289],{"class":100},[69,62027,60784],{"class":2216},[69,62029,301],{"class":100},[69,62031,62032,62034,62036,62038,62041,62043,62045,62047,62049,62051],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,62033,2161],{"class":217},[69,62035,221],{"class":100},[69,62037,111],{"class":110},[69,62039,62040],{"class":114},"Final URL:",[69,62042,111],{"class":110},[69,62044,120],{"class":100},[69,62046,60779],{"class":292},[69,62048,289],{"class":100},[69,62050,60757],{"class":2216},[69,62052,301],{"class":100},[69,62054,62055,62057,62059,62061,62064,62066,62068,62070,62072,62074],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,62056,2161],{"class":217},[69,62058,221],{"class":100},[69,62060,111],{"class":110},[69,62062,62063],{"class":114},"Headers:",[69,62065,111],{"class":110},[69,62067,120],{"class":100},[69,62069,60779],{"class":292},[69,62071,289],{"class":100},[69,62073,61556],{"class":2216},[69,62075,301],{"class":100},[69,62077,62078,62080,62082,62084,62087,62089,62091,62093,62095,62097],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,62079,2161],{"class":217},[69,62081,221],{"class":100},[69,62083,111],{"class":110},[69,62085,62086],{"class":114},"Text:",[69,62088,111],{"class":110},[69,62090,120],{"class":100},[69,62092,60779],{"class":292},[69,62094,289],{"class":100},[69,62096,568],{"class":2216},[69,62098,301],{"class":100},[14,62100,322,62101,62103],{},[21,62102,61062],{}," only when you expect valid JSON.",[55,62105,62107],{"id":62106},"beginner-workflow-for-handling-api-responses","Beginner workflow for handling API responses",[14,62109,62110],{},"A simple workflow is:",[9539,62112,62113,62116,62119,62122,62125],{},[32,62114,62115],{},"Send the request",[32,62117,62118],{},"Check the status code",[32,62120,62121],{},"If successful, read the data",[32,62123,62124],{},"If not successful, inspect the error message",[32,62126,62127],{},"Handle missing keys or unexpected data carefully",[14,62129,370],{},[60,62131,62133],{"className":62,"code":62132,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nresponse = requests.get(\"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.example.com\u002Fuser\", timeout=10)\n\nif response.status_code == 200:\n    try:\n        data = response.json()\n        print(\"User name:\", data.get(\"name\"))\n    except ValueError:\n        print(\"The server did not return valid JSON.\")\n        print(response.text)\nelse:\n    print(\"Request failed with status:\", response.status_code)\n    print(response.text)\n",[21,62134,62135,62141,62145,62175,62179,62195,62201,62216,62247,62255,62270,62284,62290,62313],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,62136,62137,62139],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,62138,76],{"class":75},[69,62140,39308],{"class":79},[69,62142,62143],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,62144,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,62146,62147,62149,62151,62153,62155,62157,62159,62161,62163,62165,62167,62169,62171,62173],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,62148,60743],{"class":79},[69,62150,97],{"class":96},[69,62152,60748],{"class":79},[69,62154,289],{"class":100},[69,62156,2610],{"class":292},[69,62158,221],{"class":100},[69,62160,111],{"class":110},[69,62162,61110],{"class":114},[69,62164,111],{"class":110},[69,62166,120],{"class":100},[69,62168,60762],{"class":242},[69,62170,97],{"class":96},[69,62172,18507],{"class":157},[69,62174,301],{"class":100},[69,62176,62177],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,62178,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,62180,62181,62183,62185,62187,62189,62191,62193],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,62182,3201],{"class":75},[69,62184,60779],{"class":79},[69,62186,289],{"class":100},[69,62188,60784],{"class":2216},[69,62190,19865],{"class":96},[69,62192,60789],{"class":157},[69,62194,275],{"class":100},[69,62196,62197,62199],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,62198,28917],{"class":75},[69,62200,275],{"class":100},[69,62202,62203,62206,62208,62210,62212,62214],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,62204,62205],{"class":79},"        data ",[69,62207,97],{"class":96},[69,62209,60779],{"class":79},[69,62211,289],{"class":100},[69,62213,20659],{"class":292},[69,62215,1385],{"class":100},[69,62217,62218,62220,62222,62224,62227,62229,62231,62233,62235,62237,62239,62241,62243,62245],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,62219,7531],{"class":217},[69,62221,221],{"class":100},[69,62223,111],{"class":110},[69,62225,62226],{"class":114},"User name:",[69,62228,111],{"class":110},[69,62230,120],{"class":100},[69,62232,3539],{"class":292},[69,62234,289],{"class":100},[69,62236,2610],{"class":292},[69,62238,221],{"class":100},[69,62240,111],{"class":110},[69,62242,115],{"class":114},[69,62244,111],{"class":110},[69,62246,2183],{"class":100},[69,62248,62249,62251,62253],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,62250,28971],{"class":75},[69,62252,11901],{"class":1859},[69,62254,275],{"class":100},[69,62256,62257,62259,62261,62263,62266,62268],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,62258,7531],{"class":217},[69,62260,221],{"class":100},[69,62262,111],{"class":110},[69,62264,62265],{"class":114},"The server did not return valid JSON.",[69,62267,111],{"class":110},[69,62269,301],{"class":100},[69,62271,62272,62274,62276,62278,62280,62282],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,62273,7531],{"class":217},[69,62275,221],{"class":100},[69,62277,60854],{"class":292},[69,62279,289],{"class":100},[69,62281,568],{"class":2216},[69,62283,301],{"class":100},[69,62285,62286,62288],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,62287,3277],{"class":75},[69,62289,275],{"class":100},[69,62291,62292,62294,62296,62298,62301,62303,62305,62307,62309,62311],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,62293,3220],{"class":217},[69,62295,221],{"class":100},[69,62297,111],{"class":110},[69,62299,62300],{"class":114},"Request failed with status:",[69,62302,111],{"class":110},[69,62304,120],{"class":100},[69,62306,60779],{"class":292},[69,62308,289],{"class":100},[69,62310,60784],{"class":2216},[69,62312,301],{"class":100},[69,62314,62315,62317,62319,62321,62323,62325],{"class":71,"line":50892},[69,62316,3220],{"class":217},[69,62318,221],{"class":100},[69,62320,60854],{"class":292},[69,62322,289],{"class":100},[69,62324,568],{"class":2216},[69,62326,301],{"class":100},[14,62328,62329,62330,10347,62333,289],{},"This version uses ",[21,62331,62332],{},"data.get(\"name\")",[21,62334,62335],{},"data[\"name\"]",[14,62337,62338,62339,3019,62341,62343],{},"That is useful because ",[21,62340,2515],{},[21,62342,3022],{}," if the key does not exist, instead of raising an error.",[55,62345,3868],{"id":3867},[14,62347,62348],{},"These are common causes of API response problems:",[29,62350,62351,62356,62359,62362,62365],{},[32,62352,58875,62353,62355],{},[21,62354,61062],{}," when the server returned HTML or plain text",[32,62357,62358],{},"Ignoring the status code and assuming the request worked",[32,62360,62361],{},"Trying to access dictionary keys that do not exist",[32,62363,62364],{},"Forgetting to set a timeout",[32,62366,62367],{},"Not handling failed requests before using the response data",[14,62369,62370],{},"Useful things to print while debugging:",[60,62372,62374],{"className":62,"code":62373,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(response.status_code)\nprint(response.text)\nprint(response.headers)\nprint(response.url)\nprint(response.json())\n",[21,62375,62376,62390,62404,62418,62432],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,62377,62378,62380,62382,62384,62386,62388],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,62379,2161],{"class":217},[69,62381,221],{"class":100},[69,62383,60854],{"class":292},[69,62385,289],{"class":100},[69,62387,60784],{"class":2216},[69,62389,301],{"class":100},[69,62391,62392,62394,62396,62398,62400,62402],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,62393,2161],{"class":217},[69,62395,221],{"class":100},[69,62397,60854],{"class":292},[69,62399,289],{"class":100},[69,62401,568],{"class":2216},[69,62403,301],{"class":100},[69,62405,62406,62408,62410,62412,62414,62416],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,62407,2161],{"class":217},[69,62409,221],{"class":100},[69,62411,60854],{"class":292},[69,62413,289],{"class":100},[69,62415,61556],{"class":2216},[69,62417,301],{"class":100},[69,62419,62420,62422,62424,62426,62428,62430],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,62421,2161],{"class":217},[69,62423,221],{"class":100},[69,62425,60854],{"class":292},[69,62427,289],{"class":100},[69,62429,60757],{"class":2216},[69,62431,301],{"class":100},[69,62433,62434,62436,62438,62440,62442,62444],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,62435,2161],{"class":217},[69,62437,221],{"class":100},[69,62439,60854],{"class":292},[69,62441,289],{"class":100},[69,62443,20659],{"class":292},[69,62445,3923],{"class":100},[14,62447,62448,62449,62452],{},"Be careful with ",[21,62450,62451],{},"print(response.json())",". Only use it when you are reasonably sure the response contains valid JSON.",[14,62454,62455],{},"If you treat a string like a dictionary by mistake, you may run into TypeError: string indices must be integers or slices.",[55,62457,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,62459,62461],{"id":62460},"what-is-an-api-response-in-python","What is an API response in Python?",[14,62463,62464],{},"It is the data and status information returned after your Python code sends a request to an API.",[1647,62466,62468],{"id":62467},"how-do-i-know-if-an-api-request-worked","How do I know if an API request worked?",[14,62470,62471,62472,62474,62475,62477],{},"Check ",[21,62473,61933],{},". A ",[21,62476,60897],{}," status code usually means success.",[1647,62479,18230,62481,27698],{"id":62480},"why-does-responsejson-fail",[21,62482,61062],{},[14,62484,62485],{},"It fails when the response does not contain valid JSON, such as HTML error text or plain text.",[1647,62487,2392,62489,364,62491,1414],{"id":62488},"should-i-use-responsetext-or-responsejson",[21,62490,61423],{},[21,62492,61062],{},[14,62494,322,62495,62497,62498,62500],{},[21,62496,61062],{}," for JSON APIs. Use ",[21,62499,61423],{}," when the response is plain text or when debugging.",[55,62502,2414],{"id":2413},[29,62504,62505,62510,62515,62519,62523],{},[32,62506,62507],{},[579,62508,62509],{"href":61048},"How to make an API request in Python",[32,62511,62512],{},[579,62513,62514],{"href":61918},"How to send a POST request in Python",[32,62516,62517],{},[579,62518,61384],{"href":22081},[32,62520,62521],{},[579,62522,61388],{"href":61387},[32,62524,62525],{},[579,62526,15946],{"href":15945},[2450,62528,62529],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .s99_P, html code.shiki .s99_P{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .skxfh, html code.shiki .skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sseR_, html code.shiki .sseR_{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":62531},[62532,62533,62534,62535,62536,62537,62538,62539,62540,62541,62549],{"id":60708,"depth":83,"text":60709},{"id":60866,"depth":83,"text":60867},{"id":60884,"depth":83,"text":60885},{"id":61052,"depth":83,"text":61053},{"id":61391,"depth":83,"text":61392},{"id":61614,"depth":83,"text":61615},{"id":61922,"depth":83,"text":61923},{"id":62106,"depth":83,"text":62107},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":62542},[62543,62544,62545,62547],{"id":62460,"depth":90,"text":62461},{"id":62467,"depth":90,"text":62468},{"id":62480,"depth":90,"text":62546},"Why does response.json() fail?",{"id":62488,"depth":90,"text":62548},"Should I use response.text or response.json()?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to handle api responses in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-handle-api-responses-in-python",{"title":60677,"description":62550},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-handle-api-responses-in-python","nuZY7O5BQzcMbiGM4_fDMbKV70B2GAntfX9v2O-JGGU",{"id":62557,"title":62558,"body":62559,"description":64128,"extension":2479,"meta":64129,"navigation":86,"path":12250,"seo":64130,"stem":64131,"__hash__":64132},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-handle-exceptions-in-python.md","How to Handle Exceptions in Python",{"type":7,"value":62560,"toc":64105},[62561,62564,62567,62569,62576,62667,62669,62693,62695,62697,62711,62715,62718,62720,62734,62739,62743,62746,62784,62787,62878,62881,62899,62906,62911,62915,62918,62922,63029,63035,63050,63053,63065,63069,63156,63159,63163,63167,63173,63249,63256,63260,63271,63283,63285,63449,63451,63473,63479,63484,63488,63491,63507,63510,63604,63607,63625,63629,63632,63646,63648,63708,63710,63747,63750,63773,63806,63809,63811,63814,63837,63840,63908,63911,63922,63925,64016,64018,64022,64030,64034,64037,64041,64047,64051,64056,64060,64063,64065,64102],[10,62562,62558],{"id":62563},"how-to-handle-exceptions-in-python",[14,62565,62566],{},"Learn how to catch and respond to errors in Python so your program does not crash unexpectedly. This page focuses on practical exception handling patterns beginners can use right away.",[55,62568,58],{"id":57},[14,62570,322,62571,50,62573,62575],{},[21,62572,11233],{},[21,62574,11221],{}," when code might fail because of bad input, missing files, or other runtime problems.",[60,62577,62579],{"className":62,"code":62578,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(input(\"Enter a number: \"))\n    print(10 \u002F number)\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"Please enter a valid whole number.\")\nexcept ZeroDivisionError:\n    print(\"You cannot divide by zero.\")\n",[21,62580,62581,62587,62609,62623,62631,62645,62653],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,62582,62583,62585],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,62584,11233],{"class":75},[69,62586,275],{"class":100},[69,62588,62589,62591,62593,62595,62597,62599,62601,62603,62605,62607],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,62590,11268],{"class":79},[69,62592,97],{"class":96},[69,62594,11273],{"class":1859},[69,62596,221],{"class":100},[69,62598,12540],{"class":217},[69,62600,221],{"class":100},[69,62602,111],{"class":110},[69,62604,11689],{"class":114},[69,62606,111],{"class":110},[69,62608,2183],{"class":100},[69,62610,62611,62613,62615,62617,62619,62621],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,62612,3220],{"class":217},[69,62614,221],{"class":100},[69,62616,18507],{"class":157},[69,62618,11292],{"class":96},[69,62620,8378],{"class":292},[69,62622,301],{"class":100},[69,62624,62625,62627,62629],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,62626,11221],{"class":75},[69,62628,11901],{"class":1859},[69,62630,275],{"class":100},[69,62632,62633,62635,62637,62639,62641,62643],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,62634,3220],{"class":217},[69,62636,221],{"class":100},[69,62638,111],{"class":110},[69,62640,27374],{"class":114},[69,62642,111],{"class":110},[69,62644,301],{"class":100},[69,62646,62647,62649,62651],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,62648,11221],{"class":75},[69,62650,11309],{"class":1859},[69,62652,275],{"class":100},[69,62654,62655,62657,62659,62661,62663,62665],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,62656,3220],{"class":217},[69,62658,221],{"class":100},[69,62660,111],{"class":110},[69,62662,11937],{"class":114},[69,62664,111],{"class":110},[69,62666,301],{"class":100},[14,62668,4389],{},[29,62670,62671,62681,62690],{},[32,62672,62673,62675,62676,62678,62679],{},[21,62674,28183],{}," can raise a ",[21,62677,11209],{}," if the user types text like ",[21,62680,26701],{},[32,62682,62683,62675,62685,62687,62688],{},[21,62684,11535],{},[21,62686,11215],{}," if the user enters ",[21,62689,2200],{},[32,62691,62692],{},"Instead of crashing, the program shows a helpful message",[55,62694,2666],{"id":2665},[14,62696,27],{},[29,62698,62699,62702,62705,62708],{},[32,62700,62701],{},"Catch errors without stopping the whole program",[32,62703,62704],{},"Show helpful messages to the user",[32,62706,62707],{},"Handle common problems like bad input and missing files",[32,62709,62710],{},"Use exception handling in a simple beginner-friendly way",[55,62712,62714],{"id":62713},"when-to-use-exception-handling","When to use exception handling",[14,62716,62717],{},"Exception handling is useful when your code depends on something that may go wrong at runtime.",[14,62719,11379],{},[29,62721,62722,62725,62728,62731],{},[32,62723,62724],{},"When user input may be wrong",[32,62726,62727],{},"When opening or reading files",[32,62729,62730],{},"When converting strings to numbers",[32,62732,62733],{},"When code depends on data you do not fully control",[14,62735,62736,62737,289],{},"For a broader explanation of Python errors, see ",[579,62738,40303],{"href":40302},[55,62740,62742],{"id":62741},"basic-try-except-structure","Basic try-except structure",[14,62744,62745],{},"The basic pattern looks like this:",[60,62747,62749],{"className":62,"code":62748,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    # code that might fail\n    pass\nexcept SomeError:\n    # what to do if that error happens\n    pass\n",[21,62750,62751,62757,62762,62766,62775,62780],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,62752,62753,62755],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,62754,11233],{"class":75},[69,62756,275],{"class":100},[69,62758,62759],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,62760,62761],{"class":2596},"    # code that might fail\n",[69,62763,62764],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,62765,31883],{"class":75},[69,62767,62768,62770,62773],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,62769,11221],{"class":75},[69,62771,62772],{"class":79}," SomeError",[69,62774,275],{"class":100},[69,62776,62777],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,62778,62779],{"class":2596},"    # what to do if that error happens\n",[69,62781,62782],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,62783,31883],{"class":75},[14,62785,62786],{},"A beginner-friendly example:",[60,62788,62790],{"className":62,"code":62789,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = input(\"Enter your age: \")\n\ntry:\n    age = int(text)\n    print(\"Next year you will be\", age + 1)\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"Please enter a valid number.\")\n",[21,62791,62792,62810,62814,62820,62834,62856,62864],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,62793,62794,62796,62798,62800,62802,62804,62806,62808],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,62795,16655],{"class":79},[69,62797,97],{"class":96},[69,62799,11682],{"class":217},[69,62801,221],{"class":100},[69,62803,111],{"class":110},[69,62805,27255],{"class":114},[69,62807,111],{"class":110},[69,62809,301],{"class":100},[69,62811,62812],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,62813,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,62815,62816,62818],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,62817,11233],{"class":75},[69,62819,275],{"class":100},[69,62821,62822,62824,62826,62828,62830,62832],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,62823,28834],{"class":79},[69,62825,97],{"class":96},[69,62827,11273],{"class":1859},[69,62829,221],{"class":100},[69,62831,568],{"class":292},[69,62833,301],{"class":100},[69,62835,62836,62838,62840,62842,62844,62846,62848,62850,62852,62854],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,62837,3220],{"class":217},[69,62839,221],{"class":100},[69,62841,111],{"class":110},[69,62843,27270],{"class":114},[69,62845,111],{"class":110},[69,62847,120],{"class":100},[69,62849,27277],{"class":292},[69,62851,1847],{"class":96},[69,62853,5748],{"class":157},[69,62855,301],{"class":100},[69,62857,62858,62860,62862],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,62859,11221],{"class":75},[69,62861,11901],{"class":1859},[69,62863,275],{"class":100},[69,62865,62866,62868,62870,62872,62874,62876],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,62867,3220],{"class":217},[69,62869,221],{"class":100},[69,62871,111],{"class":110},[69,62873,12495],{"class":114},[69,62875,111],{"class":110},[69,62877,301],{"class":100},[14,62879,62880],{},"How it works:",[29,62882,62883,62888,62893,62896],{},[32,62884,62885,62886],{},"Put risky code inside ",[21,62887,11233],{},[32,62889,62890,62891],{},"Put the recovery action inside ",[21,62892,11221],{},[32,62894,62895],{},"Keep the code small and focused",[32,62897,62898],{},"Catch specific exceptions when possible",[14,62900,62901,62902,62905],{},"In this case, ",[21,62903,62904],{},"int(text)"," may fail if the input is not a valid number.",[14,62907,62908,62909,289],{},"If you want more examples of this pattern, see ",[579,62910,27031],{"href":27030},[55,62912,62914],{"id":62913},"handle-specific-exceptions","Handle specific exceptions",[14,62916,62917],{},"Catching specific exceptions makes your code easier to understand and debug.",[1647,62919,62921],{"id":62920},"example-bad-number-input-and-division-by-zero","Example: bad number input and division by zero",[60,62923,62925],{"className":62,"code":62924,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(input(\"Enter a number: \"))\n    result = 100 \u002F number\n    print(\"Result:\", result)\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"That was not a valid number.\")\nexcept ZeroDivisionError:\n    print(\"You cannot divide by zero.\")\n",[21,62926,62927,62933,62955,62967,62985,62993,63007,63015],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,62928,62929,62931],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,62930,11233],{"class":75},[69,62932,275],{"class":100},[69,62934,62935,62937,62939,62941,62943,62945,62947,62949,62951,62953],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,62936,11268],{"class":79},[69,62938,97],{"class":96},[69,62940,11273],{"class":1859},[69,62942,221],{"class":100},[69,62944,12540],{"class":217},[69,62946,221],{"class":100},[69,62948,111],{"class":110},[69,62950,11689],{"class":114},[69,62952,111],{"class":110},[69,62954,2183],{"class":100},[69,62956,62957,62959,62961,62963,62965],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,62958,11285],{"class":79},[69,62960,97],{"class":96},[69,62962,11726],{"class":157},[69,62964,11292],{"class":96},[69,62966,11295],{"class":79},[69,62968,62969,62971,62973,62975,62977,62979,62981,62983],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,62970,3220],{"class":217},[69,62972,221],{"class":100},[69,62974,111],{"class":110},[69,62976,11741],{"class":114},[69,62978,111],{"class":110},[69,62980,120],{"class":100},[69,62982,11748],{"class":292},[69,62984,301],{"class":100},[69,62986,62987,62989,62991],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,62988,11221],{"class":75},[69,62990,11901],{"class":1859},[69,62992,275],{"class":100},[69,62994,62995,62997,62999,63001,63003,63005],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,62996,3220],{"class":217},[69,62998,221],{"class":100},[69,63000,111],{"class":110},[69,63002,11914],{"class":114},[69,63004,111],{"class":110},[69,63006,301],{"class":100},[69,63008,63009,63011,63013],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,63010,11221],{"class":75},[69,63012,11309],{"class":1859},[69,63014,275],{"class":100},[69,63016,63017,63019,63021,63023,63025,63027],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,63018,3220],{"class":217},[69,63020,221],{"class":100},[69,63022,111],{"class":110},[69,63024,11937],{"class":114},[69,63026,111],{"class":110},[69,63028,301],{"class":100},[14,63030,63031,63032,63034],{},"This is better than using a broad ",[21,63033,11221],{}," because:",[29,63036,63037,63042,63047],{},[32,63038,63039,63041],{},[21,63040,11209],{}," handles bad number conversion",[32,63043,63044,63046],{},[21,63045,11215],{}," handles division by zero",[32,63048,63049],{},"Each problem gets the right message",[14,63051,63052],{},"If you need help with these specific errors, see:",[29,63054,63055,63059],{},[32,63056,63057],{},[579,63058,12506],{"href":12505},[32,63060,63061],{},[579,63062,63064],{"href":63063},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fzerodivisionerror-in-python-causes-and-fixes","ZeroDivisionError in Python: causes and fixes",[1647,63066,63068],{"id":63067},"example-missing-file","Example: missing file",[60,63070,63072],{"className":62,"code":63071,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    with open(\"notes.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n        content = file.read()\n        print(content)\nexcept FileNotFoundError:\n    print(\"The file was not found.\")\n",[21,63073,63074,63080,63110,63124,63134,63142],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,63075,63076,63078],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,63077,11233],{"class":75},[69,63079,275],{"class":100},[69,63081,63082,63084,63086,63088,63090,63092,63094,63096,63098,63100,63102,63104,63106,63108],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,63083,13715],{"class":75},[69,63085,218],{"class":217},[69,63087,221],{"class":100},[69,63089,111],{"class":110},[69,63091,9437],{"class":114},[69,63093,111],{"class":110},[69,63095,120],{"class":100},[69,63097,123],{"class":110},[69,63099,13728],{"class":114},[69,63101,111],{"class":110},[69,63103,265],{"class":100},[69,63105,268],{"class":75},[69,63107,272],{"class":271},[69,63109,275],{"class":100},[69,63111,63112,63114,63116,63118,63120,63122],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,63113,13743],{"class":79},[69,63115,97],{"class":96},[69,63117,272],{"class":271},[69,63119,289],{"class":100},[69,63121,13752],{"class":292},[69,63123,1385],{"class":100},[69,63125,63126,63128,63130,63132],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,63127,7531],{"class":217},[69,63129,221],{"class":100},[69,63131,13763],{"class":292},[69,63133,301],{"class":100},[69,63135,63136,63138,63140],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,63137,11221],{"class":75},[69,63139,14206],{"class":1859},[69,63141,275],{"class":100},[69,63143,63144,63146,63148,63150,63152,63154],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,63145,3220],{"class":217},[69,63147,221],{"class":100},[69,63149,111],{"class":110},[69,63151,13782],{"class":114},[69,63153,111],{"class":110},[69,63155,301],{"class":100},[14,63157,63158],{},"This handles a common file problem without crashing.",[14,63160,17497,63161,289],{},[579,63162,14255],{"href":2441},[1647,63164,63166],{"id":63165},"catch-more-than-one-exception","Catch more than one exception",[14,63168,63169,63170,63172],{},"You can use multiple ",[21,63171,11221],{}," blocks, or catch several exception types together.",[60,63174,63176],{"className":62,"code":63175,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(input(\"Enter a number: \"))\n    print(50 \u002F number)\nexcept (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError):\n    print(\"Please enter a non-zero whole number.\")\n",[21,63177,63178,63184,63206,63220,63234],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,63179,63180,63182],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,63181,11233],{"class":75},[69,63183,275],{"class":100},[69,63185,63186,63188,63190,63192,63194,63196,63198,63200,63202,63204],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,63187,11268],{"class":79},[69,63189,97],{"class":96},[69,63191,11273],{"class":1859},[69,63193,221],{"class":100},[69,63195,12540],{"class":217},[69,63197,221],{"class":100},[69,63199,111],{"class":110},[69,63201,11689],{"class":114},[69,63203,111],{"class":110},[69,63205,2183],{"class":100},[69,63207,63208,63210,63212,63214,63216,63218],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,63209,3220],{"class":217},[69,63211,221],{"class":100},[69,63213,9123],{"class":157},[69,63215,11292],{"class":96},[69,63217,8378],{"class":292},[69,63219,301],{"class":100},[69,63221,63222,63224,63226,63228,63230,63232],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,63223,11221],{"class":75},[69,63225,11302],{"class":100},[69,63227,11209],{"class":1859},[69,63229,120],{"class":100},[69,63231,11309],{"class":1859},[69,63233,7526],{"class":100},[69,63235,63236,63238,63240,63242,63245,63247],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,63237,3220],{"class":217},[69,63239,221],{"class":100},[69,63241,111],{"class":110},[69,63243,63244],{"class":114},"Please enter a non-zero whole number.",[69,63246,111],{"class":110},[69,63248,301],{"class":100},[14,63250,63251,63252,289],{},"This is useful when different errors should lead to the same response. For more patterns, see ",[579,63253,63255],{"href":63254},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-catch-multiple-exceptions-in-python\u002F","how to catch multiple exceptions in Python",[55,63257,63259],{"id":63258},"use-else-and-finally-when-needed","Use else and finally when needed",[14,63261,63262,63263,50,63265,63268,63269,11222],{},"You can add ",[21,63264,3277],{},[21,63266,63267],{},"finally"," to a ",[21,63270,11233],{},[29,63272,63273,63278],{},[32,63274,322,63275,63277],{},[21,63276,3277],{}," for code that should run only if no exception happens",[32,63279,322,63280,63282],{},[21,63281,63267],{}," for cleanup code that must always run",[14,63284,370],{},[60,63286,63288],{"className":62,"code":63287,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"file = None\n\ntry:\n    file = open(\"data.txt\", \"r\")\n    content = file.read()\nexcept FileNotFoundError:\n    print(\"Could not open the file.\")\nelse:\n    print(\"File contents:\")\n    print(content)\nfinally:\n    if file is not None:\n        file.close()\n        print(\"File closed.\")\n",[21,63289,63290,63298,63302,63308,63334,63349,63357,63372,63378,63393,63403,63409,63423,63434],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,63291,63292,63294,63296],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,63293,298],{"class":271},[69,63295,4232],{"class":96},[69,63297,21943],{"class":3012},[69,63299,63300],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,63301,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,63303,63304,63306],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,63305,11233],{"class":75},[69,63307,275],{"class":100},[69,63309,63310,63312,63314,63316,63318,63320,63322,63324,63326,63328,63330,63332],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,63311,9460],{"class":271},[69,63313,4232],{"class":96},[69,63315,218],{"class":217},[69,63317,221],{"class":100},[69,63319,111],{"class":110},[69,63321,13132],{"class":114},[69,63323,111],{"class":110},[69,63325,120],{"class":100},[69,63327,123],{"class":110},[69,63329,13728],{"class":114},[69,63331,111],{"class":110},[69,63333,301],{"class":100},[69,63335,63336,63339,63341,63343,63345,63347],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,63337,63338],{"class":79},"    content ",[69,63340,97],{"class":96},[69,63342,272],{"class":271},[69,63344,289],{"class":100},[69,63346,13752],{"class":292},[69,63348,1385],{"class":100},[69,63350,63351,63353,63355],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,63352,11221],{"class":75},[69,63354,14206],{"class":1859},[69,63356,275],{"class":100},[69,63358,63359,63361,63363,63365,63368,63370],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,63360,3220],{"class":217},[69,63362,221],{"class":100},[69,63364,111],{"class":110},[69,63366,63367],{"class":114},"Could not open the file.",[69,63369,111],{"class":110},[69,63371,301],{"class":100},[69,63373,63374,63376],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,63375,3277],{"class":75},[69,63377,275],{"class":100},[69,63379,63380,63382,63384,63386,63389,63391],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,63381,3220],{"class":217},[69,63383,221],{"class":100},[69,63385,111],{"class":110},[69,63387,63388],{"class":114},"File contents:",[69,63390,111],{"class":110},[69,63392,301],{"class":100},[69,63394,63395,63397,63399,63401],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,63396,3220],{"class":217},[69,63398,221],{"class":100},[69,63400,13763],{"class":292},[69,63402,301],{"class":100},[69,63404,63405,63407],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,63406,63267],{"class":75},[69,63408,275],{"class":100},[69,63410,63411,63413,63415,63417,63419,63421],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,63412,19705],{"class":75},[69,63414,272],{"class":271},[69,63416,16160],{"class":96},[69,63418,4950],{"class":96},[69,63420,15620],{"class":3012},[69,63422,275],{"class":100},[69,63424,63425,63427,63429,63432],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,63426,10155],{"class":271},[69,63428,289],{"class":100},[69,63430,63431],{"class":292},"close",[69,63433,1385],{"class":100},[69,63435,63436,63438,63440,63442,63445,63447],{"class":71,"line":50892},[69,63437,7531],{"class":217},[69,63439,221],{"class":100},[69,63441,111],{"class":110},[69,63443,63444],{"class":114},"File closed.",[69,63446,111],{"class":110},[69,63448,301],{"class":100},[14,63450,32482],{},[29,63452,63453,63458,63463,63468],{},[32,63454,63455,63457],{},[21,63456,11233],{}," attempts to open and read the file",[32,63459,63460,63462],{},[21,63461,11221],{}," handles the missing file case",[32,63464,63465,63467],{},[21,63466,3277],{}," runs only if the file was opened and read successfully",[32,63469,63470,63472],{},[21,63471,63267],{}," runs whether an error happens or not",[14,63474,63475,63476,63478],{},"In many real programs, ",[21,63477,63267],{}," is used for cleanup such as closing files or releasing resources.",[14,63480,63481,63482,289],{},"For a fuller explanation, see ",[579,63483,11951],{"href":11950},[55,63485,63487],{"id":63486},"best-practices-for-beginners","Best practices for beginners",[14,63489,63490],{},"Keep these rules in mind:",[29,63492,63493,63498,63501,63504],{},[32,63494,63495,63496],{},"Do not hide every error with a bare ",[21,63497,11221],{},[32,63499,63500],{},"Print clear messages that explain what went wrong",[32,63502,63503],{},"Only wrap the lines that may fail",[32,63505,63506],{},"Test both success and failure cases",[14,63508,63509],{},"A good example:",[60,63511,63513],{"className":62,"code":63512,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user_input = input(\"Enter a whole number: \")\n\ntry:\n    number = int(user_input)\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"That input is not a whole number.\")\nelse:\n    print(\"You entered:\", number)\n",[21,63514,63515,63533,63537,63543,63557,63565,63580,63586],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,63516,63517,63519,63521,63523,63525,63527,63529,63531],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,63518,11429],{"class":79},[69,63520,97],{"class":96},[69,63522,11682],{"class":217},[69,63524,221],{"class":100},[69,63526,111],{"class":110},[69,63528,27309],{"class":114},[69,63530,111],{"class":110},[69,63532,301],{"class":100},[69,63534,63535],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,63536,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,63538,63539,63541],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,63540,11233],{"class":75},[69,63542,275],{"class":100},[69,63544,63545,63547,63549,63551,63553,63555],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,63546,11268],{"class":79},[69,63548,97],{"class":96},[69,63550,11273],{"class":1859},[69,63552,221],{"class":100},[69,63554,11278],{"class":292},[69,63556,301],{"class":100},[69,63558,63559,63561,63563],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,63560,11221],{"class":75},[69,63562,11901],{"class":1859},[69,63564,275],{"class":100},[69,63566,63567,63569,63571,63573,63576,63578],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,63568,3220],{"class":217},[69,63570,221],{"class":100},[69,63572,111],{"class":110},[69,63574,63575],{"class":114},"That input is not a whole number.",[69,63577,111],{"class":110},[69,63579,301],{"class":100},[69,63581,63582,63584],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,63583,3277],{"class":75},[69,63585,275],{"class":100},[69,63587,63588,63590,63592,63594,63596,63598,63600,63602],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,63589,3220],{"class":217},[69,63591,221],{"class":100},[69,63593,111],{"class":110},[69,63595,25349],{"class":114},[69,63597,111],{"class":110},[69,63599,120],{"class":100},[69,63601,8378],{"class":292},[69,63603,301],{"class":100},[14,63605,63606],{},"Why this is good:",[29,63608,63609,63614,63617,63620],{},[32,63610,9337,63611,63613],{},[21,63612,11233],{}," block is small",[32,63615,63616],{},"The exception type is specific",[32,63618,63619],{},"The message is clear",[32,63621,63622,63623,34794],{},"Normal code stays outside the ",[21,63624,11233],{},[55,63626,63628],{"id":63627},"how-to-debug-exception-handling","How to debug exception handling",[14,63630,63631],{},"If your exception handling is not working as expected, try these steps:",[29,63633,63634,63637,63640,63643],{},[32,63635,63636],{},"Read the exception name carefully",[32,63638,63639],{},"Check the line number in the traceback",[32,63641,63642],{},"Print the actual exception object when needed",[32,63644,63645],{},"Temporarily remove broad exception blocks if they hide the real problem",[14,63647,370],{},[60,63649,63651],{"className":62,"code":63650,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(\"hello\")\nexcept ValueError as error:\n    print(\"Caught error:\", error)\n",[21,63652,63653,63659,63677,63689],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,63654,63655,63657],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,63656,11233],{"class":75},[69,63658,275],{"class":100},[69,63660,63661,63663,63665,63667,63669,63671,63673,63675],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,63662,11268],{"class":79},[69,63664,97],{"class":96},[69,63666,11273],{"class":1859},[69,63668,221],{"class":100},[69,63670,111],{"class":110},[69,63672,11564],{"class":114},[69,63674,111],{"class":110},[69,63676,301],{"class":100},[69,63678,63679,63681,63683,63685,63687],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,63680,11221],{"class":75},[69,63682,11901],{"class":1859},[69,63684,268],{"class":75},[69,63686,44265],{"class":79},[69,63688,275],{"class":100},[69,63690,63691,63693,63695,63697,63700,63702,63704,63706],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,63692,3220],{"class":217},[69,63694,221],{"class":100},[69,63696,111],{"class":110},[69,63698,63699],{"class":114},"Caught error:",[69,63701,111],{"class":110},[69,63703,120],{"class":100},[69,63705,44265],{"class":292},[69,63707,301],{"class":100},[14,63709,28059],{},[60,63711,63713],{"className":62,"code":63712,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Caught error: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'hello'\n",[21,63714,63715],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,63716,63717,63720,63722,63725,63727,63729,63731,63734,63737,63739,63741,63743,63745],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,63718,63719],{"class":79},"Caught error",[69,63721,1174],{"class":100},[69,63723,63724],{"class":79}," invalid literal ",[69,63726,3710],{"class":75},[69,63728,11273],{"class":1859},[69,63730,13154],{"class":100},[69,63732,63733],{"class":75}," with",[69,63735,63736],{"class":79}," base ",[69,63738,18507],{"class":157},[69,63740,1174],{"class":100},[69,63742,15292],{"class":110},[69,63744,11564],{"class":114},[69,63746,18049],{"class":110},[14,63748,63749],{},"Useful commands and checks:",[60,63751,63753],{"className":22537,"code":63752,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python your_script.py\npython -X dev your_script.py\n",[21,63754,63755,63761],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,63756,63757,63759],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,63758,64],{"class":7506},[69,63760,22548],{"class":114},[69,63762,63763,63765,63768,63771],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,63764,64],{"class":7506},[69,63766,63767],{"class":14546}," -X",[69,63769,63770],{"class":114}," dev",[69,63772,22548],{"class":114},[60,63774,63776],{"className":62,"code":63775,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(type(value))\nprint(repr(value))\n",[21,63777,63778,63792],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,63779,63780,63782,63784,63786,63788,63790],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,63781,2161],{"class":217},[69,63783,221],{"class":100},[69,63785,2176],{"class":1859},[69,63787,221],{"class":100},[69,63789,20383],{"class":292},[69,63791,2183],{"class":100},[69,63793,63794,63796,63798,63800,63802,63804],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,63795,2161],{"class":217},[69,63797,221],{"class":100},[69,63799,18025],{"class":217},[69,63801,221],{"class":100},[69,63803,20383],{"class":292},[69,63805,2183],{"class":100},[14,63807,63808],{},"These can help you inspect what your program is really working with.",[55,63810,3868],{"id":3867},[14,63812,63813],{},"These are common causes of confusing exception handling:",[29,63815,63816,63821,63826,63831,63834],{},[32,63817,1628,63818,63820],{},[21,63819,11221],{}," without knowing which error the code can raise",[32,63822,12383,63823,63825],{},[21,63824,12239],{}," too early and hiding useful details",[32,63827,63828,63829,11234],{},"Putting too much code inside the ",[21,63830,11233],{},[32,63832,63833],{},"Printing a vague error message that does not help the user",[32,63835,63836],{},"Expecting exception handling to fix logic errors automatically",[14,63838,63839],{},"For example, this is too broad:",[60,63841,63843],{"className":62,"code":63842,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(input(\"Enter a number: \"))\n    print(100 \u002F number)\nexcept:\n    print(\"Something went wrong.\")\n",[21,63844,63845,63851,63873,63887,63893],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,63846,63847,63849],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,63848,11233],{"class":75},[69,63850,275],{"class":100},[69,63852,63853,63855,63857,63859,63861,63863,63865,63867,63869,63871],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,63854,11268],{"class":79},[69,63856,97],{"class":96},[69,63858,11273],{"class":1859},[69,63860,221],{"class":100},[69,63862,12540],{"class":217},[69,63864,221],{"class":100},[69,63866,111],{"class":110},[69,63868,11689],{"class":114},[69,63870,111],{"class":110},[69,63872,2183],{"class":100},[69,63874,63875,63877,63879,63881,63883,63885],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,63876,3220],{"class":217},[69,63878,221],{"class":100},[69,63880,9106],{"class":157},[69,63882,11292],{"class":96},[69,63884,8378],{"class":292},[69,63886,301],{"class":100},[69,63888,63889,63891],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,63890,11221],{"class":75},[69,63892,275],{"class":100},[69,63894,63895,63897,63899,63901,63904,63906],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,63896,3220],{"class":217},[69,63898,221],{"class":100},[69,63900,111],{"class":110},[69,63902,63903],{"class":114},"Something went wrong.",[69,63905,111],{"class":110},[69,63907,301],{"class":100},[14,63909,63910],{},"Problems with this version:",[29,63912,63913,63916,63919],{},[32,63914,63915],{},"It catches almost everything",[32,63917,63918],{},"It hides the real error type",[32,63920,63921],{},"The message is too vague to help the user or the programmer",[14,63923,63924],{},"A better version is:",[60,63926,63928],{"className":62,"code":63927,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(input(\"Enter a number: \"))\n    print(100 \u002F number)\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"Please enter a valid whole number.\")\nexcept ZeroDivisionError:\n    print(\"You cannot divide by zero.\")\n",[21,63929,63930,63936,63958,63972,63980,63994,64002],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,63931,63932,63934],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,63933,11233],{"class":75},[69,63935,275],{"class":100},[69,63937,63938,63940,63942,63944,63946,63948,63950,63952,63954,63956],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,63939,11268],{"class":79},[69,63941,97],{"class":96},[69,63943,11273],{"class":1859},[69,63945,221],{"class":100},[69,63947,12540],{"class":217},[69,63949,221],{"class":100},[69,63951,111],{"class":110},[69,63953,11689],{"class":114},[69,63955,111],{"class":110},[69,63957,2183],{"class":100},[69,63959,63960,63962,63964,63966,63968,63970],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,63961,3220],{"class":217},[69,63963,221],{"class":100},[69,63965,9106],{"class":157},[69,63967,11292],{"class":96},[69,63969,8378],{"class":292},[69,63971,301],{"class":100},[69,63973,63974,63976,63978],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,63975,11221],{"class":75},[69,63977,11901],{"class":1859},[69,63979,275],{"class":100},[69,63981,63982,63984,63986,63988,63990,63992],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,63983,3220],{"class":217},[69,63985,221],{"class":100},[69,63987,111],{"class":110},[69,63989,27374],{"class":114},[69,63991,111],{"class":110},[69,63993,301],{"class":100},[69,63995,63996,63998,64000],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,63997,11221],{"class":75},[69,63999,11309],{"class":1859},[69,64001,275],{"class":100},[69,64003,64004,64006,64008,64010,64012,64014],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,64005,3220],{"class":217},[69,64007,221],{"class":100},[69,64009,111],{"class":110},[69,64011,11937],{"class":114},[69,64013,111],{"class":110},[69,64015,301],{"class":100},[55,64017,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,64019,64021],{"id":64020},"what-is-the-difference-between-try-and-except","What is the difference between try and except?",[14,64023,64024,64026,64027,64029],{},[21,64025,11233],{}," contains code that may fail. ",[21,64028,11221],{}," contains code that runs if an exception happens.",[1647,64031,64033],{"id":64032},"should-i-use-a-bare-except","Should I use a bare except?",[14,64035,64036],{},"Usually no. It catches too many errors and makes debugging harder. Catch specific exceptions instead.",[1647,64038,64040],{"id":64039},"can-i-handle-more-than-one-exception","Can I handle more than one exception?",[14,64042,64043,64044,64046],{},"Yes. You can use multiple ",[21,64045,11221],{}," blocks or catch a tuple of exception types.",[1647,64048,64050],{"id":64049},"what-does-finally-do","What does finally do?",[14,64052,64053,64055],{},[21,64054,63267],{}," always runs, whether an exception happens or not. It is useful for cleanup.",[1647,64057,64059],{"id":64058},"is-exception-handling-the-same-as-fixing-the-problem","Is exception handling the same as fixing the problem?",[14,64061,64062],{},"No. It lets your program respond safely, but you still need to understand and fix the cause when necessary.",[55,64064,2414],{"id":2413},[29,64066,64067,64071,64075,64079,64084,64090,64094,64098],{},[32,64068,64069],{},[579,64070,40303],{"href":40302},[32,64072,64073],{},[579,64074,13018],{"href":11950},[32,64076,64077],{},[579,64078,29534],{"href":27030},[32,64080,64081],{},[579,64082,64083],{"href":63254},"How to catch multiple exceptions in Python",[32,64085,64086],{},[579,64087,64089],{"href":64088},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-raise-an-exception-in-python\u002F","How to raise an exception in Python",[32,64091,64092],{},[579,64093,12506],{"href":12505},[32,64095,64096],{},[579,64097,14255],{"href":2441},[32,64099,64100],{},[579,64101,63064],{"href":63063},[2450,64103,64104],{},"html pre.shiki code 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.shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sMMDD, html code.shiki .sMMDD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sbgvK, html code.shiki .sbgvK{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .stzsN, html code.shiki .stzsN{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":64106},[64107,64108,64109,64110,64111,64116,64117,64118,64119,64120,64127],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":62713,"depth":83,"text":62714},{"id":62741,"depth":83,"text":62742},{"id":62913,"depth":83,"text":62914,"children":64112},[64113,64114,64115],{"id":62920,"depth":90,"text":62921},{"id":63067,"depth":90,"text":63068},{"id":63165,"depth":90,"text":63166},{"id":63258,"depth":83,"text":63259},{"id":63486,"depth":83,"text":63487},{"id":63627,"depth":83,"text":63628},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":64121},[64122,64123,64124,64125,64126],{"id":64020,"depth":90,"text":64021},{"id":64032,"depth":90,"text":64033},{"id":64039,"depth":90,"text":64040},{"id":64049,"depth":90,"text":64050},{"id":64058,"depth":90,"text":64059},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to handle exceptions in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},{"title":62558,"description":64128},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-handle-exceptions-in-python","sI2iSCp_gvV7b_OeTTx9rKyfEfwEtfO_xoN8Z-FpV10",{"id":64134,"title":64135,"body":64136,"description":65169,"extension":2479,"meta":65170,"navigation":86,"path":65171,"seo":65172,"stem":65173,"__hash__":65174},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-import-a-module-in-python.md","How to Import a Module in Python",{"type":7,"value":64137,"toc":65137},[64138,64141,64144,64147,64162,64165,64167,64239,64245,64251,64255,64258,64261,64264,64282,64288,64293,64299,64302,64354,64356,64368,64372,64383,64394,64400,64403,64439,64441,64450,64459,64463,64466,64469,64475,64482,64487,64542,64544,64559,64561,64572,64578,64582,64585,64592,64597,64631,64636,64675,64677,64691,64693,64710,64716,64732,64735,64739,64742,64744,64778,64781,64790,64793,64854,64856,64888,64894,64898,64901,64923,64925,64933,64935,64949,64951,64962,64966,64973,64985,64988,64991,65007,65011,65014,65025,65028,65045,65047,65056,65063,65071,65075,65083,65088,65091,65097,65100,65102,65131,65134],[10,64139,64135],{"id":64140},"how-to-import-a-module-in-python",[14,64142,64143],{},"Importing a module lets you use code that already exists instead of writing everything yourself.",[14,64145,64146],{},"In Python, modules can be:",[29,64148,64149,64152,64155],{},[32,64150,64151],{},"built-in modules that come with Python",[32,64153,64154],{},"installed packages from outside Python",[32,64156,64157,64158,64161],{},"your own ",[21,64159,64160],{},".py"," files",[14,64163,64164],{},"This guide shows you how to import modules, use functions from them, and avoid common beginner mistakes.",[55,64166,58],{"id":57},[60,64168,64170],{"className":62,"code":64169,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import math\n\nprint(math.sqrt(16))\n\nfrom random import randint\nprint(randint(1, 10))\n",[21,64171,64172,64179,64183,64204,64208,64220],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,64173,64174,64176],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,64175,76],{"class":75},[69,64177,64178],{"class":79}," math\n",[69,64180,64181],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,64182,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,64184,64185,64187,64189,64192,64194,64197,64199,64202],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,64186,2161],{"class":217},[69,64188,221],{"class":100},[69,64190,64191],{"class":292},"math",[69,64193,289],{"class":100},[69,64195,64196],{"class":292},"sqrt",[69,64198,221],{"class":100},[69,64200,64201],{"class":157},"16",[69,64203,2183],{"class":100},[69,64205,64206],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,64207,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,64209,64210,64212,64215,64217],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,64211,13103],{"class":75},[69,64213,64214],{"class":79}," random ",[69,64216,76],{"class":75},[69,64218,64219],{"class":79}," randint\n",[69,64221,64222,64224,64226,64229,64231,64233,64235,64237],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,64223,2161],{"class":217},[69,64225,221],{"class":100},[69,64227,64228],{"class":292},"randint",[69,64230,221],{"class":100},[69,64232,5940],{"class":157},[69,64234,120],{"class":100},[69,64236,4798],{"class":157},[69,64238,2183],{"class":100},[14,64240,322,64241,64244],{},[21,64242,64243],{},"import module_name"," to load a module.",[14,64246,322,64247,64250],{},[21,64248,64249],{},"from module_name import something"," when you only need specific names.",[55,64252,64254],{"id":64253},"what-importing-a-module-means","What importing a module means",[14,64256,64257],{},"A module is a Python file that contains reusable code.",[14,64259,64260],{},"When you import a module, Python makes that code available in your program.",[14,64262,64263],{},"Many useful modules come with Python, including:",[29,64265,64266,64271,64277],{},[32,64267,64268,64270],{},[21,64269,64191],{}," for math functions",[32,64272,64273,64276],{},[21,64274,64275],{},"random"," for random values",[32,64278,64279,64281],{},[21,64280,44918],{}," for Python system information",[14,64283,31826,64284,289],{},[579,64285,64287],{"href":64286},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-modules-explained","Python modules explained",[55,64289,322,64291],{"id":64290},"use-import-module_name",[21,64292,64243],{},[14,64294,64295,64296,64298],{},"Write ",[21,64297,76],{}," followed by the module name.",[14,64300,64301],{},"Then use the module's functions with dot notation.",[60,64303,64305],{"className":62,"code":64304,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import math\n\nprint(math.sqrt(25))\nprint(math.ceil(4.2))\n",[21,64306,64307,64313,64317,64335],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,64308,64309,64311],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,64310,76],{"class":75},[69,64312,64178],{"class":79},[69,64314,64315],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,64316,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,64318,64319,64321,64323,64325,64327,64329,64331,64333],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,64320,2161],{"class":217},[69,64322,221],{"class":100},[69,64324,64191],{"class":292},[69,64326,289],{"class":100},[69,64328,64196],{"class":292},[69,64330,221],{"class":100},[69,64332,23026],{"class":157},[69,64334,2183],{"class":100},[69,64336,64337,64339,64341,64343,64345,64348,64350,64352],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,64338,2161],{"class":217},[69,64340,221],{"class":100},[69,64342,64191],{"class":292},[69,64344,289],{"class":100},[69,64346,64347],{"class":292},"ceil",[69,64349,221],{"class":100},[69,64351,29286],{"class":157},[69,64353,2183],{"class":100},[14,64355,34614],{},[60,64357,64358],{"className":62,"code":25530,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,64359,64360,64364],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,64361,64362],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,64363,25537],{"class":157},[69,64365,64366],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,64367,25542],{"class":157},[1647,64369,64371],{"id":64370},"why-this-style-is-useful","Why this style is useful",[29,64373,64374,64377,64380],{},[32,64375,64376],{},"It is clear where a function came from.",[32,64378,64379],{},"It reduces name conflicts.",[32,64381,64382],{},"It is common in real Python code.",[14,64384,16948,64385,64388,64389,64391,64392,20660],{},[21,64386,64387],{},"math.sqrt()"," clearly shows that ",[21,64390,64196],{}," comes from the ",[21,64393,64191],{},[55,64395,322,64397],{"id":64396},"use-from-module_name-import-name",[21,64398,64399],{},"from module_name import name",[14,64401,64402],{},"You can import only the function, class, or variable you need.",[60,64404,64406],{"className":62,"code":64405,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from math import sqrt\n\nprint(sqrt(36))\n",[21,64407,64408,64420,64424],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,64409,64410,64412,64415,64417],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,64411,13103],{"class":75},[69,64413,64414],{"class":79}," math ",[69,64416,76],{"class":75},[69,64418,64419],{"class":79}," sqrt\n",[69,64421,64422],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,64423,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,64425,64426,64428,64430,64432,64434,64437],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,64427,2161],{"class":217},[69,64429,221],{"class":100},[69,64431,64196],{"class":292},[69,64433,221],{"class":100},[69,64435,64436],{"class":157},"36",[69,64438,2183],{"class":100},[14,64440,34614],{},[60,64442,64444],{"className":62,"code":64443,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"6.0\n",[21,64445,64446],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,64447,64448],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,64449,64443],{"class":157},[14,64451,64452,64453,64456,64457,289],{},"With this style, you call ",[21,64454,64455],{},"sqrt()"," directly instead of writing ",[21,64458,64387],{},[1647,64460,64462],{"id":64461},"when-to-use-this","When to use this",[14,64464,64465],{},"This can be useful in short scripts and simple examples.",[14,64467,64468],{},"But in larger files, it can be less clear because you do not see the module name before the function.",[14,64470,64471,64472,289],{},"If you want to understand this more deeply, read ",[579,64473,64474],{"href":39387},"how import works in Python",[55,64476,64478,64479],{"id":64477},"rename-a-module-with-as","Rename a module with ",[21,64480,64481],{},"as",[14,64483,64484,64485,289],{},"You can give a module a shorter name with ",[21,64486,64481],{},[60,64488,64490],{"className":62,"code":64489,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import math as m\n\nprint(m.sqrt(49))\nprint(m.pi)\n",[21,64491,64492,64503,64507,64527],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,64493,64494,64496,64498,64500],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,64495,76],{"class":75},[69,64497,64414],{"class":79},[69,64499,64481],{"class":75},[69,64501,64502],{"class":79}," m\n",[69,64504,64505],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,64506,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,64508,64509,64511,64513,64516,64518,64520,64522,64525],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,64510,2161],{"class":217},[69,64512,221],{"class":100},[69,64514,64515],{"class":292},"m",[69,64517,289],{"class":100},[69,64519,64196],{"class":292},[69,64521,221],{"class":100},[69,64523,64524],{"class":157},"49",[69,64526,2183],{"class":100},[69,64528,64529,64531,64533,64535,64537,64540],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,64530,2161],{"class":217},[69,64532,221],{"class":100},[69,64534,64515],{"class":292},[69,64536,289],{"class":100},[69,64538,64539],{"class":2216},"pi",[69,64541,301],{"class":100},[14,64543,34614],{},[60,64545,64547],{"className":62,"code":64546,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"7.0\n3.141592653589793\n",[21,64548,64549,64554],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,64550,64551],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,64552,64553],{"class":157},"7.0\n",[69,64555,64556],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,64557,64558],{"class":157},"3.141592653589793\n",[14,64560,1107],{},[29,64562,64563,64566,64569],{},[32,64564,64565],{},"the module name is long",[32,64567,64568],{},"you want shorter code",[32,64570,64571],{},"a short alias is commonly used",[14,64573,16948,64574,64577],{},[21,64575,64576],{},"import math as m"," works, though many real-world aliases are even more common with other libraries.",[55,64579,64581],{"id":64580},"import-your-own-python-file","Import your own Python file",[14,64583,64584],{},"You can also import your own file.",[14,64586,64587,64588,64591],{},"If you have a file named ",[21,64589,64590],{},"helpers.py"," in the same folder as your script, you can import it like this:",[1647,64593,64595],{"id":64594},"helperspy",[21,64596,64590],{},[60,64598,64600],{"className":62,"code":64599,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def greet(name):\n    return f\"Hello, {name}!\"\n",[21,64601,64602,64614],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,64603,64604,64606,64608,64610,64612],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,64605,7847],{"class":7502},[69,64607,8209],{"class":7517},[69,64609,221],{"class":100},[69,64611,115],{"class":7951},[69,64613,7526],{"class":100},[69,64615,64616,64618,64620,64622,64624,64626,64628],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,64617,42494],{"class":75},[69,64619,51701],{"class":7502},[69,64621,52970],{"class":114},[69,64623,8018],{"class":157},[69,64625,115],{"class":79},[69,64627,8027],{"class":157},[69,64629,64630],{"class":114},"!\"\n",[1647,64632,64634],{"id":64633},"mainpy",[21,64635,40387],{},[60,64637,64639],{"className":62,"code":64638,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import helpers\n\nprint(helpers.greet(\"Sam\"))\n",[21,64640,64641,64648,64652],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,64642,64643,64645],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,64644,76],{"class":75},[69,64646,64647],{"class":79}," helpers\n",[69,64649,64650],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,64651,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,64653,64654,64656,64658,64661,64663,64665,64667,64669,64671,64673],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,64655,2161],{"class":217},[69,64657,221],{"class":100},[69,64659,64660],{"class":292},"helpers",[69,64662,289],{"class":100},[69,64664,8290],{"class":292},[69,64666,221],{"class":100},[69,64668,111],{"class":110},[69,64670,14746],{"class":114},[69,64672,111],{"class":110},[69,64674,2183],{"class":100},[14,64676,34614],{},[60,64678,64680],{"className":62,"code":64679,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Hello, Sam!\n",[21,64681,64682],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,64683,64684,64686,64688],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,64685,7659],{"class":79},[69,64687,120],{"class":100},[69,64689,64690],{"class":79}," Sam!\n",[14,64692,4842],{},[29,64694,64695,64698,64703],{},[32,64696,64697],{},"Put both files in the same folder.",[32,64699,64700,64701,289],{},"Use the filename without ",[21,64702,64160],{},[32,64704,64705,24624,64707,289],{},[21,64706,64590],{},[21,64708,64709],{},"import helpers",[14,64711,64712,64713,64715],{},"Do ",[2498,64714,3315],{}," write this:",[60,64717,64719],{"className":62,"code":64718,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import helpers.py\n",[21,64720,64721],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,64722,64723,64725,64728,64730],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,64724,76],{"class":75},[69,64726,64727],{"class":79}," helpers",[69,64729,289],{"class":100},[69,64731,38973],{"class":2216},[14,64733,64734],{},"That is invalid syntax for imports.",[55,64736,64738],{"id":64737},"how-to-check-that-the-import-worked","How to check that the import worked",[14,64740,64741],{},"The simplest way is to run your script and use something from the module.",[14,64743,11201],{},[60,64745,64747],{"className":62,"code":64746,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import math\n\nprint(math.sqrt(64))\n",[21,64748,64749,64755,64759],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,64750,64751,64753],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,64752,76],{"class":75},[69,64754,64178],{"class":79},[69,64756,64757],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,64758,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,64760,64761,64763,64765,64767,64769,64771,64773,64776],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,64762,2161],{"class":217},[69,64764,221],{"class":100},[69,64766,64191],{"class":292},[69,64768,289],{"class":100},[69,64770,64196],{"class":292},[69,64772,221],{"class":100},[69,64774,64775],{"class":157},"64",[69,64777,2183],{"class":100},[14,64779,64780],{},"If the import works, Python runs the code normally.",[14,64782,64783,64784,46318,64786,289],{},"If Python cannot find the module, you may get a ",[21,64785,39808],{},[579,64787,2892,64788],{"href":39833},[21,64789,39834],{},[14,64791,64792],{},"Useful commands for testing imports:",[60,64794,64796],{"className":22537,"code":64795,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python your_script.py\npython -c \"import math; print(math.sqrt(25))\"\npython -c \"import sys; print(sys.path)\"\npip show requests\npython -m pip install requests\n",[21,64797,64798,64804,64817,64830,64839],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,64799,64800,64802],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,64801,64],{"class":7506},[69,64803,22548],{"class":114},[69,64805,64806,64808,64810,64812,64815],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,64807,64],{"class":7506},[69,64809,45448],{"class":14546},[69,64811,123],{"class":110},[69,64813,64814],{"class":114},"import math; print(math.sqrt(25))",[69,64816,1825],{"class":110},[69,64818,64819,64821,64823,64825,64828],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,64820,64],{"class":7506},[69,64822,45448],{"class":14546},[69,64824,123],{"class":110},[69,64826,64827],{"class":114},"import sys; print(sys.path)",[69,64829,1825],{"class":110},[69,64831,64832,64834,64837],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,64833,38761],{"class":7506},[69,64835,64836],{"class":114}," show",[69,64838,39308],{"class":114},[69,64840,64841,64843,64846,64849,64852],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,64842,64],{"class":7506},[69,64844,64845],{"class":14546}," -m",[69,64847,64848],{"class":114}," pip",[69,64850,64851],{"class":114}," install",[69,64853,39308],{"class":114},[14,64855,3981],{},[29,64857,64858,64864,64870,64876,64882],{},[32,64859,64860,64863],{},[21,64861,64862],{},"python your_script.py"," runs your file",[32,64865,64866,64869],{},[21,64867,64868],{},"python -c \"import math; print(math.sqrt(25))\""," tests an import quickly",[32,64871,64872,64875],{},[21,64873,64874],{},"python -c \"import sys; print(sys.path)\""," shows where Python looks for modules",[32,64877,64878,64881],{},[21,64879,64880],{},"pip show requests"," checks whether a package is installed",[32,64883,64884,64887],{},[21,64885,64886],{},"python -m pip install requests"," installs a package",[14,64889,64890,64891,289],{},"If you need help with installation, read ",[579,64892,38819],{"href":64893},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-install-a-python-package-with-pip",[55,64895,64897],{"id":64896},"when-beginners-get-stuck","When beginners get stuck",[14,64899,64900],{},"These are common reasons imports fail:",[29,64902,64903,64906,64914,64917,64920],{},[32,64904,64905],{},"Misspelled module name",[32,64907,1628,64908,10347,64911],{},[21,64909,64910],{},"import myfile.py",[21,64912,64913],{},"import myfile",[32,64915,64916],{},"The module file is not in the same folder or Python path",[32,64918,64919],{},"The package is not installed",[32,64921,64922],{},"Your file name conflicts with a real module name",[1647,64924,5117],{"id":5116},[64926,64927,64929,64930,64932],"h4",{"id":64928},"using-the-py-extension","Using the ",[21,64931,64160],{}," extension",[14,64934,1658],{},[60,64936,64937],{"className":62,"code":64718,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,64938,64939],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,64940,64941,64943,64945,64947],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,64942,76],{"class":75},[69,64944,64727],{"class":79},[69,64946,289],{"class":100},[69,64948,38973],{"class":2216},[14,64950,60189],{},[60,64952,64954],{"className":62,"code":64953,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import helpers\n",[21,64955,64956],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,64957,64958,64960],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,64959,76],{"class":75},[69,64961,64647],{"class":79},[64926,64963,64965],{"id":64964},"naming-your-file-the-same-as-a-standard-module","Naming your file the same as a standard module",[14,64967,64968,64969,64972],{},"If you name your file ",[21,64970,64971],{},"random.py",", then this can cause problems:",[60,64974,64976],{"className":62,"code":64975,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import random\n",[21,64977,64978],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,64979,64980,64982],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,64981,76],{"class":75},[69,64983,64984],{"class":79}," random\n",[14,64986,64987],{},"Python may import your file instead of the standard library module.",[14,64989,64990],{},"Try to avoid names like:",[29,64992,64993,64997,65002],{},[32,64994,64995],{},[21,64996,64971],{},[32,64998,64999],{},[21,65000,65001],{},"math.py",[32,65003,65004],{},[21,65005,65006],{},"sys.py",[64926,65008,65010],{"id":65009},"importing-a-package-that-is-not-installed","Importing a package that is not installed",[14,65012,65013],{},"This will fail if the package is missing:",[60,65015,65017],{"className":62,"code":65016,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n",[21,65018,65019],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,65020,65021,65023],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,65022,76],{"class":75},[69,65024,39308],{"class":79},[14,65026,65027],{},"If needed, install it:",[60,65029,65031],{"className":22537,"code":65030,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python -m pip install requests\n",[21,65032,65033],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,65034,65035,65037,65039,65041,65043],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,65036,64],{"class":7506},[69,65038,64845],{"class":14546},[69,65040,64848],{"class":114},[69,65042,64851],{"class":114},[69,65044,39308],{"class":114},[55,65046,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,65048,2372,65050,50,65053,1414],{"id":65049},"what-is-the-difference-between-import-math-and-from-math-import-sqrt",[21,65051,65052],{},"import math",[21,65054,65055],{},"from math import sqrt",[14,65057,65058,65060,65061,289],{},[21,65059,65052],{}," keeps the module name, so you write ",[21,65062,64387],{},[14,65064,65065,65067,65068,65070],{},[21,65066,65055],{}," lets you write ",[21,65069,64455],{}," directly.",[1647,65072,65074],{"id":65073},"can-i-import-my-own-python-file","Can I import my own Python file?",[14,65076,65077,65078,65080,65081,289],{},"Yes. If your file is in the same folder and is named ",[21,65079,64590],{},", you can usually write ",[21,65082,64709],{},[1647,65084,35316,65086,1414],{"id":65085},"why-do-i-get-modulenotfounderror",[21,65087,39808],{},[14,65089,65090],{},"Python cannot find the module. Check the spelling, file location, and whether the package is installed.",[1647,65092,2392,65094,1414],{"id":65093},"should-i-use-from-module-import",[21,65095,65096],{},"from module import *",[14,65098,65099],{},"Usually no. It imports many names at once and can make code harder to read.",[55,65101,2414],{"id":2413},[29,65103,65104,65108,65113,65119,65123],{},[32,65105,65106],{},[579,65107,64287],{"href":64286},[32,65109,65110],{},[579,65111,65112],{"href":39387},"How import works in Python",[32,65114,65115],{},[579,65116,4119,65117],{"href":39833},[21,65118,39834],{},[32,65120,65121],{},[579,65122,40016],{"href":64893},[32,65124,65125],{},[579,65126,14649,65128,12755],{"href":65127},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-dir-function-explained",[21,65129,65130],{},"dir()",[14,65132,65133],{},"Next, learn how Python finds modules and how to fix import errors when a module cannot be found.",[2450,65135,65136],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .skxfh, html code.shiki .skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sGLFI, html code.shiki .sGLFI{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sFwrP, html code.shiki .sFwrP{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sbgvK, html code.shiki .sbgvK{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .stzsN, html code.shiki .stzsN{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":65138},[65139,65140,65141,65145,65149,65151,65155,65156,65159,65168],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":64253,"depth":83,"text":64254},{"id":64290,"depth":83,"text":65142,"children":65143},"Use import module_name",[65144],{"id":64370,"depth":90,"text":64371},{"id":64396,"depth":83,"text":65146,"children":65147},"Use from module_name import name",[65148],{"id":64461,"depth":90,"text":64462},{"id":64477,"depth":83,"text":65150},"Rename a module with as",{"id":64580,"depth":83,"text":64581,"children":65152},[65153,65154],{"id":64594,"depth":90,"text":64590},{"id":64633,"depth":90,"text":40387},{"id":64737,"depth":83,"text":64738},{"id":64896,"depth":83,"text":64897,"children":65157},[65158],{"id":5116,"depth":90,"text":5117},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":65160},[65161,65163,65164,65166],{"id":65049,"depth":90,"text":65162},"What is the difference between import math and from math import sqrt?",{"id":65073,"depth":90,"text":65074},{"id":65085,"depth":90,"text":65165},"Why do I get ModuleNotFoundError?",{"id":65093,"depth":90,"text":65167},"Should I use from module import *?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to import a module in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-import-a-module-in-python",{"title":64135,"description":65169},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-import-a-module-in-python","xynxNily1CH2f4i9h6qvseUcdBafsuJeYuBW5HkRApw",{"id":65176,"title":65177,"body":65178,"description":67687,"extension":2479,"meta":67688,"navigation":86,"path":67689,"seo":67690,"stem":67691,"__hash__":67692},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-inherit-from-a-class-in-python.md","How to Inherit from a Class in Python",{"type":7,"value":65179,"toc":67650},[65180,65183,65186,65189,65196,65198,65287,65291,65300,65303,65305,65308,65322,65326,65329,65332,65349,65352,65437,65454,65461,65465,65468,65484,65573,65577,65592,65594,65611,65620,65625,65629,65632,65635,65757,65761,65780,65782,65806,65811,65815,65818,65824,65956,65960,65974,65977,65980,65988,65995,66000,66006,66176,66180,66195,66200,66215,66224,66230,66233,66247,66497,66501,66525,66528,66551,66555,66558,66569,66571,66593,66596,66598,66600,66604,66609,66660,66670,66672,66693,66702,66705,66826,66831,66833,66994,66998,67001,67075,67083,67087,67090,67099,67103,67106,67110,67193,67197,67216,67219,67223,67370,67372,67413,67420,67462,67473,67477,67480,67557,67560,67574,67576,67580,67583,67589,67595,67599,67602,67606,67609,67613,67616,67618,67647],[10,65181,65177],{"id":65182},"how-to-inherit-from-a-class-in-python",[14,65184,65185],{},"Inheritance lets you create a new class from an existing class.",[14,65187,65188],{},"This is useful when two classes should share code. The new class can reuse methods and attributes from the existing class, and it can also add new behavior or replace old behavior when needed.",[14,65190,65191,65192,50,65194,289],{},"If you are new to classes, it may help to first read ",[579,65193,9168],{"href":9167},[579,65195,7611],{"href":7610},[55,65197,58],{"id":57},[60,65199,65201],{"className":62,"code":65200,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Animal:\n    def speak(self):\n        return \"Some sound\"\n\nclass Dog(Animal):\n    pass\n\npet = Dog()\nprint(pet.speak())\n",[21,65202,65203,65212,65224,65235,65239,65252,65256,65260,65271],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,65204,65205,65207,65210],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,65206,7503],{"class":7502},[69,65208,65209],{"class":7506}," Animal",[69,65211,275],{"class":100},[69,65213,65214,65216,65218,65220,65222],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,65215,7514],{"class":7502},[69,65217,8844],{"class":7517},[69,65219,221],{"class":100},[69,65221,7490],{"class":7523},[69,65223,7526],{"class":100},[69,65225,65226,65228,65230,65233],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,65227,8479],{"class":75},[69,65229,123],{"class":110},[69,65231,65232],{"class":114},"Some sound",[69,65234,1825],{"class":110},[69,65236,65237],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,65238,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,65240,65241,65243,65245,65247,65250],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,65242,7503],{"class":7502},[69,65244,7507],{"class":7506},[69,65246,221],{"class":100},[69,65248,65249],{"class":7506},"Animal",[69,65251,7526],{"class":100},[69,65253,65254],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,65255,31883],{"class":75},[69,65257,65258],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,65259,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,65261,65262,65265,65267,65269],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,65263,65264],{"class":79},"pet ",[69,65266,97],{"class":96},[69,65268,7507],{"class":292},[69,65270,1385],{"class":100},[69,65272,65273,65275,65277,65280,65282,65285],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,65274,2161],{"class":217},[69,65276,221],{"class":100},[69,65278,65279],{"class":292},"pet",[69,65281,289],{"class":100},[69,65283,65284],{"class":292},"speak",[69,65286,3923],{"class":100},[14,65288,65289],{},[2498,65290,2781],{},[60,65292,65294],{"className":62,"code":65293,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Some sound\n",[21,65295,65296],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,65297,65298],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,65299,65293],{"class":79},[14,65301,65302],{},"Put the parent class name inside parentheses after the child class name. The child class then gets the parent class methods.",[55,65304,2666],{"id":2665},[14,65306,65307],{},"After reading this page, you will be able to:",[29,65309,65310,65313,65316,65319],{},[32,65311,65312],{},"Create a class that inherits from another class",[32,65314,65315],{},"Reuse methods and attributes from a parent class",[32,65317,65318],{},"Understand parent class and child class in simple terms",[32,65320,65321],{},"Know when to add new behavior or replace inherited behavior",[55,65323,65325],{"id":65324},"what-inheritance-means","What inheritance means",[14,65327,65328],{},"Inheritance lets one class use code from another class.",[14,65330,65331],{},"In simple terms:",[29,65333,65334,65340,65346],{},[32,65335,65336,65337],{},"The existing class is the ",[2498,65338,65339],{},"parent class",[32,65341,65342,65343],{},"The new class is the ",[2498,65344,65345],{},"child class",[32,65347,65348],{},"The child class can use parent methods without rewriting them",[14,65350,65351],{},"Here is a simple example:",[60,65353,65355],{"className":62,"code":65354,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Animal:\n    def speak(self):\n        return \"Some sound\"\n\nclass Dog(Animal):\n    pass\n\ndog = Dog()\nprint(dog.speak())\n",[21,65356,65357,65365,65377,65387,65391,65403,65407,65411,65422],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,65358,65359,65361,65363],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,65360,7503],{"class":7502},[69,65362,65209],{"class":7506},[69,65364,275],{"class":100},[69,65366,65367,65369,65371,65373,65375],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,65368,7514],{"class":7502},[69,65370,8844],{"class":7517},[69,65372,221],{"class":100},[69,65374,7490],{"class":7523},[69,65376,7526],{"class":100},[69,65378,65379,65381,65383,65385],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,65380,8479],{"class":75},[69,65382,123],{"class":110},[69,65384,65232],{"class":114},[69,65386,1825],{"class":110},[69,65388,65389],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,65390,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,65392,65393,65395,65397,65399,65401],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,65394,7503],{"class":7502},[69,65396,7507],{"class":7506},[69,65398,221],{"class":100},[69,65400,65249],{"class":7506},[69,65402,7526],{"class":100},[69,65404,65405],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,65406,31883],{"class":75},[69,65408,65409],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,65410,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,65412,65413,65416,65418,65420],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,65414,65415],{"class":79},"dog ",[69,65417,97],{"class":96},[69,65419,7507],{"class":292},[69,65421,1385],{"class":100},[69,65423,65424,65426,65428,65431,65433,65435],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,65425,2161],{"class":217},[69,65427,221],{"class":100},[69,65429,65430],{"class":292},"dog",[69,65432,289],{"class":100},[69,65434,65284],{"class":292},[69,65436,3923],{"class":100},[14,65438,65439,65441,65442,65444,65445,65448,65449,65451,65452,52252],{},[21,65440,31811],{}," inherits from ",[21,65443,65249],{},", so ",[21,65446,65447],{},"dog.speak()"," works even though ",[21,65450,31811],{}," does not define its own ",[21,65453,8869],{},[14,65455,65456,65457,289],{},"If you want a simple definition, see ",[579,65458,65460],{"href":65459},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwhat-is-inheritance-in-python","what inheritance means in Python",[55,65462,65464],{"id":65463},"basic-inheritance-syntax","Basic inheritance syntax",[14,65466,65467],{},"To make one class inherit from another:",[29,65469,65470,65473,65476,65481],{},[32,65471,65472],{},"Write the child class name first",[32,65474,65475],{},"Put the parent class name in parentheses",[32,65477,322,65478,65480],{},[21,65479,31888],{}," if the child class does not add anything yet",[32,65482,65483],{},"Create an object from the child class and call inherited methods",[60,65485,65487],{"className":62,"code":65486,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Parent:\n    def greet(self):\n        return \"Hello from Parent\"\n\nclass Child(Parent):\n    pass\n\nobj = Child()\nprint(obj.greet())\n",[21,65488,65489,65498,65510,65521,65525,65539,65543,65547,65558],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,65490,65491,65493,65496],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,65492,7503],{"class":7502},[69,65494,65495],{"class":7506}," Parent",[69,65497,275],{"class":100},[69,65499,65500,65502,65504,65506,65508],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,65501,7514],{"class":7502},[69,65503,8209],{"class":7517},[69,65505,221],{"class":100},[69,65507,7490],{"class":7523},[69,65509,7526],{"class":100},[69,65511,65512,65514,65516,65519],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,65513,8479],{"class":75},[69,65515,123],{"class":110},[69,65517,65518],{"class":114},"Hello from Parent",[69,65520,1825],{"class":110},[69,65522,65523],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,65524,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,65526,65527,65529,65532,65534,65537],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,65528,7503],{"class":7502},[69,65530,65531],{"class":7506}," Child",[69,65533,221],{"class":100},[69,65535,65536],{"class":7506},"Parent",[69,65538,7526],{"class":100},[69,65540,65541],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,65542,31883],{"class":75},[69,65544,65545],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,65546,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,65548,65549,65552,65554,65556],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,65550,65551],{"class":79},"obj ",[69,65553,97],{"class":96},[69,65555,65531],{"class":292},[69,65557,1385],{"class":100},[69,65559,65560,65562,65564,65567,65569,65571],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,65561,2161],{"class":217},[69,65563,221],{"class":100},[69,65565,65566],{"class":292},"obj",[69,65568,289],{"class":100},[69,65570,8290],{"class":292},[69,65572,3923],{"class":100},[14,65574,65575],{},[2498,65576,2781],{},[60,65578,65580],{"className":62,"code":65579,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Hello from Parent\n",[21,65581,65582],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,65583,65584,65587,65589],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,65585,65586],{"class":79},"Hello ",[69,65588,13103],{"class":75},[69,65590,65591],{"class":79}," Parent\n",[14,65593,37073],{},[60,65595,65597],{"className":62,"code":65596,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Child(Parent):\n",[21,65598,65599],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,65600,65601,65603,65605,65607,65609],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,65602,7503],{"class":7502},[69,65604,65531],{"class":7506},[69,65606,221],{"class":100},[69,65608,65536],{"class":7506},[69,65610,7526],{"class":100},[14,65612,65613,65614,65617,65618,289],{},"That tells Python that ",[21,65615,65616],{},"Child"," should inherit from ",[21,65619,65536],{},[14,65621,65622,65623,289],{},"If you need a refresher on making instances, see ",[579,65624,7801],{"href":7800},[55,65626,65628],{"id":65627},"add-new-methods-in-the-child-class","Add new methods in the child class",[14,65630,65631],{},"A child class can keep parent methods and also add its own methods.",[14,65633,65634],{},"Use this when the child needs extra behavior.",[60,65636,65638],{"className":62,"code":65637,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Animal:\n    def speak(self):\n        return \"Some sound\"\n\nclass Dog(Animal):\n    def wag_tail(self):\n        return \"Tail is wagging\"\n\ndog = Dog()\n\nprint(dog.speak())\nprint(dog.wag_tail())\n",[21,65639,65640,65648,65660,65670,65674,65686,65699,65710,65714,65724,65728,65742],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,65641,65642,65644,65646],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,65643,7503],{"class":7502},[69,65645,65209],{"class":7506},[69,65647,275],{"class":100},[69,65649,65650,65652,65654,65656,65658],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,65651,7514],{"class":7502},[69,65653,8844],{"class":7517},[69,65655,221],{"class":100},[69,65657,7490],{"class":7523},[69,65659,7526],{"class":100},[69,65661,65662,65664,65666,65668],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,65663,8479],{"class":75},[69,65665,123],{"class":110},[69,65667,65232],{"class":114},[69,65669,1825],{"class":110},[69,65671,65672],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,65673,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,65675,65676,65678,65680,65682,65684],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,65677,7503],{"class":7502},[69,65679,7507],{"class":7506},[69,65681,221],{"class":100},[69,65683,65249],{"class":7506},[69,65685,7526],{"class":100},[69,65687,65688,65690,65693,65695,65697],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,65689,7514],{"class":7502},[69,65691,65692],{"class":7517}," wag_tail",[69,65694,221],{"class":100},[69,65696,7490],{"class":7523},[69,65698,7526],{"class":100},[69,65700,65701,65703,65705,65708],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,65702,8479],{"class":75},[69,65704,123],{"class":110},[69,65706,65707],{"class":114},"Tail is wagging",[69,65709,1825],{"class":110},[69,65711,65712],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,65713,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,65715,65716,65718,65720,65722],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,65717,65415],{"class":79},[69,65719,97],{"class":96},[69,65721,7507],{"class":292},[69,65723,1385],{"class":100},[69,65725,65726],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,65727,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,65729,65730,65732,65734,65736,65738,65740],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,65731,2161],{"class":217},[69,65733,221],{"class":100},[69,65735,65430],{"class":292},[69,65737,289],{"class":100},[69,65739,65284],{"class":292},[69,65741,3923],{"class":100},[69,65743,65744,65746,65748,65750,65752,65755],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,65745,2161],{"class":217},[69,65747,221],{"class":100},[69,65749,65430],{"class":292},[69,65751,289],{"class":100},[69,65753,65754],{"class":292},"wag_tail",[69,65756,3923],{"class":100},[14,65758,65759],{},[2498,65760,2781],{},[60,65762,65764],{"className":62,"code":65763,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Some sound\nTail is wagging\n",[21,65765,65766,65770],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,65767,65768],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,65769,65293],{"class":79},[69,65771,65772,65775,65777],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,65773,65774],{"class":79},"Tail ",[69,65776,8098],{"class":96},[69,65778,65779],{"class":79}," wagging\n",[14,65781,32482],{},[29,65783,65784,65793,65801],{},[32,65785,65786,65788,65789,13250,65791],{},[21,65787,31811],{}," inherits ",[21,65790,8869],{},[21,65792,65249],{},[32,65794,65795,65797,65798],{},[21,65796,31811],{}," adds a new method called ",[21,65799,65800],{},"wag_tail()",[32,65802,36773,65803,65805],{},[21,65804,31811],{}," object can use both methods",[14,65807,65808,65809,289],{},"If you want more practice writing methods, see ",[579,65810,32389],{"href":32388},[55,65812,65814],{"id":65813},"override-a-parent-method","Override a parent method",[14,65816,65817],{},"Sometimes the child class should behave differently from the parent class.",[14,65819,65820,65821,289],{},"To do that, write a method in the child class with the same name. This is called ",[2498,65822,65823],{},"overriding",[60,65825,65827],{"className":62,"code":65826,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Animal:\n    def speak(self):\n        return \"Some sound\"\n\nclass Dog(Animal):\n    def speak(self):\n        return \"Woof\"\n\nanimal = Animal()\ndog = Dog()\n\nprint(animal.speak())\nprint(dog.speak())\n",[21,65828,65829,65837,65849,65859,65863,65875,65887,65898,65902,65913,65923,65927,65942],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,65830,65831,65833,65835],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,65832,7503],{"class":7502},[69,65834,65209],{"class":7506},[69,65836,275],{"class":100},[69,65838,65839,65841,65843,65845,65847],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,65840,7514],{"class":7502},[69,65842,8844],{"class":7517},[69,65844,221],{"class":100},[69,65846,7490],{"class":7523},[69,65848,7526],{"class":100},[69,65850,65851,65853,65855,65857],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,65852,8479],{"class":75},[69,65854,123],{"class":110},[69,65856,65232],{"class":114},[69,65858,1825],{"class":110},[69,65860,65861],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,65862,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,65864,65865,65867,65869,65871,65873],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,65866,7503],{"class":7502},[69,65868,7507],{"class":7506},[69,65870,221],{"class":100},[69,65872,65249],{"class":7506},[69,65874,7526],{"class":100},[69,65876,65877,65879,65881,65883,65885],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,65878,7514],{"class":7502},[69,65880,8844],{"class":7517},[69,65882,221],{"class":100},[69,65884,7490],{"class":7523},[69,65886,7526],{"class":100},[69,65888,65889,65891,65893,65896],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,65890,8479],{"class":75},[69,65892,123],{"class":110},[69,65894,65895],{"class":114},"Woof",[69,65897,1825],{"class":110},[69,65899,65900],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,65901,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,65903,65904,65907,65909,65911],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,65905,65906],{"class":79},"animal ",[69,65908,97],{"class":96},[69,65910,65209],{"class":292},[69,65912,1385],{"class":100},[69,65914,65915,65917,65919,65921],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,65916,65415],{"class":79},[69,65918,97],{"class":96},[69,65920,7507],{"class":292},[69,65922,1385],{"class":100},[69,65924,65925],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,65926,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,65928,65929,65931,65933,65936,65938,65940],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,65930,2161],{"class":217},[69,65932,221],{"class":100},[69,65934,65935],{"class":292},"animal",[69,65937,289],{"class":100},[69,65939,65284],{"class":292},[69,65941,3923],{"class":100},[69,65943,65944,65946,65948,65950,65952,65954],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,65945,2161],{"class":217},[69,65947,221],{"class":100},[69,65949,65430],{"class":292},[69,65951,289],{"class":100},[69,65953,65284],{"class":292},[69,65955,3923],{"class":100},[14,65957,65958],{},[2498,65959,2781],{},[60,65961,65963],{"className":62,"code":65962,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Some sound\nWoof\n",[21,65964,65965,65969],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,65966,65967],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,65968,65293],{"class":79},[69,65970,65971],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,65972,65973],{"class":79},"Woof\n",[14,65975,65976],{},"Python uses the child version when you call that method on a child object.",[14,65978,65979],{},"Use overriding when:",[29,65981,65982,65985],{},[32,65983,65984],{},"The parent has a general behavior",[32,65986,65987],{},"The child needs a more specific version",[55,65989,322,65991,65994],{"id":65990},"use-super-to-call-the-parent-version",[21,65992,65993],{},"super()"," to call the parent version",[14,65996,65997,65999],{},[21,65998,65993],{}," lets the child class call a method from the parent class.",[14,66001,66002,66003,66005],{},"This is very common inside ",[21,66004,7914],{},", where objects are set up with starting attributes.",[60,66007,66009],{"className":62,"code":66008,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Animal:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n\nclass Dog(Animal):\n    def __init__(self, name, breed):\n        super().__init__(name)\n        self.breed = breed\n\npet = Dog(\"Buddy\", \"Labrador\")\n\nprint(pet.name)\nprint(pet.breed)\n",[21,66010,66011,66019,66035,66047,66051,66063,66084,66099,66113,66117,66144,66148,66162],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,66012,66013,66015,66017],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,66014,7503],{"class":7502},[69,66016,65209],{"class":7506},[69,66018,275],{"class":100},[69,66020,66021,66023,66025,66027,66029,66031,66033],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,66022,7514],{"class":7502},[69,66024,7942],{"class":217},[69,66026,221],{"class":100},[69,66028,7490],{"class":7523},[69,66030,120],{"class":100},[69,66032,7952],{"class":7951},[69,66034,7526],{"class":100},[69,66036,66037,66039,66041,66043,66045],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,66038,7965],{"class":7964},[69,66040,289],{"class":100},[69,66042,115],{"class":2216},[69,66044,4232],{"class":96},[69,66046,7974],{"class":79},[69,66048,66049],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,66050,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,66052,66053,66055,66057,66059,66061],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,66054,7503],{"class":7502},[69,66056,7507],{"class":7506},[69,66058,221],{"class":100},[69,66060,65249],{"class":7506},[69,66062,7526],{"class":100},[69,66064,66065,66067,66069,66071,66073,66075,66077,66079,66082],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,66066,7514],{"class":7502},[69,66068,7942],{"class":217},[69,66070,221],{"class":100},[69,66072,7490],{"class":7523},[69,66074,120],{"class":100},[69,66076,7952],{"class":7951},[69,66078,120],{"class":100},[69,66080,66081],{"class":7951}," breed",[69,66083,7526],{"class":100},[69,66085,66086,66089,66091,66093,66095,66097],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,66087,66088],{"class":1859},"        super",[69,66090,19858],{"class":100},[69,66092,7914],{"class":217},[69,66094,221],{"class":100},[69,66096,115],{"class":292},[69,66098,301],{"class":100},[69,66100,66101,66103,66105,66108,66110],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,66102,7965],{"class":7964},[69,66104,289],{"class":100},[69,66106,66107],{"class":2216},"breed",[69,66109,4232],{"class":96},[69,66111,66112],{"class":79}," breed\n",[69,66114,66115],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,66116,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,66118,66119,66121,66123,66125,66127,66129,66131,66133,66135,66137,66140,66142],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,66120,65264],{"class":79},[69,66122,97],{"class":96},[69,66124,7507],{"class":292},[69,66126,221],{"class":100},[69,66128,111],{"class":110},[69,66130,8064],{"class":114},[69,66132,111],{"class":110},[69,66134,120],{"class":100},[69,66136,123],{"class":110},[69,66138,66139],{"class":114},"Labrador",[69,66141,111],{"class":110},[69,66143,301],{"class":100},[69,66145,66146],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,66147,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,66149,66150,66152,66154,66156,66158,66160],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,66151,2161],{"class":217},[69,66153,221],{"class":100},[69,66155,65279],{"class":292},[69,66157,289],{"class":100},[69,66159,115],{"class":2216},[69,66161,301],{"class":100},[69,66163,66164,66166,66168,66170,66172,66174],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,66165,2161],{"class":217},[69,66167,221],{"class":100},[69,66169,65279],{"class":292},[69,66171,289],{"class":100},[69,66173,66107],{"class":2216},[69,66175,301],{"class":100},[14,66177,66178],{},[2498,66179,2781],{},[60,66181,66183],{"className":62,"code":66182,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Buddy\nLabrador\n",[21,66184,66185,66190],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,66186,66187],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,66188,66189],{"class":79},"Buddy\n",[69,66191,66192],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,66193,66194],{"class":79},"Labrador\n",[14,66196,1410,66197,66199],{},[21,66198,65993],{}," here:",[29,66201,66202,66207,66210],{},[32,66203,66204,66205],{},"The parent class already knows how to set ",[21,66206,115],{},[32,66208,66209],{},"The child class does not need to repeat that code",[32,66211,66212,66213],{},"The child class can add its own extra setup, such as ",[21,66214,66107],{},[14,66216,9646,66217,66219,66220,289],{},[21,66218,7914],{}," is new to you, read ",[579,66221,7919,66222,7922],{"href":7918},[21,66223,7914],{},[55,66225,66227,66228],{"id":66226},"simple-example-with-__init__","Simple example with ",[21,66229,7914],{},[14,66231,66232],{},"A common pattern is:",[9539,66234,66235,66238,66244],{},[32,66236,66237],{},"The parent class sets shared attributes",[32,66239,66240,66241],{},"The child class calls ",[21,66242,66243],{},"super().__init__()",[32,66245,66246],{},"The child class adds its own attributes",[60,66248,66250],{"className":62,"code":66249,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Vehicle:\n    def __init__(self, brand):\n        self.brand = brand\n\n    def show_brand(self):\n        return f\"Brand: {self.brand}\"\n\nclass Car(Vehicle):\n    def __init__(self, brand, doors):\n        super().__init__(brand)\n        self.doors = doors\n\n    def show_doors(self):\n        return f\"Doors: {self.doors}\"\n\ncar = Car(\"Toyota\", 4)\n\nprint(car.show_brand())\nprint(car.show_doors())\n",[21,66251,66252,66261,66278,66292,66296,66309,66330,66334,66347,66368,66382,66396,66400,66413,66434,66438,66462,66466,66482],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,66253,66254,66256,66259],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,66255,7503],{"class":7502},[69,66257,66258],{"class":7506}," Vehicle",[69,66260,275],{"class":100},[69,66262,66263,66265,66267,66269,66271,66273,66276],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,66264,7514],{"class":7502},[69,66266,7942],{"class":217},[69,66268,221],{"class":100},[69,66270,7490],{"class":7523},[69,66272,120],{"class":100},[69,66274,66275],{"class":7951}," brand",[69,66277,7526],{"class":100},[69,66279,66280,66282,66284,66287,66289],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,66281,7965],{"class":7964},[69,66283,289],{"class":100},[69,66285,66286],{"class":2216},"brand",[69,66288,4232],{"class":96},[69,66290,66291],{"class":79}," brand\n",[69,66293,66294],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,66295,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,66297,66298,66300,66303,66305,66307],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,66299,7514],{"class":7502},[69,66301,66302],{"class":7517}," show_brand",[69,66304,221],{"class":100},[69,66306,7490],{"class":7523},[69,66308,7526],{"class":100},[69,66310,66311,66313,66315,66318,66320,66322,66324,66326,66328],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,66312,8479],{"class":75},[69,66314,51701],{"class":7502},[69,66316,66317],{"class":114},"\"Brand: ",[69,66319,8018],{"class":157},[69,66321,7490],{"class":7964},[69,66323,289],{"class":100},[69,66325,66286],{"class":2216},[69,66327,8027],{"class":157},[69,66329,1825],{"class":114},[69,66331,66332],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,66333,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,66335,66336,66338,66340,66342,66345],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,66337,7503],{"class":7502},[69,66339,36959],{"class":7506},[69,66341,221],{"class":100},[69,66343,66344],{"class":7506},"Vehicle",[69,66346,7526],{"class":100},[69,66348,66349,66351,66353,66355,66357,66359,66361,66363,66366],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,66350,7514],{"class":7502},[69,66352,7942],{"class":217},[69,66354,221],{"class":100},[69,66356,7490],{"class":7523},[69,66358,120],{"class":100},[69,66360,66275],{"class":7951},[69,66362,120],{"class":100},[69,66364,66365],{"class":7951}," doors",[69,66367,7526],{"class":100},[69,66369,66370,66372,66374,66376,66378,66380],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,66371,66088],{"class":1859},[69,66373,19858],{"class":100},[69,66375,7914],{"class":217},[69,66377,221],{"class":100},[69,66379,66286],{"class":292},[69,66381,301],{"class":100},[69,66383,66384,66386,66388,66391,66393],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,66385,7965],{"class":7964},[69,66387,289],{"class":100},[69,66389,66390],{"class":2216},"doors",[69,66392,4232],{"class":96},[69,66394,66395],{"class":79}," doors\n",[69,66397,66398],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,66399,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,66401,66402,66404,66407,66409,66411],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,66403,7514],{"class":7502},[69,66405,66406],{"class":7517}," show_doors",[69,66408,221],{"class":100},[69,66410,7490],{"class":7523},[69,66412,7526],{"class":100},[69,66414,66415,66417,66419,66422,66424,66426,66428,66430,66432],{"class":71,"line":50892},[69,66416,8479],{"class":75},[69,66418,51701],{"class":7502},[69,66420,66421],{"class":114},"\"Doors: ",[69,66423,8018],{"class":157},[69,66425,7490],{"class":7964},[69,66427,289],{"class":100},[69,66429,66390],{"class":2216},[69,66431,8027],{"class":157},[69,66433,1825],{"class":114},[69,66435,66436],{"class":71,"line":50897},[69,66437,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,66439,66440,66443,66445,66447,66449,66451,66454,66456,66458,66460],{"class":71,"line":61799},[69,66441,66442],{"class":79},"car ",[69,66444,97],{"class":96},[69,66446,36959],{"class":292},[69,66448,221],{"class":100},[69,66450,111],{"class":110},[69,66452,66453],{"class":114},"Toyota",[69,66455,111],{"class":110},[69,66457,120],{"class":100},[69,66459,7167],{"class":157},[69,66461,301],{"class":100},[69,66463,66464],{"class":71,"line":61817},[69,66465,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,66467,66468,66470,66472,66475,66477,66480],{"class":71,"line":61833},[69,66469,2161],{"class":217},[69,66471,221],{"class":100},[69,66473,66474],{"class":292},"car",[69,66476,289],{"class":100},[69,66478,66479],{"class":292},"show_brand",[69,66481,3923],{"class":100},[69,66483,66484,66486,66488,66490,66492,66495],{"class":71,"line":61838},[69,66485,2161],{"class":217},[69,66487,221],{"class":100},[69,66489,66474],{"class":292},[69,66491,289],{"class":100},[69,66493,66494],{"class":292},"show_doors",[69,66496,3923],{"class":100},[14,66498,66499],{},[2498,66500,2781],{},[60,66502,66504],{"className":62,"code":66503,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Brand: Toyota\nDoors: 4\n",[21,66505,66506,66516],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,66507,66508,66511,66513],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,66509,66510],{"class":79},"Brand",[69,66512,1174],{"class":100},[69,66514,66515],{"class":79}," Toyota\n",[69,66517,66518,66521,66523],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,66519,66520],{"class":79},"Doors",[69,66522,1174],{"class":100},[69,66524,42059],{"class":157},[14,66526,66527],{},"This works because:",[29,66529,66530,66536,66544],{},[32,66531,66532,65441,66534],{},[21,66533,31814],{},[21,66535,66344],{},[32,66537,66538,66540,66541,66543],{},[21,66539,66344],{}," handles the shared ",[21,66542,66286],{}," attribute",[32,66545,66546,66548,66549,66543],{},[21,66547,31814],{}," adds the ",[21,66550,66390],{},[55,66552,66554],{"id":66553},"when-inheritance-is-useful","When inheritance is useful",[14,66556,66557],{},"Inheritance is useful when:",[29,66559,66560,66563,66566],{},[32,66561,66562],{},"Several classes share the same data or methods",[32,66564,66565],{},"You want to avoid copying the same code into many classes",[32,66567,66568],{},"You want related classes with small differences",[14,66570,11379],{},[29,66572,66573,66579,66585],{},[32,66574,66575,50,66577],{},[21,66576,65249],{},[21,66578,31811],{},[32,66580,66581,50,66583],{},[21,66582,66344],{},[21,66584,31814],{},[32,66586,66587,50,66590],{},[21,66588,66589],{},"User",[21,66591,66592],{},"AdminUser",[14,66594,66595],{},"Inheritance is usually a good choice when the child class is a more specific version of the parent class.",[55,66597,5117],{"id":5116},[14,66599,45999],{},[1647,66601,66603],{"id":66602},"forgetting-the-parent-class-in-parentheses","Forgetting the parent class in parentheses",[14,66605,36222,66606,66608],{},[2498,66607,3315],{}," create inheritance:",[60,66610,66612],{"className":62,"code":66611,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Animal:\n    def speak(self):\n        return \"Some sound\"\n\nclass Dog:\n    pass\n",[21,66613,66614,66622,66634,66644,66648,66656],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,66615,66616,66618,66620],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,66617,7503],{"class":7502},[69,66619,65209],{"class":7506},[69,66621,275],{"class":100},[69,66623,66624,66626,66628,66630,66632],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,66625,7514],{"class":7502},[69,66627,8844],{"class":7517},[69,66629,221],{"class":100},[69,66631,7490],{"class":7523},[69,66633,7526],{"class":100},[69,66635,66636,66638,66640,66642],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,66637,8479],{"class":75},[69,66639,123],{"class":110},[69,66641,65232],{"class":114},[69,66643,1825],{"class":110},[69,66645,66646],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,66647,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,66649,66650,66652,66654],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,66651,7503],{"class":7502},[69,66653,7507],{"class":7506},[69,66655,275],{"class":100},[69,66657,66658],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,66659,31883],{"class":75},[14,66661,66662,66664,66665,66667,66668,289],{},[21,66663,31811],{}," will not get the ",[21,66666,8869],{}," method because it does not inherit from ",[21,66669,65249],{},[14,66671,27459],{},[60,66673,66675],{"className":62,"code":66674,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Dog(Animal):\n    pass\n",[21,66676,66677,66689],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,66678,66679,66681,66683,66685,66687],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,66680,7503],{"class":7502},[69,66682,7507],{"class":7506},[69,66684,221],{"class":100},[69,66686,65249],{"class":7506},[69,66688,7526],{"class":100},[69,66690,66691],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,66692,31883],{"class":75},[1647,66694,66696,66697,66699,66700],{"id":66695},"overriding-__init__-but-not-calling-super__init__","Overriding ",[21,66698,7914],{}," but not calling ",[21,66701,66243],{},[14,66703,66704],{},"If the parent class sets important attributes, the child class may break if it skips the parent setup.",[60,66706,66708],{"className":62,"code":66707,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Animal:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n\nclass Dog(Animal):\n    def __init__(self, breed):\n        self.breed = breed\n\ndog = Dog(\"Labrador\")\nprint(dog.name)\n",[21,66709,66710,66718,66734,66746,66750,66762,66778,66790,66794,66812],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,66711,66712,66714,66716],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,66713,7503],{"class":7502},[69,66715,65209],{"class":7506},[69,66717,275],{"class":100},[69,66719,66720,66722,66724,66726,66728,66730,66732],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,66721,7514],{"class":7502},[69,66723,7942],{"class":217},[69,66725,221],{"class":100},[69,66727,7490],{"class":7523},[69,66729,120],{"class":100},[69,66731,7952],{"class":7951},[69,66733,7526],{"class":100},[69,66735,66736,66738,66740,66742,66744],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,66737,7965],{"class":7964},[69,66739,289],{"class":100},[69,66741,115],{"class":2216},[69,66743,4232],{"class":96},[69,66745,7974],{"class":79},[69,66747,66748],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,66749,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,66751,66752,66754,66756,66758,66760],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,66753,7503],{"class":7502},[69,66755,7507],{"class":7506},[69,66757,221],{"class":100},[69,66759,65249],{"class":7506},[69,66761,7526],{"class":100},[69,66763,66764,66766,66768,66770,66772,66774,66776],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,66765,7514],{"class":7502},[69,66767,7942],{"class":217},[69,66769,221],{"class":100},[69,66771,7490],{"class":7523},[69,66773,120],{"class":100},[69,66775,66081],{"class":7951},[69,66777,7526],{"class":100},[69,66779,66780,66782,66784,66786,66788],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,66781,7965],{"class":7964},[69,66783,289],{"class":100},[69,66785,66107],{"class":2216},[69,66787,4232],{"class":96},[69,66789,66112],{"class":79},[69,66791,66792],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,66793,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,66795,66796,66798,66800,66802,66804,66806,66808,66810],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,66797,65415],{"class":79},[69,66799,97],{"class":96},[69,66801,7507],{"class":292},[69,66803,221],{"class":100},[69,66805,111],{"class":110},[69,66807,66139],{"class":114},[69,66809,111],{"class":110},[69,66811,301],{"class":100},[69,66813,66814,66816,66818,66820,66822,66824],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,66815,2161],{"class":217},[69,66817,221],{"class":100},[69,66819,65430],{"class":292},[69,66821,289],{"class":100},[69,66823,115],{"class":2216},[69,66825,301],{"class":100},[14,66827,2882,66828,66830],{},[21,66829,115],{}," was never created.",[14,66832,63924],{},[60,66834,66836],{"className":62,"code":66835,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Animal:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n\nclass Dog(Animal):\n    def __init__(self, name, breed):\n        super().__init__(name)\n        self.breed = breed\n\ndog = Dog(\"Buddy\", \"Labrador\")\nprint(dog.name)\nprint(dog.breed)\n",[21,66837,66838,66846,66862,66874,66878,66890,66910,66924,66936,66940,66966,66980],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,66839,66840,66842,66844],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,66841,7503],{"class":7502},[69,66843,65209],{"class":7506},[69,66845,275],{"class":100},[69,66847,66848,66850,66852,66854,66856,66858,66860],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,66849,7514],{"class":7502},[69,66851,7942],{"class":217},[69,66853,221],{"class":100},[69,66855,7490],{"class":7523},[69,66857,120],{"class":100},[69,66859,7952],{"class":7951},[69,66861,7526],{"class":100},[69,66863,66864,66866,66868,66870,66872],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,66865,7965],{"class":7964},[69,66867,289],{"class":100},[69,66869,115],{"class":2216},[69,66871,4232],{"class":96},[69,66873,7974],{"class":79},[69,66875,66876],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,66877,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,66879,66880,66882,66884,66886,66888],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,66881,7503],{"class":7502},[69,66883,7507],{"class":7506},[69,66885,221],{"class":100},[69,66887,65249],{"class":7506},[69,66889,7526],{"class":100},[69,66891,66892,66894,66896,66898,66900,66902,66904,66906,66908],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,66893,7514],{"class":7502},[69,66895,7942],{"class":217},[69,66897,221],{"class":100},[69,66899,7490],{"class":7523},[69,66901,120],{"class":100},[69,66903,7952],{"class":7951},[69,66905,120],{"class":100},[69,66907,66081],{"class":7951},[69,66909,7526],{"class":100},[69,66911,66912,66914,66916,66918,66920,66922],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,66913,66088],{"class":1859},[69,66915,19858],{"class":100},[69,66917,7914],{"class":217},[69,66919,221],{"class":100},[69,66921,115],{"class":292},[69,66923,301],{"class":100},[69,66925,66926,66928,66930,66932,66934],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,66927,7965],{"class":7964},[69,66929,289],{"class":100},[69,66931,66107],{"class":2216},[69,66933,4232],{"class":96},[69,66935,66112],{"class":79},[69,66937,66938],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,66939,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,66941,66942,66944,66946,66948,66950,66952,66954,66956,66958,66960,66962,66964],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,66943,65415],{"class":79},[69,66945,97],{"class":96},[69,66947,7507],{"class":292},[69,66949,221],{"class":100},[69,66951,111],{"class":110},[69,66953,8064],{"class":114},[69,66955,111],{"class":110},[69,66957,120],{"class":100},[69,66959,123],{"class":110},[69,66961,66139],{"class":114},[69,66963,111],{"class":110},[69,66965,301],{"class":100},[69,66967,66968,66970,66972,66974,66976,66978],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,66969,2161],{"class":217},[69,66971,221],{"class":100},[69,66973,65430],{"class":292},[69,66975,289],{"class":100},[69,66977,115],{"class":2216},[69,66979,301],{"class":100},[69,66981,66982,66984,66986,66988,66990,66992],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,66983,2161],{"class":217},[69,66985,221],{"class":100},[69,66987,65430],{"class":292},[69,66989,289],{"class":100},[69,66991,66107],{"class":2216},[69,66993,301],{"class":100},[1647,66995,66997],{"id":66996},"misspelling-a-method-name","Misspelling a method name",[14,66999,67000],{},"If you want to override a method, the name must match exactly.",[60,67002,67004],{"className":62,"code":67003,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Animal:\n    def speak(self):\n        return \"Some sound\"\n\nclass Dog(Animal):\n    def speek(self):\n        return \"Woof\"\n",[21,67005,67006,67014,67026,67036,67040,67052,67065],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,67007,67008,67010,67012],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,67009,7503],{"class":7502},[69,67011,65209],{"class":7506},[69,67013,275],{"class":100},[69,67015,67016,67018,67020,67022,67024],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,67017,7514],{"class":7502},[69,67019,8844],{"class":7517},[69,67021,221],{"class":100},[69,67023,7490],{"class":7523},[69,67025,7526],{"class":100},[69,67027,67028,67030,67032,67034],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,67029,8479],{"class":75},[69,67031,123],{"class":110},[69,67033,65232],{"class":114},[69,67035,1825],{"class":110},[69,67037,67038],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,67039,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,67041,67042,67044,67046,67048,67050],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,67043,7503],{"class":7502},[69,67045,7507],{"class":7506},[69,67047,221],{"class":100},[69,67049,65249],{"class":7506},[69,67051,7526],{"class":100},[69,67053,67054,67056,67059,67061,67063],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,67055,7514],{"class":7502},[69,67057,67058],{"class":7517}," speek",[69,67060,221],{"class":100},[69,67062,7490],{"class":7523},[69,67064,7526],{"class":100},[69,67066,67067,67069,67071,67073],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,67068,8479],{"class":75},[69,67070,123],{"class":110},[69,67072,65895],{"class":114},[69,67074,1825],{"class":110},[14,67076,4611,67077,67080,67081,289],{},[21,67078,67079],{},"speek()"," does not override ",[21,67082,8869],{},[1647,67084,67086],{"id":67085},"expecting-the-parent-class-to-use-child-only-attributes-automatically","Expecting the parent class to use child-only attributes automatically",[14,67088,67089],{},"The parent class only knows about attributes that have been created.",[14,67091,67092,67093,67095,67096,67098],{},"If the parent method uses ",[21,67094,8128],{},", then ",[21,67097,115],{}," must exist before that method is called.",[55,67100,67102],{"id":67101},"how-to-check-that-inheritance-is-working","How to check that inheritance is working",[14,67104,67105],{},"If you are not sure whether inheritance is working, try these checks.",[1647,67107,67109],{"id":67108},"_1-create-an-object-from-the-child-class","1. Create an object from the child class",[60,67111,67113],{"className":62,"code":67112,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Animal:\n    def speak(self):\n        return \"Some sound\"\n\nclass Dog(Animal):\n    pass\n\npet = Dog()\nprint(type(pet))\n",[21,67114,67115,67123,67135,67145,67149,67161,67165,67169,67179],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,67116,67117,67119,67121],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,67118,7503],{"class":7502},[69,67120,65209],{"class":7506},[69,67122,275],{"class":100},[69,67124,67125,67127,67129,67131,67133],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,67126,7514],{"class":7502},[69,67128,8844],{"class":7517},[69,67130,221],{"class":100},[69,67132,7490],{"class":7523},[69,67134,7526],{"class":100},[69,67136,67137,67139,67141,67143],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,67138,8479],{"class":75},[69,67140,123],{"class":110},[69,67142,65232],{"class":114},[69,67144,1825],{"class":110},[69,67146,67147],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,67148,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,67150,67151,67153,67155,67157,67159],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,67152,7503],{"class":7502},[69,67154,7507],{"class":7506},[69,67156,221],{"class":100},[69,67158,65249],{"class":7506},[69,67160,7526],{"class":100},[69,67162,67163],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,67164,31883],{"class":75},[69,67166,67167],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,67168,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,67170,67171,67173,67175,67177],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,67172,65264],{"class":79},[69,67174,97],{"class":96},[69,67176,7507],{"class":292},[69,67178,1385],{"class":100},[69,67180,67181,67183,67185,67187,67189,67191],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,67182,2161],{"class":217},[69,67184,221],{"class":100},[69,67186,2176],{"class":1859},[69,67188,221],{"class":100},[69,67190,65279],{"class":292},[69,67192,2183],{"class":100},[1647,67194,67196],{"id":67195},"_2-call-a-method-defined-in-the-parent-class","2. Call a method defined in the parent class",[60,67198,67200],{"className":62,"code":67199,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(pet.speak())\n",[21,67201,67202],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,67203,67204,67206,67208,67210,67212,67214],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,67205,2161],{"class":217},[69,67207,221],{"class":100},[69,67209,65279],{"class":292},[69,67211,289],{"class":100},[69,67213,65284],{"class":292},[69,67215,3923],{"class":100},[14,67217,67218],{},"If this works, the child object is using the parent method.",[1647,67220,67222],{"id":67221},"_3-print-the-object-attributes","3. Print the object attributes",[60,67224,67226],{"className":62,"code":67225,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class Animal:\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n\nclass Dog(Animal):\n    def __init__(self, name, breed):\n        super().__init__(name)\n        self.breed = breed\n\npet = Dog(\"Buddy\", \"Labrador\")\nprint(pet.__dict__)\n",[21,67227,67228,67236,67252,67264,67268,67280,67300,67314,67326,67330,67356],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,67229,67230,67232,67234],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,67231,7503],{"class":7502},[69,67233,65209],{"class":7506},[69,67235,275],{"class":100},[69,67237,67238,67240,67242,67244,67246,67248,67250],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,67239,7514],{"class":7502},[69,67241,7942],{"class":217},[69,67243,221],{"class":100},[69,67245,7490],{"class":7523},[69,67247,120],{"class":100},[69,67249,7952],{"class":7951},[69,67251,7526],{"class":100},[69,67253,67254,67256,67258,67260,67262],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,67255,7965],{"class":7964},[69,67257,289],{"class":100},[69,67259,115],{"class":2216},[69,67261,4232],{"class":96},[69,67263,7974],{"class":79},[69,67265,67266],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,67267,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,67269,67270,67272,67274,67276,67278],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,67271,7503],{"class":7502},[69,67273,7507],{"class":7506},[69,67275,221],{"class":100},[69,67277,65249],{"class":7506},[69,67279,7526],{"class":100},[69,67281,67282,67284,67286,67288,67290,67292,67294,67296,67298],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,67283,7514],{"class":7502},[69,67285,7942],{"class":217},[69,67287,221],{"class":100},[69,67289,7490],{"class":7523},[69,67291,120],{"class":100},[69,67293,7952],{"class":7951},[69,67295,120],{"class":100},[69,67297,66081],{"class":7951},[69,67299,7526],{"class":100},[69,67301,67302,67304,67306,67308,67310,67312],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,67303,66088],{"class":1859},[69,67305,19858],{"class":100},[69,67307,7914],{"class":217},[69,67309,221],{"class":100},[69,67311,115],{"class":292},[69,67313,301],{"class":100},[69,67315,67316,67318,67320,67322,67324],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,67317,7965],{"class":7964},[69,67319,289],{"class":100},[69,67321,66107],{"class":2216},[69,67323,4232],{"class":96},[69,67325,66112],{"class":79},[69,67327,67328],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,67329,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,67331,67332,67334,67336,67338,67340,67342,67344,67346,67348,67350,67352,67354],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,67333,65264],{"class":79},[69,67335,97],{"class":96},[69,67337,7507],{"class":292},[69,67339,221],{"class":100},[69,67341,111],{"class":110},[69,67343,8064],{"class":114},[69,67345,111],{"class":110},[69,67347,120],{"class":100},[69,67349,123],{"class":110},[69,67351,66139],{"class":114},[69,67353,111],{"class":110},[69,67355,301],{"class":100},[69,67357,67358,67360,67362,67364,67366,67368],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,67359,2161],{"class":217},[69,67361,221],{"class":100},[69,67363,65279],{"class":292},[69,67365,289],{"class":100},[69,67367,9233],{"class":7964},[69,67369,301],{"class":100},[14,67371,38867],{},[60,67373,67375],{"className":62,"code":67374,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'name': 'Buddy', 'breed': 'Labrador'}\n",[21,67376,67377],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,67378,67379,67381,67383,67385,67387,67389,67391,67393,67395,67397,67399,67401,67403,67405,67407,67409,67411],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,67380,8018],{"class":100},[69,67382,15283],{"class":110},[69,67384,115],{"class":114},[69,67386,15283],{"class":110},[69,67388,1174],{"class":100},[69,67390,15292],{"class":110},[69,67392,8064],{"class":114},[69,67394,15283],{"class":110},[69,67396,120],{"class":100},[69,67398,15292],{"class":110},[69,67400,66107],{"class":114},[69,67402,15283],{"class":110},[69,67404,1174],{"class":100},[69,67406,15292],{"class":110},[69,67408,66139],{"class":114},[69,67410,15283],{"class":110},[69,67412,1260],{"class":100},[1647,67414,67416,67417],{"id":67415},"_4-use-isinstance","4. Use ",[21,67418,67419],{},"isinstance()",[60,67421,67423],{"className":62,"code":67422,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(isinstance(pet, Dog))\nprint(isinstance(pet, Animal))\n",[21,67424,67425,67444],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,67426,67427,67429,67431,67434,67436,67438,67440,67442],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,67428,2161],{"class":217},[69,67430,221],{"class":100},[69,67432,67433],{"class":217},"isinstance",[69,67435,221],{"class":100},[69,67437,65279],{"class":292},[69,67439,120],{"class":100},[69,67441,7507],{"class":292},[69,67443,2183],{"class":100},[69,67445,67446,67448,67450,67452,67454,67456,67458,67460],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,67447,2161],{"class":217},[69,67449,221],{"class":100},[69,67451,67433],{"class":217},[69,67453,221],{"class":100},[69,67455,65279],{"class":292},[69,67457,120],{"class":100},[69,67459,65209],{"class":292},[69,67461,2183],{"class":100},[14,67463,67464,67465,67467,67468,67470,67471,289],{},"Both can be ",[21,67466,11002],{}," because a ",[21,67469,31811],{}," object is also an ",[21,67472,65249],{},[1647,67474,67476],{"id":67475},"_5-useful-debugging-commands","5. Useful debugging commands",[14,67478,67479],{},"These can help when something is not working as expected:",[60,67481,67483],{"className":62,"code":67482,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(type(obj))\nprint(isinstance(obj, ParentClass))\nprint(obj.__dict__)\nprint(dir(obj))\nhelp(ChildClass)\n",[21,67484,67485,67499,67518,67532,67546],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,67486,67487,67489,67491,67493,67495,67497],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,67488,2161],{"class":217},[69,67490,221],{"class":100},[69,67492,2176],{"class":1859},[69,67494,221],{"class":100},[69,67496,65566],{"class":292},[69,67498,2183],{"class":100},[69,67500,67501,67503,67505,67507,67509,67511,67513,67516],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,67502,2161],{"class":217},[69,67504,221],{"class":100},[69,67506,67433],{"class":217},[69,67508,221],{"class":100},[69,67510,65566],{"class":292},[69,67512,120],{"class":100},[69,67514,67515],{"class":292}," ParentClass",[69,67517,2183],{"class":100},[69,67519,67520,67522,67524,67526,67528,67530],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,67521,2161],{"class":217},[69,67523,221],{"class":100},[69,67525,65566],{"class":292},[69,67527,289],{"class":100},[69,67529,9233],{"class":7964},[69,67531,301],{"class":100},[69,67533,67534,67536,67538,67540,67542,67544],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,67535,2161],{"class":217},[69,67537,221],{"class":100},[69,67539,9202],{"class":217},[69,67541,221],{"class":100},[69,67543,65566],{"class":292},[69,67545,2183],{"class":100},[69,67547,67548,67550,67552,67555],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,67549,9213],{"class":217},[69,67551,221],{"class":100},[69,67553,67554],{"class":292},"ChildClass",[69,67556,301],{"class":100},[14,67558,67559],{},"They are useful for checking:",[29,67561,67562,67565,67568,67571],{},[32,67563,67564],{},"What type the object is",[32,67566,67567],{},"Whether Python sees it as an instance of the parent class",[32,67569,67570],{},"Which attributes exist",[32,67572,67573],{},"Which methods are available",[55,67575,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,67577,67579],{"id":67578},"what-is-the-difference-between-a-parent-class-and-a-child-class","What is the difference between a parent class and a child class?",[14,67581,67582],{},"A parent class contains shared code. A child class inherits that code and can also add or change behavior.",[1647,67584,33585,67586,67588],{"id":67585},"do-i-always-need-super-when-using-inheritance",[21,67587,65993],{}," when using inheritance?",[14,67590,67591,67592,67594],{},"No. It is most useful when the parent class has an ",[21,67593,7914],{}," method or another method you still want to use.",[1647,67596,67598],{"id":67597},"can-a-child-class-use-parent-methods-without-rewriting-them","Can a child class use parent methods without rewriting them?",[14,67600,67601],{},"Yes. That is one of the main reasons to use inheritance.",[1647,67603,67605],{"id":67604},"what-happens-if-the-child-class-has-a-method-with-the-same-name-as-the-parent","What happens if the child class has a method with the same name as the parent?",[14,67607,67608],{},"The child version is used. This is called overriding.",[1647,67610,67612],{"id":67611},"is-inheritance-the-same-as-creating-an-object-from-a-class","Is inheritance the same as creating an object from a class?",[14,67614,67615],{},"No. Inheritance creates a new class from another class. Creating an object makes an instance of a class.",[55,67617,2414],{"id":2413},[29,67619,67620,67624,67628,67632,67638,67642],{},[32,67621,67622],{},[579,67623,7611],{"href":7610},[32,67625,67626],{},[579,67627,9344],{"href":9167},[32,67629,67630],{},[579,67631,9349],{"href":7800},[32,67633,67634],{},[579,67635,9337,67636,7922],{"href":7918},[21,67637,7914],{},[32,67639,67640],{},[579,67641,33639],{"href":32388},[32,67643,67644],{},[579,67645,67646],{"href":65459},"What inheritance means in Python",[2450,67648,67649],{},"html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sbgvK, html code.shiki .sbgvK{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sGLFI, html code.shiki .sGLFI{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .smCYv, html code.shiki .smCYv{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code 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var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sFwrP, html code.shiki .sFwrP{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .s_hVV, html code.shiki .s_hVV{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .skxfh, html code.shiki .skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":67651},[67652,67653,67654,67655,67656,67657,67658,67660,67662,67663,67670,67678,67686],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":65324,"depth":83,"text":65325},{"id":65463,"depth":83,"text":65464},{"id":65627,"depth":83,"text":65628},{"id":65813,"depth":83,"text":65814},{"id":65990,"depth":83,"text":67659},"Use super() to call the parent version",{"id":66226,"depth":83,"text":67661},"Simple example with __init__",{"id":66553,"depth":83,"text":66554},{"id":5116,"depth":83,"text":5117,"children":67664},[67665,67666,67668,67669],{"id":66602,"depth":90,"text":66603},{"id":66695,"depth":90,"text":67667},"Overriding __init__ but not calling super().__init__()",{"id":66996,"depth":90,"text":66997},{"id":67085,"depth":90,"text":67086},{"id":67101,"depth":83,"text":67102,"children":67671},[67672,67673,67674,67675,67677],{"id":67108,"depth":90,"text":67109},{"id":67195,"depth":90,"text":67196},{"id":67221,"depth":90,"text":67222},{"id":67415,"depth":90,"text":67676},"4. Use isinstance()",{"id":67475,"depth":90,"text":67476},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":67679},[67680,67681,67683,67684,67685],{"id":67578,"depth":90,"text":67579},{"id":67585,"depth":90,"text":67682},"Do I always need super() when using inheritance?",{"id":67597,"depth":90,"text":67598},{"id":67604,"depth":90,"text":67605},{"id":67611,"depth":90,"text":67612},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to inherit from a class in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-inherit-from-a-class-in-python",{"title":65177,"description":67687},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-inherit-from-a-class-in-python","RP2YXehgO3pMGkseYC2Ts918T5ehyvfdk1OOZtR1spA",{"id":67694,"title":67695,"body":67696,"description":68651,"extension":2479,"meta":68652,"navigation":86,"path":64893,"seo":68653,"stem":68654,"__hash__":68655},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-install-a-python-package-with-pip.md","How to Install a Python Package with pip",{"type":7,"value":67697,"toc":68622},[67698,67701,67704,67740,67742,67744,67764,67768,67773,67782,67794,67800,67804,67810,67813,67824,67827,67832,67837,67851,67854,67860,67875,67879,67882,67900,67907,67909,67925,67928,67931,67935,67938,67943,67964,67974,67976,67987,67991,67997,68017,68022,68026,68029,68033,68035,68052,68058,68062,68065,68094,68097,68100,68118,68123,68127,68133,68136,68139,68150,68153,68169,68176,68180,68183,68188,68190,68203,68206,68220,68228,68234,68236,68255,68258,68275,68279,68282,68285,68287,68308,68311,68315,68318,68321,68325,68328,68331,68341,68344,68350,68353,68364,68371,68373,68376,68395,68397,68403,68427,68429,68486,68488,68504,68506,68522,68524,68528,68536,68540,68543,68547,68550,68554,68556,68574,68576,68594,68596,68619],[10,67699,67695],{"id":67700},"how-to-install-a-python-package-with-pip",[14,67702,67703],{},"Learn how to install Python packages with pip, check that pip works, and fix the most common installation problems. This page focuses on the basic command-line steps beginners need.",[67705,67706,67707,67712,67728],"blockquote",{},[14,67708,67709],{},[2498,67710,67711],{},"Quick command",[60,67713,67714],{"className":22537,"code":65030,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,67715,67716],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,67717,67718,67720,67722,67724,67726],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,67719,64],{"class":7506},[69,67721,64845],{"class":14546},[69,67723,64848],{"class":114},[69,67725,64851],{"class":114},[69,67727,39308],{"class":114},[14,67729,322,67730,67733,67734,67736,67737,67739],{},[21,67731,67732],{},"python -m pip"," if ",[21,67735,38761],{}," does not work by itself. Replace ",[21,67738,38736],{}," with the package name you want to install.",[55,67741,2666],{"id":2665},[14,67743,27],{},[29,67745,67746,67749,67755,67758],{},[32,67747,67748],{},"Install a package from the command line",[32,67750,67751,67752,67754],{},"Use the safest beginner-friendly ",[21,67753,38761],{}," command",[32,67756,67757],{},"Check that the package installed correctly",[32,67759,67760,67761,67763],{},"Fix common ",[21,67762,39767],{}," problems",[55,67765,67767],{"id":67766},"what-pip-is","What pip is",[14,67769,67770,67772],{},[21,67771,38761],{}," is Python's package installer.",[14,67774,36773,67775,67778,67779,67781],{},[2498,67776,67777],{},"package"," is extra code you can add to Python. For example, the ",[21,67780,38736],{}," package helps you work with web requests without writing everything from scratch.",[14,67783,67784,67785,67787,67788,5914,67790,67793],{},"You use ",[21,67786,38761],{}," to download and install packages like ",[21,67789,38736],{},[21,67791,67792],{},"numpy",", and many others.",[14,67795,67796,67797,289],{},"If you are new to modules and packages, see ",[579,67798,64287],{"href":67799},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-modules-explained\u002F",[55,67801,67803],{"id":67802},"check-that-python-and-pip-work","Check that Python and pip work",[14,67805,67806,67807,67809],{},"Before installing anything, make sure Python and ",[21,67808,38761],{}," are available in your terminal.",[14,67811,67812],{},"Run:",[60,67814,67815],{"className":22537,"code":38852,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,67816,67817],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,67818,67819,67821],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,67820,64],{"class":7506},[69,67822,67823],{"class":14546}," --version\n",[14,67825,67826],{},"You should see a Python version, such as:",[60,67828,67830],{"className":67829,"code":38870,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],[21,67831,38870],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,67833,67834,67835,1174],{},"Then check ",[21,67836,38761],{},[60,67838,67839],{"className":22537,"code":39184,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,67840,67841],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,67842,67843,67845,67847,67849],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,67844,64],{"class":7506},[69,67846,64845],{"class":14546},[69,67848,64848],{"class":114},[69,67850,67823],{"class":14546},[14,67852,67853],{},"You should see output similar to this:",[60,67855,67858],{"className":67856,"code":67857,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"pip 24.0 from ...\n",[21,67859,67857],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,67861,9646,67862,67864,67865,67868,67869,67871,67872,67874],{},[21,67863,64],{}," does not work, install Python first. If ",[21,67866,67867],{},"python -m pip --version"," works, you can use ",[21,67870,38761],{}," through Python even if the plain ",[21,67873,38761],{}," command fails.",[55,67876,67878],{"id":67877},"install-a-package-with-pip","Install a package with pip",[14,67880,67881],{},"The basic command is:",[60,67883,67885],{"className":22537,"code":67884,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python -m pip install package_name\n",[21,67886,67887],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,67888,67889,67891,67893,67895,67897],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,67890,64],{"class":7506},[69,67892,64845],{"class":14546},[69,67894,64848],{"class":114},[69,67896,64851],{"class":114},[69,67898,67899],{"class":114}," package_name\n",[14,67901,67902,67903,67906],{},"Replace ",[21,67904,67905],{},"package_name"," with the real package name.",[14,67908,370],{},[60,67910,67911],{"className":22537,"code":65030,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,67912,67913],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,67914,67915,67917,67919,67921,67923],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,67916,64],{"class":7506},[69,67918,64845],{"class":14546},[69,67920,64848],{"class":114},[69,67922,64851],{"class":114},[69,67924,39308],{"class":114},[14,67926,67927],{},"Wait for the installation to finish before closing the terminal.",[14,67929,67930],{},"If the install works, you will usually see messages showing that the package was downloaded and installed.",[55,67932,67934],{"id":67933},"install-a-specific-version","Install a specific version",[14,67936,67937],{},"Sometimes a tutorial or project needs one exact version of a package.",[14,67939,322,67940,67942],{},[21,67941,17712],{}," to choose a version:",[60,67944,67946],{"className":22537,"code":67945,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python -m pip install requests==2.31.0\n",[21,67947,67948],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,67949,67950,67952,67954,67956,67958,67961],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,67951,64],{"class":7506},[69,67953,64845],{"class":14546},[69,67955,64848],{"class":114},[69,67957,64851],{"class":114},[69,67959,67960],{"class":114}," requests==",[69,67962,67963],{"class":157},"2.31.0\n",[14,67965,67966,67967,67969,67970,67973],{},"This tells ",[21,67968,38761],{}," to install version ",[21,67971,67972],{},"2.31.0"," and not a newer one.",[14,67975,595],{},[29,67977,67978,67981,67984],{},[32,67979,67980],{},"A tutorial was written for a specific version",[32,67982,67983],{},"Your project depends on a known version",[32,67985,67986],{},"A newer version causes problems",[55,67988,67990],{"id":67989},"upgrade-a-package","Upgrade a package",[14,67992,67993,67994,1174],{},"To upgrade an installed package to a newer version, use ",[21,67995,67996],{},"--upgrade",[60,67998,68000],{"className":22537,"code":67999,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python -m pip install --upgrade requests\n",[21,68001,68002],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68003,68004,68006,68008,68010,68012,68015],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68005,64],{"class":7506},[69,68007,64845],{"class":14546},[69,68009,64848],{"class":114},[69,68011,64851],{"class":114},[69,68013,68014],{"class":14546}," --upgrade",[69,68016,39308],{"class":114},[14,68018,67966,68019,68021],{},[21,68020,38761],{}," to update the package if a newer version is available.",[55,68023,68025],{"id":68024},"check-that-the-package-is-installed","Check that the package is installed",[14,68027,68028],{},"There are two simple ways to check.",[1647,68030,68032],{"id":68031},"option-1-show-package-information","Option 1: Show package information",[14,68034,67812],{},[60,68036,68038],{"className":22537,"code":68037,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python -m pip show requests\n",[21,68039,68040],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68041,68042,68044,68046,68048,68050],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68043,64],{"class":7506},[69,68045,64845],{"class":14546},[69,68047,64848],{"class":114},[69,68049,64836],{"class":114},[69,68051,39308],{"class":114},[14,68053,68054,68055,68057],{},"If the package is installed, ",[21,68056,38761],{}," will show information such as its name, version, and install location.",[1647,68059,68061],{"id":68060},"option-2-import-the-package-in-python","Option 2: Import the package in Python",[14,68063,68064],{},"You can also test the package directly.",[60,68066,68068],{"className":62,"code":68067,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nprint(requests.__version__)\n",[21,68069,68070,68076,68080],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68071,68072,68074],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68073,76],{"class":75},[69,68075,39308],{"class":79},[69,68077,68078],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,68079,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,68081,68082,68084,68086,68088,68090,68092],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,68083,2161],{"class":217},[69,68085,221],{"class":100},[69,68087,38736],{"class":292},[69,68089,289],{"class":100},[69,68091,39340],{"class":7964},[69,68093,301],{"class":100},[14,68095,68096],{},"If the import works, the package is installed for that Python environment.",[14,68098,68099],{},"You can also test it from the command line:",[60,68101,68103],{"className":22537,"code":68102,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python -c \"import requests; print(requests.__version__)\"\n",[21,68104,68105],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68106,68107,68109,68111,68113,68116],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68108,64],{"class":7506},[69,68110,45448],{"class":14546},[69,68112,123],{"class":110},[69,68114,68115],{"class":114},"import requests; print(requests.__version__)",[69,68117,1825],{"class":110},[14,68119,68120,68121,289],{},"If you need help with imports, see ",[579,68122,39392],{"href":39391},[55,68124,68126],{"id":68125},"use-pip-in-a-virtual-environment","Use pip in a virtual environment",[14,68128,36773,68129,68132],{},[2498,68130,68131],{},"virtual environment"," keeps project packages separate from other Python projects on your computer.",[14,68134,68135],{},"This helps you avoid version conflicts and keeps your project cleaner.",[14,68137,68138],{},"The basic idea is:",[9539,68140,68141,68144,68147],{},[32,68142,68143],{},"Create a virtual environment",[32,68145,68146],{},"Activate it",[32,68148,68149],{},"Install packages inside it",[14,68151,68152],{},"After activation, install packages the same way:",[60,68154,68155],{"className":22537,"code":65030,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,68156,68157],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68158,68159,68161,68163,68165,68167],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68160,64],{"class":7506},[69,68162,64845],{"class":14546},[69,68164,64848],{"class":114},[69,68166,64851],{"class":114},[69,68168,39308],{"class":114},[14,68170,68171,68172,289],{},"Using a virtual environment is the best choice for real projects. For step-by-step setup, see ",[579,68173,68175],{"href":68174},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-create-and-use-a-virtual-environment-in-python\u002F","how to create and use a virtual environment in Python",[55,68177,68179],{"id":68178},"common-pip-install-errors","Common pip install errors",[14,68181,68182],{},"Here are the most common problems beginners run into.",[1647,68184,68186,39701],{"id":68185},"pip-command-not-found",[21,68187,38761],{},[14,68189,43865],{},[29,68191,68192,68197,68200],{},[32,68193,68194,68196],{},[21,68195,38761],{}," is not on your system path",[32,68198,68199],{},"You are using the wrong command",[32,68201,68202],{},"Python may not be installed correctly",[14,68204,68205],{},"Try this instead:",[60,68207,68208],{"className":22537,"code":39184,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,68209,68210],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68211,68212,68214,68216,68218],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68213,64],{"class":7506},[69,68215,64845],{"class":14546},[69,68217,64848],{"class":114},[69,68219,67823],{"class":14546},[14,68221,68222,68223,68225,68226,289],{},"If that works, keep using ",[21,68224,67732],{}," instead of plain ",[21,68227,38761],{},[14,68229,68230,68231,68233],{},"You can also check which Python and ",[21,68232,38761],{}," your terminal is using.",[14,68235,39209],{},[60,68237,68238],{"className":22537,"code":39212,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,68239,68240,68248],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68241,68242,68245],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68243,68244],{"class":7506},"where",[69,68246,68247],{"class":114}," python\n",[69,68249,68250,68252],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,68251,68244],{"class":7506},[69,68253,68254],{"class":114}," pip\n",[14,68256,68257],{},"On macOS or Linux:",[60,68259,68260],{"className":22537,"code":39230,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,68261,68262,68269],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68263,68264,68267],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68265,68266],{"class":217},"which",[69,68268,68247],{"class":114},[69,68270,68271,68273],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,68272,68266],{"class":217},[69,68274,68254],{"class":114},[1647,68276,68278],{"id":68277},"installed-package-in-a-different-python-version","Installed package in a different Python version",[14,68280,68281],{},"This is very common.",[14,68283,68284],{},"You may have installed a package with one Python installation, but your code is running with another one.",[14,68286,39771],{},[60,68288,68290],{"className":22537,"code":68289,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python --version\npython -m pip --version\n",[21,68291,68292,68298],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68293,68294,68296],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68295,64],{"class":7506},[69,68297,67823],{"class":14546},[69,68299,68300,68302,68304,68306],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,68301,64],{"class":7506},[69,68303,64845],{"class":14546},[69,68305,64848],{"class":114},[69,68307,67823],{"class":14546},[14,68309,68310],{},"These commands should point to the same Python installation you use to run your code.",[1647,68312,68314],{"id":68313},"permission-denied-when-installing","Permission denied when installing",[14,68316,68317],{},"This usually happens when you try to install packages globally without permission.",[14,68319,68320],{},"Instead of forcing a global install, it is usually better to use a virtual environment. That keeps your project isolated and avoids permission problems.",[1647,68322,68324],{"id":68323},"module-still-not-found-after-install","Module still not found after install",[14,68326,68327],{},"If you installed a package but still get an import error, the package may be in the wrong environment.",[14,68329,68330],{},"For example, this error:",[60,68332,68333],{"className":62,"code":65016,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,68334,68335],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68336,68337,68339],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68338,76],{"class":75},[69,68340,39308],{"class":79},[14,68342,68343],{},"might produce:",[60,68345,68348],{"className":68346,"code":68347,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'requests'\n",[21,68349,68347],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,68351,68352],{},"This usually means one of these:",[29,68354,68355,68358,68361],{},[32,68356,68357],{},"The package was installed into a different Python version",[32,68359,68360],{},"Your virtual environment is not active",[32,68362,68363],{},"The package name was typed incorrectly",[14,68365,34363,68366,50,68368,289],{},[579,68367,39834],{"href":39833},[579,68369,39840],{"href":68370},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fimporterror-in-python-causes-and-fixes",[55,68372,29131],{"id":29130},[14,68374,68375],{},"These simple habits prevent many installation problems:",[29,68377,68378,68386,68389,68392],{},[32,68379,68380,68381,68383,68384,34794],{},"Prefer ",[21,68382,67732],{}," over ",[21,68385,38761],{},[32,68387,68388],{},"Make sure your terminal uses the same Python as your project",[32,68390,68391],{},"Copy the package name exactly",[32,68393,68394],{},"Install inside a virtual environment for real projects",[55,68396,3868],{"id":3867},[14,68398,68399,68400,68402],{},"These are the most common causes of ",[21,68401,38761],{}," problems:",[29,68404,68405,68410,68413,68416,68419],{},[32,68406,1628,68407,68409],{},[21,68408,38761],{}," for a different Python installation",[32,68411,68412],{},"Typing the package name incorrectly",[32,68414,68415],{},"Forgetting to activate a virtual environment",[32,68417,68418],{},"Trying to install without permission",[32,68420,1628,68421,68423,68424,68426],{},[21,68422,38761],{}," when ",[21,68425,38761],{}," is not on the system path",[14,68428,12860],{},[60,68430,68432],{"className":22537,"code":68431,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python --version\npython -m pip --version\npython -m pip install requests\npython -m pip show requests\npython -c \"import requests; print(requests.__version__)\"\n",[21,68433,68434,68440,68450,68462,68474],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68435,68436,68438],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68437,64],{"class":7506},[69,68439,67823],{"class":14546},[69,68441,68442,68444,68446,68448],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,68443,64],{"class":7506},[69,68445,64845],{"class":14546},[69,68447,64848],{"class":114},[69,68449,67823],{"class":14546},[69,68451,68452,68454,68456,68458,68460],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,68453,64],{"class":7506},[69,68455,64845],{"class":14546},[69,68457,64848],{"class":114},[69,68459,64851],{"class":114},[69,68461,39308],{"class":114},[69,68463,68464,68466,68468,68470,68472],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,68465,64],{"class":7506},[69,68467,64845],{"class":14546},[69,68469,64848],{"class":114},[69,68471,64836],{"class":114},[69,68473,39308],{"class":114},[69,68475,68476,68478,68480,68482,68484],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,68477,64],{"class":7506},[69,68479,45448],{"class":14546},[69,68481,123],{"class":110},[69,68483,68115],{"class":114},[69,68485,1825],{"class":110},[14,68487,39209],{},[60,68489,68490],{"className":22537,"code":39212,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,68491,68492,68498],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68493,68494,68496],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68495,68244],{"class":7506},[69,68497,68247],{"class":114},[69,68499,68500,68502],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,68501,68244],{"class":7506},[69,68503,68254],{"class":114},[14,68505,68257],{},[60,68507,68508],{"className":22537,"code":39230,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,68509,68510,68516],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68511,68512,68514],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68513,68266],{"class":217},[69,68515,68247],{"class":114},[69,68517,68518,68520],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,68519,68266],{"class":217},[69,68521,68254],{"class":114},[55,68523,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,68525,68527],{"id":68526},"should-i-use-pip-or-python-m-pip","Should I use pip or python -m pip?",[14,68529,35309,68530,68532,68533,68535],{},[21,68531,67732],{}," is usually safer because it uses ",[21,68534,38761],{}," from that Python installation.",[1647,68537,68539],{"id":68538},"why-does-python-say-modulenotfounderror-after-i-installed-the-package","Why does Python say ModuleNotFoundError after I installed the package?",[14,68541,68542],{},"You may have installed the package into a different Python version or environment than the one running your code.",[1647,68544,68546],{"id":68545},"do-i-need-administrator-or-sudo-access","Do I need administrator or sudo access?",[14,68548,68549],{},"Not always. It is usually better to use a virtual environment instead of installing globally.",[1647,68551,68553],{"id":68552},"how-do-i-install-a-specific-version-of-a-package","How do I install a specific version of a package?",[14,68555,1081],{},[60,68557,68559],{"className":22537,"code":68558,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python -m pip install package_name==version_number\n",[21,68560,68561],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68562,68563,68565,68567,68569,68571],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68564,64],{"class":7506},[69,68566,64845],{"class":14546},[69,68568,64848],{"class":114},[69,68570,64851],{"class":114},[69,68572,68573],{"class":114}," package_name==version_number\n",[14,68575,370],{},[60,68577,68578],{"className":22537,"code":67945,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,68579,68580],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68581,68582,68584,68586,68588,68590,68592],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68583,64],{"class":7506},[69,68585,64845],{"class":14546},[69,68587,64848],{"class":114},[69,68589,64851],{"class":114},[69,68591,67960],{"class":114},[69,68593,67963],{"class":157},[55,68595,2414],{"id":2413},[29,68597,68598,68603,68607,68611,68615],{},[32,68599,68600],{},[579,68601,68602],{"href":68174},"How to create and use a virtual environment in Python",[32,68604,68605],{},[579,68606,40021],{"href":39391},[32,68608,68609],{},[579,68610,39834],{"href":39833},[32,68612,68613],{},[579,68614,39840],{"href":68370},[32,68616,68617],{},[579,68618,64287],{"href":67799},[2450,68620,68621],{},"html pre.shiki code .sbgvK, html code.shiki .sbgvK{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .stzsN, html code.shiki .stzsN{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: 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.su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .s_hVV, html code.shiki .s_hVV{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":68623},[68624,68625,68626,68627,68628,68629,68630,68634,68635,68642,68643,68644,68650],{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":67766,"depth":83,"text":67767},{"id":67802,"depth":83,"text":67803},{"id":67877,"depth":83,"text":67878},{"id":67933,"depth":83,"text":67934},{"id":67989,"depth":83,"text":67990},{"id":68024,"depth":83,"text":68025,"children":68631},[68632,68633],{"id":68031,"depth":90,"text":68032},{"id":68060,"depth":90,"text":68061},{"id":68125,"depth":83,"text":68126},{"id":68178,"depth":83,"text":68179,"children":68636},[68637,68639,68640,68641],{"id":68185,"depth":90,"text":68638},"pip command not found",{"id":68277,"depth":90,"text":68278},{"id":68313,"depth":90,"text":68314},{"id":68323,"depth":90,"text":68324},{"id":29130,"depth":83,"text":29131},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":68645},[68646,68647,68648,68649],{"id":68526,"depth":90,"text":68527},{"id":68538,"depth":90,"text":68539},{"id":68545,"depth":90,"text":68546},{"id":68552,"depth":90,"text":68553},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to install a python package with pip in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},{"title":67695,"description":68651},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-install-a-python-package-with-pip","rkqPXuFfujNEs0nbDpRez2iaz1KleCFNokLewwyixfk",{"id":68657,"title":68658,"body":68659,"description":71203,"extension":2479,"meta":71204,"navigation":86,"path":71205,"seo":71206,"stem":71207,"__hash__":71208},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-join-strings-in-python.md","How to Join Strings in Python",{"type":7,"value":68660,"toc":71158},[68661,68664,68667,68670,68689,68691,68760,68762,68776,68784,68786,68800,68804,68809,68812,68823,68827,68887,68889,68898,68904,68908,68969,68971,68980,68982,68988,68990,69033,69037,69075,69081,69088,69132,69136,69143,69146,69150,69170,69185,69189,69255,69257,69269,69273,69342,69344,69363,69367,69440,69442,69462,69465,69468,69470,69529,69533,69588,69591,69662,69664,69680,69689,69693,69699,69706,69710,69767,69769,69778,69782,69841,69843,69861,69865,69948,69950,69959,69963,70022,70024,70042,70052,70056,70059,70065,70069,70144,70148,70214,70216,70239,70242,70246,70250,70253,70260,70262,70317,70319,70332,70334,70403,70409,70411,70452,70454,70499,70503,70505,70550,70552,70561,70563,70588,70595,70598,70657,70662,70664,70722,70726,70728,70746,70749,70761,70763,70766,70789,70791,70880,70883,70908,70910,70914,70920,70970,70974,70979,70984,70988,70995,70999,71002,71057,71061,71064,71125,71127,71155],[10,68662,68658],{"id":68663},"how-to-join-strings-in-python",[14,68665,68666],{},"If you want to combine text in Python, there are a few simple ways to do it.",[14,68668,68669],{},"On this page, you will learn:",[29,68671,68672,68675,68678,68686],{},[32,68673,68674],{},"How to join two or more strings into one string",[32,68676,68677],{},"How to add separators like spaces, commas, or dashes",[32,68679,31002,68680,5914,68682,68685],{},[21,68681,1847],{},[21,68683,68684],{},"str.join()",", or f-strings",[32,68687,68688],{},"How to avoid common string joining errors",[55,68690,58],{"id":57},[60,68692,68694],{"className":62,"code":68693,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"words = [\"Python\", \"is\", \"fun\"]\nresult = \" \".join(words)\nprint(result)\n",[21,68695,68696,68729,68750],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68697,68698,68700,68702,68704,68706,68708,68710,68712,68714,68716,68718,68720,68722,68725,68727],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68699,19093],{"class":79},[69,68701,97],{"class":96},[69,68703,636],{"class":100},[69,68705,111],{"class":110},[69,68707,17238],{"class":114},[69,68709,111],{"class":110},[69,68711,120],{"class":100},[69,68713,123],{"class":110},[69,68715,8098],{"class":114},[69,68717,111],{"class":110},[69,68719,120],{"class":100},[69,68721,123],{"class":110},[69,68723,68724],{"class":114},"fun",[69,68726,111],{"class":110},[69,68728,198],{"class":100},[69,68730,68731,68733,68735,68737,68739,68741,68743,68745,68748],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,68732,8506],{"class":79},[69,68734,97],{"class":96},[69,68736,123],{"class":110},[69,68738,123],{"class":110},[69,68740,289],{"class":100},[69,68742,23522],{"class":292},[69,68744,221],{"class":100},[69,68746,68747],{"class":292},"words",[69,68749,301],{"class":100},[69,68751,68752,68754,68756,68758],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,68753,2161],{"class":217},[69,68755,221],{"class":100},[69,68757,8530],{"class":292},[69,68759,301],{"class":100},[14,68761,2781],{},[60,68763,68765],{"className":62,"code":68764,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Python is fun\n",[21,68766,68767],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68768,68769,68771,68773],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68770,14649],{"class":79},[69,68772,8098],{"class":96},[69,68774,68775],{"class":79}," fun\n",[14,68777,322,68778,68783],{},[579,68779,68781],{"href":68780},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-string-join-method\u002F",[21,68782,68684],{}," when you want to combine many strings with a separator like a space, comma, or dash.",[55,68785,2666],{"id":2665},[29,68787,68788,68791,68794,68797],{},[32,68789,68790],{},"Join two or more strings into one string",[32,68792,68793],{},"Add a separator such as a space, comma, or dash",[32,68795,68796],{},"Choose the right method for simple and larger cases",[32,68798,68799],{},"Avoid common string joining errors",[55,68801,68803],{"id":68802},"use-to-join-a-small-number-of-strings","Use + to join a small number of strings",[14,68805,9337,68806,68808],{},[21,68807,1847],{}," operator is the simplest way to join strings.",[14,68810,68811],{},"It is best when:",[29,68813,68814,68817,68820],{},[32,68815,68816],{},"You are joining just two or three strings",[32,68818,68819],{},"You want to learn the basic idea first",[32,68821,68822],{},"You do not mind adding separators yourself",[1647,68824,68826],{"id":68825},"example-join-two-strings","Example: join two strings",[60,68828,68830],{"className":62,"code":68829,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"first = \"Hello\"\nsecond = \"World\"\n\nresult = first + second\nprint(result)\n",[21,68831,68832,68845,68859,68863,68877],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68833,68834,68837,68839,68841,68843],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68835,68836],{"class":79},"first ",[69,68838,97],{"class":96},[69,68840,123],{"class":110},[69,68842,7659],{"class":114},[69,68844,1825],{"class":110},[69,68846,68847,68850,68852,68854,68857],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,68848,68849],{"class":79},"second ",[69,68851,97],{"class":96},[69,68853,123],{"class":110},[69,68855,68856],{"class":114},"World",[69,68858,1825],{"class":110},[69,68860,68861],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,68862,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,68864,68865,68867,68869,68872,68874],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,68866,8506],{"class":79},[69,68868,97],{"class":96},[69,68870,68871],{"class":79}," first ",[69,68873,1847],{"class":96},[69,68875,68876],{"class":79}," second\n",[69,68878,68879,68881,68883,68885],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,68880,2161],{"class":217},[69,68882,221],{"class":100},[69,68884,8530],{"class":292},[69,68886,301],{"class":100},[14,68888,2781],{},[60,68890,68892],{"className":62,"code":68891,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"HelloWorld\n",[21,68893,68894],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68895,68896],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68897,68891],{"class":79},[14,68899,68900,68901,68903],{},"There is no space between the words because ",[21,68902,1847],{}," only combines the exact strings you give it.",[1647,68905,68907],{"id":68906},"example-add-a-space-yourself","Example: add a space yourself",[60,68909,68911],{"className":62,"code":68910,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"first = \"Hello\"\nsecond = \"World\"\n\nresult = first + \" \" + second\nprint(result)\n",[21,68912,68913,68925,68937,68941,68959],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68914,68915,68917,68919,68921,68923],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68916,68836],{"class":79},[69,68918,97],{"class":96},[69,68920,123],{"class":110},[69,68922,7659],{"class":114},[69,68924,1825],{"class":110},[69,68926,68927,68929,68931,68933,68935],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,68928,68849],{"class":79},[69,68930,97],{"class":96},[69,68932,123],{"class":110},[69,68934,68856],{"class":114},[69,68936,1825],{"class":110},[69,68938,68939],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,68940,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,68942,68943,68945,68947,68949,68951,68953,68955,68957],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,68944,8506],{"class":79},[69,68946,97],{"class":96},[69,68948,68871],{"class":79},[69,68950,1847],{"class":96},[69,68952,123],{"class":110},[69,68954,123],{"class":110},[69,68956,1856],{"class":96},[69,68958,68876],{"class":79},[69,68960,68961,68963,68965,68967],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,68962,2161],{"class":217},[69,68964,221],{"class":100},[69,68966,8530],{"class":292},[69,68968,301],{"class":100},[14,68970,2781],{},[60,68972,68974],{"className":62,"code":68973,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Hello World\n",[21,68975,68976],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68977,68978],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68979,68973],{"class":79},[1647,68981,12071],{"id":12070},[14,68983,68984,68985,68987],{},"Both sides of ",[21,68986,1847],{}," must be strings.",[14,68989,26392],{},[60,68991,68993],{"className":62,"code":68992,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = \"Sam\"\nmessage = \"Hello \" + name\nprint(message)\n",[21,68994,68995,69007,69023],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,68996,68997,68999,69001,69003,69005],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,68998,1816],{"class":79},[69,69000,97],{"class":96},[69,69002,123],{"class":110},[69,69004,14746],{"class":114},[69,69006,1825],{"class":110},[69,69008,69009,69011,69013,69015,69017,69019,69021],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,69010,23714],{"class":79},[69,69012,97],{"class":96},[69,69014,123],{"class":110},[69,69016,65586],{"class":114},[69,69018,111],{"class":110},[69,69020,1856],{"class":96},[69,69022,7974],{"class":79},[69,69024,69025,69027,69029,69031],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,69026,2161],{"class":217},[69,69028,221],{"class":100},[69,69030,23767],{"class":292},[69,69032,301],{"class":100},[14,69034,36222,69035,25548],{},[2498,69036,3315],{},[60,69038,69039],{"className":62,"code":52999,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,69040,69041,69049,69065],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69042,69043,69045,69047],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69044,1830],{"class":79},[69,69046,97],{"class":96},[69,69048,3414],{"class":157},[69,69050,69051,69053,69055,69057,69059,69061,69063],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,69052,23714],{"class":79},[69,69054,97],{"class":96},[69,69056,123],{"class":110},[69,69058,23264],{"class":114},[69,69060,111],{"class":110},[69,69062,1856],{"class":96},[69,69064,7987],{"class":79},[69,69066,69067,69069,69071,69073],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,69068,2161],{"class":217},[69,69070,221],{"class":100},[69,69072,23767],{"class":292},[69,69074,301],{"class":100},[14,69076,69077,69078,69080],{},"That raises a ",[21,69079,8638],{}," because Python cannot add a string and an integer directly.",[14,69082,69083,69084,1174],{},"To fix it, convert the number first with ",[579,69085,69086],{"href":23234},[21,69087,11089],{},[60,69089,69090],{"className":62,"code":52569,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,69091,69092,69100,69122],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69093,69094,69096,69098],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69095,1830],{"class":79},[69,69097,97],{"class":96},[69,69099,3414],{"class":157},[69,69101,69102,69104,69106,69108,69110,69112,69114,69116,69118,69120],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,69103,23714],{"class":79},[69,69105,97],{"class":96},[69,69107,123],{"class":110},[69,69109,23264],{"class":114},[69,69111,111],{"class":110},[69,69113,1856],{"class":96},[69,69115,1860],{"class":1859},[69,69117,221],{"class":100},[69,69119,126],{"class":292},[69,69121,301],{"class":100},[69,69123,69124,69126,69128,69130],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,69125,2161],{"class":217},[69,69127,221],{"class":100},[69,69129,23767],{"class":292},[69,69131,301],{"class":100},[55,69133,69135],{"id":69134},"use-strjoin-to-join-many-strings","Use str.join() to join many strings",[14,69137,322,69138,69142],{},[579,69139,69140],{"href":68780},[21,69141,68684],{}," when you already have a list or tuple of strings.",[14,69144,69145],{},"This is the most common and useful way to join many strings.",[1647,69147,69149],{"id":69148},"basic-pattern","Basic pattern",[60,69151,69153],{"className":62,"code":69152,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"separator.join(items)\n",[21,69154,69155],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69156,69157,69160,69162,69164,69166,69168],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69158,69159],{"class":79},"separator",[69,69161,289],{"class":100},[69,69163,23522],{"class":292},[69,69165,221],{"class":100},[69,69167,3727],{"class":292},[69,69169,301],{"class":100},[29,69171,69172,69177,69182],{},[32,69173,69174,69176],{},[21,69175,69159],{}," is the text you want between each item",[32,69178,69179,69181],{},[21,69180,3727],{}," is a list or tuple of strings",[32,69183,69184],{},"The result is one new string",[1647,69186,69188],{"id":69187},"example-join-with-spaces","Example: join with spaces",[60,69190,69191],{"className":62,"code":68693,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,69192,69193,69225,69245],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69194,69195,69197,69199,69201,69203,69205,69207,69209,69211,69213,69215,69217,69219,69221,69223],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69196,19093],{"class":79},[69,69198,97],{"class":96},[69,69200,636],{"class":100},[69,69202,111],{"class":110},[69,69204,17238],{"class":114},[69,69206,111],{"class":110},[69,69208,120],{"class":100},[69,69210,123],{"class":110},[69,69212,8098],{"class":114},[69,69214,111],{"class":110},[69,69216,120],{"class":100},[69,69218,123],{"class":110},[69,69220,68724],{"class":114},[69,69222,111],{"class":110},[69,69224,198],{"class":100},[69,69226,69227,69229,69231,69233,69235,69237,69239,69241,69243],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,69228,8506],{"class":79},[69,69230,97],{"class":96},[69,69232,123],{"class":110},[69,69234,123],{"class":110},[69,69236,289],{"class":100},[69,69238,23522],{"class":292},[69,69240,221],{"class":100},[69,69242,68747],{"class":292},[69,69244,301],{"class":100},[69,69246,69247,69249,69251,69253],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,69248,2161],{"class":217},[69,69250,221],{"class":100},[69,69252,8530],{"class":292},[69,69254,301],{"class":100},[14,69256,2781],{},[60,69258,69259],{"className":62,"code":68764,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,69260,69261],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69262,69263,69265,69267],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69264,14649],{"class":79},[69,69266,8098],{"class":96},[69,69268,68775],{"class":79},[1647,69270,69272],{"id":69271},"example-join-with-commas","Example: join with commas",[60,69274,69276],{"className":62,"code":69275,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\nresult = \", \".join(items)\nprint(result)\n",[21,69277,69278,69310,69332],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69279,69280,69282,69284,69286,69288,69290,69292,69294,69296,69298,69300,69302,69304,69306,69308],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69281,6605],{"class":79},[69,69283,97],{"class":96},[69,69285,636],{"class":100},[69,69287,111],{"class":110},[69,69289,6037],{"class":114},[69,69291,111],{"class":110},[69,69293,120],{"class":100},[69,69295,123],{"class":110},[69,69297,6046],{"class":114},[69,69299,111],{"class":110},[69,69301,120],{"class":100},[69,69303,123],{"class":110},[69,69305,6066],{"class":114},[69,69307,111],{"class":110},[69,69309,198],{"class":100},[69,69311,69312,69314,69316,69318,69320,69322,69324,69326,69328,69330],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,69313,8506],{"class":79},[69,69315,97],{"class":96},[69,69317,123],{"class":110},[69,69319,5914],{"class":114},[69,69321,111],{"class":110},[69,69323,289],{"class":100},[69,69325,23522],{"class":292},[69,69327,221],{"class":100},[69,69329,3727],{"class":292},[69,69331,301],{"class":100},[69,69333,69334,69336,69338,69340],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,69335,2161],{"class":217},[69,69337,221],{"class":100},[69,69339,8530],{"class":292},[69,69341,301],{"class":100},[14,69343,2781],{},[60,69345,69347],{"className":62,"code":69346,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"apple, banana, orange\n",[21,69348,69349],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69350,69351,69353,69355,69358,69360],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69352,6037],{"class":79},[69,69354,120],{"class":100},[69,69356,69357],{"class":79}," banana",[69,69359,120],{"class":100},[69,69361,69362],{"class":79}," orange\n",[1647,69364,69366],{"id":69365},"example-join-with-dashes","Example: join with dashes",[60,69368,69370],{"className":62,"code":69369,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"parts = [\"2026\", \"04\", \"22\"]\nresult = \"-\".join(parts)\nprint(result)\n",[21,69371,69372,69407,69430],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69373,69374,69377,69379,69381,69383,69386,69388,69390,69392,69395,69397,69399,69401,69403,69405],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69375,69376],{"class":79},"parts ",[69,69378,97],{"class":96},[69,69380,636],{"class":100},[69,69382,111],{"class":110},[69,69384,69385],{"class":114},"2026",[69,69387,111],{"class":110},[69,69389,120],{"class":100},[69,69391,123],{"class":110},[69,69393,69394],{"class":114},"04",[69,69396,111],{"class":110},[69,69398,120],{"class":100},[69,69400,123],{"class":110},[69,69402,32841],{"class":114},[69,69404,111],{"class":110},[69,69406,198],{"class":100},[69,69408,69409,69411,69413,69415,69417,69419,69421,69423,69425,69428],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,69410,8506],{"class":79},[69,69412,97],{"class":96},[69,69414,123],{"class":110},[69,69416,7305],{"class":114},[69,69418,111],{"class":110},[69,69420,289],{"class":100},[69,69422,23522],{"class":292},[69,69424,221],{"class":100},[69,69426,69427],{"class":292},"parts",[69,69429,301],{"class":100},[69,69431,69432,69434,69436,69438],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,69433,2161],{"class":217},[69,69435,221],{"class":100},[69,69437,8530],{"class":292},[69,69439,301],{"class":100},[14,69441,2781],{},[60,69443,69445],{"className":62,"code":69444,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"2026-04-22\n",[21,69446,69447],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69448,69449,69451,69453,69455,69458,69460],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69450,69385],{"class":157},[69,69452,7305],{"class":96},[69,69454,2200],{"class":157},[69,69456,5966],{"class":69457},"sx12J",[69,69459,7305],{"class":96},[69,69461,32817],{"class":157},[1647,69463,12071],{"id":69464},"important-rule-1",[14,69466,69467],{},"All items must be strings.",[14,69469,26392],{},[60,69471,69473],{"className":62,"code":69472,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]\nprint(\", \".join(items))\n",[21,69474,69475,69507],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69476,69477,69479,69481,69483,69485,69487,69489,69491,69493,69495,69497,69499,69501,69503,69505],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69478,6605],{"class":79},[69,69480,97],{"class":96},[69,69482,636],{"class":100},[69,69484,111],{"class":110},[69,69486,579],{"class":114},[69,69488,111],{"class":110},[69,69490,120],{"class":100},[69,69492,123],{"class":110},[69,69494,5755],{"class":114},[69,69496,111],{"class":110},[69,69498,120],{"class":100},[69,69500,123],{"class":110},[69,69502,6399],{"class":114},[69,69504,111],{"class":110},[69,69506,198],{"class":100},[69,69508,69509,69511,69513,69515,69517,69519,69521,69523,69525,69527],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,69510,2161],{"class":217},[69,69512,221],{"class":100},[69,69514,111],{"class":110},[69,69516,5914],{"class":114},[69,69518,111],{"class":110},[69,69520,289],{"class":100},[69,69522,23522],{"class":292},[69,69524,221],{"class":100},[69,69526,3727],{"class":292},[69,69528,2183],{"class":100},[14,69530,36222,69531,25548],{},[2498,69532,3315],{},[60,69534,69536],{"className":62,"code":69535,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"a\", 2, \"c\"]\nprint(\", \".join(items))\n",[21,69537,69538,69566],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69539,69540,69542,69544,69546,69548,69550,69552,69554,69556,69558,69560,69562,69564],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69541,6605],{"class":79},[69,69543,97],{"class":96},[69,69545,636],{"class":100},[69,69547,111],{"class":110},[69,69549,579],{"class":114},[69,69551,111],{"class":110},[69,69553,120],{"class":100},[69,69555,5762],{"class":157},[69,69557,120],{"class":100},[69,69559,123],{"class":110},[69,69561,6399],{"class":114},[69,69563,111],{"class":110},[69,69565,198],{"class":100},[69,69567,69568,69570,69572,69574,69576,69578,69580,69582,69584,69586],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,69569,2161],{"class":217},[69,69571,221],{"class":100},[69,69573,111],{"class":110},[69,69575,5914],{"class":114},[69,69577,111],{"class":110},[69,69579,289],{"class":100},[69,69581,23522],{"class":292},[69,69583,221],{"class":100},[69,69585,3727],{"class":292},[69,69587,2183],{"class":100},[14,69589,69590],{},"If your list contains numbers, convert them first:",[60,69592,69594],{"className":62,"code":69593,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\nresult = \", \".join([str(n) for n in numbers])\nprint(result)\n",[21,69595,69596,69616,69652],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69597,69598,69600,69602,69604,69606,69608,69610,69612,69614],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69599,5933],{"class":79},[69,69601,97],{"class":96},[69,69603,636],{"class":100},[69,69605,5940],{"class":157},[69,69607,120],{"class":100},[69,69609,5762],{"class":157},[69,69611,120],{"class":100},[69,69613,5949],{"class":157},[69,69615,198],{"class":100},[69,69617,69618,69620,69622,69624,69626,69628,69630,69632,69634,69636,69638,69640,69642,69644,69646,69648,69650],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,69619,8506],{"class":79},[69,69621,97],{"class":96},[69,69623,123],{"class":110},[69,69625,5914],{"class":114},[69,69627,111],{"class":110},[69,69629,289],{"class":100},[69,69631,23522],{"class":292},[69,69633,469],{"class":100},[69,69635,10723],{"class":1859},[69,69637,221],{"class":100},[69,69639,47345],{"class":292},[69,69641,265],{"class":100},[69,69643,19391],{"class":75},[69,69645,46569],{"class":292},[69,69647,771],{"class":75},[69,69649,18540],{"class":292},[69,69651,494],{"class":100},[69,69653,69654,69656,69658,69660],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,69655,2161],{"class":217},[69,69657,221],{"class":100},[69,69659,8530],{"class":292},[69,69661,301],{"class":100},[14,69663,2781],{},[60,69665,69666],{"className":62,"code":23626,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,69667,69668],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69669,69670,69672,69674,69676,69678],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69671,5940],{"class":157},[69,69673,120],{"class":100},[69,69675,5762],{"class":157},[69,69677,120],{"class":100},[69,69679,23641],{"class":157},[14,69681,69682,69683,289],{},"If you need help with this error, see ",[579,69684,2892,69686],{"href":69685},"\u002Ferrors\u002Ftypeerror-sequence-item-0-expected-str-instance-fix\u002F",[21,69687,69688],{},"TypeError: sequence item 0: expected str instance",[55,69690,69692],{"id":69691},"how-separators-work","How separators work",[14,69694,69695,69696,289],{},"The separator is the string before ",[21,69697,69698],{},".join()",[14,69700,69701,69702,69705],{},"Python places that separator ",[2498,69703,69704],{},"between"," items, not after the last item.",[1647,69707,69709],{"id":69708},"space-separator","Space separator",[60,69711,69713],{"className":62,"code":69712,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"red\", \"green\", \"blue\"]\nprint(\" \".join(items))\n",[21,69714,69715,69747],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69716,69717,69719,69721,69723,69725,69727,69729,69731,69733,69735,69737,69739,69741,69743,69745],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69718,6605],{"class":79},[69,69720,97],{"class":96},[69,69722,636],{"class":100},[69,69724,111],{"class":110},[69,69726,6499],{"class":114},[69,69728,111],{"class":110},[69,69730,120],{"class":100},[69,69732,123],{"class":110},[69,69734,6532],{"class":114},[69,69736,111],{"class":110},[69,69738,120],{"class":100},[69,69740,123],{"class":110},[69,69742,6508],{"class":114},[69,69744,111],{"class":110},[69,69746,198],{"class":100},[69,69748,69749,69751,69753,69755,69757,69759,69761,69763,69765],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,69750,2161],{"class":217},[69,69752,221],{"class":100},[69,69754,111],{"class":110},[69,69756,123],{"class":110},[69,69758,289],{"class":100},[69,69760,23522],{"class":292},[69,69762,221],{"class":100},[69,69764,3727],{"class":292},[69,69766,2183],{"class":100},[14,69768,2781],{},[60,69770,69772],{"className":62,"code":69771,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"red green blue\n",[21,69773,69774],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69775,69776],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69777,69771],{"class":79},[1647,69779,69781],{"id":69780},"comma-and-space-separator","Comma and space separator",[60,69783,69785],{"className":62,"code":69784,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"red\", \"green\", \"blue\"]\nprint(\", \".join(items))\n",[21,69786,69787,69819],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69788,69789,69791,69793,69795,69797,69799,69801,69803,69805,69807,69809,69811,69813,69815,69817],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69790,6605],{"class":79},[69,69792,97],{"class":96},[69,69794,636],{"class":100},[69,69796,111],{"class":110},[69,69798,6499],{"class":114},[69,69800,111],{"class":110},[69,69802,120],{"class":100},[69,69804,123],{"class":110},[69,69806,6532],{"class":114},[69,69808,111],{"class":110},[69,69810,120],{"class":100},[69,69812,123],{"class":110},[69,69814,6508],{"class":114},[69,69816,111],{"class":110},[69,69818,198],{"class":100},[69,69820,69821,69823,69825,69827,69829,69831,69833,69835,69837,69839],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,69822,2161],{"class":217},[69,69824,221],{"class":100},[69,69826,111],{"class":110},[69,69828,5914],{"class":114},[69,69830,111],{"class":110},[69,69832,289],{"class":100},[69,69834,23522],{"class":292},[69,69836,221],{"class":100},[69,69838,3727],{"class":292},[69,69840,2183],{"class":100},[14,69842,2781],{},[60,69844,69846],{"className":62,"code":69845,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"red, green, blue\n",[21,69847,69848],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69849,69850,69852,69854,69857,69859],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69851,6499],{"class":79},[69,69853,120],{"class":100},[69,69855,69856],{"class":79}," green",[69,69858,120],{"class":100},[69,69860,50673],{"class":79},[1647,69862,69864],{"id":69863},"no-separator","No separator",[60,69866,69868],{"className":62,"code":69867,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"P\", \"y\", \"t\", \"h\", \"o\", \"n\"]\nprint(\"\".join(items))\n",[21,69869,69870,69930],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69871,69872,69874,69876,69878,69880,69883,69885,69887,69889,69891,69893,69895,69897,69900,69902,69904,69906,69909,69911,69913,69915,69918,69920,69922,69924,69926,69928],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69873,6605],{"class":79},[69,69875,97],{"class":96},[69,69877,636],{"class":100},[69,69879,111],{"class":110},[69,69881,69882],{"class":114},"P",[69,69884,111],{"class":110},[69,69886,120],{"class":100},[69,69888,123],{"class":110},[69,69890,41284],{"class":114},[69,69892,111],{"class":110},[69,69894,120],{"class":100},[69,69896,123],{"class":110},[69,69898,69899],{"class":114},"t",[69,69901,111],{"class":110},[69,69903,120],{"class":100},[69,69905,123],{"class":110},[69,69907,69908],{"class":114},"h",[69,69910,111],{"class":110},[69,69912,120],{"class":100},[69,69914,123],{"class":110},[69,69916,69917],{"class":114},"o",[69,69919,111],{"class":110},[69,69921,120],{"class":100},[69,69923,123],{"class":110},[69,69925,47345],{"class":114},[69,69927,111],{"class":110},[69,69929,198],{"class":100},[69,69931,69932,69934,69936,69938,69940,69942,69944,69946],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,69933,2161],{"class":217},[69,69935,221],{"class":100},[69,69937,248],{"class":110},[69,69939,289],{"class":100},[69,69941,23522],{"class":292},[69,69943,221],{"class":100},[69,69945,3727],{"class":292},[69,69947,2183],{"class":100},[14,69949,2781],{},[60,69951,69953],{"className":62,"code":69952,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Python\n",[21,69954,69955],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69956,69957],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69958,69952],{"class":79},[1647,69960,69962],{"id":69961},"no-extra-separator-at-the-end","No extra separator at the end",[60,69964,69966],{"className":62,"code":69965,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]\nprint(\"-\".join(items))\n",[21,69967,69968,70000],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,69969,69970,69972,69974,69976,69978,69980,69982,69984,69986,69988,69990,69992,69994,69996,69998],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,69971,6605],{"class":79},[69,69973,97],{"class":96},[69,69975,636],{"class":100},[69,69977,111],{"class":110},[69,69979,579],{"class":114},[69,69981,111],{"class":110},[69,69983,120],{"class":100},[69,69985,123],{"class":110},[69,69987,5755],{"class":114},[69,69989,111],{"class":110},[69,69991,120],{"class":100},[69,69993,123],{"class":110},[69,69995,6399],{"class":114},[69,69997,111],{"class":110},[69,69999,198],{"class":100},[69,70001,70002,70004,70006,70008,70010,70012,70014,70016,70018,70020],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,70003,2161],{"class":217},[69,70005,221],{"class":100},[69,70007,111],{"class":110},[69,70009,7305],{"class":114},[69,70011,111],{"class":110},[69,70013,289],{"class":100},[69,70015,23522],{"class":292},[69,70017,221],{"class":100},[69,70019,3727],{"class":292},[69,70021,2183],{"class":100},[14,70023,2781],{},[60,70025,70027],{"className":62,"code":70026,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"a-b-c\n",[21,70028,70029],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,70030,70031,70033,70035,70037,70039],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,70032,579],{"class":79},[69,70034,7305],{"class":96},[69,70036,5755],{"class":79},[69,70038,7305],{"class":96},[69,70040,70041],{"class":79},"c\n",[14,70043,70044,70045,70048,70049,289],{},"Notice that the result is ",[21,70046,70047],{},"a-b-c",", not ",[21,70050,70051],{},"a-b-c-",[55,70053,70055],{"id":70054},"when-to-use-f-strings-instead","When to use f-strings instead",[14,70057,70058],{},"Use f-strings when you want to build a sentence with variables.",[14,70060,70061,70062,70064],{},"They are often easier to read than many ",[21,70063,1847],{}," operators, especially when mixing text and numbers.",[1647,70066,70068],{"id":70067},"example-using","Example: using +",[60,70070,70072],{"className":62,"code":70071,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = \"Maya\"\nscore = 95\n\nmessage = \"Student: \" + name + \", Score: \" + str(score)\nprint(message)\n",[21,70073,70074,70086,70094,70098,70134],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,70075,70076,70078,70080,70082,70084],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,70077,1816],{"class":79},[69,70079,97],{"class":96},[69,70081,123],{"class":110},[69,70083,8276],{"class":114},[69,70085,1825],{"class":110},[69,70087,70088,70090,70092],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,70089,41435],{"class":79},[69,70091,97],{"class":96},[69,70093,52699],{"class":157},[69,70095,70096],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,70097,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,70099,70100,70102,70104,70106,70109,70111,70113,70115,70117,70119,70122,70124,70126,70128,70130,70132],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,70101,23714],{"class":79},[69,70103,97],{"class":96},[69,70105,123],{"class":110},[69,70107,70108],{"class":114},"Student: ",[69,70110,111],{"class":110},[69,70112,1856],{"class":96},[69,70114,768],{"class":79},[69,70116,1847],{"class":96},[69,70118,123],{"class":110},[69,70120,70121],{"class":114},", Score: ",[69,70123,111],{"class":110},[69,70125,1856],{"class":96},[69,70127,1860],{"class":1859},[69,70129,221],{"class":100},[69,70131,41428],{"class":292},[69,70133,301],{"class":100},[69,70135,70136,70138,70140,70142],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,70137,2161],{"class":217},[69,70139,221],{"class":100},[69,70141,23767],{"class":292},[69,70143,301],{"class":100},[1647,70145,70147],{"id":70146},"example-using-an-f-string","Example: using an f-string",[60,70149,70151],{"className":62,"code":70150,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = \"Maya\"\nscore = 95\n\nmessage = f\"Student: {name}, Score: {score}\"\nprint(message)\n",[21,70152,70153,70165,70173,70177,70204],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,70154,70155,70157,70159,70161,70163],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,70156,1816],{"class":79},[69,70158,97],{"class":96},[69,70160,123],{"class":110},[69,70162,8276],{"class":114},[69,70164,1825],{"class":110},[69,70166,70167,70169,70171],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,70168,41435],{"class":79},[69,70170,97],{"class":96},[69,70172,52699],{"class":157},[69,70174,70175],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,70176,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,70178,70179,70181,70183,70185,70188,70190,70192,70194,70196,70198,70200,70202],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,70180,23714],{"class":79},[69,70182,97],{"class":96},[69,70184,51701],{"class":7502},[69,70186,70187],{"class":114},"\"Student: ",[69,70189,8018],{"class":157},[69,70191,115],{"class":79},[69,70193,8027],{"class":157},[69,70195,70121],{"class":114},[69,70197,8018],{"class":157},[69,70199,41428],{"class":79},[69,70201,8027],{"class":157},[69,70203,1825],{"class":114},[69,70205,70206,70208,70210,70212],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,70207,2161],{"class":217},[69,70209,221],{"class":100},[69,70211,23767],{"class":292},[69,70213,301],{"class":100},[14,70215,2781],{},[60,70217,70219],{"className":62,"code":70218,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Student: Maya, Score: 95\n",[21,70220,70221],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,70222,70223,70225,70227,70230,70232,70235,70237],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,70224,31817],{"class":79},[69,70226,1174],{"class":100},[69,70228,70229],{"class":79}," Maya",[69,70231,120],{"class":100},[69,70233,70234],{"class":79}," Score",[69,70236,1174],{"class":100},[69,70238,52699],{"class":157},[14,70240,70241],{},"F-strings are a good choice for formatted output and readable sentences.",[14,70243,27384,70244,289],{},[579,70245,23458],{"href":23457},[55,70247,70249],{"id":70248},"common-errors-when-joining-strings","Common errors when joining strings",[14,70251,70252],{},"Here are some common mistakes beginners run into.",[1647,70254,70256,70257,70259],{"id":70255},"_1-join-gets-non-string-items","1. ",[21,70258,23472],{}," gets non-string items",[14,70261,6748],{},[60,70263,70265],{"className":62,"code":70264,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"a\", 1, \"b\"]\nprint(\", \".join(items))\n",[21,70266,70267,70295],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,70268,70269,70271,70273,70275,70277,70279,70281,70283,70285,70287,70289,70291,70293],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,70270,6605],{"class":79},[69,70272,97],{"class":96},[69,70274,636],{"class":100},[69,70276,111],{"class":110},[69,70278,579],{"class":114},[69,70280,111],{"class":110},[69,70282,120],{"class":100},[69,70284,5748],{"class":157},[69,70286,120],{"class":100},[69,70288,123],{"class":110},[69,70290,5755],{"class":114},[69,70292,111],{"class":110},[69,70294,198],{"class":100},[69,70296,70297,70299,70301,70303,70305,70307,70309,70311,70313,70315],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,70298,2161],{"class":217},[69,70300,221],{"class":100},[69,70302,111],{"class":110},[69,70304,5914],{"class":114},[69,70306,111],{"class":110},[69,70308,289],{"class":100},[69,70310,23522],{"class":292},[69,70312,221],{"class":100},[69,70314,3727],{"class":292},[69,70316,2183],{"class":100},[14,70318,6811],{},[29,70320,70321,70326],{},[32,70322,70323,70325],{},[21,70324,23472],{}," only accepts strings",[32,70327,70328,70329,70331],{},"The integer ",[21,70330,5940],{}," is not a string",[14,70333,6824],{},[60,70335,70337],{"className":62,"code":70336,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"a\", 1, \"b\"]\nprint(\", \".join([str(item) for item in items]))\n",[21,70338,70339,70367],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,70340,70341,70343,70345,70347,70349,70351,70353,70355,70357,70359,70361,70363,70365],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,70342,6605],{"class":79},[69,70344,97],{"class":96},[69,70346,636],{"class":100},[69,70348,111],{"class":110},[69,70350,579],{"class":114},[69,70352,111],{"class":110},[69,70354,120],{"class":100},[69,70356,5748],{"class":157},[69,70358,120],{"class":100},[69,70360,123],{"class":110},[69,70362,5755],{"class":114},[69,70364,111],{"class":110},[69,70366,198],{"class":100},[69,70368,70369,70371,70373,70375,70377,70379,70381,70383,70385,70387,70389,70391,70393,70395,70397,70399,70401],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,70370,2161],{"class":217},[69,70372,221],{"class":100},[69,70374,111],{"class":110},[69,70376,5914],{"class":114},[69,70378,111],{"class":110},[69,70380,289],{"class":100},[69,70382,23522],{"class":292},[69,70384,469],{"class":100},[69,70386,10723],{"class":1859},[69,70388,221],{"class":100},[69,70390,20427],{"class":292},[69,70392,265],{"class":100},[69,70394,19391],{"class":75},[69,70396,19694],{"class":292},[69,70398,771],{"class":75},[69,70400,18409],{"class":292},[69,70402,2203],{"class":100},[1647,70404,16099,70406,70408],{"id":70405},"_2-using-with-a-string-and-integer",[21,70407,1847],{}," with a string and integer",[14,70410,6748],{},[60,70412,70414],{"className":62,"code":70413,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"count = 3\nmessage = \"Count: \" + count\nprint(message)\n",[21,70415,70416,70424,70442],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,70417,70418,70420,70422],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,70419,29059],{"class":79},[69,70421,97],{"class":96},[69,70423,23641],{"class":157},[69,70425,70426,70428,70430,70432,70435,70437,70439],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,70427,23714],{"class":79},[69,70429,97],{"class":96},[69,70431,123],{"class":110},[69,70433,70434],{"class":114},"Count: ",[69,70436,111],{"class":110},[69,70438,1856],{"class":96},[69,70440,70441],{"class":79}," count\n",[69,70443,70444,70446,70448,70450],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,70445,2161],{"class":217},[69,70447,221],{"class":100},[69,70449,23767],{"class":292},[69,70451,301],{"class":100},[14,70453,6824],{},[60,70455,70457],{"className":62,"code":70456,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"count = 3\nmessage = \"Count: \" + str(count)\nprint(message)\n",[21,70458,70459,70467,70489],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,70460,70461,70463,70465],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,70462,29059],{"class":79},[69,70464,97],{"class":96},[69,70466,23641],{"class":157},[69,70468,70469,70471,70473,70475,70477,70479,70481,70483,70485,70487],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,70470,23714],{"class":79},[69,70472,97],{"class":96},[69,70474,123],{"class":110},[69,70476,70434],{"class":114},[69,70478,111],{"class":110},[69,70480,1856],{"class":96},[69,70482,1860],{"class":1859},[69,70484,221],{"class":100},[69,70486,57977],{"class":292},[69,70488,301],{"class":100},[69,70490,70491,70493,70495,70497],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,70492,2161],{"class":217},[69,70494,221],{"class":100},[69,70496,23767],{"class":292},[69,70498,301],{"class":100},[1647,70500,70502],{"id":70501},"_3-forgetting-separators","3. Forgetting separators",[14,70504,6748],{},[60,70506,70508],{"className":62,"code":70507,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"first = \"Python\"\nsecond = \"Beginner\"\nprint(first + second)\n",[21,70509,70510,70522,70535],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,70511,70512,70514,70516,70518,70520],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,70513,68836],{"class":79},[69,70515,97],{"class":96},[69,70517,123],{"class":110},[69,70519,17238],{"class":114},[69,70521,1825],{"class":110},[69,70523,70524,70526,70528,70530,70533],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,70525,68849],{"class":79},[69,70527,97],{"class":96},[69,70529,123],{"class":110},[69,70531,70532],{"class":114},"Beginner",[69,70534,1825],{"class":110},[69,70536,70537,70539,70541,70543,70545,70548],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,70538,2161],{"class":217},[69,70540,221],{"class":100},[69,70542,68836],{"class":292},[69,70544,1847],{"class":96},[69,70546,70547],{"class":292}," second",[69,70549,301],{"class":100},[14,70551,2781],{},[60,70553,70555],{"className":62,"code":70554,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"PythonBeginner\n",[21,70556,70557],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,70558,70559],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,70560,70554],{"class":79},[14,70562,6824],{},[60,70564,70566],{"className":62,"code":70565,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(first + \" \" + second)\n",[21,70567,70568],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,70569,70570,70572,70574,70576,70578,70580,70582,70584,70586],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,70571,2161],{"class":217},[69,70573,221],{"class":100},[69,70575,68836],{"class":292},[69,70577,1847],{"class":96},[69,70579,123],{"class":110},[69,70581,123],{"class":110},[69,70583,1856],{"class":96},[69,70585,70547],{"class":292},[69,70587,301],{"class":100},[1647,70589,70591,70592,70594],{"id":70590},"_4-calling-join-on-the-wrong-thing","4. Calling ",[21,70593,23472],{}," on the wrong thing",[14,70596,70597],{},"This is a very common mistake:",[60,70599,70601],{"className":62,"code":70600,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]\nprint(items.join(\", \"))\n",[21,70602,70603,70635],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,70604,70605,70607,70609,70611,70613,70615,70617,70619,70621,70623,70625,70627,70629,70631,70633],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,70606,6605],{"class":79},[69,70608,97],{"class":96},[69,70610,636],{"class":100},[69,70612,111],{"class":110},[69,70614,579],{"class":114},[69,70616,111],{"class":110},[69,70618,120],{"class":100},[69,70620,123],{"class":110},[69,70622,5755],{"class":114},[69,70624,111],{"class":110},[69,70626,120],{"class":100},[69,70628,123],{"class":110},[69,70630,6399],{"class":114},[69,70632,111],{"class":110},[69,70634,198],{"class":100},[69,70636,70637,70639,70641,70643,70645,70647,70649,70651,70653,70655],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,70638,2161],{"class":217},[69,70640,221],{"class":100},[69,70642,3727],{"class":292},[69,70644,289],{"class":100},[69,70646,23522],{"class":292},[69,70648,221],{"class":100},[69,70650,111],{"class":110},[69,70652,5914],{"class":114},[69,70654,111],{"class":110},[69,70656,2183],{"class":100},[14,70658,60082,70659,70661],{},[21,70660,23472],{}," is a string method.",[14,70663,27459],{},[60,70665,70666],{"className":62,"code":69472,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,70667,70668,70700],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,70669,70670,70672,70674,70676,70678,70680,70682,70684,70686,70688,70690,70692,70694,70696,70698],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,70671,6605],{"class":79},[69,70673,97],{"class":96},[69,70675,636],{"class":100},[69,70677,111],{"class":110},[69,70679,579],{"class":114},[69,70681,111],{"class":110},[69,70683,120],{"class":100},[69,70685,123],{"class":110},[69,70687,5755],{"class":114},[69,70689,111],{"class":110},[69,70691,120],{"class":100},[69,70693,123],{"class":110},[69,70695,6399],{"class":114},[69,70697,111],{"class":110},[69,70699,198],{"class":100},[69,70701,70702,70704,70706,70708,70710,70712,70714,70716,70718,70720],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,70703,2161],{"class":217},[69,70705,221],{"class":100},[69,70707,111],{"class":110},[69,70709,5914],{"class":114},[69,70711,111],{"class":110},[69,70713,289],{"class":100},[69,70715,23522],{"class":292},[69,70717,221],{"class":100},[69,70719,3727],{"class":292},[69,70721,2183],{"class":100},[55,70723,70725],{"id":70724},"simple-rule-for-beginners","Simple rule for beginners",[14,70727,22429],{},[29,70729,70730,70735,70740,70743],{},[32,70731,322,70732,70734],{},[21,70733,1847],{}," for very small string combinations",[32,70736,322,70737,70739],{},[21,70738,23472],{}," for lists of strings",[32,70741,70742],{},"Use f-strings when inserting variables into text",[32,70744,70745],{},"Convert numbers first when needed",[14,70747,70748],{},"If you remember just one thing, remember this:",[29,70750,70751,70756],{},[32,70752,70753,70755],{},[21,70754,1847],{}," is fine for a few strings",[32,70757,70758,70760],{},[21,70759,23472],{}," is best for many strings in a list",[55,70762,3868],{"id":3867},[14,70764,70765],{},"These are the most common causes of string joining problems:",[29,70767,70768,70771,70776,70784],{},[32,70769,70770],{},"Trying to join a list that contains integers or other non-string values",[32,70772,1628,70773,70775],{},[21,70774,1847],{}," with a string and an integer",[32,70777,37979,70778,10347,70781],{},[21,70779,70780],{},"items.join(\",\")",[21,70782,70783],{},"\",\".join(items)",[32,70785,5316,70786,70788],{},[21,70787,23472],{}," to add a separator at the end",[14,70790,2151],{},[60,70792,70794],{"className":62,"code":70793,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(type(value))\nprint(items)\nprint([type(item) for item in items])\nprint(', '.join([str(item) for item in items]))\n",[21,70795,70796,70810,70820,70844],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,70797,70798,70800,70802,70804,70806,70808],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,70799,2161],{"class":217},[69,70801,221],{"class":100},[69,70803,2176],{"class":1859},[69,70805,221],{"class":100},[69,70807,20383],{"class":292},[69,70809,2183],{"class":100},[69,70811,70812,70814,70816,70818],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,70813,2161],{"class":217},[69,70815,221],{"class":100},[69,70817,3727],{"class":292},[69,70819,301],{"class":100},[69,70821,70822,70824,70826,70828,70830,70832,70834,70836,70838,70840,70842],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,70823,2161],{"class":217},[69,70825,469],{"class":100},[69,70827,2176],{"class":1859},[69,70829,221],{"class":100},[69,70831,20427],{"class":292},[69,70833,265],{"class":100},[69,70835,19391],{"class":75},[69,70837,19694],{"class":292},[69,70839,771],{"class":75},[69,70841,18409],{"class":292},[69,70843,494],{"class":100},[69,70845,70846,70848,70850,70852,70854,70856,70858,70860,70862,70864,70866,70868,70870,70872,70874,70876,70878],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,70847,2161],{"class":217},[69,70849,221],{"class":100},[69,70851,15283],{"class":110},[69,70853,5914],{"class":114},[69,70855,15283],{"class":110},[69,70857,289],{"class":100},[69,70859,23522],{"class":292},[69,70861,469],{"class":100},[69,70863,10723],{"class":1859},[69,70865,221],{"class":100},[69,70867,20427],{"class":292},[69,70869,265],{"class":100},[69,70871,19391],{"class":75},[69,70873,19694],{"class":292},[69,70875,771],{"class":75},[69,70877,18409],{"class":292},[69,70879,2203],{"class":100},[14,70881,70882],{},"What these help you check:",[29,70884,70885,70890,70896,70902],{},[32,70886,70887,70889],{},[21,70888,25714],{}," shows what type a variable really is",[32,70891,70892,70895],{},[21,70893,70894],{},"print(items)"," shows the actual list contents",[32,70897,70898,70901],{},[21,70899,70900],{},"print([type(item) for item in items])"," helps you find non-string items",[32,70903,70904,70907],{},[21,70905,70906],{},"print(', '.join([str(item) for item in items]))"," tests a safe conversion to strings",[55,70909,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,70911,70913],{"id":70912},"how-do-i-join-a-list-of-strings-in-python","How do I join a list of strings in Python?",[14,70915,322,70916,70919],{},[21,70917,70918],{},"string.join()",", such as:",[60,70921,70923],{"className":62,"code":70922,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_list = [\"Learn\", \"Python\"]\nprint(\" \".join(my_list))\n",[21,70924,70925,70950],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,70926,70927,70929,70931,70933,70935,70938,70940,70942,70944,70946,70948],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,70928,6900],{"class":79},[69,70930,97],{"class":96},[69,70932,636],{"class":100},[69,70934,111],{"class":110},[69,70936,70937],{"class":114},"Learn",[69,70939,111],{"class":110},[69,70941,120],{"class":100},[69,70943,123],{"class":110},[69,70945,17238],{"class":114},[69,70947,111],{"class":110},[69,70949,198],{"class":100},[69,70951,70952,70954,70956,70958,70960,70962,70964,70966,70968],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,70953,2161],{"class":217},[69,70955,221],{"class":100},[69,70957,111],{"class":110},[69,70959,123],{"class":110},[69,70961,289],{"class":100},[69,70963,23522],{"class":292},[69,70965,221],{"class":100},[69,70967,6948],{"class":292},[69,70969,2183],{"class":100},[1647,70971,70973],{"id":70972},"what-is-the-difference-between-and-join","What is the difference between + and join()?",[14,70975,70976,70978],{},[21,70977,1847],{}," is fine for a small number of strings.",[14,70980,70981,70983],{},[21,70982,23472],{}," is better when you want to combine many strings from a list or tuple.",[1647,70985,70987],{"id":70986},"why-does-join-give-a-typeerror","Why does join() give a TypeError?",[14,70989,70990,70992,70993,289],{},[21,70991,23472],{}," only works with strings. Convert numbers or other values first using ",[21,70994,11089],{},[1647,70996,70998],{"id":70997},"how-do-i-join-strings-without-spaces","How do I join strings without spaces?",[14,71000,71001],{},"Use an empty separator:",[60,71003,71005],{"className":62,"code":71004,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]\nprint(\"\".join(items))\n",[21,71006,71007,71039],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,71008,71009,71011,71013,71015,71017,71019,71021,71023,71025,71027,71029,71031,71033,71035,71037],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,71010,6605],{"class":79},[69,71012,97],{"class":96},[69,71014,636],{"class":100},[69,71016,111],{"class":110},[69,71018,579],{"class":114},[69,71020,111],{"class":110},[69,71022,120],{"class":100},[69,71024,123],{"class":110},[69,71026,5755],{"class":114},[69,71028,111],{"class":110},[69,71030,120],{"class":100},[69,71032,123],{"class":110},[69,71034,6399],{"class":114},[69,71036,111],{"class":110},[69,71038,198],{"class":100},[69,71040,71041,71043,71045,71047,71049,71051,71053,71055],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,71042,2161],{"class":217},[69,71044,221],{"class":100},[69,71046,248],{"class":110},[69,71048,289],{"class":100},[69,71050,23522],{"class":292},[69,71052,221],{"class":100},[69,71054,3727],{"class":292},[69,71056,2183],{"class":100},[1647,71058,71060],{"id":71059},"can-i-join-numbers-with-join","Can I join numbers with join()?",[14,71062,71063],{},"Not directly. Convert them first:",[60,71065,71067],{"className":62,"code":71066,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\nprint(\", \".join([str(n) for n in numbers]))\n",[21,71068,71069,71089],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,71070,71071,71073,71075,71077,71079,71081,71083,71085,71087],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,71072,5933],{"class":79},[69,71074,97],{"class":96},[69,71076,636],{"class":100},[69,71078,5940],{"class":157},[69,71080,120],{"class":100},[69,71082,5762],{"class":157},[69,71084,120],{"class":100},[69,71086,5949],{"class":157},[69,71088,198],{"class":100},[69,71090,71091,71093,71095,71097,71099,71101,71103,71105,71107,71109,71111,71113,71115,71117,71119,71121,71123],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,71092,2161],{"class":217},[69,71094,221],{"class":100},[69,71096,111],{"class":110},[69,71098,5914],{"class":114},[69,71100,111],{"class":110},[69,71102,289],{"class":100},[69,71104,23522],{"class":292},[69,71106,469],{"class":100},[69,71108,10723],{"class":1859},[69,71110,221],{"class":100},[69,71112,47345],{"class":292},[69,71114,265],{"class":100},[69,71116,19391],{"class":75},[69,71118,46569],{"class":292},[69,71120,771],{"class":75},[69,71122,18540],{"class":292},[69,71124,2203],{"class":100},[55,71126,2414],{"id":2413},[29,71128,71129,71135,71139,71143,71149],{},[32,71130,71131],{},[579,71132,14649,71133,3141],{"href":68780},[21,71134,68684],{},[32,71136,71137],{},[579,71138,18289],{"href":18288},[32,71140,71141],{},[579,71142,24282],{"href":23457},[32,71144,71145],{},[579,71146,14649,71147,12755],{"href":23234},[21,71148,11089],{},[32,71150,71151],{},[579,71152,18294,71153],{"href":69685},[21,71154,69688],{},[2450,71156,71157],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sx12J, html code.shiki .sx12J{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-light-font-style:inherit;--shiki-default:#B31D28;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#FDAEB7;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":71159},[71160,71161,71162,71167,71174,71180,71184,71193,71194,71195,71202],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":68802,"depth":83,"text":68803,"children":71163},[71164,71165,71166],{"id":68825,"depth":90,"text":68826},{"id":68906,"depth":90,"text":68907},{"id":12070,"depth":90,"text":12071},{"id":69134,"depth":83,"text":69135,"children":71168},[71169,71170,71171,71172,71173],{"id":69148,"depth":90,"text":69149},{"id":69187,"depth":90,"text":69188},{"id":69271,"depth":90,"text":69272},{"id":69365,"depth":90,"text":69366},{"id":69464,"depth":90,"text":12071},{"id":69691,"depth":83,"text":69692,"children":71175},[71176,71177,71178,71179],{"id":69708,"depth":90,"text":69709},{"id":69780,"depth":90,"text":69781},{"id":69863,"depth":90,"text":69864},{"id":69961,"depth":90,"text":69962},{"id":70054,"depth":83,"text":70055,"children":71181},[71182,71183],{"id":70067,"depth":90,"text":70068},{"id":70146,"depth":90,"text":70147},{"id":70248,"depth":83,"text":70249,"children":71185},[71186,71188,71190,71191],{"id":70255,"depth":90,"text":71187},"1. join() gets non-string items",{"id":70405,"depth":90,"text":71189},"2. Using + with a string and integer",{"id":70501,"depth":90,"text":70502},{"id":70590,"depth":90,"text":71192},"4. Calling join() on the wrong thing",{"id":70724,"depth":83,"text":70725},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":71196},[71197,71198,71199,71200,71201],{"id":70912,"depth":90,"text":70913},{"id":70972,"depth":90,"text":70973},{"id":70986,"depth":90,"text":70987},{"id":70997,"depth":90,"text":70998},{"id":71059,"depth":90,"text":71060},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to join strings in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-join-strings-in-python",{"title":68658,"description":71203},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-join-strings-in-python","-HFMf15lvm3ECntlwo07P__5hb8Lv0XaUvXLtD44MBk",{"id":71210,"title":71211,"body":71212,"description":72976,"extension":2479,"meta":72977,"navigation":86,"path":72978,"seo":72979,"stem":72980,"__hash__":72981},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-list-files-in-a-directory-in-python.md","How to List Files in a Directory in Python",{"type":7,"value":71213,"toc":72936},[71214,71217,71220,71233,71236,71250,71252,71332,71335,71337,71347,71353,71358,71361,71369,71375,71424,71428,71466,71468,71486,71494,71501,71505,71508,71511,71528,71637,71642,71647,71660,71666,71680,71683,71715,71718,71725,71731,71737,71743,71826,71828,71854,71860,71866,71945,71948,72031,72052,72057,72061,72064,72067,72081,72087,72194,72197,72228,72233,72312,72315,72398,72407,72411,72414,72418,72421,72463,72469,72476,72483,72486,72534,72541,72545,72548,72551,72632,72634,72740,72744,72754,72757,72781,72786,72823,72827,72830,72836,72838,72842,72853,72857,72865,72869,72875,72879,72892,72896,72899,72901,72933],[10,71215,71211],{"id":71216},"how-to-list-files-in-a-directory-in-python",[14,71218,71219],{},"If you want to list files in a folder in Python, there are two common beginner-friendly options:",[29,71221,71222,71228],{},[32,71223,71224,71227],{},[21,71225,71226],{},"os.listdir()"," for a simple list of names",[32,71229,71230,71232],{},[21,71231,13232],{}," for cleaner path handling",[14,71234,71235],{},"This page shows how to:",[29,71237,71238,71241,71244,71247],{},[32,71239,71240],{},"List everything inside a directory",[32,71242,71243],{},"Show only files, not subdirectories",[32,71245,71246],{},"Print file names or full file paths",[32,71248,71249],{},"Use beginner-friendly methods first",[55,71251,58],{"id":57},[60,71253,71255],{"className":62,"code":71254,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nfolder = Path(\".\")\nfor item in folder.iterdir():\n    if item.is_file():\n        print(item.name)\n",[21,71256,71257,71267,71271,71289,71306,71318],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,71258,71259,71261,71263,71265],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,71260,13103],{"class":75},[69,71262,13106],{"class":79},[69,71264,76],{"class":75},[69,71266,13111],{"class":79},[69,71268,71269],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,71270,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,71272,71273,71275,71277,71279,71281,71283,71285,71287],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,71274,34582],{"class":79},[69,71276,97],{"class":96},[69,71278,13125],{"class":292},[69,71280,221],{"class":100},[69,71282,111],{"class":110},[69,71284,289],{"class":114},[69,71286,111],{"class":110},[69,71288,301],{"class":100},[69,71290,71291,71293,71295,71297,71300,71302,71304],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,71292,3710],{"class":75},[69,71294,19694],{"class":79},[69,71296,771],{"class":75},[69,71298,71299],{"class":79}," folder",[69,71301,289],{"class":100},[69,71303,14476],{"class":292},[69,71305,3730],{"class":100},[69,71307,71308,71310,71312,71314,71316],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,71309,19705],{"class":75},[69,71311,19716],{"class":79},[69,71313,289],{"class":100},[69,71315,13164],{"class":292},[69,71317,3730],{"class":100},[69,71319,71320,71322,71324,71326,71328,71330],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,71321,7531],{"class":217},[69,71323,221],{"class":100},[69,71325,20427],{"class":292},[69,71327,289],{"class":100},[69,71329,115],{"class":2216},[69,71331,301],{"class":100},[14,71333,71334],{},"This prints file names in the current directory and skips subdirectories.",[55,71336,2666],{"id":2665},[29,71338,71339,71341,71343,71345],{},[32,71340,71240],{},[32,71342,71243],{},[32,71344,71246],{},[32,71346,71249],{},[55,71348,71350,71351],{"id":71349},"simplest-way-use-oslistdir","Simplest way: use ",[21,71352,71226],{},[14,71354,9337,71355,71357],{},[21,71356,71226],{}," function returns the names of items inside a folder.",[14,71359,71360],{},"That means the result can include:",[29,71362,71363,71366],{},[32,71364,71365],{},"Files",[32,71367,71368],{},"Subdirectories",[14,71370,6205,71371,71374],{},[21,71372,71373],{},"\".\"",", Python looks at the current working directory.",[60,71376,71378],{"className":62,"code":71377,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nfor name in os.listdir(\".\"):\n    print(name)\n",[21,71379,71380,71386,71390,71414],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,71381,71382,71384],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,71383,76],{"class":75},[69,71385,2229],{"class":79},[69,71387,71388],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,71389,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,71391,71392,71394,71396,71398,71400,71402,71404,71406,71408,71410,71412],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,71393,3710],{"class":75},[69,71395,768],{"class":79},[69,71397,771],{"class":75},[69,71399,13563],{"class":79},[69,71401,289],{"class":100},[69,71403,44615],{"class":292},[69,71405,221],{"class":100},[69,71407,111],{"class":110},[69,71409,289],{"class":114},[69,71411,111],{"class":110},[69,71413,7526],{"class":100},[69,71415,71416,71418,71420,71422],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,71417,3220],{"class":217},[69,71419,221],{"class":100},[69,71421,115],{"class":292},[69,71423,301],{"class":100},[1647,71425,71427],{"id":71426},"example-output","Example output",[60,71429,71431],{"className":62,"code":71430,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"notes.txt\nphoto.jpg\ndata\nscript.py\n",[21,71432,71433,71442,71452,71457],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,71434,71435,71438,71440],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,71436,71437],{"class":79},"notes",[69,71439,289],{"class":100},[69,71441,39555],{"class":2216},[69,71443,71444,71447,71449],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,71445,71446],{"class":79},"photo",[69,71448,289],{"class":100},[69,71450,71451],{"class":2216},"jpg\n",[69,71453,71454],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,71455,71456],{"class":79},"data\n",[69,71458,71459,71462,71464],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,71460,71461],{"class":79},"script",[69,71463,289],{"class":100},[69,71465,38973],{"class":2216},[14,71467,8323],{},[29,71469,71470,71481],{},[32,71471,71472,5914,71474,14844,71477,71480],{},[21,71473,9437],{},[21,71475,71476],{},"photo.jpg",[21,71478,71479],{},"script.py"," are files",[32,71482,71483,71485],{},[21,71484,3436],{}," might be a folder",[14,71487,47744,71488,71490,71491,71493],{},[21,71489,71226],{}," is useful when you want to see everything in a directory, but it does ",[2498,71492,3315],{}," automatically separate files from folders.",[14,71495,71496,71497,289],{},"If you want to understand this function in more detail, see ",[579,71498,71500],{"href":71499},"\u002Fstandard-library\u002Fos.listdir-function-explained","os.listdir() explained",[55,71502,71504],{"id":71503},"how-to-list-only-files","How to list only files",[14,71506,71507],{},"If you only want files, you need to check each item.",[14,71509,71510],{},"A common way is to use:",[29,71512,71513,71518,71523],{},[32,71514,71515,71517],{},[21,71516,71226],{}," to get names",[32,71519,71520,71522],{},[21,71521,34237],{}," to build the full path",[32,71524,71525,71527],{},[21,71526,13523],{}," to test whether the item is a file",[60,71529,71531],{"className":62,"code":71530,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nfolder = \".\"\n\nfor name in os.listdir(folder):\n    full_path = os.path.join(folder, name)\n    if os.path.isfile(full_path):\n        print(name)\n",[21,71532,71533,71539,71543,71555,71559,71579,71606,71627],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,71534,71535,71537],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,71536,76],{"class":75},[69,71538,2229],{"class":79},[69,71540,71541],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,71542,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,71544,71545,71547,71549,71551,71553],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,71546,34582],{"class":79},[69,71548,97],{"class":96},[69,71550,123],{"class":110},[69,71552,289],{"class":114},[69,71554,1825],{"class":110},[69,71556,71557],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,71558,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,71560,71561,71563,71565,71567,71569,71571,71573,71575,71577],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,71562,3710],{"class":75},[69,71564,768],{"class":79},[69,71566,771],{"class":75},[69,71568,13563],{"class":79},[69,71570,289],{"class":100},[69,71572,44615],{"class":292},[69,71574,221],{"class":100},[69,71576,34605],{"class":292},[69,71578,7526],{"class":100},[69,71580,71581,71584,71586,71588,71590,71592,71594,71596,71598,71600,71602,71604],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,71582,71583],{"class":79},"    full_path ",[69,71585,97],{"class":96},[69,71587,13563],{"class":79},[69,71589,289],{"class":100},[69,71591,2243],{"class":2216},[69,71593,289],{"class":100},[69,71595,23522],{"class":292},[69,71597,221],{"class":100},[69,71599,34605],{"class":292},[69,71601,120],{"class":100},[69,71603,7952],{"class":292},[69,71605,301],{"class":100},[69,71607,71608,71610,71612,71614,71616,71618,71620,71622,71625],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,71609,19705],{"class":75},[69,71611,13563],{"class":79},[69,71613,289],{"class":100},[69,71615,2243],{"class":2216},[69,71617,289],{"class":100},[69,71619,13590],{"class":292},[69,71621,221],{"class":100},[69,71623,71624],{"class":292},"full_path",[69,71626,7526],{"class":100},[69,71628,71629,71631,71633,71635],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,71630,7531],{"class":217},[69,71632,221],{"class":100},[69,71634,115],{"class":292},[69,71636,301],{"class":100},[1647,71638,1410,71640,1414],{"id":71639},"why-use-ospathjoin",[21,71641,34237],{},[14,71643,71644,71646],{},[21,71645,71226],{}," gives you only the item name, such as:",[60,71648,71650],{"className":62,"code":71649,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"\"notes.txt\"\n",[21,71651,71652],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,71653,71654,71656,71658],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,71655,111],{"class":18043},[69,71657,9437],{"class":18046},[69,71659,1825],{"class":18043},[14,71661,71662,71663,71665],{},"But ",[21,71664,13523],{}," usually needs the full path to check the correct item:",[60,71667,71669],{"className":62,"code":71668,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"\".\u002Fnotes.txt\"\n",[21,71670,71671],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,71672,71673,71675,71678],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,71674,111],{"class":18043},[69,71676,71677],{"class":18046},".\u002Fnotes.txt",[69,71679,1825],{"class":18043},[14,71681,71682],{},"That is why this line matters:",[60,71684,71686],{"className":62,"code":71685,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"full_path = os.path.join(folder, name)\n",[21,71687,71688],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,71689,71690,71693,71695,71697,71699,71701,71703,71705,71707,71709,71711,71713],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,71691,71692],{"class":79},"full_path ",[69,71694,97],{"class":96},[69,71696,13563],{"class":79},[69,71698,289],{"class":100},[69,71700,2243],{"class":2216},[69,71702,289],{"class":100},[69,71704,23522],{"class":292},[69,71706,221],{"class":100},[69,71708,34605],{"class":292},[69,71710,120],{"class":100},[69,71712,7952],{"class":292},[69,71714,301],{"class":100},[14,71716,71717],{},"It combines the folder and file name safely.",[14,71719,71720,71721,289],{},"If you are not familiar with this, see ",[579,71722,34234,71723,25913],{"href":34233},[21,71724,34237],{},[55,71726,71728,71729],{"id":71727},"beginner-friendly-modern-option-pathlib","Beginner-friendly modern option: ",[21,71730,13232],{},[14,71732,71733,71734,71736],{},"Many beginners find ",[21,71735,13232],{}," easier to read because it treats paths as objects.",[14,71738,71739,71740,71742],{},"You can create a ",[21,71741,13249],{}," object for a folder, loop through its contents, and check whether each item is a file.",[60,71744,71746],{"className":62,"code":71745,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nfolder = Path(\".\")\n\nfor item in folder.iterdir():\n    if item.is_file():\n        print(item.name)\n",[21,71747,71748,71758,71762,71780,71784,71800,71812],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,71749,71750,71752,71754,71756],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,71751,13103],{"class":75},[69,71753,13106],{"class":79},[69,71755,76],{"class":75},[69,71757,13111],{"class":79},[69,71759,71760],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,71761,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,71763,71764,71766,71768,71770,71772,71774,71776,71778],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,71765,34582],{"class":79},[69,71767,97],{"class":96},[69,71769,13125],{"class":292},[69,71771,221],{"class":100},[69,71773,111],{"class":110},[69,71775,289],{"class":114},[69,71777,111],{"class":110},[69,71779,301],{"class":100},[69,71781,71782],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,71783,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,71785,71786,71788,71790,71792,71794,71796,71798],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,71787,3710],{"class":75},[69,71789,19694],{"class":79},[69,71791,771],{"class":75},[69,71793,71299],{"class":79},[69,71795,289],{"class":100},[69,71797,14476],{"class":292},[69,71799,3730],{"class":100},[69,71801,71802,71804,71806,71808,71810],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,71803,19705],{"class":75},[69,71805,19716],{"class":79},[69,71807,289],{"class":100},[69,71809,13164],{"class":292},[69,71811,3730],{"class":100},[69,71813,71814,71816,71818,71820,71822,71824],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,71815,7531],{"class":217},[69,71817,221],{"class":100},[69,71819,20427],{"class":292},[69,71821,289],{"class":100},[69,71823,115],{"class":2216},[69,71825,301],{"class":100},[1647,71827,45099],{"id":45098},[29,71829,71830,71836,71842,71848],{},[32,71831,71832,71835],{},[21,71833,71834],{},"Path(\".\")"," means the current directory",[32,71837,71838,71841],{},[21,71839,71840],{},"folder.iterdir()"," loops through everything inside that directory",[32,71843,71844,71847],{},[21,71845,71846],{},"item.is_file()"," keeps only files",[32,71849,71850,71853],{},[21,71851,71852],{},"item.name"," prints just the file name",[1647,71855,71857,71858],{"id":71856},"print-full-paths-with-pathlib","Print full paths with ",[21,71859,13232],{},[14,71861,71862,71863,71865],{},"If you want the path instead of just the name, print the ",[21,71864,13249],{}," object itself:",[60,71867,71869],{"className":62,"code":71868,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nfolder = Path(\".\")\n\nfor item in folder.iterdir():\n    if item.is_file():\n        print(item)\n",[21,71870,71871,71881,71885,71903,71907,71923,71935],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,71872,71873,71875,71877,71879],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,71874,13103],{"class":75},[69,71876,13106],{"class":79},[69,71878,76],{"class":75},[69,71880,13111],{"class":79},[69,71882,71883],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,71884,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,71886,71887,71889,71891,71893,71895,71897,71899,71901],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,71888,34582],{"class":79},[69,71890,97],{"class":96},[69,71892,13125],{"class":292},[69,71894,221],{"class":100},[69,71896,111],{"class":110},[69,71898,289],{"class":114},[69,71900,111],{"class":110},[69,71902,301],{"class":100},[69,71904,71905],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,71906,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,71908,71909,71911,71913,71915,71917,71919,71921],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,71910,3710],{"class":75},[69,71912,19694],{"class":79},[69,71914,771],{"class":75},[69,71916,71299],{"class":79},[69,71918,289],{"class":100},[69,71920,14476],{"class":292},[69,71922,3730],{"class":100},[69,71924,71925,71927,71929,71931,71933],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,71926,19705],{"class":75},[69,71928,19716],{"class":79},[69,71930,289],{"class":100},[69,71932,13164],{"class":292},[69,71934,3730],{"class":100},[69,71936,71937,71939,71941,71943],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,71938,7531],{"class":217},[69,71940,221],{"class":100},[69,71942,20427],{"class":292},[69,71944,301],{"class":100},[14,71946,71947],{},"You can also print the absolute path:",[60,71949,71951],{"className":62,"code":71950,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nfolder = Path(\".\")\n\nfor item in folder.iterdir():\n    if item.is_file():\n        print(item.resolve())\n",[21,71952,71953,71963,71967,71985,71989,72005,72017],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,71954,71955,71957,71959,71961],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,71956,13103],{"class":75},[69,71958,13106],{"class":79},[69,71960,76],{"class":75},[69,71962,13111],{"class":79},[69,71964,71965],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,71966,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,71968,71969,71971,71973,71975,71977,71979,71981,71983],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,71970,34582],{"class":79},[69,71972,97],{"class":96},[69,71974,13125],{"class":292},[69,71976,221],{"class":100},[69,71978,111],{"class":110},[69,71980,289],{"class":114},[69,71982,111],{"class":110},[69,71984,301],{"class":100},[69,71986,71987],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,71988,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,71990,71991,71993,71995,71997,71999,72001,72003],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,71992,3710],{"class":75},[69,71994,19694],{"class":79},[69,71996,771],{"class":75},[69,71998,71299],{"class":79},[69,72000,289],{"class":100},[69,72002,14476],{"class":292},[69,72004,3730],{"class":100},[69,72006,72007,72009,72011,72013,72015],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,72008,19705],{"class":75},[69,72010,19716],{"class":79},[69,72012,289],{"class":100},[69,72014,13164],{"class":292},[69,72016,3730],{"class":100},[69,72018,72019,72021,72023,72025,72027,72029],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,72020,7531],{"class":217},[69,72022,221],{"class":100},[69,72024,20427],{"class":292},[69,72026,289],{"class":100},[69,72028,14323],{"class":292},[69,72030,3923],{"class":100},[29,72032,72033,72038,72046],{},[32,72034,72035,72037],{},[21,72036,71852],{}," → file name only",[32,72039,72040,364,72042,72045],{},[21,72041,20427],{},[21,72043,72044],{},"str(item)"," → relative path",[32,72047,72048,72051],{},[21,72049,72050],{},"item.resolve()"," → full absolute path",[14,72053,72054,72055,289],{},"For a broader introduction, see ",[579,72056,10830],{"href":10829},[55,72058,72060],{"id":72059},"how-to-include-full-paths","How to include full paths",[14,72062,72063],{},"Sometimes you need the complete file path, not just the file name.",[14,72065,72066],{},"This is common before you:",[29,72068,72069,72072,72075,72078],{},[32,72070,72071],{},"Open a file",[32,72073,72074],{},"Delete a file",[32,72076,72077],{},"Check whether a file exists",[32,72079,72080],{},"Pass the path to another function",[1647,72082,72084,72085],{"id":72083},"full-paths-with-os","Full paths with ",[21,72086,2238],{},[60,72088,72090],{"className":62,"code":72089,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nfolder = \"my_folder\"\n\nfor name in os.listdir(folder):\n    full_path = os.path.join(folder, name)\n    if os.path.isfile(full_path):\n        print(full_path)\n",[21,72091,72092,72098,72102,72114,72118,72138,72164,72184],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,72093,72094,72096],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,72095,76],{"class":75},[69,72097,2229],{"class":79},[69,72099,72100],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,72101,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,72103,72104,72106,72108,72110,72112],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,72105,34582],{"class":79},[69,72107,97],{"class":96},[69,72109,123],{"class":110},[69,72111,13865],{"class":114},[69,72113,1825],{"class":110},[69,72115,72116],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,72117,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,72119,72120,72122,72124,72126,72128,72130,72132,72134,72136],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,72121,3710],{"class":75},[69,72123,768],{"class":79},[69,72125,771],{"class":75},[69,72127,13563],{"class":79},[69,72129,289],{"class":100},[69,72131,44615],{"class":292},[69,72133,221],{"class":100},[69,72135,34605],{"class":292},[69,72137,7526],{"class":100},[69,72139,72140,72142,72144,72146,72148,72150,72152,72154,72156,72158,72160,72162],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,72141,71583],{"class":79},[69,72143,97],{"class":96},[69,72145,13563],{"class":79},[69,72147,289],{"class":100},[69,72149,2243],{"class":2216},[69,72151,289],{"class":100},[69,72153,23522],{"class":292},[69,72155,221],{"class":100},[69,72157,34605],{"class":292},[69,72159,120],{"class":100},[69,72161,7952],{"class":292},[69,72163,301],{"class":100},[69,72165,72166,72168,72170,72172,72174,72176,72178,72180,72182],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,72167,19705],{"class":75},[69,72169,13563],{"class":79},[69,72171,289],{"class":100},[69,72173,2243],{"class":2216},[69,72175,289],{"class":100},[69,72177,13590],{"class":292},[69,72179,221],{"class":100},[69,72181,71624],{"class":292},[69,72183,7526],{"class":100},[69,72185,72186,72188,72190,72192],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,72187,7531],{"class":217},[69,72189,221],{"class":100},[69,72191,71624],{"class":292},[69,72193,301],{"class":100},[14,72195,72196],{},"This prints paths like:",[60,72198,72200],{"className":62,"code":72199,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_folder\u002Freport.txt\nmy_folder\u002Fdata.csv\n",[21,72201,72202,72215],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,72203,72204,72206,72208,72211,72213],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,72205,13865],{"class":79},[69,72207,38681],{"class":96},[69,72209,72210],{"class":79},"report",[69,72212,289],{"class":100},[69,72214,39555],{"class":2216},[69,72216,72217,72219,72221,72223,72225],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,72218,13865],{"class":79},[69,72220,38681],{"class":96},[69,72222,3436],{"class":79},[69,72224,289],{"class":100},[69,72226,72227],{"class":2216},"csv\n",[1647,72229,72084,72231],{"id":72230},"full-paths-with-pathlib",[21,72232,13232],{},[60,72234,72236],{"className":62,"code":72235,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nfolder = Path(\"my_folder\")\n\nfor item in folder.iterdir():\n    if item.is_file():\n        print(item)\n",[21,72237,72238,72248,72252,72270,72274,72290,72302],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,72239,72240,72242,72244,72246],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,72241,13103],{"class":75},[69,72243,13106],{"class":79},[69,72245,76],{"class":75},[69,72247,13111],{"class":79},[69,72249,72250],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,72251,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,72253,72254,72256,72258,72260,72262,72264,72266,72268],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,72255,34582],{"class":79},[69,72257,97],{"class":96},[69,72259,13125],{"class":292},[69,72261,221],{"class":100},[69,72263,111],{"class":110},[69,72265,13865],{"class":114},[69,72267,111],{"class":110},[69,72269,301],{"class":100},[69,72271,72272],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,72273,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,72275,72276,72278,72280,72282,72284,72286,72288],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,72277,3710],{"class":75},[69,72279,19694],{"class":79},[69,72281,771],{"class":75},[69,72283,71299],{"class":79},[69,72285,289],{"class":100},[69,72287,14476],{"class":292},[69,72289,3730],{"class":100},[69,72291,72292,72294,72296,72298,72300],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,72293,19705],{"class":75},[69,72295,19716],{"class":79},[69,72297,289],{"class":100},[69,72299,13164],{"class":292},[69,72301,3730],{"class":100},[69,72303,72304,72306,72308,72310],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,72305,7531],{"class":217},[69,72307,221],{"class":100},[69,72309,20427],{"class":292},[69,72311,301],{"class":100},[14,72313,72314],{},"If you need the absolute path:",[60,72316,72318],{"className":62,"code":72317,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\n\nfolder = Path(\"my_folder\")\n\nfor item in folder.iterdir():\n    if item.is_file():\n        print(item.resolve())\n",[21,72319,72320,72330,72334,72352,72356,72372,72384],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,72321,72322,72324,72326,72328],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,72323,13103],{"class":75},[69,72325,13106],{"class":79},[69,72327,76],{"class":75},[69,72329,13111],{"class":79},[69,72331,72332],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,72333,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,72335,72336,72338,72340,72342,72344,72346,72348,72350],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,72337,34582],{"class":79},[69,72339,97],{"class":96},[69,72341,13125],{"class":292},[69,72343,221],{"class":100},[69,72345,111],{"class":110},[69,72347,13865],{"class":114},[69,72349,111],{"class":110},[69,72351,301],{"class":100},[69,72353,72354],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,72355,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,72357,72358,72360,72362,72364,72366,72368,72370],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,72359,3710],{"class":75},[69,72361,19694],{"class":79},[69,72363,771],{"class":75},[69,72365,71299],{"class":79},[69,72367,289],{"class":100},[69,72369,14476],{"class":292},[69,72371,3730],{"class":100},[69,72373,72374,72376,72378,72380,72382],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,72375,19705],{"class":75},[69,72377,19716],{"class":79},[69,72379,289],{"class":100},[69,72381,13164],{"class":292},[69,72383,3730],{"class":100},[69,72385,72386,72388,72390,72392,72394,72396],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,72387,7531],{"class":217},[69,72389,221],{"class":100},[69,72391,20427],{"class":292},[69,72393,289],{"class":100},[69,72395,14323],{"class":292},[69,72397,3923],{"class":100},[14,72399,72400,72401,364,72404,289],{},"After listing files, you may want to ",[579,72402,72403],{"href":34783},"check whether a file exists in Python",[579,72405,72406],{"href":9937},"read a file in Python",[55,72408,72410],{"id":72409},"common-problems-beginners-hit","Common problems beginners hit",[14,72412,72413],{},"A few common mistakes can make directory listing confusing.",[1647,72415,72417],{"id":72416},"using-a-path-that-does-not-exist","Using a path that does not exist",[14,72419,72420],{},"If the folder name is wrong, Python cannot list its contents.",[60,72422,72424],{"className":62,"code":72423,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nprint(os.path.exists(\"your_folder\"))\n",[21,72425,72426,72432,72436],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,72427,72428,72430],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,72429,76],{"class":75},[69,72431,2229],{"class":79},[69,72433,72434],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,72435,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,72437,72438,72440,72442,72444,72446,72448,72450,72452,72454,72456,72459,72461],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,72439,2161],{"class":217},[69,72441,221],{"class":100},[69,72443,2238],{"class":292},[69,72445,289],{"class":100},[69,72447,2243],{"class":2216},[69,72449,289],{"class":100},[69,72451,2248],{"class":292},[69,72453,221],{"class":100},[69,72455,111],{"class":110},[69,72457,72458],{"class":114},"your_folder",[69,72460,111],{"class":110},[69,72462,2183],{"class":100},[14,72464,72465,72466,72468],{},"If this prints ",[21,72467,14886],{},", the path is wrong or Python is looking in a different location than you expected.",[14,72470,72471,72472,289],{},"If you get an error, see ",[579,72473,2892,72474],{"href":9941},[21,72475,43700],{},[1647,72477,48733,72479,72482],{"id":72478},"forgetting-that-listdir-includes-directories-too",[21,72480,72481],{},"listdir()"," includes directories too",[14,72484,72485],{},"This code prints everything:",[60,72487,72488],{"className":62,"code":71377,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,72489,72490,72496,72500,72524],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,72491,72492,72494],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,72493,76],{"class":75},[69,72495,2229],{"class":79},[69,72497,72498],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,72499,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,72501,72502,72504,72506,72508,72510,72512,72514,72516,72518,72520,72522],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,72503,3710],{"class":75},[69,72505,768],{"class":79},[69,72507,771],{"class":75},[69,72509,13563],{"class":79},[69,72511,289],{"class":100},[69,72513,44615],{"class":292},[69,72515,221],{"class":100},[69,72517,111],{"class":110},[69,72519,289],{"class":114},[69,72521,111],{"class":110},[69,72523,7526],{"class":100},[69,72525,72526,72528,72530,72532],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,72527,3220],{"class":217},[69,72529,221],{"class":100},[69,72531,115],{"class":292},[69,72533,301],{"class":100},[14,72535,72536,72537,364,72539,289],{},"If you expected only files, you must filter with ",[21,72538,13523],{},[21,72540,71846],{},[1647,72542,72544],{"id":72543},"using-only-the-file-name-when-a-full-path-is-required","Using only the file name when a full path is required",[14,72546,72547],{},"This often causes problems when the file is not in the current directory.",[14,72549,72550],{},"Wrong idea:",[60,72552,72554],{"className":62,"code":72553,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nfolder = \"my_folder\"\n\nfor name in os.listdir(folder):\n    if os.path.isfile(name):\n        print(name)\n",[21,72555,72556,72562,72566,72578,72582,72602,72622],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,72557,72558,72560],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,72559,76],{"class":75},[69,72561,2229],{"class":79},[69,72563,72564],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,72565,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,72567,72568,72570,72572,72574,72576],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,72569,34582],{"class":79},[69,72571,97],{"class":96},[69,72573,123],{"class":110},[69,72575,13865],{"class":114},[69,72577,1825],{"class":110},[69,72579,72580],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,72581,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,72583,72584,72586,72588,72590,72592,72594,72596,72598,72600],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,72585,3710],{"class":75},[69,72587,768],{"class":79},[69,72589,771],{"class":75},[69,72591,13563],{"class":79},[69,72593,289],{"class":100},[69,72595,44615],{"class":292},[69,72597,221],{"class":100},[69,72599,34605],{"class":292},[69,72601,7526],{"class":100},[69,72603,72604,72606,72608,72610,72612,72614,72616,72618,72620],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,72605,19705],{"class":75},[69,72607,13563],{"class":79},[69,72609,289],{"class":100},[69,72611,2243],{"class":2216},[69,72613,289],{"class":100},[69,72615,13590],{"class":292},[69,72617,221],{"class":100},[69,72619,115],{"class":292},[69,72621,7526],{"class":100},[69,72623,72624,72626,72628,72630],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,72625,7531],{"class":217},[69,72627,221],{"class":100},[69,72629,115],{"class":292},[69,72631,301],{"class":100},[14,72633,12593],{},[60,72635,72636],{"className":62,"code":72089,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,72637,72638,72644,72648,72660,72664,72684,72710,72730],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,72639,72640,72642],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,72641,76],{"class":75},[69,72643,2229],{"class":79},[69,72645,72646],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,72647,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,72649,72650,72652,72654,72656,72658],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,72651,34582],{"class":79},[69,72653,97],{"class":96},[69,72655,123],{"class":110},[69,72657,13865],{"class":114},[69,72659,1825],{"class":110},[69,72661,72662],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,72663,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,72665,72666,72668,72670,72672,72674,72676,72678,72680,72682],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,72667,3710],{"class":75},[69,72669,768],{"class":79},[69,72671,771],{"class":75},[69,72673,13563],{"class":79},[69,72675,289],{"class":100},[69,72677,44615],{"class":292},[69,72679,221],{"class":100},[69,72681,34605],{"class":292},[69,72683,7526],{"class":100},[69,72685,72686,72688,72690,72692,72694,72696,72698,72700,72702,72704,72706,72708],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,72687,71583],{"class":79},[69,72689,97],{"class":96},[69,72691,13563],{"class":79},[69,72693,289],{"class":100},[69,72695,2243],{"class":2216},[69,72697,289],{"class":100},[69,72699,23522],{"class":292},[69,72701,221],{"class":100},[69,72703,34605],{"class":292},[69,72705,120],{"class":100},[69,72707,7952],{"class":292},[69,72709,301],{"class":100},[69,72711,72712,72714,72716,72718,72720,72722,72724,72726,72728],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,72713,19705],{"class":75},[69,72715,13563],{"class":79},[69,72717,289],{"class":100},[69,72719,2243],{"class":2216},[69,72721,289],{"class":100},[69,72723,13590],{"class":292},[69,72725,221],{"class":100},[69,72727,71624],{"class":292},[69,72729,7526],{"class":100},[69,72731,72732,72734,72736,72738],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,72733,7531],{"class":217},[69,72735,221],{"class":100},[69,72737,71624],{"class":292},[69,72739,301],{"class":100},[1647,72741,72743],{"id":72742},"confusing-the-current-working-directory-with-the-script-location","Confusing the current working directory with the script location",[14,72745,72746,72747,72749,72750,72753],{},"When you use ",[21,72748,71373],{},", Python uses the ",[2498,72751,72752],{},"current working directory",", not always the folder where your script is saved.",[14,72755,72756],{},"This command helps you check where Python is looking:",[60,72758,72759],{"className":62,"code":11010,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,72760,72761,72767],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,72762,72763,72765],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,72764,76],{"class":75},[69,72766,2229],{"class":79},[69,72768,72769,72771,72773,72775,72777,72779],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,72770,2161],{"class":217},[69,72772,221],{"class":100},[69,72774,2238],{"class":292},[69,72776,289],{"class":100},[69,72778,11031],{"class":292},[69,72780,3923],{"class":100},[14,72782,72783,72784,1174],{},"You can also check with ",[21,72785,13232],{},[60,72787,72789],{"className":62,"code":72788,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"from pathlib import Path\nprint(Path(\".\").resolve())\n",[21,72790,72791,72801],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,72792,72793,72795,72797,72799],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,72794,13103],{"class":75},[69,72796,13106],{"class":79},[69,72798,76],{"class":75},[69,72800,13111],{"class":79},[69,72802,72803,72805,72807,72809,72811,72813,72815,72817,72819,72821],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,72804,2161],{"class":217},[69,72806,221],{"class":100},[69,72808,13249],{"class":292},[69,72810,221],{"class":100},[69,72812,111],{"class":110},[69,72814,289],{"class":114},[69,72816,111],{"class":110},[69,72818,14320],{"class":100},[69,72820,14323],{"class":292},[69,72822,3923],{"class":100},[1647,72824,72826],{"id":72825},"permission-problems","Permission problems",[14,72828,72829],{},"Sometimes the folder exists, but Python is not allowed to read it. In that case, you may see a permission error.",[14,72831,44067,72832,289],{},[579,72833,2892,72834],{"href":2447},[21,72835,34439],{},[55,72837,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,72839,72841],{"id":72840},"how-do-i-list-only-files-and-not-folders-in-python","How do I list only files and not folders in Python?",[14,72843,72844,72845,72847,72848,72850,72851,289],{},"Filter each item with ",[21,72846,13523],{}," or use ",[21,72849,13232],{}," and check ",[21,72852,71846],{},[1647,72854,72856],{"id":72855},"what-is-the-easiest-way-to-list-files-in-a-directory","What is the easiest way to list files in a directory?",[14,72858,35309,72859,72861,72862,72864],{},[21,72860,13232],{}," is often the clearest option. ",[21,72863,71226],{}," is also common and simple.",[1647,72866,72868],{"id":72867},"why-does-my-code-show-folders-too","Why does my code show folders too?",[14,72870,72871,72872,72874],{},"Functions like ",[21,72873,71226],{}," return all items in the directory, including subdirectories.",[1647,72876,72878],{"id":72877},"how-do-i-get-full-file-paths-instead-of-names","How do I get full file paths instead of names?",[14,72880,322,72881,14590,72884,72886,72887,72889,72890,289],{},[21,72882,72883],{},"os.path.join(folder, name)",[21,72885,2238],{},", or print the ",[21,72888,13249],{}," object in ",[21,72891,13232],{},[1647,72893,72895],{"id":72894},"why-can-python-not-find-the-folder-i-gave-it","Why can Python not find the folder I gave it?",[14,72897,72898],{},"You may be using a relative path and your current working directory is different from what you expected.",[55,72900,2414],{"id":2413},[29,72902,72903,72907,72911,72916,72920,72924,72929],{},[32,72904,72905],{},[579,72906,34140],{"href":34139},[32,72908,72909],{},[579,72910,71500],{"href":71499},[32,72912,72913],{},[579,72914,72915],{"href":34233},"os.path.join() explained",[32,72917,72918],{},[579,72919,2436],{"href":34783},[32,72921,72922],{},[579,72923,11110],{"href":9937},[32,72925,72926],{},[579,72927,72928],{"href":44743},"How to create a directory in Python",[32,72930,72931],{},[579,72932,11115],{"href":10829},[2450,72934,72935],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .skxfh, html code.shiki .skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .s2W-s, html code.shiki .s2W-s{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sithA, html code.shiki .sithA{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":72937},[72938,72939,72940,72944,72948,72954,72960,72968,72975],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":71349,"depth":83,"text":72941,"children":72942},"Simplest way: use os.listdir()",[72943],{"id":71426,"depth":90,"text":71427},{"id":71503,"depth":83,"text":71504,"children":72945},[72946],{"id":71639,"depth":90,"text":72947},"Why use os.path.join()?",{"id":71727,"depth":83,"text":72949,"children":72950},"Beginner-friendly modern option: pathlib",[72951,72952],{"id":45098,"depth":90,"text":45099},{"id":71856,"depth":90,"text":72953},"Print full paths with pathlib",{"id":72059,"depth":83,"text":72060,"children":72955},[72956,72958],{"id":72083,"depth":90,"text":72957},"Full paths with os",{"id":72230,"depth":90,"text":72959},"Full paths with pathlib",{"id":72409,"depth":83,"text":72410,"children":72961},[72962,72963,72965,72966,72967],{"id":72416,"depth":90,"text":72417},{"id":72478,"depth":90,"text":72964},"Forgetting that listdir() includes directories too",{"id":72543,"depth":90,"text":72544},{"id":72742,"depth":90,"text":72743},{"id":72825,"depth":90,"text":72826},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":72969},[72970,72971,72972,72973,72974],{"id":72840,"depth":90,"text":72841},{"id":72855,"depth":90,"text":72856},{"id":72867,"depth":90,"text":72868},{"id":72877,"depth":90,"text":72878},{"id":72894,"depth":90,"text":72895},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to list files in a directory in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-list-files-in-a-directory-in-python",{"title":71211,"description":72976},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-list-files-in-a-directory-in-python","s1oih7sxhNHAQN4T3VA-UZEJ7Y_dwKbx0UE3EoLsWDk",{"id":72983,"title":72984,"body":72985,"description":75516,"extension":2479,"meta":75517,"navigation":86,"path":75518,"seo":75519,"stem":75520,"__hash__":75521},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-loop-through-a-dictionary-in-python.md","How to Loop Through a Dictionary in Python",{"type":7,"value":72986,"toc":75486},[72987,72990,72993,73009,73012,73014,73109,73111,73133,73138,73140,73153,73157,73162,73164,73177,73242,73245,73261,73263,73281,73283,73301,73306,73309,73318,73409,73411,73427,73430,73435,73466,73469,73477,73480,73485,73580,73582,73598,73601,73609,73613,73618,73721,73723,73741,73744,73747,73801,73803,73833,73840,73842,73845,73872,73874,74074,74076,74080,74082,74157,74160,74164,74203,74211,74214,74216,74247,74249,74280,74284,74287,74290,74392,74395,74398,74522,74524,74565,74569,74576,74581,74703,74705,74732,74741,74747,74750,74862,74864,74879,74883,74886,75084,75086,75160,75164,75167,75238,75241,75258,75261,75285,75287,75291,75293,75332,75336,75341,75368,75372,75374,75404,75408,75411,75445,75447,75483],[10,72988,72984],{"id":72989},"how-to-loop-through-a-dictionary-in-python",[14,72991,72992],{},"If you want to go through the contents of a dictionary in Python, there are three main patterns to know:",[29,72994,72995,73000,73004],{},[32,72996,72997,72998],{},"loop through ",[2498,72999,3920],{},[32,73001,72997,73002],{},[2498,73003,16093],{},[32,73005,72997,73006],{},[2498,73007,73008],{},"keys and values together",[14,73010,73011],{},"This page shows the most useful ways to do that with simple examples.",[55,73013,58],{"id":57},[60,73015,73017],{"className":62,"code":73016,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"student = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 20, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nfor key, value in student.items():\n    print(key, value)\n",[21,73018,73019,73071,73075,73095],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,73020,73021,73023,73025,73027,73029,73031,73033,73035,73037,73039,73041,73043,73045,73047,73049,73051,73053,73055,73057,73059,73061,73063,73065,73067,73069],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,73022,4321],{"class":79},[69,73024,97],{"class":96},[69,73026,1914],{"class":100},[69,73028,111],{"class":110},[69,73030,115],{"class":114},[69,73032,111],{"class":110},[69,73034,1174],{"class":100},[69,73036,123],{"class":110},[69,73038,2553],{"class":114},[69,73040,111],{"class":110},[69,73042,120],{"class":100},[69,73044,123],{"class":110},[69,73046,126],{"class":114},[69,73048,111],{"class":110},[69,73050,1174],{"class":100},[69,73052,4671],{"class":157},[69,73054,120],{"class":100},[69,73056,123],{"class":110},[69,73058,135],{"class":114},[69,73060,111],{"class":110},[69,73062,1174],{"class":100},[69,73064,123],{"class":110},[69,73066,53547],{"class":114},[69,73068,111],{"class":110},[69,73070,1260],{"class":100},[69,73072,73073],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,73074,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,73076,73077,73079,73081,73083,73085,73087,73089,73091,73093],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,73078,3710],{"class":75},[69,73080,3713],{"class":79},[69,73082,120],{"class":100},[69,73084,3718],{"class":79},[69,73086,771],{"class":75},[69,73088,55842],{"class":79},[69,73090,289],{"class":100},[69,73092,3727],{"class":292},[69,73094,3730],{"class":100},[69,73096,73097,73099,73101,73103,73105,73107],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,73098,3220],{"class":217},[69,73100,221],{"class":100},[69,73102,3739],{"class":292},[69,73104,120],{"class":100},[69,73106,3753],{"class":292},[69,73108,301],{"class":100},[14,73110,2781],{},[60,73112,73114],{"className":62,"code":73113,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name Ana\nage 20\ncity Lima\n",[21,73115,73116,73121,73128],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,73117,73118],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,73119,73120],{"class":79},"name Ana\n",[69,73122,73123,73125],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,73124,1830],{"class":79},[69,73126,73127],{"class":157},"20\n",[69,73129,73130],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,73131,73132],{"class":79},"city Lima\n",[14,73134,322,73135,73137],{},[21,73136,3642],{}," when you need both the key and the value during the loop.",[55,73139,2666],{"id":2665},[29,73141,73142,73145,73147,73150],{},[32,73143,73144],{},"Loop through dictionary keys",[32,73146,55759],{},[32,73148,73149],{},"Loop through both keys and values",[32,73151,73152],{},"Choose the right method for your task",[55,73154,73156],{"id":73155},"start-with-a-simple-dictionary","Start with a simple dictionary",[14,73158,73159,73160,289],{},"A dictionary stores data as ",[2498,73161,2500],{},[14,73163,4389],{},[29,73165,73166,73171],{},[32,73167,73168,73170],{},[21,73169,1115],{}," is a key",[32,73172,73173,73176],{},[21,73174,73175],{},"\"Ana\""," is its value",[60,73178,73180],{"className":62,"code":73179,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"student = {\n    \"name\": \"Ana\",\n    \"age\": 20,\n    \"city\": \"Lima\"\n}\n",[21,73181,73182,73190,73208,73222,73238],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,73183,73184,73186,73188],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,73185,4321],{"class":79},[69,73187,97],{"class":96},[69,73189,3367],{"class":100},[69,73191,73192,73194,73196,73198,73200,73202,73204,73206],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,73193,3372],{"class":110},[69,73195,115],{"class":114},[69,73197,111],{"class":110},[69,73199,1174],{"class":100},[69,73201,123],{"class":110},[69,73203,2553],{"class":114},[69,73205,111],{"class":110},[69,73207,3401],{"class":100},[69,73209,73210,73212,73214,73216,73218,73220],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,73211,3372],{"class":110},[69,73213,126],{"class":114},[69,73215,111],{"class":110},[69,73217,1174],{"class":100},[69,73219,4671],{"class":157},[69,73221,3401],{"class":100},[69,73223,73224,73226,73228,73230,73232,73234,73236],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,73225,3372],{"class":110},[69,73227,135],{"class":114},[69,73229,111],{"class":110},[69,73231,1174],{"class":100},[69,73233,123],{"class":110},[69,73235,53547],{"class":114},[69,73237,1825],{"class":110},[69,73239,73240],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,73241,1260],{"class":100},[14,73243,73244],{},"Expected printed output for this dictionary might look like this, depending on how you loop:",[60,73246,73247],{"className":62,"code":54209,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,73248,73249,73253,73257],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,73250,73251],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,73252,54099],{"class":79},[69,73254,73255],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,73256,54220],{"class":79},[69,73258,73259],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,73260,54225],{"class":79},[14,73262,14560],{},[60,73264,73266],{"className":62,"code":73265,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Ana\n20\nLima\n",[21,73267,73268,73272,73276],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,73269,73270],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,73271,2791],{"class":79},[69,73273,73274],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,73275,73127],{"class":157},[69,73277,73278],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,73279,73280],{"class":79},"Lima\n",[14,73282,14560],{},[60,73284,73285],{"className":62,"code":73113,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,73286,73287,73291,73297],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,73288,73289],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,73290,73120],{"class":79},[69,73292,73293,73295],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,73294,1830],{"class":79},[69,73296,73127],{"class":157},[69,73298,73299],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,73300,73132],{"class":79},[14,73302,73303,73304,289],{},"If dictionaries are new to you, see ",[579,73305,4023],{"href":4022},[55,73307,73144],{"id":73308},"loop-through-dictionary-keys",[14,73310,73311,73312,73314,73315,73317],{},"A basic ",[21,73313,3710],{}," loop over a dictionary gives you the ",[2498,73316,3920],{}," by default.",[60,73319,73321],{"className":62,"code":73320,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"student = {\n    \"name\": \"Ana\",\n    \"age\": 20,\n    \"city\": \"Lima\"\n}\n\nfor key in student:\n    print(key)\n",[21,73322,73323,73331,73349,73363,73379,73383,73387,73399],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,73324,73325,73327,73329],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,73326,4321],{"class":79},[69,73328,97],{"class":96},[69,73330,3367],{"class":100},[69,73332,73333,73335,73337,73339,73341,73343,73345,73347],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,73334,3372],{"class":110},[69,73336,115],{"class":114},[69,73338,111],{"class":110},[69,73340,1174],{"class":100},[69,73342,123],{"class":110},[69,73344,2553],{"class":114},[69,73346,111],{"class":110},[69,73348,3401],{"class":100},[69,73350,73351,73353,73355,73357,73359,73361],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,73352,3372],{"class":110},[69,73354,126],{"class":114},[69,73356,111],{"class":110},[69,73358,1174],{"class":100},[69,73360,4671],{"class":157},[69,73362,3401],{"class":100},[69,73364,73365,73367,73369,73371,73373,73375,73377],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,73366,3372],{"class":110},[69,73368,135],{"class":114},[69,73370,111],{"class":110},[69,73372,1174],{"class":100},[69,73374,123],{"class":110},[69,73376,53547],{"class":114},[69,73378,1825],{"class":110},[69,73380,73381],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,73382,1260],{"class":100},[69,73384,73385],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,73386,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,73388,73389,73391,73393,73395,73397],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,73390,3710],{"class":75},[69,73392,4878],{"class":79},[69,73394,771],{"class":75},[69,73396,55842],{"class":79},[69,73398,275],{"class":100},[69,73400,73401,73403,73405,73407],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,73402,3220],{"class":217},[69,73404,221],{"class":100},[69,73406,3739],{"class":292},[69,73408,301],{"class":100},[14,73410,2781],{},[60,73412,73413],{"className":62,"code":54209,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,73414,73415,73419,73423],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,73416,73417],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,73418,54099],{"class":79},[69,73420,73421],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,73422,54220],{"class":79},[69,73424,73425],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,73426,54225],{"class":79},[14,73428,73429],{},"Use this when you only need the keys.",[14,73431,73432,73433,1174],{},"You can also write the same thing with ",[21,73434,53683],{},[60,73436,73438],{"className":62,"code":73437,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for key in student.keys():\n    print(key)\n",[21,73439,73440,73456],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,73441,73442,73444,73446,73448,73450,73452,73454],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,73443,3710],{"class":75},[69,73445,4878],{"class":79},[69,73447,771],{"class":75},[69,73449,55842],{"class":79},[69,73451,289],{"class":100},[69,73453,3920],{"class":292},[69,73455,3730],{"class":100},[69,73457,73458,73460,73462,73464],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,73459,3220],{"class":217},[69,73461,221],{"class":100},[69,73463,3739],{"class":292},[69,73465,301],{"class":100},[14,73467,73468],{},"This works too, but it is often not necessary. A plain loop over the dictionary is shorter and does the same job.",[14,73470,73471,73472,289],{},"If you want to work directly with dictionary keys, see the ",[579,73473,73475,3141],{"href":73474},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-dictionary-keys-method",[21,73476,53668],{},[55,73478,55759],{"id":73479},"loop-through-dictionary-values",[14,73481,322,73482,73484],{},[21,73483,16067],{}," when you want only the values.",[60,73486,73488],{"className":62,"code":73487,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"student = {\n    \"name\": \"Ana\",\n    \"age\": 20,\n    \"city\": \"Lima\"\n}\n\nfor value in student.values():\n    print(value)\n",[21,73489,73490,73498,73516,73530,73546,73550,73554,73570],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,73491,73492,73494,73496],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,73493,4321],{"class":79},[69,73495,97],{"class":96},[69,73497,3367],{"class":100},[69,73499,73500,73502,73504,73506,73508,73510,73512,73514],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,73501,3372],{"class":110},[69,73503,115],{"class":114},[69,73505,111],{"class":110},[69,73507,1174],{"class":100},[69,73509,123],{"class":110},[69,73511,2553],{"class":114},[69,73513,111],{"class":110},[69,73515,3401],{"class":100},[69,73517,73518,73520,73522,73524,73526,73528],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,73519,3372],{"class":110},[69,73521,126],{"class":114},[69,73523,111],{"class":110},[69,73525,1174],{"class":100},[69,73527,4671],{"class":157},[69,73529,3401],{"class":100},[69,73531,73532,73534,73536,73538,73540,73542,73544],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,73533,3372],{"class":110},[69,73535,135],{"class":114},[69,73537,111],{"class":110},[69,73539,1174],{"class":100},[69,73541,123],{"class":110},[69,73543,53547],{"class":114},[69,73545,1825],{"class":110},[69,73547,73548],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,73549,1260],{"class":100},[69,73551,73552],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,73553,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,73555,73556,73558,73560,73562,73564,73566,73568],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,73557,3710],{"class":75},[69,73559,3718],{"class":79},[69,73561,771],{"class":75},[69,73563,55842],{"class":79},[69,73565,289],{"class":100},[69,73567,16093],{"class":292},[69,73569,3730],{"class":100},[69,73571,73572,73574,73576,73578],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,73573,3220],{"class":217},[69,73575,221],{"class":100},[69,73577,20383],{"class":292},[69,73579,301],{"class":100},[14,73581,2781],{},[60,73583,73584],{"className":62,"code":73265,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,73585,73586,73590,73594],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,73587,73588],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,73589,2791],{"class":79},[69,73591,73592],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,73593,73127],{"class":157},[69,73595,73596],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,73597,73280],{"class":79},[14,73599,73600],{},"This is useful when the keys do not matter.",[14,73602,73603,73604,289],{},"For more detail, see the ",[579,73605,73607,3141],{"href":73606},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-dictionary-values-method",[21,73608,55022],{},[55,73610,73612],{"id":73611},"loop-through-keys-and-values-together","Loop through keys and values together",[14,73614,322,73615,73617],{},[21,73616,3642],{}," when you need both parts of each dictionary entry.",[60,73619,73621],{"className":62,"code":73620,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"student = {\n    \"name\": \"Ana\",\n    \"age\": 20,\n    \"city\": \"Lima\"\n}\n\nfor key, value in student.items():\n    print(key, value)\n",[21,73622,73623,73631,73649,73663,73679,73683,73687,73707],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,73624,73625,73627,73629],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,73626,4321],{"class":79},[69,73628,97],{"class":96},[69,73630,3367],{"class":100},[69,73632,73633,73635,73637,73639,73641,73643,73645,73647],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,73634,3372],{"class":110},[69,73636,115],{"class":114},[69,73638,111],{"class":110},[69,73640,1174],{"class":100},[69,73642,123],{"class":110},[69,73644,2553],{"class":114},[69,73646,111],{"class":110},[69,73648,3401],{"class":100},[69,73650,73651,73653,73655,73657,73659,73661],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,73652,3372],{"class":110},[69,73654,126],{"class":114},[69,73656,111],{"class":110},[69,73658,1174],{"class":100},[69,73660,4671],{"class":157},[69,73662,3401],{"class":100},[69,73664,73665,73667,73669,73671,73673,73675,73677],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,73666,3372],{"class":110},[69,73668,135],{"class":114},[69,73670,111],{"class":110},[69,73672,1174],{"class":100},[69,73674,123],{"class":110},[69,73676,53547],{"class":114},[69,73678,1825],{"class":110},[69,73680,73681],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,73682,1260],{"class":100},[69,73684,73685],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,73686,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,73688,73689,73691,73693,73695,73697,73699,73701,73703,73705],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,73690,3710],{"class":75},[69,73692,3713],{"class":79},[69,73694,120],{"class":100},[69,73696,3718],{"class":79},[69,73698,771],{"class":75},[69,73700,55842],{"class":79},[69,73702,289],{"class":100},[69,73704,3727],{"class":292},[69,73706,3730],{"class":100},[69,73708,73709,73711,73713,73715,73717,73719],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,73710,3220],{"class":217},[69,73712,221],{"class":100},[69,73714,3739],{"class":292},[69,73716,120],{"class":100},[69,73718,3753],{"class":292},[69,73720,301],{"class":100},[14,73722,2781],{},[60,73724,73725],{"className":62,"code":73113,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,73726,73727,73731,73737],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,73728,73729],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,73730,73120],{"class":79},[69,73732,73733,73735],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,73734,1830],{"class":79},[69,73736,73127],{"class":157},[69,73738,73739],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,73740,73132],{"class":79},[14,73742,73743],{},"This is the most common pattern for printing or processing dictionary contents.",[14,73745,73746],{},"You can format the output more clearly if you want:",[60,73748,73750],{"className":62,"code":73749,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for key, value in student.items():\n    print(f\"{key}: {value}\")\n",[21,73751,73752,73772],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,73753,73754,73756,73758,73760,73762,73764,73766,73768,73770],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,73755,3710],{"class":75},[69,73757,3713],{"class":79},[69,73759,120],{"class":100},[69,73761,3718],{"class":79},[69,73763,771],{"class":75},[69,73765,55842],{"class":79},[69,73767,289],{"class":100},[69,73769,3727],{"class":292},[69,73771,3730],{"class":100},[69,73773,73774,73776,73778,73780,73782,73784,73786,73788,73791,73793,73795,73797,73799],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,73775,3220],{"class":217},[69,73777,221],{"class":100},[69,73779,8013],{"class":7502},[69,73781,111],{"class":114},[69,73783,8018],{"class":157},[69,73785,3739],{"class":292},[69,73787,8027],{"class":157},[69,73789,73790],{"class":114},": ",[69,73792,8018],{"class":157},[69,73794,20383],{"class":292},[69,73796,8027],{"class":157},[69,73798,111],{"class":114},[69,73800,301],{"class":100},[14,73802,2781],{},[60,73804,73806],{"className":62,"code":73805,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name: Ana\nage: 20\ncity: Lima\n",[21,73807,73808,73816,73824],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,73809,73810,73812,73814],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,73811,115],{"class":79},[69,73813,1174],{"class":100},[69,73815,3774],{"class":79},[69,73817,73818,73820,73822],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,73819,126],{"class":79},[69,73821,1174],{"class":100},[69,73823,40812],{"class":157},[69,73825,73826,73828,73830],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,73827,135],{"class":79},[69,73829,1174],{"class":100},[69,73831,73832],{"class":79}," Lima\n",[14,73834,73835,73836,289],{},"If you want a method-focused explanation, see the ",[579,73837,73838,3141],{"href":3812},[21,73839,55391],{},[55,73841,3819],{"id":3818},[14,73843,73844],{},"Use the loop style that matches your task:",[29,73846,73847,73856,73864],{},[32,73848,322,73849,73852,73853],{},[21,73850,73851],{},"for key in data:"," when you need ",[2498,73854,73855],{},"keys only",[32,73857,322,73858,73852,73861],{},[21,73859,73860],{},"for value in data.values():",[2498,73862,73863],{},"values only",[32,73865,322,73866,73852,73869],{},[21,73867,73868],{},"for key, value in data.items():",[2498,73870,73871],{},"both",[14,73873,29049],{},[60,73875,73877],{"className":62,"code":73876,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"student = {\n    \"name\": \"Ana\",\n    \"age\": 20,\n    \"city\": \"Lima\"\n}\n\n# Keys only\nfor key in student:\n    print(\"Key:\", key)\n\n# Values only\nfor value in student.values():\n    print(\"Value:\", value)\n\n# Keys and values\nfor key, value in student.items():\n    print(key, \"->\", value)\n",[21,73878,73879,73887,73905,73919,73935,73939,73943,73948,73960,73979,73983,73988,74004,74023,74027,74032,74052],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,73880,73881,73883,73885],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,73882,4321],{"class":79},[69,73884,97],{"class":96},[69,73886,3367],{"class":100},[69,73888,73889,73891,73893,73895,73897,73899,73901,73903],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,73890,3372],{"class":110},[69,73892,115],{"class":114},[69,73894,111],{"class":110},[69,73896,1174],{"class":100},[69,73898,123],{"class":110},[69,73900,2553],{"class":114},[69,73902,111],{"class":110},[69,73904,3401],{"class":100},[69,73906,73907,73909,73911,73913,73915,73917],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,73908,3372],{"class":110},[69,73910,126],{"class":114},[69,73912,111],{"class":110},[69,73914,1174],{"class":100},[69,73916,4671],{"class":157},[69,73918,3401],{"class":100},[69,73920,73921,73923,73925,73927,73929,73931,73933],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,73922,3372],{"class":110},[69,73924,135],{"class":114},[69,73926,111],{"class":110},[69,73928,1174],{"class":100},[69,73930,123],{"class":110},[69,73932,53547],{"class":114},[69,73934,1825],{"class":110},[69,73936,73937],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,73938,1260],{"class":100},[69,73940,73941],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,73942,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,73944,73945],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,73946,73947],{"class":2596},"# Keys only\n",[69,73949,73950,73952,73954,73956,73958],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,73951,3710],{"class":75},[69,73953,4878],{"class":79},[69,73955,771],{"class":75},[69,73957,55842],{"class":79},[69,73959,275],{"class":100},[69,73961,73962,73964,73966,73968,73971,73973,73975,73977],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,73963,3220],{"class":217},[69,73965,221],{"class":100},[69,73967,111],{"class":110},[69,73969,73970],{"class":114},"Key:",[69,73972,111],{"class":110},[69,73974,120],{"class":100},[69,73976,3713],{"class":292},[69,73978,301],{"class":100},[69,73980,73981],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,73982,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,73984,73985],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,73986,73987],{"class":2596},"# Values only\n",[69,73989,73990,73992,73994,73996,73998,74000,74002],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,73991,3710],{"class":75},[69,73993,3718],{"class":79},[69,73995,771],{"class":75},[69,73997,55842],{"class":79},[69,73999,289],{"class":100},[69,74001,16093],{"class":292},[69,74003,3730],{"class":100},[69,74005,74006,74008,74010,74012,74015,74017,74019,74021],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,74007,3220],{"class":217},[69,74009,221],{"class":100},[69,74011,111],{"class":110},[69,74013,74014],{"class":114},"Value:",[69,74016,111],{"class":110},[69,74018,120],{"class":100},[69,74020,3753],{"class":292},[69,74022,301],{"class":100},[69,74024,74025],{"class":71,"line":50892},[69,74026,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,74028,74029],{"class":71,"line":50897},[69,74030,74031],{"class":2596},"# Keys and values\n",[69,74033,74034,74036,74038,74040,74042,74044,74046,74048,74050],{"class":71,"line":61799},[69,74035,3710],{"class":75},[69,74037,3713],{"class":79},[69,74039,120],{"class":100},[69,74041,3718],{"class":79},[69,74043,771],{"class":75},[69,74045,55842],{"class":79},[69,74047,289],{"class":100},[69,74049,3727],{"class":292},[69,74051,3730],{"class":100},[69,74053,74054,74056,74058,74060,74062,74064,74066,74068,74070,74072],{"class":71,"line":61817},[69,74055,3220],{"class":217},[69,74057,221],{"class":100},[69,74059,3739],{"class":292},[69,74061,120],{"class":100},[69,74063,123],{"class":110},[69,74065,3746],{"class":114},[69,74067,111],{"class":110},[69,74069,120],{"class":100},[69,74071,3753],{"class":292},[69,74073,301],{"class":100},[55,74075,5117],{"id":5116},[1647,74077,74079],{"id":74078},"_1-trying-to-unpack-a-plain-dictionary-loop-into-key-and-value","1. Trying to unpack a plain dictionary loop into key and value",[14,74081,5135],{},[60,74083,74085],{"className":62,"code":74084,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"student = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 20}\n\nfor key, value in student:\n    print(key, value)\n",[21,74086,74087,74123,74127,74143],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,74088,74089,74091,74093,74095,74097,74099,74101,74103,74105,74107,74109,74111,74113,74115,74117,74119,74121],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,74090,4321],{"class":79},[69,74092,97],{"class":96},[69,74094,1914],{"class":100},[69,74096,111],{"class":110},[69,74098,115],{"class":114},[69,74100,111],{"class":110},[69,74102,1174],{"class":100},[69,74104,123],{"class":110},[69,74106,2553],{"class":114},[69,74108,111],{"class":110},[69,74110,120],{"class":100},[69,74112,123],{"class":110},[69,74114,126],{"class":114},[69,74116,111],{"class":110},[69,74118,1174],{"class":100},[69,74120,4671],{"class":157},[69,74122,1260],{"class":100},[69,74124,74125],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,74126,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,74128,74129,74131,74133,74135,74137,74139,74141],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,74130,3710],{"class":75},[69,74132,3713],{"class":79},[69,74134,120],{"class":100},[69,74136,3718],{"class":79},[69,74138,771],{"class":75},[69,74140,55842],{"class":79},[69,74142,275],{"class":100},[69,74144,74145,74147,74149,74151,74153,74155],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,74146,3220],{"class":217},[69,74148,221],{"class":100},[69,74150,3739],{"class":292},[69,74152,120],{"class":100},[69,74154,3753],{"class":292},[69,74156,301],{"class":100},[14,74158,74159],{},"A plain dictionary loop returns only keys, not key-value pairs.",[14,74161,322,74162,6279],{},[21,74163,3642],{},[60,74165,74167],{"className":62,"code":74166,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for key, value in student.items():\n    print(key, value)\n",[21,74168,74169,74189],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,74170,74171,74173,74175,74177,74179,74181,74183,74185,74187],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,74172,3710],{"class":75},[69,74174,3713],{"class":79},[69,74176,120],{"class":100},[69,74178,3718],{"class":79},[69,74180,771],{"class":75},[69,74182,55842],{"class":79},[69,74184,289],{"class":100},[69,74186,3727],{"class":292},[69,74188,3730],{"class":100},[69,74190,74191,74193,74195,74197,74199,74201],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,74192,3220],{"class":217},[69,74194,221],{"class":100},[69,74196,3739],{"class":292},[69,74198,120],{"class":100},[69,74200,3753],{"class":292},[69,74202,301],{"class":100},[1647,74204,74206,74207,364,74209],{"id":74205},"_2-forgetting-parentheses-in-items-or-values","2. Forgetting parentheses in ",[21,74208,3642],{},[21,74210,16067],{},[14,74212,74213],{},"These are methods, so you must call them with parentheses.",[14,74215,1658],{},[60,74217,74219],{"className":62,"code":74218,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for value in student.values:\n    print(value)\n",[21,74220,74221,74237],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,74222,74223,74225,74227,74229,74231,74233,74235],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,74224,3710],{"class":75},[69,74226,3718],{"class":79},[69,74228,771],{"class":75},[69,74230,55842],{"class":79},[69,74232,289],{"class":100},[69,74234,16093],{"class":2216},[69,74236,275],{"class":100},[69,74238,74239,74241,74243,74245],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,74240,3220],{"class":217},[69,74242,221],{"class":100},[69,74244,20383],{"class":292},[69,74246,301],{"class":100},[14,74248,1726],{},[60,74250,74252],{"className":62,"code":74251,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for value in student.values():\n    print(value)\n",[21,74253,74254,74270],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,74255,74256,74258,74260,74262,74264,74266,74268],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,74257,3710],{"class":75},[69,74259,3718],{"class":79},[69,74261,771],{"class":75},[69,74263,55842],{"class":79},[69,74265,289],{"class":100},[69,74267,16093],{"class":292},[69,74269,3730],{"class":100},[69,74271,74272,74274,74276,74278],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,74273,3220],{"class":217},[69,74275,221],{"class":100},[69,74277,20383],{"class":292},[69,74279,301],{"class":100},[1647,74281,74283],{"id":74282},"_3-changing-dictionary-size-during-the-loop","3. Changing dictionary size during the loop",[14,74285,74286],{},"Be careful about adding or removing keys while looping.",[14,74288,74289],{},"Problem example:",[60,74291,74293],{"className":62,"code":74292,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"student = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 20, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nfor key in student:\n    if key == \"age\":\n        del student[key]\n",[21,74294,74295,74347,74351,74363,74379],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,74296,74297,74299,74301,74303,74305,74307,74309,74311,74313,74315,74317,74319,74321,74323,74325,74327,74329,74331,74333,74335,74337,74339,74341,74343,74345],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,74298,4321],{"class":79},[69,74300,97],{"class":96},[69,74302,1914],{"class":100},[69,74304,111],{"class":110},[69,74306,115],{"class":114},[69,74308,111],{"class":110},[69,74310,1174],{"class":100},[69,74312,123],{"class":110},[69,74314,2553],{"class":114},[69,74316,111],{"class":110},[69,74318,120],{"class":100},[69,74320,123],{"class":110},[69,74322,126],{"class":114},[69,74324,111],{"class":110},[69,74326,1174],{"class":100},[69,74328,4671],{"class":157},[69,74330,120],{"class":100},[69,74332,123],{"class":110},[69,74334,135],{"class":114},[69,74336,111],{"class":110},[69,74338,1174],{"class":100},[69,74340,123],{"class":110},[69,74342,53547],{"class":114},[69,74344,111],{"class":110},[69,74346,1260],{"class":100},[69,74348,74349],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,74350,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,74352,74353,74355,74357,74359,74361],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,74354,3710],{"class":75},[69,74356,4878],{"class":79},[69,74358,771],{"class":75},[69,74360,55842],{"class":79},[69,74362,275],{"class":100},[69,74364,74365,74367,74369,74371,74373,74375,74377],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,74366,19705],{"class":75},[69,74368,4878],{"class":79},[69,74370,17712],{"class":96},[69,74372,123],{"class":110},[69,74374,126],{"class":114},[69,74376,111],{"class":110},[69,74378,275],{"class":100},[69,74380,74381,74384,74386,74388,74390],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,74382,74383],{"class":75},"        del",[69,74385,55842],{"class":79},[69,74387,1345],{"class":100},[69,74389,3739],{"class":79},[69,74391,198],{"class":100},[14,74393,74394],{},"This can raise an error because the dictionary size changes during iteration.",[14,74396,74397],{},"A safer approach is to loop over a copy of the keys:",[60,74399,74401],{"className":62,"code":74400,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"student = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 20, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nfor key in list(student.keys()):\n    if key == \"age\":\n        del student[key]\n\nprint(student)\n",[21,74402,74403,74455,74459,74480,74496,74508,74512],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,74404,74405,74407,74409,74411,74413,74415,74417,74419,74421,74423,74425,74427,74429,74431,74433,74435,74437,74439,74441,74443,74445,74447,74449,74451,74453],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,74406,4321],{"class":79},[69,74408,97],{"class":96},[69,74410,1914],{"class":100},[69,74412,111],{"class":110},[69,74414,115],{"class":114},[69,74416,111],{"class":110},[69,74418,1174],{"class":100},[69,74420,123],{"class":110},[69,74422,2553],{"class":114},[69,74424,111],{"class":110},[69,74426,120],{"class":100},[69,74428,123],{"class":110},[69,74430,126],{"class":114},[69,74432,111],{"class":110},[69,74434,1174],{"class":100},[69,74436,4671],{"class":157},[69,74438,120],{"class":100},[69,74440,123],{"class":110},[69,74442,135],{"class":114},[69,74444,111],{"class":110},[69,74446,1174],{"class":100},[69,74448,123],{"class":110},[69,74450,53547],{"class":114},[69,74452,111],{"class":110},[69,74454,1260],{"class":100},[69,74456,74457],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,74458,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,74460,74461,74463,74465,74467,74469,74471,74473,74475,74477],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,74462,3710],{"class":75},[69,74464,4878],{"class":79},[69,74466,771],{"class":75},[69,74468,22306],{"class":1859},[69,74470,221],{"class":100},[69,74472,4347],{"class":292},[69,74474,289],{"class":100},[69,74476,3920],{"class":292},[69,74478,74479],{"class":100},"()):\n",[69,74481,74482,74484,74486,74488,74490,74492,74494],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,74483,19705],{"class":75},[69,74485,4878],{"class":79},[69,74487,17712],{"class":96},[69,74489,123],{"class":110},[69,74491,126],{"class":114},[69,74493,111],{"class":110},[69,74495,275],{"class":100},[69,74497,74498,74500,74502,74504,74506],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,74499,74383],{"class":75},[69,74501,55842],{"class":79},[69,74503,1345],{"class":100},[69,74505,3739],{"class":79},[69,74507,198],{"class":100},[69,74509,74510],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,74511,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,74513,74514,74516,74518,74520],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,74515,2161],{"class":217},[69,74517,221],{"class":100},[69,74519,4347],{"class":292},[69,74521,301],{"class":100},[14,74523,2781],{},[60,74525,74527],{"className":62,"code":74526,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'name': 'Ana', 'city': 'Lima'}\n",[21,74528,74529],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,74530,74531,74533,74535,74537,74539,74541,74543,74545,74547,74549,74551,74553,74555,74557,74559,74561,74563],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,74532,8018],{"class":100},[69,74534,15283],{"class":110},[69,74536,115],{"class":114},[69,74538,15283],{"class":110},[69,74540,1174],{"class":100},[69,74542,15292],{"class":110},[69,74544,2553],{"class":114},[69,74546,15283],{"class":110},[69,74548,120],{"class":100},[69,74550,15292],{"class":110},[69,74552,135],{"class":114},[69,74554,15283],{"class":110},[69,74556,1174],{"class":100},[69,74558,15292],{"class":110},[69,74560,53547],{"class":114},[69,74562,15283],{"class":110},[69,74564,1260],{"class":100},[55,74566,74568],{"id":74567},"simple-variations","Simple variations",[1647,74570,322,74572,74575],{"id":74571},"use-enumeratedataitems-if-you-also-need-a-counter",[21,74573,74574],{},"enumerate(data.items())"," if you also need a counter",[14,74577,74578,74579,289],{},"If you want the position number as well as the key and value, use ",[21,74580,50392],{},[60,74582,74584],{"className":62,"code":74583,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"student = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 20, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nfor index, (key, value) in enumerate(student.items(), start=1):\n    print(index, key, value)\n",[21,74585,74586,74638,74642,74685],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,74587,74588,74590,74592,74594,74596,74598,74600,74602,74604,74606,74608,74610,74612,74614,74616,74618,74620,74622,74624,74626,74628,74630,74632,74634,74636],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,74589,4321],{"class":79},[69,74591,97],{"class":96},[69,74593,1914],{"class":100},[69,74595,111],{"class":110},[69,74597,115],{"class":114},[69,74599,111],{"class":110},[69,74601,1174],{"class":100},[69,74603,123],{"class":110},[69,74605,2553],{"class":114},[69,74607,111],{"class":110},[69,74609,120],{"class":100},[69,74611,123],{"class":110},[69,74613,126],{"class":114},[69,74615,111],{"class":110},[69,74617,1174],{"class":100},[69,74619,4671],{"class":157},[69,74621,120],{"class":100},[69,74623,123],{"class":110},[69,74625,135],{"class":114},[69,74627,111],{"class":110},[69,74629,1174],{"class":100},[69,74631,123],{"class":110},[69,74633,53547],{"class":114},[69,74635,111],{"class":110},[69,74637,1260],{"class":100},[69,74639,74640],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,74641,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,74643,74644,74646,74649,74651,74653,74655,74657,74659,74661,74663,74665,74667,74669,74671,74673,74676,74679,74681,74683],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,74645,3710],{"class":75},[69,74647,74648],{"class":79}," index",[69,74650,120],{"class":100},[69,74652,11302],{"class":100},[69,74654,3739],{"class":79},[69,74656,120],{"class":100},[69,74658,3753],{"class":79},[69,74660,265],{"class":100},[69,74662,3210],{"class":75},[69,74664,50479],{"class":217},[69,74666,221],{"class":100},[69,74668,4347],{"class":292},[69,74670,289],{"class":100},[69,74672,3727],{"class":292},[69,74674,74675],{"class":100},"(),",[69,74677,74678],{"class":242}," start",[69,74680,97],{"class":96},[69,74682,5940],{"class":157},[69,74684,7526],{"class":100},[69,74686,74687,74689,74691,74693,74695,74697,74699,74701],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,74688,3220],{"class":217},[69,74690,221],{"class":100},[69,74692,17362],{"class":292},[69,74694,120],{"class":100},[69,74696,3713],{"class":292},[69,74698,120],{"class":100},[69,74700,3753],{"class":292},[69,74702,301],{"class":100},[14,74704,2781],{},[60,74706,74708],{"className":62,"code":74707,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"1 name Ana\n2 age 20\n3 city Lima\n",[21,74709,74710,74717,74725],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,74711,74712,74714],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,74713,5940],{"class":157},[69,74715,74716],{"class":79}," name Ana\n",[69,74718,74719,74721,74723],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,74720,19224],{"class":157},[69,74722,27277],{"class":79},[69,74724,73127],{"class":157},[69,74726,74727,74729],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,74728,7162],{"class":157},[69,74730,74731],{"class":79}," city Lima\n",[14,74733,74734,74735,289],{},"If this pattern is new to you, see ",[579,74736,41855,74738,74740],{"href":74737},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-enumerate-in-python\u002F",[21,74739,50392],{}," in Python",[1647,74742,44658,74744,74746],{"id":74743},"use-an-if-statement-inside-the-loop-to-filter-results",[21,74745,3201],{}," statement inside the loop to filter results",[14,74748,74749],{},"You can check conditions inside the loop.",[60,74751,74753],{"className":62,"code":74752,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"student = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 20, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nfor key, value in student.items():\n    if key != \"city\":\n        print(key, value)\n",[21,74754,74755,74807,74811,74831,74848],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,74756,74757,74759,74761,74763,74765,74767,74769,74771,74773,74775,74777,74779,74781,74783,74785,74787,74789,74791,74793,74795,74797,74799,74801,74803,74805],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,74758,4321],{"class":79},[69,74760,97],{"class":96},[69,74762,1914],{"class":100},[69,74764,111],{"class":110},[69,74766,115],{"class":114},[69,74768,111],{"class":110},[69,74770,1174],{"class":100},[69,74772,123],{"class":110},[69,74774,2553],{"class":114},[69,74776,111],{"class":110},[69,74778,120],{"class":100},[69,74780,123],{"class":110},[69,74782,126],{"class":114},[69,74784,111],{"class":110},[69,74786,1174],{"class":100},[69,74788,4671],{"class":157},[69,74790,120],{"class":100},[69,74792,123],{"class":110},[69,74794,135],{"class":114},[69,74796,111],{"class":110},[69,74798,1174],{"class":100},[69,74800,123],{"class":110},[69,74802,53547],{"class":114},[69,74804,111],{"class":110},[69,74806,1260],{"class":100},[69,74808,74809],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,74810,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,74812,74813,74815,74817,74819,74821,74823,74825,74827,74829],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,74814,3710],{"class":75},[69,74816,3713],{"class":79},[69,74818,120],{"class":100},[69,74820,3718],{"class":79},[69,74822,771],{"class":75},[69,74824,55842],{"class":79},[69,74826,289],{"class":100},[69,74828,3727],{"class":292},[69,74830,3730],{"class":100},[69,74832,74833,74835,74837,74840,74842,74844,74846],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,74834,19705],{"class":75},[69,74836,4878],{"class":79},[69,74838,74839],{"class":96},"!=",[69,74841,123],{"class":110},[69,74843,135],{"class":114},[69,74845,111],{"class":110},[69,74847,275],{"class":100},[69,74849,74850,74852,74854,74856,74858,74860],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,74851,7531],{"class":217},[69,74853,221],{"class":100},[69,74855,3739],{"class":292},[69,74857,120],{"class":100},[69,74859,3753],{"class":292},[69,74861,301],{"class":100},[14,74863,2781],{},[60,74865,74867],{"className":62,"code":74866,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name Ana\nage 20\n",[21,74868,74869,74873],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,74870,74871],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,74872,73120],{"class":79},[69,74874,74875,74877],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,74876,1830],{"class":79},[69,74878,73127],{"class":157},[1647,74880,74882],{"id":74881},"loop-through-nested-dictionaries-one-level-at-a-time","Loop through nested dictionaries one level at a time",[14,74884,74885],{},"If a value is another dictionary, loop through it separately.",[60,74887,74889],{"className":62,"code":74888,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"student = {\n    \"name\": \"Ana\",\n    \"grades\": {\n        \"math\": 90,\n        \"science\": 85\n    }\n}\n\nfor key, value in student.items():\n    print(\"Outer:\", key, value)\n\n    if isinstance(value, dict):\n        for inner_key, inner_value in value.items():\n            print(\"  Inner:\", inner_key, inner_value)\n",[21,74890,74891,74899,74917,74930,74945,74959,74963,74967,74971,74991,75014,75018,75036,75059],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,74892,74893,74895,74897],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,74894,4321],{"class":79},[69,74896,97],{"class":96},[69,74898,3367],{"class":100},[69,74900,74901,74903,74905,74907,74909,74911,74913,74915],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,74902,3372],{"class":110},[69,74904,115],{"class":114},[69,74906,111],{"class":110},[69,74908,1174],{"class":100},[69,74910,123],{"class":110},[69,74912,2553],{"class":114},[69,74914,111],{"class":110},[69,74916,3401],{"class":100},[69,74918,74919,74921,74924,74926,74928],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,74920,3372],{"class":110},[69,74922,74923],{"class":114},"grades",[69,74925,111],{"class":110},[69,74927,1174],{"class":100},[69,74929,3367],{"class":100},[69,74931,74932,74934,74936,74938,74940,74943],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,74933,3386],{"class":110},[69,74935,64191],{"class":114},[69,74937,111],{"class":110},[69,74939,1174],{"class":100},[69,74941,74942],{"class":157}," 90",[69,74944,3401],{"class":100},[69,74946,74947,74949,74952,74954,74956],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,74948,3386],{"class":110},[69,74950,74951],{"class":114},"science",[69,74953,111],{"class":110},[69,74955,1174],{"class":100},[69,74957,74958],{"class":157}," 85\n",[69,74960,74961],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,74962,3419],{"class":100},[69,74964,74965],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,74966,1260],{"class":100},[69,74968,74969],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,74970,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,74972,74973,74975,74977,74979,74981,74983,74985,74987,74989],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,74974,3710],{"class":75},[69,74976,3713],{"class":79},[69,74978,120],{"class":100},[69,74980,3718],{"class":79},[69,74982,771],{"class":75},[69,74984,55842],{"class":79},[69,74986,289],{"class":100},[69,74988,3727],{"class":292},[69,74990,3730],{"class":100},[69,74992,74993,74995,74997,74999,75002,75004,75006,75008,75010,75012],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,74994,3220],{"class":217},[69,74996,221],{"class":100},[69,74998,111],{"class":110},[69,75000,75001],{"class":114},"Outer:",[69,75003,111],{"class":110},[69,75005,120],{"class":100},[69,75007,3713],{"class":292},[69,75009,120],{"class":100},[69,75011,3753],{"class":292},[69,75013,301],{"class":100},[69,75015,75016],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,75017,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,75019,75020,75022,75025,75027,75029,75031,75034],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,75021,19705],{"class":75},[69,75023,75024],{"class":217}," isinstance",[69,75026,221],{"class":100},[69,75028,20383],{"class":292},[69,75030,120],{"class":100},[69,75032,75033],{"class":1859}," dict",[69,75035,7526],{"class":100},[69,75037,75038,75041,75044,75046,75049,75051,75053,75055,75057],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,75039,75040],{"class":75},"        for",[69,75042,75043],{"class":79}," inner_key",[69,75045,120],{"class":100},[69,75047,75048],{"class":79}," inner_value ",[69,75050,771],{"class":75},[69,75052,3753],{"class":79},[69,75054,289],{"class":100},[69,75056,3727],{"class":292},[69,75058,3730],{"class":100},[69,75060,75061,75064,75066,75068,75071,75073,75075,75077,75079,75082],{"class":71,"line":50892},[69,75062,75063],{"class":217},"            print",[69,75065,221],{"class":100},[69,75067,111],{"class":110},[69,75069,75070],{"class":114},"  Inner:",[69,75072,111],{"class":110},[69,75074,120],{"class":100},[69,75076,75043],{"class":292},[69,75078,120],{"class":100},[69,75080,75081],{"class":292}," inner_value",[69,75083,301],{"class":100},[14,75085,2781],{},[60,75087,75089],{"className":62,"code":75088,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Outer: name Ana\nOuter: grades {'math': 90, 'science': 85}\n  Inner: math 90\n  Inner: science 85\n",[21,75090,75091,75100,75136,75148],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,75092,75093,75096,75098],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,75094,75095],{"class":79},"Outer",[69,75097,1174],{"class":100},[69,75099,74716],{"class":79},[69,75101,75102,75104,75106,75109,75111,75113,75115,75117,75119,75121,75123,75125,75127,75129,75131,75134],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,75103,75095],{"class":79},[69,75105,1174],{"class":100},[69,75107,75108],{"class":79}," grades ",[69,75110,8018],{"class":100},[69,75112,15283],{"class":110},[69,75114,64191],{"class":114},[69,75116,15283],{"class":110},[69,75118,1174],{"class":100},[69,75120,74942],{"class":157},[69,75122,120],{"class":100},[69,75124,15292],{"class":110},[69,75126,74951],{"class":114},[69,75128,15283],{"class":110},[69,75130,1174],{"class":100},[69,75132,75133],{"class":157}," 85",[69,75135,1260],{"class":100},[69,75137,75138,75141,75143,75145],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,75139,75140],{"class":79},"  Inner",[69,75142,1174],{"class":100},[69,75144,64414],{"class":79},[69,75146,75147],{"class":157},"90\n",[69,75149,75150,75152,75154,75157],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,75151,75140],{"class":79},[69,75153,1174],{"class":100},[69,75155,75156],{"class":79}," science ",[69,75158,75159],{"class":157},"85\n",[55,75161,75163],{"id":75162},"debugging-dictionary-loop-problems","Debugging dictionary loop problems",[14,75165,75166],{},"If your loop is not working as expected, these quick checks can help:",[60,75168,75170],{"className":62,"code":75169,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(data)\nprint(type(data))\nprint(data.keys())\nprint(data.values())\nprint(data.items())\n",[21,75171,75172,75182,75196,75210,75224],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,75173,75174,75176,75178,75180],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,75175,2161],{"class":217},[69,75177,221],{"class":100},[69,75179,3436],{"class":292},[69,75181,301],{"class":100},[69,75183,75184,75186,75188,75190,75192,75194],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,75185,2161],{"class":217},[69,75187,221],{"class":100},[69,75189,2176],{"class":1859},[69,75191,221],{"class":100},[69,75193,3436],{"class":292},[69,75195,2183],{"class":100},[69,75197,75198,75200,75202,75204,75206,75208],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,75199,2161],{"class":217},[69,75201,221],{"class":100},[69,75203,3436],{"class":292},[69,75205,289],{"class":100},[69,75207,3920],{"class":292},[69,75209,3923],{"class":100},[69,75211,75212,75214,75216,75218,75220,75222],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,75213,2161],{"class":217},[69,75215,221],{"class":100},[69,75217,3436],{"class":292},[69,75219,289],{"class":100},[69,75221,16093],{"class":292},[69,75223,3923],{"class":100},[69,75225,75226,75228,75230,75232,75234,75236],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,75227,2161],{"class":217},[69,75229,221],{"class":100},[69,75231,3436],{"class":292},[69,75233,289],{"class":100},[69,75235,3727],{"class":292},[69,75237,3923],{"class":100},[14,75239,75240],{},"These checks help you confirm:",[29,75242,75243,75249,75252,75255],{},[32,75244,75245,75246,75248],{},"that ",[21,75247,3436],{}," is really a dictionary",[32,75250,75251],{},"what keys it contains",[32,75253,75254],{},"what values it contains",[32,75256,75257],{},"what key-value pairs Python sees",[14,75259,75260],{},"Common causes of problems include:",[29,75262,75263,75271,75279,75282],{},[32,75264,31318,75265,10347,75268],{},[21,75266,75267],{},"for key, value in data",[21,75269,75270],{},"data.items()",[32,75272,75273,75274,364,75276,75278],{},"calling ",[21,75275,3727],{},[21,75277,16093],{}," without parentheses",[32,75280,75281],{},"removing or adding keys during iteration",[32,75283,75284],{},"confusing dictionary loops with list loops",[55,75286,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,75288,75290],{"id":75289},"how-do-i-loop-through-both-key-and-value-in-a-dictionary","How do I loop through both key and value in a dictionary?",[14,75292,1081],{},[60,75294,75296],{"className":62,"code":75295,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for key, value in my_dict.items():\n    print(key, value)\n",[21,75297,75298,75318],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,75299,75300,75302,75304,75306,75308,75310,75312,75314,75316],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,75301,3710],{"class":75},[69,75303,3713],{"class":79},[69,75305,120],{"class":100},[69,75307,3718],{"class":79},[69,75309,771],{"class":75},[69,75311,3940],{"class":79},[69,75313,289],{"class":100},[69,75315,3727],{"class":292},[69,75317,3730],{"class":100},[69,75319,75320,75322,75324,75326,75328,75330],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,75321,3220],{"class":217},[69,75323,221],{"class":100},[69,75325,3739],{"class":292},[69,75327,120],{"class":100},[69,75329,3753],{"class":292},[69,75331,301],{"class":100},[1647,75333,75335],{"id":75334},"does-looping-through-a-dictionary-return-keys-or-values","Does looping through a dictionary return keys or values?",[14,75337,75338,75339,289],{},"By default, looping through a dictionary returns ",[2498,75340,3920],{},[60,75342,75344],{"className":62,"code":75343,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for key in my_dict:\n    print(key)\n",[21,75345,75346,75358],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,75347,75348,75350,75352,75354,75356],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,75349,3710],{"class":75},[69,75351,4878],{"class":79},[69,75353,771],{"class":75},[69,75355,3940],{"class":79},[69,75357,275],{"class":100},[69,75359,75360,75362,75364,75366],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,75361,3220],{"class":217},[69,75363,221],{"class":100},[69,75365,3739],{"class":292},[69,75367,301],{"class":100},[1647,75369,75371],{"id":75370},"how-do-i-get-only-dictionary-values-in-a-loop","How do I get only dictionary values in a loop?",[14,75373,1081],{},[60,75375,75376],{"className":62,"code":57788,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,75377,75378,75394],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,75379,75380,75382,75384,75386,75388,75390,75392],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,75381,3710],{"class":75},[69,75383,3718],{"class":79},[69,75385,771],{"class":75},[69,75387,3940],{"class":79},[69,75389,289],{"class":100},[69,75391,16093],{"class":292},[69,75393,3730],{"class":100},[69,75395,75396,75398,75400,75402],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,75397,3220],{"class":217},[69,75399,221],{"class":100},[69,75401,20383],{"class":292},[69,75403,301],{"class":100},[1647,75405,75407],{"id":75406},"can-i-change-a-dictionary-while-looping-through-it","Can I change a dictionary while looping through it?",[14,75409,75410],{},"It is safer not to change its size during the loop. If needed, loop through a copy of the keys first.",[60,75412,75414],{"className":62,"code":75413,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for key in list(my_dict.keys()):\n    # safe place to delete keys if needed\n    pass\n",[21,75415,75416,75436,75441],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,75417,75418,75420,75422,75424,75426,75428,75430,75432,75434],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,75419,3710],{"class":75},[69,75421,4878],{"class":79},[69,75423,771],{"class":75},[69,75425,22306],{"class":1859},[69,75427,221],{"class":100},[69,75429,3905],{"class":292},[69,75431,289],{"class":100},[69,75433,3920],{"class":292},[69,75435,74479],{"class":100},[69,75437,75438],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,75439,75440],{"class":2596},"    # safe place to delete keys if needed\n",[69,75442,75443],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,75444,31883],{"class":75},[55,75446,2414],{"id":2413},[29,75448,75449,75453,75459,75465,75471,75475,75479],{},[32,75450,75451],{},[579,75452,4023],{"href":4022},[32,75454,75455],{},[579,75456,3138,75457,3141],{"href":3812},[21,75458,3815],{},[32,75460,75461],{},[579,75462,3138,75463,3141],{"href":73474},[21,75464,53475],{},[32,75466,75467],{},[579,75468,3138,75469,3141],{"href":73606},[21,75470,55765],{},[32,75472,75473],{},[579,75474,5834],{"href":5667},[32,75476,75477],{},[579,75478,4103],{"href":3344},[32,75480,75481],{},[579,75482,15946],{"href":15945},[2450,75484,75485],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: 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.s99_P{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":75487},[75488,75489,75490,75491,75492,75493,75494,75495,75501,75508,75509,75515],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":73155,"depth":83,"text":73156},{"id":73308,"depth":83,"text":73144},{"id":73479,"depth":83,"text":55759},{"id":73611,"depth":83,"text":73612},{"id":3818,"depth":83,"text":3819},{"id":5116,"depth":83,"text":5117,"children":75496},[75497,75498,75500],{"id":74078,"depth":90,"text":74079},{"id":74205,"depth":90,"text":75499},"2. Forgetting parentheses in .items() or .values()",{"id":74282,"depth":90,"text":74283},{"id":74567,"depth":83,"text":74568,"children":75502},[75503,75505,75507],{"id":74571,"depth":90,"text":75504},"Use enumerate(data.items()) if you also need a counter",{"id":74743,"depth":90,"text":75506},"Use an if statement inside the loop to filter results",{"id":74881,"depth":90,"text":74882},{"id":75162,"depth":83,"text":75163},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":75510},[75511,75512,75513,75514],{"id":75289,"depth":90,"text":75290},{"id":75334,"depth":90,"text":75335},{"id":75370,"depth":90,"text":75371},{"id":75406,"depth":90,"text":75407},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to loop through a dictionary in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-loop-through-a-dictionary-in-python",{"title":72984,"description":75516},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-loop-through-a-dictionary-in-python","YidRuDMcF1Z9mO9T3nW6h_QM9YhpjiN6P38NRZm2bC8",{"id":75523,"title":75524,"body":75525,"description":77791,"extension":2479,"meta":77792,"navigation":86,"path":77793,"seo":77794,"stem":77795,"__hash__":77796},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-loop-through-a-list-in-python.md","How to Loop Through a List in Python",{"type":7,"value":75526,"toc":77749},[75527,75530,75533,75536,75550,75552,75616,75618,75636,75641,75643,75658,75662,75665,75679,75682,75744,75746,75762,75764,75779,75782,75837,75839,75858,75865,75869,75874,75882,75885,75960,75962,75987,75990,76079,76081,76110,76115,76126,76134,76138,76144,76147,76228,76230,76252,76256,76259,76348,76350,76371,76375,76378,76405,76412,76425,76429,76434,76528,76530,76546,76550,76556,76569,76572,76577,76587,76593,76595,76598,76604,76607,76633,76636,76644,76649,76652,76691,76693,76701,76706,76709,76760,76762,76770,76775,76778,76829,76831,76839,76841,76844,76848,76854,76923,76925,76945,76955,76958,77044,77046,77066,77074,77076,77143,77148,77150,77185,77189,77192,77271,77277,77279,77366,77370,77373,77440,77454,77459,77497,77499,77503,77508,77535,77538,77542,77547,77586,77590,77595,77600,77604,77607,77613,77690,77692,77713,77715,77746],[10,75528,75524],{"id":75529},"how-to-loop-through-a-list-in-python",[14,75531,75532],{},"If you want to work with every item in a Python list, you usually use a loop.",[14,75534,75535],{},"This page shows the main ways to loop through a list in Python:",[29,75537,75538,75541,75544,75547],{},[32,75539,75540],{},"Read each item one by one",[32,75542,75543],{},"Print or use each value",[32,75545,75546],{},"Get both the index and the value",[32,75548,75549],{},"Choose the simplest loop for your task",[55,75551,58],{"id":57},[60,75553,75555],{"className":62,"code":75554,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\"]\n\nfor item in items:\n    print(item)\n",[21,75556,75557,75590,75594,75606],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,75558,75559,75561,75563,75565,75567,75569,75571,75573,75575,75577,75579,75581,75583,75586,75588],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,75560,6605],{"class":79},[69,75562,97],{"class":96},[69,75564,636],{"class":100},[69,75566,111],{"class":110},[69,75568,6037],{"class":114},[69,75570,111],{"class":110},[69,75572,120],{"class":100},[69,75574,123],{"class":110},[69,75576,6046],{"class":114},[69,75578,111],{"class":110},[69,75580,120],{"class":100},[69,75582,123],{"class":110},[69,75584,75585],{"class":114},"cherry",[69,75587,111],{"class":110},[69,75589,198],{"class":100},[69,75591,75592],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,75593,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,75595,75596,75598,75600,75602,75604],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,75597,3710],{"class":75},[69,75599,19694],{"class":79},[69,75601,771],{"class":75},[69,75603,18409],{"class":79},[69,75605,275],{"class":100},[69,75607,75608,75610,75612,75614],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,75609,3220],{"class":217},[69,75611,221],{"class":100},[69,75613,20427],{"class":292},[69,75615,301],{"class":100},[14,75617,2781],{},[60,75619,75621],{"className":62,"code":75620,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"apple\nbanana\ncherry\n",[21,75622,75623,75627,75631],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,75624,75625],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,75626,56563],{"class":79},[69,75628,75629],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,75630,56568],{"class":79},[69,75632,75633],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,75634,75635],{"class":79},"cherry\n",[14,75637,9549,75638,75640],{},[21,75639,3710],{}," loop when you want to process each item in a list one by one.",[55,75642,2666],{"id":2665},[29,75644,75645,75648,75650,75655],{},[32,75646,75647],{},"Loop through every item in a list",[32,75649,75543],{},[32,75651,75652,75653],{},"Get the item position with ",[21,75654,50392],{},[32,75656,75657],{},"Choose the simplest loop for the task",[55,75659,75661],{"id":75660},"loop-through-a-list-with-a-for-loop","Loop through a list with a for loop",[14,75663,75664],{},"This is the most common and beginner-friendly way.",[14,75666,75667,75668,75671,75672,75675,75676,75678],{},"When you write ",[21,75669,75670],{},"for item in items",", Python gives you one list item at a time.",[75673,75674],"br",{},"\nThe variable ",[21,75677,20427],{}," holds the current value in each loop.",[14,75680,75681],{},"Use this when you only need each value.",[60,75683,75684],{"className":62,"code":75554,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,75685,75686,75718,75722,75734],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,75687,75688,75690,75692,75694,75696,75698,75700,75702,75704,75706,75708,75710,75712,75714,75716],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,75689,6605],{"class":79},[69,75691,97],{"class":96},[69,75693,636],{"class":100},[69,75695,111],{"class":110},[69,75697,6037],{"class":114},[69,75699,111],{"class":110},[69,75701,120],{"class":100},[69,75703,123],{"class":110},[69,75705,6046],{"class":114},[69,75707,111],{"class":110},[69,75709,120],{"class":100},[69,75711,123],{"class":110},[69,75713,75585],{"class":114},[69,75715,111],{"class":110},[69,75717,198],{"class":100},[69,75719,75720],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,75721,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,75723,75724,75726,75728,75730,75732],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,75725,3710],{"class":75},[69,75727,19694],{"class":79},[69,75729,771],{"class":75},[69,75731,18409],{"class":79},[69,75733,275],{"class":100},[69,75735,75736,75738,75740,75742],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,75737,3220],{"class":217},[69,75739,221],{"class":100},[69,75741,20427],{"class":292},[69,75743,301],{"class":100},[14,75745,2781],{},[60,75747,75748],{"className":62,"code":75620,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,75749,75750,75754,75758],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,75751,75752],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,75753,56563],{"class":79},[69,75755,75756],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,75757,56568],{"class":79},[69,75759,75760],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,75761,75635],{"class":79},[1647,75763,6459],{"id":6458},[29,75765,75766,75771,75776],{},[32,75767,75768,75770],{},[21,75769,3727],{}," is the list",[32,75772,75773,75775],{},[21,75774,20427],{}," is a temporary variable",[32,75777,75778],{},"The loop runs once for each value in the list",[14,75780,75781],{},"You can also do other work inside the loop:",[60,75783,75785],{"className":62,"code":75784,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"prices = [10, 20, 30]\n\nfor price in prices:\n    print(price * 2)\n",[21,75786,75787,75807,75811,75823],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,75788,75789,75791,75793,75795,75797,75799,75801,75803,75805],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,75790,56231],{"class":79},[69,75792,97],{"class":96},[69,75794,636],{"class":100},[69,75796,18507],{"class":157},[69,75798,120],{"class":100},[69,75800,4671],{"class":157},[69,75802,120],{"class":100},[69,75804,158],{"class":157},[69,75806,198],{"class":100},[69,75808,75809],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,75810,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,75812,75813,75815,75817,75819,75821],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,75814,3710],{"class":75},[69,75816,41049],{"class":79},[69,75818,771],{"class":75},[69,75820,56286],{"class":79},[69,75822,275],{"class":100},[69,75824,75825,75827,75829,75831,75833,75835],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,75826,3220],{"class":217},[69,75828,221],{"class":100},[69,75830,27911],{"class":292},[69,75832,8392],{"class":96},[69,75834,5762],{"class":157},[69,75836,301],{"class":100},[14,75838,2781],{},[60,75840,75842],{"className":62,"code":75841,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"20\n40\n60\n",[21,75843,75844,75848,75853],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,75845,75846],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,75847,73127],{"class":157},[69,75849,75850],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,75851,75852],{"class":157},"40\n",[69,75854,75855],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,75856,75857],{"class":157},"60\n",[14,75859,75860,75861,289],{},"If you are new to loops, see ",[579,75862,75864],{"href":75863},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-for-loops-explained","Python for loops explained",[55,75866,75868],{"id":75867},"get-both-index-and-value-with-enumerate","Get both index and value with enumerate()",[14,75870,322,75871,75873],{},[21,75872,50392],{}," when you need both:",[29,75875,75876,75879],{},[32,75877,75878],{},"the position of the item",[32,75880,75881],{},"the item itself",[14,75883,75884],{},"This is better than creating your own counter in most cases.",[60,75886,75888],{"className":62,"code":75887,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\"]\n\nfor index, item in enumerate(items):\n    print(index, item)\n",[21,75889,75890,75922,75926,75946],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,75891,75892,75894,75896,75898,75900,75902,75904,75906,75908,75910,75912,75914,75916,75918,75920],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,75893,6605],{"class":79},[69,75895,97],{"class":96},[69,75897,636],{"class":100},[69,75899,111],{"class":110},[69,75901,6037],{"class":114},[69,75903,111],{"class":110},[69,75905,120],{"class":100},[69,75907,123],{"class":110},[69,75909,6046],{"class":114},[69,75911,111],{"class":110},[69,75913,120],{"class":100},[69,75915,123],{"class":110},[69,75917,75585],{"class":114},[69,75919,111],{"class":110},[69,75921,198],{"class":100},[69,75923,75924],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,75925,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,75927,75928,75930,75932,75934,75936,75938,75940,75942,75944],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,75929,3710],{"class":75},[69,75931,74648],{"class":79},[69,75933,120],{"class":100},[69,75935,19694],{"class":79},[69,75937,771],{"class":75},[69,75939,50479],{"class":217},[69,75941,221],{"class":100},[69,75943,3727],{"class":292},[69,75945,7526],{"class":100},[69,75947,75948,75950,75952,75954,75956,75958],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,75949,3220],{"class":217},[69,75951,221],{"class":100},[69,75953,17362],{"class":292},[69,75955,120],{"class":100},[69,75957,19716],{"class":292},[69,75959,301],{"class":100},[14,75961,2781],{},[60,75963,75965],{"className":62,"code":75964,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"0 apple\n1 banana\n2 cherry\n",[21,75966,75967,75974,75980],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,75968,75969,75971],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,75970,2200],{"class":157},[69,75972,75973],{"class":79}," apple\n",[69,75975,75976,75978],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,75977,5940],{"class":157},[69,75979,52460],{"class":79},[69,75981,75982,75984],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,75983,19224],{"class":157},[69,75985,75986],{"class":79}," cherry\n",[14,75988,75989],{},"This is useful for numbered output:",[60,75991,75993],{"className":62,"code":75992,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\"]\n\nfor index, item in enumerate(items):\n    print(f\"{index}: {item}\")\n",[21,75994,75995,76027,76031,76051],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,75996,75997,75999,76001,76003,76005,76007,76009,76011,76013,76015,76017,76019,76021,76023,76025],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,75998,6605],{"class":79},[69,76000,97],{"class":96},[69,76002,636],{"class":100},[69,76004,111],{"class":110},[69,76006,6037],{"class":114},[69,76008,111],{"class":110},[69,76010,120],{"class":100},[69,76012,123],{"class":110},[69,76014,6046],{"class":114},[69,76016,111],{"class":110},[69,76018,120],{"class":100},[69,76020,123],{"class":110},[69,76022,75585],{"class":114},[69,76024,111],{"class":110},[69,76026,198],{"class":100},[69,76028,76029],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,76030,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,76032,76033,76035,76037,76039,76041,76043,76045,76047,76049],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,76034,3710],{"class":75},[69,76036,74648],{"class":79},[69,76038,120],{"class":100},[69,76040,19694],{"class":79},[69,76042,771],{"class":75},[69,76044,50479],{"class":217},[69,76046,221],{"class":100},[69,76048,3727],{"class":292},[69,76050,7526],{"class":100},[69,76052,76053,76055,76057,76059,76061,76063,76065,76067,76069,76071,76073,76075,76077],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,76054,3220],{"class":217},[69,76056,221],{"class":100},[69,76058,8013],{"class":7502},[69,76060,111],{"class":114},[69,76062,8018],{"class":157},[69,76064,17362],{"class":292},[69,76066,8027],{"class":157},[69,76068,73790],{"class":114},[69,76070,8018],{"class":157},[69,76072,20427],{"class":292},[69,76074,8027],{"class":157},[69,76076,111],{"class":114},[69,76078,301],{"class":100},[14,76080,2781],{},[60,76082,76084],{"className":62,"code":76083,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"0: apple\n1: banana\n2: cherry\n",[21,76085,76086,76094,76102],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,76087,76088,76090,76092],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,76089,2200],{"class":157},[69,76091,1174],{"class":100},[69,76093,75973],{"class":79},[69,76095,76096,76098,76100],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,76097,5940],{"class":157},[69,76099,1174],{"class":100},[69,76101,52460],{"class":79},[69,76103,76104,76106,76108],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,76105,19224],{"class":157},[69,76107,1174],{"class":100},[69,76109,75986],{"class":79},[1647,76111,30468,76113,54360],{"id":76112},"why-enumerate-is-useful",[21,76114,50392],{},[29,76116,76117,76120,76123],{},[32,76118,76119],{},"It keeps your code shorter",[32,76121,76122],{},"It avoids manual counters",[32,76124,76125],{},"It makes it clear that you need both index and value",[14,76127,76128,76129,289],{},"If you want to learn more, read ",[579,76130,14649,76132,12755],{"href":76131},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-enumerate-function-explained",[21,76133,50392],{},[55,76135,76137],{"id":76136},"loop-through-a-list-with-range-and-indexes","Loop through a list with range() and indexes",[14,76139,322,76140,76143],{},[21,76141,76142],{},"range(len(my_list))"," when you need to work with positions directly.",[14,76145,76146],{},"This style is useful when you want to update list items by index.",[60,76148,76150],{"className":62,"code":76149,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\"]\n\nfor index in range(len(items)):\n    print(index, items[index])\n",[21,76151,76152,76184,76188,76210],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,76153,76154,76156,76158,76160,76162,76164,76166,76168,76170,76172,76174,76176,76178,76180,76182],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,76155,6605],{"class":79},[69,76157,97],{"class":96},[69,76159,636],{"class":100},[69,76161,111],{"class":110},[69,76163,6037],{"class":114},[69,76165,111],{"class":110},[69,76167,120],{"class":100},[69,76169,123],{"class":110},[69,76171,6046],{"class":114},[69,76173,111],{"class":110},[69,76175,120],{"class":100},[69,76177,123],{"class":110},[69,76179,75585],{"class":114},[69,76181,111],{"class":110},[69,76183,198],{"class":100},[69,76185,76186],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,76187,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,76189,76190,76192,76195,76197,76199,76201,76203,76205,76207],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,76191,3710],{"class":75},[69,76193,76194],{"class":79}," index ",[69,76196,771],{"class":75},[69,76198,45671],{"class":217},[69,76200,221],{"class":100},[69,76202,7286],{"class":217},[69,76204,221],{"class":100},[69,76206,3727],{"class":292},[69,76208,76209],{"class":100},")):\n",[69,76211,76212,76214,76216,76218,76220,76222,76224,76226],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,76213,3220],{"class":217},[69,76215,221],{"class":100},[69,76217,17362],{"class":292},[69,76219,120],{"class":100},[69,76221,18409],{"class":292},[69,76223,1345],{"class":100},[69,76225,17362],{"class":292},[69,76227,494],{"class":100},[14,76229,2781],{},[60,76231,76232],{"className":62,"code":75964,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,76233,76234,76240,76246],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,76235,76236,76238],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,76237,2200],{"class":157},[69,76239,75973],{"class":79},[69,76241,76242,76244],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,76243,5940],{"class":157},[69,76245,52460],{"class":79},[69,76247,76248,76250],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,76249,19224],{"class":157},[69,76251,75986],{"class":79},[1647,76253,76255],{"id":76254},"when-this-approach-helps","When this approach helps",[14,76257,76258],{},"This pattern is common when changing values in the original list:",[60,76260,76262],{"className":62,"code":76261,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\n\nfor index in range(len(numbers)):\n    numbers[index] = numbers[index] * 10\n\nprint(numbers)\n",[21,76263,76264,76284,76288,76308,76334,76338],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,76265,76266,76268,76270,76272,76274,76276,76278,76280,76282],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,76267,5933],{"class":79},[69,76269,97],{"class":96},[69,76271,636],{"class":100},[69,76273,5940],{"class":157},[69,76275,120],{"class":100},[69,76277,5762],{"class":157},[69,76279,120],{"class":100},[69,76281,5949],{"class":157},[69,76283,198],{"class":100},[69,76285,76286],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,76287,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,76289,76290,76292,76294,76296,76298,76300,76302,76304,76306],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,76291,3710],{"class":75},[69,76293,76194],{"class":79},[69,76295,771],{"class":75},[69,76297,45671],{"class":217},[69,76299,221],{"class":100},[69,76301,7286],{"class":217},[69,76303,221],{"class":100},[69,76305,5956],{"class":292},[69,76307,76209],{"class":100},[69,76309,76310,76313,76315,76317,76319,76321,76323,76325,76327,76329,76332],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,76311,76312],{"class":79},"    numbers",[69,76314,1345],{"class":100},[69,76316,17362],{"class":79},[69,76318,4229],{"class":100},[69,76320,4232],{"class":96},[69,76322,18540],{"class":79},[69,76324,1345],{"class":100},[69,76326,17362],{"class":79},[69,76328,4229],{"class":100},[69,76330,76331],{"class":96}," *",[69,76333,28664],{"class":157},[69,76335,76336],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,76337,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,76339,76340,76342,76344,76346],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,76341,2161],{"class":217},[69,76343,221],{"class":100},[69,76345,5956],{"class":292},[69,76347,301],{"class":100},[14,76349,2781],{},[60,76351,76353],{"className":62,"code":76352,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[10, 20, 30]\n",[21,76354,76355],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,76356,76357,76359,76361,76363,76365,76367,76369],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,76358,1345],{"class":100},[69,76360,18507],{"class":157},[69,76362,120],{"class":100},[69,76364,4671],{"class":157},[69,76366,120],{"class":100},[69,76368,158],{"class":157},[69,76370,198],{"class":100},[1647,76372,76374],{"id":76373},"why-not-use-it-for-everything","Why not use it for everything?",[14,76376,76377],{},"For simple reading, this is less readable than:",[60,76379,76381],{"className":62,"code":76380,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for item in items:\n    print(item)\n",[21,76382,76383,76395],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,76384,76385,76387,76389,76391,76393],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,76386,3710],{"class":75},[69,76388,19694],{"class":79},[69,76390,771],{"class":75},[69,76392,18409],{"class":79},[69,76394,275],{"class":100},[69,76396,76397,76399,76401,76403],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,76398,3220],{"class":217},[69,76400,221],{"class":100},[69,76402,20427],{"class":292},[69,76404,301],{"class":100},[14,76406,76407,76408,76411],{},"So use ",[21,76409,76410],{},"range(len(...))"," only when you really need index access.",[14,76413,76414,76415,50,76421,289],{},"If needed, you can also read ",[579,76416,14649,76418,12755],{"href":76417},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-range-function-explained",[21,76419,76420],{},"range()",[579,76422,76424],{"href":76423},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-get-the-length-of-a-list-in-python\u002F","how to get the length of a list in Python",[55,76426,76428],{"id":76427},"loop-through-a-list-with-a-while-loop","Loop through a list with a while loop",[14,76430,36773,76431,76433],{},[21,76432,28908],{}," loop gives you more control, but you must manage the index yourself.",[60,76435,76437],{"className":62,"code":76436,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\"]\n\nindex = 0\n\nwhile index \u003C len(items):\n    print(items[index])\n    index += 1\n",[21,76438,76439,76471,76475,76484,76488,76504,76518],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,76440,76441,76443,76445,76447,76449,76451,76453,76455,76457,76459,76461,76463,76465,76467,76469],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,76442,6605],{"class":79},[69,76444,97],{"class":96},[69,76446,636],{"class":100},[69,76448,111],{"class":110},[69,76450,6037],{"class":114},[69,76452,111],{"class":110},[69,76454,120],{"class":100},[69,76456,123],{"class":110},[69,76458,6046],{"class":114},[69,76460,111],{"class":110},[69,76462,120],{"class":100},[69,76464,123],{"class":110},[69,76466,75585],{"class":114},[69,76468,111],{"class":110},[69,76470,198],{"class":100},[69,76472,76473],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,76474,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,76476,76477,76480,76482],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,76478,76479],{"class":79},"index ",[69,76481,97],{"class":96},[69,76483,15253],{"class":157},[69,76485,76486],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,76487,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,76489,76490,76492,76494,76496,76498,76500,76502],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,76491,28908],{"class":75},[69,76493,76194],{"class":79},[69,76495,21097],{"class":96},[69,76497,45278],{"class":217},[69,76499,221],{"class":100},[69,76501,3727],{"class":292},[69,76503,7526],{"class":100},[69,76505,76506,76508,76510,76512,76514,76516],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,76507,3220],{"class":217},[69,76509,221],{"class":100},[69,76511,3727],{"class":292},[69,76513,1345],{"class":100},[69,76515,17362],{"class":292},[69,76517,494],{"class":100},[69,76519,76520,76523,76526],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,76521,76522],{"class":79},"    index ",[69,76524,76525],{"class":96},"+=",[69,76527,41517],{"class":157},[14,76529,2781],{},[60,76531,76532],{"className":62,"code":75620,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,76533,76534,76538,76542],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,76535,76536],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,76537,56563],{"class":79},[69,76539,76540],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,76541,56568],{"class":79},[69,76543,76544],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,76545,75635],{"class":79},[1647,76547,76549],{"id":76548},"important","Important",[14,76551,76552,76553,76555],{},"In a ",[21,76554,28908],{}," loop, you must increase the index yourself:",[60,76557,76559],{"className":62,"code":76558,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"index += 1\n",[21,76560,76561],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,76562,76563,76565,76567],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,76564,76479],{"class":79},[69,76566,76525],{"class":96},[69,76568,41517],{"class":157},[14,76570,76571],{},"If you forget this, the loop may never end.",[14,76573,9549,76574,76576],{},[21,76575,28908],{}," loop only when you need extra control over:",[29,76578,76579,76581,76584],{},[32,76580,50571],{},[32,76582,76583],{},"the stopping condition",[32,76585,76586],{},"more complex loop logic",[14,76588,76589,76590,76592],{},"For most list loops, a ",[21,76591,3710],{}," loop is simpler and safer.",[55,76594,3819],{"id":3818},[14,76596,76597],{},"Choose the loop style based on what you need:",[1647,76599,322,76601],{"id":76600},"use-for-item-in-my_list",[21,76602,76603],{},"for item in my_list",[14,76605,76606],{},"Use this for most tasks.",[60,76608,76609],{"className":62,"code":76380,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,76610,76611,76623],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,76612,76613,76615,76617,76619,76621],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,76614,3710],{"class":75},[69,76616,19694],{"class":79},[69,76618,771],{"class":75},[69,76620,18409],{"class":79},[69,76622,275],{"class":100},[69,76624,76625,76627,76629,76631],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,76626,3220],{"class":217},[69,76628,221],{"class":100},[69,76630,20427],{"class":292},[69,76632,301],{"class":100},[14,76634,76635],{},"Best when:",[29,76637,76638,76641],{},[32,76639,76640],{},"You only need each value",[32,76642,76643],{},"You want the clearest code",[1647,76645,322,76647],{"id":76646},"use-enumerate",[21,76648,50392],{},[14,76650,76651],{},"Use this when you need both index and value.",[60,76653,76655],{"className":62,"code":76654,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for index, item in enumerate(items):\n    print(index, item)\n",[21,76656,76657,76677],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,76658,76659,76661,76663,76665,76667,76669,76671,76673,76675],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,76660,3710],{"class":75},[69,76662,74648],{"class":79},[69,76664,120],{"class":100},[69,76666,19694],{"class":79},[69,76668,771],{"class":75},[69,76670,50479],{"class":217},[69,76672,221],{"class":100},[69,76674,3727],{"class":292},[69,76676,7526],{"class":100},[69,76678,76679,76681,76683,76685,76687,76689],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,76680,3220],{"class":217},[69,76682,221],{"class":100},[69,76684,17362],{"class":292},[69,76686,120],{"class":100},[69,76688,19716],{"class":292},[69,76690,301],{"class":100},[14,76692,76635],{},[29,76694,76695,76698],{},[32,76696,76697],{},"You want the position and the value",[32,76699,76700],{},"You need numbered output",[1647,76702,322,76704],{"id":76703},"use-rangelenmy_list",[21,76705,76142],{},[14,76707,76708],{},"Use this when you need to work with positions directly.",[60,76710,76712],{"className":62,"code":76711,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for index in range(len(items)):\n    items[index] = items[index].upper()\n",[21,76713,76714,76734],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,76715,76716,76718,76720,76722,76724,76726,76728,76730,76732],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,76717,3710],{"class":75},[69,76719,76194],{"class":79},[69,76721,771],{"class":75},[69,76723,45671],{"class":217},[69,76725,221],{"class":100},[69,76727,7286],{"class":217},[69,76729,221],{"class":100},[69,76731,3727],{"class":292},[69,76733,76209],{"class":100},[69,76735,76736,76739,76741,76743,76745,76747,76749,76751,76753,76755,76758],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,76737,76738],{"class":79},"    items",[69,76740,1345],{"class":100},[69,76742,17362],{"class":79},[69,76744,4229],{"class":100},[69,76746,4232],{"class":96},[69,76748,18409],{"class":79},[69,76750,1345],{"class":100},[69,76752,17362],{"class":79},[69,76754,30798],{"class":100},[69,76756,76757],{"class":292},"upper",[69,76759,1385],{"class":100},[14,76761,76635],{},[29,76763,76764,76767],{},[32,76765,76766],{},"You need to change items by index",[32,76768,76769],{},"You need direct index access",[1647,76771,322,76773],{"id":76772},"use-while",[21,76774,28908],{},[14,76776,76777],{},"Use this only when the logic needs manual control.",[60,76779,76781],{"className":62,"code":76780,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"index = 0\nwhile index \u003C len(items):\n    print(items[index])\n    index += 1\n",[21,76782,76783,76791,76807,76821],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,76784,76785,76787,76789],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,76786,76479],{"class":79},[69,76788,97],{"class":96},[69,76790,15253],{"class":157},[69,76792,76793,76795,76797,76799,76801,76803,76805],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,76794,28908],{"class":75},[69,76796,76194],{"class":79},[69,76798,21097],{"class":96},[69,76800,45278],{"class":217},[69,76802,221],{"class":100},[69,76804,3727],{"class":292},[69,76806,7526],{"class":100},[69,76808,76809,76811,76813,76815,76817,76819],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,76810,3220],{"class":217},[69,76812,221],{"class":100},[69,76814,3727],{"class":292},[69,76816,1345],{"class":100},[69,76818,17362],{"class":292},[69,76820,494],{"class":100},[69,76822,76823,76825,76827],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,76824,76522],{"class":79},[69,76826,76525],{"class":96},[69,76828,41517],{"class":157},[14,76830,76635],{},[29,76832,76833,76836],{},[32,76834,76835],{},"You need custom stopping logic",[32,76837,76838],{},"You need full control over the index",[55,76840,3868],{"id":3867},[14,76842,76843],{},"Here are some common beginner mistakes when looping through lists.",[1647,76845,76847],{"id":76846},"changing-the-loop-variable-does-not-change-the-original-list-item","Changing the loop variable does not change the original list item",[14,76849,76850,76851,76853],{},"This code does ",[2498,76852,3315],{}," update the list:",[60,76855,76857],{"className":62,"code":76856,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\n\nfor num in numbers:\n    num = num * 10\n\nprint(numbers)\n",[21,76858,76859,76879,76883,76896,76909,76913],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,76860,76861,76863,76865,76867,76869,76871,76873,76875,76877],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,76862,5933],{"class":79},[69,76864,97],{"class":96},[69,76866,636],{"class":100},[69,76868,5940],{"class":157},[69,76870,120],{"class":100},[69,76872,5762],{"class":157},[69,76874,120],{"class":100},[69,76876,5949],{"class":157},[69,76878,198],{"class":100},[69,76880,76881],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,76882,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,76884,76885,76887,76890,76892,76894],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,76886,3710],{"class":75},[69,76888,76889],{"class":79}," num ",[69,76891,771],{"class":75},[69,76893,18540],{"class":79},[69,76895,275],{"class":100},[69,76897,76898,76901,76903,76905,76907],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,76899,76900],{"class":79},"    num ",[69,76902,97],{"class":96},[69,76904,76889],{"class":79},[69,76906,8392],{"class":96},[69,76908,28664],{"class":157},[69,76910,76911],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,76912,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,76914,76915,76917,76919,76921],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,76916,2161],{"class":217},[69,76918,221],{"class":100},[69,76920,5956],{"class":292},[69,76922,301],{"class":100},[14,76924,2781],{},[60,76926,76927],{"className":62,"code":48947,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,76928,76929],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,76930,76931,76933,76935,76937,76939,76941,76943],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,76932,1345],{"class":100},[69,76934,5940],{"class":157},[69,76936,120],{"class":100},[69,76938,5762],{"class":157},[69,76940,120],{"class":100},[69,76942,5949],{"class":157},[69,76944,198],{"class":100},[14,76946,76947,76948,76951,76952,76954],{},"The variable ",[21,76949,76950],{},"num"," only holds a value for the current loop.",[75673,76953],{},"\nIt does not replace the item inside the list.",[14,76956,76957],{},"To change the real list items, use indexes:",[60,76959,76960],{"className":62,"code":76261,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,76961,76962,76982,76986,77006,77030,77034],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,76963,76964,76966,76968,76970,76972,76974,76976,76978,76980],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,76965,5933],{"class":79},[69,76967,97],{"class":96},[69,76969,636],{"class":100},[69,76971,5940],{"class":157},[69,76973,120],{"class":100},[69,76975,5762],{"class":157},[69,76977,120],{"class":100},[69,76979,5949],{"class":157},[69,76981,198],{"class":100},[69,76983,76984],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,76985,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,76987,76988,76990,76992,76994,76996,76998,77000,77002,77004],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,76989,3710],{"class":75},[69,76991,76194],{"class":79},[69,76993,771],{"class":75},[69,76995,45671],{"class":217},[69,76997,221],{"class":100},[69,76999,7286],{"class":217},[69,77001,221],{"class":100},[69,77003,5956],{"class":292},[69,77005,76209],{"class":100},[69,77007,77008,77010,77012,77014,77016,77018,77020,77022,77024,77026,77028],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,77009,76312],{"class":79},[69,77011,1345],{"class":100},[69,77013,17362],{"class":79},[69,77015,4229],{"class":100},[69,77017,4232],{"class":96},[69,77019,18540],{"class":79},[69,77021,1345],{"class":100},[69,77023,17362],{"class":79},[69,77025,4229],{"class":100},[69,77027,76331],{"class":96},[69,77029,28664],{"class":157},[69,77031,77032],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,77033,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,77035,77036,77038,77040,77042],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,77037,2161],{"class":217},[69,77039,221],{"class":100},[69,77041,5956],{"class":292},[69,77043,301],{"class":100},[14,77045,2781],{},[60,77047,77048],{"className":62,"code":76352,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,77049,77050],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,77051,77052,77054,77056,77058,77060,77062,77064],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,77053,1345],{"class":100},[69,77055,18507],{"class":157},[69,77057,120],{"class":100},[69,77059,4671],{"class":157},[69,77061,120],{"class":100},[69,77063,158],{"class":157},[69,77065,198],{"class":100},[1647,77067,1628,77069,10347,77072],{"id":77068},"using-rangemy_list-instead-of-rangelenmy_list",[21,77070,77071],{},"range(my_list)",[21,77073,76142],{},[14,77075,5135],{},[60,77077,77079],{"className":62,"code":77078,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\"]\n\nfor index in range(items):\n    print(index)\n",[21,77080,77081,77113,77117,77133],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,77082,77083,77085,77087,77089,77091,77093,77095,77097,77099,77101,77103,77105,77107,77109,77111],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,77084,6605],{"class":79},[69,77086,97],{"class":96},[69,77088,636],{"class":100},[69,77090,111],{"class":110},[69,77092,6037],{"class":114},[69,77094,111],{"class":110},[69,77096,120],{"class":100},[69,77098,123],{"class":110},[69,77100,6046],{"class":114},[69,77102,111],{"class":110},[69,77104,120],{"class":100},[69,77106,123],{"class":110},[69,77108,75585],{"class":114},[69,77110,111],{"class":110},[69,77112,198],{"class":100},[69,77114,77115],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,77116,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,77118,77119,77121,77123,77125,77127,77129,77131],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,77120,3710],{"class":75},[69,77122,76194],{"class":79},[69,77124,771],{"class":75},[69,77126,45671],{"class":217},[69,77128,221],{"class":100},[69,77130,3727],{"class":292},[69,77132,7526],{"class":100},[69,77134,77135,77137,77139,77141],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,77136,3220],{"class":217},[69,77138,221],{"class":100},[69,77140,17362],{"class":292},[69,77142,301],{"class":100},[14,77144,77145,77147],{},[21,77146,76420],{}," needs a number, not a list.",[14,77149,58595],{},[60,77151,77153],{"className":62,"code":77152,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for index in range(len(items)):\n    print(index)\n",[21,77154,77155,77175],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,77156,77157,77159,77161,77163,77165,77167,77169,77171,77173],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,77158,3710],{"class":75},[69,77160,76194],{"class":79},[69,77162,771],{"class":75},[69,77164,45671],{"class":217},[69,77166,221],{"class":100},[69,77168,7286],{"class":217},[69,77170,221],{"class":100},[69,77172,3727],{"class":292},[69,77174,76209],{"class":100},[69,77176,77177,77179,77181,77183],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,77178,3220],{"class":217},[69,77180,221],{"class":100},[69,77182,17362],{"class":292},[69,77184,301],{"class":100},[1647,77186,77188],{"id":77187},"forgetting-to-increase-the-index-in-a-while-loop","Forgetting to increase the index in a while loop",[14,77190,77191],{},"This causes a problem:",[60,77193,77195],{"className":62,"code":77194,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\"]\nindex = 0\n\nwhile index \u003C len(items):\n    print(items[index])\n",[21,77196,77197,77229,77237,77241,77257],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,77198,77199,77201,77203,77205,77207,77209,77211,77213,77215,77217,77219,77221,77223,77225,77227],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,77200,6605],{"class":79},[69,77202,97],{"class":96},[69,77204,636],{"class":100},[69,77206,111],{"class":110},[69,77208,6037],{"class":114},[69,77210,111],{"class":110},[69,77212,120],{"class":100},[69,77214,123],{"class":110},[69,77216,6046],{"class":114},[69,77218,111],{"class":110},[69,77220,120],{"class":100},[69,77222,123],{"class":110},[69,77224,75585],{"class":114},[69,77226,111],{"class":110},[69,77228,198],{"class":100},[69,77230,77231,77233,77235],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,77232,76479],{"class":79},[69,77234,97],{"class":96},[69,77236,15253],{"class":157},[69,77238,77239],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,77240,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,77242,77243,77245,77247,77249,77251,77253,77255],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,77244,28908],{"class":75},[69,77246,76194],{"class":79},[69,77248,21097],{"class":96},[69,77250,45278],{"class":217},[69,77252,221],{"class":100},[69,77254,3727],{"class":292},[69,77256,7526],{"class":100},[69,77258,77259,77261,77263,77265,77267,77269],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,77260,3220],{"class":217},[69,77262,221],{"class":100},[69,77264,3727],{"class":292},[69,77266,1345],{"class":100},[69,77268,17362],{"class":292},[69,77270,494],{"class":100},[14,77272,77273,77274,77276],{},"The value of ",[21,77275,17362],{}," never changes, so the loop keeps running.",[14,77278,23731],{},[60,77280,77282],{"className":62,"code":77281,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\"]\nindex = 0\n\nwhile index \u003C len(items):\n    print(items[index])\n    index += 1\n",[21,77283,77284,77316,77324,77328,77344,77358],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,77285,77286,77288,77290,77292,77294,77296,77298,77300,77302,77304,77306,77308,77310,77312,77314],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,77287,6605],{"class":79},[69,77289,97],{"class":96},[69,77291,636],{"class":100},[69,77293,111],{"class":110},[69,77295,6037],{"class":114},[69,77297,111],{"class":110},[69,77299,120],{"class":100},[69,77301,123],{"class":110},[69,77303,6046],{"class":114},[69,77305,111],{"class":110},[69,77307,120],{"class":100},[69,77309,123],{"class":110},[69,77311,75585],{"class":114},[69,77313,111],{"class":110},[69,77315,198],{"class":100},[69,77317,77318,77320,77322],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,77319,76479],{"class":79},[69,77321,97],{"class":96},[69,77323,15253],{"class":157},[69,77325,77326],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,77327,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,77329,77330,77332,77334,77336,77338,77340,77342],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,77331,28908],{"class":75},[69,77333,76194],{"class":79},[69,77335,21097],{"class":96},[69,77337,45278],{"class":217},[69,77339,221],{"class":100},[69,77341,3727],{"class":292},[69,77343,7526],{"class":100},[69,77345,77346,77348,77350,77352,77354,77356],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,77347,3220],{"class":217},[69,77349,221],{"class":100},[69,77351,3727],{"class":292},[69,77353,1345],{"class":100},[69,77355,17362],{"class":292},[69,77357,494],{"class":100},[69,77359,77360,77362,77364],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,77361,76522],{"class":79},[69,77363,76525],{"class":96},[69,77365,41517],{"class":157},[1647,77367,77369],{"id":77368},"mixing-up-items-and-indexes","Mixing up items and indexes",[14,77371,77372],{},"This code is a common mistake:",[60,77374,77376],{"className":62,"code":77375,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\"]\n\nfor item in items:\n    print(items[item])\n",[21,77377,77378,77410,77414,77426],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,77379,77380,77382,77384,77386,77388,77390,77392,77394,77396,77398,77400,77402,77404,77406,77408],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,77381,6605],{"class":79},[69,77383,97],{"class":96},[69,77385,636],{"class":100},[69,77387,111],{"class":110},[69,77389,6037],{"class":114},[69,77391,111],{"class":110},[69,77393,120],{"class":100},[69,77395,123],{"class":110},[69,77397,6046],{"class":114},[69,77399,111],{"class":110},[69,77401,120],{"class":100},[69,77403,123],{"class":110},[69,77405,75585],{"class":114},[69,77407,111],{"class":110},[69,77409,198],{"class":100},[69,77411,77412],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,77413,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,77415,77416,77418,77420,77422,77424],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,77417,3710],{"class":75},[69,77419,19694],{"class":79},[69,77421,771],{"class":75},[69,77423,18409],{"class":79},[69,77425,275],{"class":100},[69,77427,77428,77430,77432,77434,77436,77438],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,77429,3220],{"class":217},[69,77431,221],{"class":100},[69,77433,3727],{"class":292},[69,77435,1345],{"class":100},[69,77437,20427],{"class":292},[69,77439,494],{"class":100},[14,77441,4611,77442,8030,77444,5914,77446,14844,77448,289,77451,77453],{},[21,77443,20427],{},[21,77445,18952],{},[21,77447,49920],{},[21,77449,77450],{},"\"cherry\"",[75673,77452],{},"\nThose are values, not index numbers.",[14,77455,77456,77457,1174],{},"If you need indexes too, use ",[21,77458,50392],{},[60,77460,77461],{"className":62,"code":76654,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,77462,77463,77483],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,77464,77465,77467,77469,77471,77473,77475,77477,77479,77481],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,77466,3710],{"class":75},[69,77468,74648],{"class":79},[69,77470,120],{"class":100},[69,77472,19694],{"class":79},[69,77474,771],{"class":75},[69,77476,50479],{"class":217},[69,77478,221],{"class":100},[69,77480,3727],{"class":292},[69,77482,7526],{"class":100},[69,77484,77485,77487,77489,77491,77493,77495],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,77486,3220],{"class":217},[69,77488,221],{"class":100},[69,77490,17362],{"class":292},[69,77492,120],{"class":100},[69,77494,19716],{"class":292},[69,77496,301],{"class":100},[55,77498,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,77500,77502],{"id":77501},"what-is-the-easiest-way-to-loop-through-a-list-in-python","What is the easiest way to loop through a list in Python?",[14,77504,9549,77505,77507],{},[21,77506,3710],{}," loop:",[60,77509,77511],{"className":62,"code":77510,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for item in my_list:\n    print(item)\n",[21,77512,77513,77525],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,77514,77515,77517,77519,77521,77523],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,77516,3710],{"class":75},[69,77518,19694],{"class":79},[69,77520,771],{"class":75},[69,77522,6925],{"class":79},[69,77524,275],{"class":100},[69,77526,77527,77529,77531,77533],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,77528,3220],{"class":217},[69,77530,221],{"class":100},[69,77532,20427],{"class":292},[69,77534,301],{"class":100},[14,77536,77537],{},"It is the simplest and most common option.",[1647,77539,77541],{"id":77540},"how-do-i-get-the-index-while-looping-through-a-list","How do I get the index while looping through a list?",[14,77543,322,77544,77546],{},[21,77545,50392],{},". It gives you both the index and the value in each loop.",[60,77548,77550],{"className":62,"code":77549,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for index, item in enumerate(my_list):\n    print(index, item)\n",[21,77551,77552,77572],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,77553,77554,77556,77558,77560,77562,77564,77566,77568,77570],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,77555,3710],{"class":75},[69,77557,74648],{"class":79},[69,77559,120],{"class":100},[69,77561,19694],{"class":79},[69,77563,771],{"class":75},[69,77565,50479],{"class":217},[69,77567,221],{"class":100},[69,77569,6948],{"class":292},[69,77571,7526],{"class":100},[69,77573,77574,77576,77578,77580,77582,77584],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,77575,3220],{"class":217},[69,77577,221],{"class":100},[69,77579,17362],{"class":292},[69,77581,120],{"class":100},[69,77583,19716],{"class":292},[69,77585,301],{"class":100},[1647,77587,77589],{"id":77588},"should-i-use-while-or-for-to-loop-through-a-list","Should I use while or for to loop through a list?",[14,77591,322,77592,77594],{},[21,77593,3710],{}," in most cases.",[14,77596,322,77597,77599],{},[21,77598,28908],{}," only when you need manual control over the index or stopping condition.",[1647,77601,77603],{"id":77602},"can-i-change-list-items-while-looping","Can I change list items while looping?",[14,77605,77606],{},"Yes, but you usually need indexes.",[14,77608,77609,77610,77612],{},"A loop with ",[21,77611,76142],{}," is often used for that:",[60,77614,77616],{"className":62,"code":77615,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\n\nfor index in range(len(numbers)):\n    numbers[index] += 1\n\nprint(numbers)\n",[21,77617,77618,77638,77642,77662,77676,77680],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,77619,77620,77622,77624,77626,77628,77630,77632,77634,77636],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,77621,5933],{"class":79},[69,77623,97],{"class":96},[69,77625,636],{"class":100},[69,77627,5940],{"class":157},[69,77629,120],{"class":100},[69,77631,5762],{"class":157},[69,77633,120],{"class":100},[69,77635,5949],{"class":157},[69,77637,198],{"class":100},[69,77639,77640],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,77641,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,77643,77644,77646,77648,77650,77652,77654,77656,77658,77660],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,77645,3710],{"class":75},[69,77647,76194],{"class":79},[69,77649,771],{"class":75},[69,77651,45671],{"class":217},[69,77653,221],{"class":100},[69,77655,7286],{"class":217},[69,77657,221],{"class":100},[69,77659,5956],{"class":292},[69,77661,76209],{"class":100},[69,77663,77664,77666,77668,77670,77672,77674],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,77665,76312],{"class":79},[69,77667,1345],{"class":100},[69,77669,17362],{"class":79},[69,77671,4229],{"class":100},[69,77673,9054],{"class":96},[69,77675,41517],{"class":157},[69,77677,77678],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,77679,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,77681,77682,77684,77686,77688],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,77683,2161],{"class":217},[69,77685,221],{"class":100},[69,77687,5956],{"class":292},[69,77689,301],{"class":100},[14,77691,2781],{},[60,77693,77695],{"className":62,"code":77694,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[2, 3, 4]\n",[21,77696,77697],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,77698,77699,77701,77703,77705,77707,77709,77711],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,77700,1345],{"class":100},[69,77702,19224],{"class":157},[69,77704,120],{"class":100},[69,77706,5949],{"class":157},[69,77708,120],{"class":100},[69,77710,7167],{"class":157},[69,77712,198],{"class":100},[55,77714,2414],{"id":2413},[29,77716,77717,77721,77727,77733,77737,77742],{},[32,77718,77719],{},[579,77720,75864],{"href":75863},[32,77722,77723],{},[579,77724,14649,77725,12755],{"href":76131},[21,77726,50392],{},[32,77728,77729],{},[579,77730,14649,77731,12755],{"href":76417},[21,77732,76420],{},[32,77734,77735],{},[579,77736,49272],{"href":49271},[32,77738,77739],{},[579,77740,77741],{"href":76423},"How to get the length of a list in Python",[32,77743,77744],{},[579,77745,58871],{"href":40465},[2450,77747,77748],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":77750},[77751,77752,77753,77756,77760,77764,77767,77777,77784,77790],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":75660,"depth":83,"text":75661,"children":77754},[77755],{"id":6458,"depth":90,"text":6459},{"id":75867,"depth":83,"text":75868,"children":77757},[77758],{"id":76112,"depth":90,"text":77759},"Why enumerate() is useful",{"id":76136,"depth":83,"text":76137,"children":77761},[77762,77763],{"id":76254,"depth":90,"text":76255},{"id":76373,"depth":90,"text":76374},{"id":76427,"depth":83,"text":76428,"children":77765},[77766],{"id":76548,"depth":90,"text":76549},{"id":3818,"depth":83,"text":3819,"children":77768},[77769,77771,77773,77775],{"id":76600,"depth":90,"text":77770},"Use for item in my_list",{"id":76646,"depth":90,"text":77772},"Use enumerate()",{"id":76703,"depth":90,"text":77774},"Use range(len(my_list))",{"id":76772,"depth":90,"text":77776},"Use while",{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":77778},[77779,77780,77782,77783],{"id":76846,"depth":90,"text":76847},{"id":77068,"depth":90,"text":77781},"Using range(my_list) instead of range(len(my_list))",{"id":77187,"depth":90,"text":77188},{"id":77368,"depth":90,"text":77369},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":77785},[77786,77787,77788,77789],{"id":77501,"depth":90,"text":77502},{"id":77540,"depth":90,"text":77541},{"id":77588,"depth":90,"text":77589},{"id":77602,"depth":90,"text":77603},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to loop through a list in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-loop-through-a-list-in-python",{"title":75524,"description":77791},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-loop-through-a-list-in-python","6YXNhVGj64ZRPe16PHuC3lIZjfTr1P3UlSnjfesL3oU",{"id":77798,"title":77799,"body":77800,"description":79786,"extension":2479,"meta":79787,"navigation":86,"path":61048,"seo":79788,"stem":79789,"__hash__":79790},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-make-an-api-request-in-python.md","How to Make an API Request in Python",{"type":7,"value":77801,"toc":79752},[77802,77805,77808,77815,77817,77820,77839,77917,77919,77937,77940,77942,77945,77948,77968,77975,77977,77981,77984,78000,78003,78020,78022,78026,78031,78034,78046,78052,78055,78084,78091,78093,78097,78100,78102,78165,78167,78185,78191,78193,78202,78205,78279,78285,78287,78289,78295,78300,78406,78411,78414,78431,78437,78448,78450,78454,78457,78459,78473,78476,78598,78603,78731,78734,78741,78743,78747,78750,78756,78902,78908,78921,78926,78932,78934,78938,78940,78944,78947,79032,79036,79039,79042,79148,79152,79158,79241,79245,79248,79300,79305,79399,79403,79406,79416,79421,79424,79436,79443,79445,79449,79452,79486,79488,79600,79603,79605,79607,79610,79632,79635,79672,79674,79676,79680,79689,79693,79702,79704,79710,79714,79717,79719,79721,79749],[10,77803,77799],{"id":77804},"how-to-make-an-api-request-in-python",[14,77806,77807],{},"If you want to get data from a website or service in Python, a common first step is making an API request.",[14,77809,77810,77811,77814],{},"This page shows the simplest way to send a basic ",[2498,77812,77813],{},"GET request"," in Python, check whether it worked, and read JSON data safely. It stays focused on one task so you can get a working example quickly.",[55,77816,60709],{"id":60708},[14,77818,77819],{},"Use this when you want the fastest working example.",[67705,77821,77822,77827],{},[14,77823,77824,77825,23288],{},"You may need to install ",[21,77826,38736],{},[60,77828,77829],{"className":22537,"code":38698,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,77830,77831],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,77832,77833,77835,77837],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,77834,38761],{"class":7506},[69,77836,64851],{"class":114},[69,77838,39308],{"class":114},[60,77840,77842],{"className":62,"code":77841,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nurl = \"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.github.com\"\nresponse = requests.get(url)\n\nprint(response.status_code)\nprint(response.json())\n",[21,77843,77844,77850,77854,77867,77885,77889,77903],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,77845,77846,77848],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,77847,76],{"class":75},[69,77849,39308],{"class":79},[69,77851,77852],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,77853,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,77855,77856,77858,77860,77862,77865],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,77857,60729],{"class":79},[69,77859,97],{"class":96},[69,77861,123],{"class":110},[69,77863,77864],{"class":114},"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.github.com",[69,77866,1825],{"class":110},[69,77868,77869,77871,77873,77875,77877,77879,77881,77883],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,77870,60743],{"class":79},[69,77872,97],{"class":96},[69,77874,60748],{"class":79},[69,77876,289],{"class":100},[69,77878,2610],{"class":292},[69,77880,221],{"class":100},[69,77882,60757],{"class":292},[69,77884,301],{"class":100},[69,77886,77887],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,77888,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,77890,77891,77893,77895,77897,77899,77901],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,77892,2161],{"class":217},[69,77894,221],{"class":100},[69,77896,60854],{"class":292},[69,77898,289],{"class":100},[69,77900,60784],{"class":2216},[69,77902,301],{"class":100},[69,77904,77905,77907,77909,77911,77913,77915],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,77906,2161],{"class":217},[69,77908,221],{"class":100},[69,77910,60854],{"class":292},[69,77912,289],{"class":100},[69,77914,20659],{"class":292},[69,77916,3923],{"class":100},[14,77918,23644],{},[29,77920,77921,77926,77931,77934],{},[32,77922,77923,77924],{},"Sends a GET request to ",[21,77925,77864],{},[32,77927,77928,77929],{},"Stores the server's reply in ",[21,77930,60854],{},[32,77932,77933],{},"Prints the HTTP status code",[32,77935,77936],{},"Parses the JSON response into Python data",[77938,77939],"hr",{},[55,77941,2666],{"id":2665},[14,77943,77944],{},"This page is about one specific task: sending a basic API request in Python.",[14,77946,77947],{},"It focuses on:",[29,77949,77950,77955,77960,77965],{},[32,77951,77952,77953],{},"Making a ",[2498,77954,77813],{},[32,77956,77957,77958],{},"Understanding the ",[2498,77959,60854],{},[32,77961,77962,77963,3539],{},"Reading ",[2498,77964,21768],{},[32,77966,77967],{},"Doing a few basic error checks",[14,77969,77970,77971,77974],{},"In simple terms, an ",[2498,77972,77973],{},"API"," is a way for one program to ask another program for data.",[77938,77976],{},[55,77978,77980],{"id":77979},"what-you-need-first","What you need first",[14,77982,77983],{},"Before you start, make sure you have:",[29,77985,77986,77989,77992,77997],{},[32,77987,77988],{},"Python installed",[32,77990,77991],{},"An internet connection",[32,77993,9337,77994,77996],{},[21,77995,38736],{}," package installed",[32,77998,77999],{},"A test API URL that returns JSON",[14,78001,78002],{},"For the examples below, we will use:",[60,78004,78006],{"className":62,"code":78005,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"url = \"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.github.com\"\n",[21,78007,78008],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,78009,78010,78012,78014,78016,78018],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,78011,60729],{"class":79},[69,78013,97],{"class":96},[69,78015,123],{"class":110},[69,78017,77864],{"class":114},[69,78019,1825],{"class":110},[77938,78021],{},[55,78023,78025],{"id":78024},"install-the-requests-package","Install the requests package",[14,78027,78028,78030],{},[21,78029,38736],{}," is a popular Python library for sending HTTP requests. It is much easier for beginners than using lower-level tools.",[14,78032,78033],{},"Install it with:",[60,78035,78036],{"className":22537,"code":38698,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,78037,78038],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,78039,78040,78042,78044],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,78041,38761],{"class":7506},[69,78043,64851],{"class":114},[69,78045,39308],{"class":114},[14,78047,78048,78049,78051],{},"If that does not work, your ",[21,78050,38761],{}," command may be connected to a different Python version than the one you are running.",[14,78053,78054],{},"These commands can help you check:",[60,78056,78058],{"className":22537,"code":78057,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python --version\npip --version\npython -c \"import requests; print(requests.__version__)\"\n",[21,78059,78060,78066,78072],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,78061,78062,78064],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,78063,64],{"class":7506},[69,78065,67823],{"class":14546},[69,78067,78068,78070],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,78069,38761],{"class":7506},[69,78071,67823],{"class":14546},[69,78073,78074,78076,78078,78080,78082],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,78075,64],{"class":7506},[69,78077,45448],{"class":14546},[69,78079,123],{"class":110},[69,78081,68115],{"class":114},[69,78083,1825],{"class":110},[14,78085,78086,78087,289],{},"If Python says the package is missing, see ",[579,78088,2892,78089],{"href":39833},[21,78090,39834],{},[77938,78092],{},[55,78094,78096],{"id":78095},"make-your-first-get-request","Make your first GET request",[14,78098,78099],{},"A GET request asks a server for data.",[14,78101,65351],{},[60,78103,78105],{"className":62,"code":78104,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nurl = \"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.github.com\"\nresponse = requests.get(url)\n\nprint(response.status_code)\n",[21,78106,78107,78113,78117,78129,78147,78151],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,78108,78109,78111],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,78110,76],{"class":75},[69,78112,39308],{"class":79},[69,78114,78115],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,78116,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,78118,78119,78121,78123,78125,78127],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,78120,60729],{"class":79},[69,78122,97],{"class":96},[69,78124,123],{"class":110},[69,78126,77864],{"class":114},[69,78128,1825],{"class":110},[69,78130,78131,78133,78135,78137,78139,78141,78143,78145],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,78132,60743],{"class":79},[69,78134,97],{"class":96},[69,78136,60748],{"class":79},[69,78138,289],{"class":100},[69,78140,2610],{"class":292},[69,78142,221],{"class":100},[69,78144,60757],{"class":292},[69,78146,301],{"class":100},[69,78148,78149],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,78150,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,78152,78153,78155,78157,78159,78161,78163],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,78154,2161],{"class":217},[69,78156,221],{"class":100},[69,78158,60854],{"class":292},[69,78160,289],{"class":100},[69,78162,60784],{"class":2216},[69,78164,301],{"class":100},[1647,78166,6459],{"id":6458},[29,78168,78169,78175,78180],{},[32,78170,78171,78174],{},[21,78172,78173],{},"requests.get(url)"," sends the request",[32,78176,78177,78178],{},"The result is stored in ",[21,78179,60854],{},[32,78181,78182,78184],{},[21,78183,61933],{}," shows the HTTP status code",[14,78186,78187,78188,78190],{},"A status code of ",[2498,78189,60897],{}," usually means the request worked.",[14,78192,38867],{},[60,78194,78196],{"className":62,"code":78195,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"200\n",[21,78197,78198],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,78199,78200],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,78201,78195],{"class":157},[14,78203,78204],{},"If you want a slightly safer version, use:",[60,78206,78208],{"className":62,"code":78207,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nurl = \"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.github.com\"\nresponse = requests.get(url)\nresponse.raise_for_status()\n\nprint(\"Request worked\")\n",[21,78209,78210,78216,78220,78232,78250,78260,78264],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,78211,78212,78214],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,78213,76],{"class":75},[69,78215,39308],{"class":79},[69,78217,78218],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,78219,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,78221,78222,78224,78226,78228,78230],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,78223,60729],{"class":79},[69,78225,97],{"class":96},[69,78227,123],{"class":110},[69,78229,77864],{"class":114},[69,78231,1825],{"class":110},[69,78233,78234,78236,78238,78240,78242,78244,78246,78248],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,78235,60743],{"class":79},[69,78237,97],{"class":96},[69,78239,60748],{"class":79},[69,78241,289],{"class":100},[69,78243,2610],{"class":292},[69,78245,221],{"class":100},[69,78247,60757],{"class":292},[69,78249,301],{"class":100},[69,78251,78252,78254,78256,78258],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,78253,60854],{"class":79},[69,78255,289],{"class":100},[69,78257,61694],{"class":292},[69,78259,1385],{"class":100},[69,78261,78262],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,78263,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,78265,78266,78268,78270,78272,78275,78277],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,78267,2161],{"class":217},[69,78269,221],{"class":100},[69,78271,111],{"class":110},[69,78273,78274],{"class":114},"Request worked",[69,78276,111],{"class":110},[69,78278,301],{"class":100},[14,78280,78281,78284],{},[21,78282,78283],{},"response.raise_for_status()"," raises an error if the server returned a bad status, such as 404 or 500.",[77938,78286],{},[55,78288,61053],{"id":61052},[14,78290,78291,78292,78294],{},"Many APIs return data in ",[2498,78293,21768],{}," format.",[14,78296,78297,78298,1174],{},"In Python, you can parse that JSON with ",[21,78299,61062],{},[60,78301,78303],{"className":62,"code":78302,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nurl = \"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.github.com\"\nresponse = requests.get(url)\nresponse.raise_for_status()\n\ndata = response.json()\n\nprint(data)\nprint(data[\"current_user_url\"])\n",[21,78304,78305,78311,78315,78327,78345,78355,78359,78373,78377,78387],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,78306,78307,78309],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,78308,76],{"class":75},[69,78310,39308],{"class":79},[69,78312,78313],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,78314,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,78316,78317,78319,78321,78323,78325],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,78318,60729],{"class":79},[69,78320,97],{"class":96},[69,78322,123],{"class":110},[69,78324,77864],{"class":114},[69,78326,1825],{"class":110},[69,78328,78329,78331,78333,78335,78337,78339,78341,78343],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,78330,60743],{"class":79},[69,78332,97],{"class":96},[69,78334,60748],{"class":79},[69,78336,289],{"class":100},[69,78338,2610],{"class":292},[69,78340,221],{"class":100},[69,78342,60757],{"class":292},[69,78344,301],{"class":100},[69,78346,78347,78349,78351,78353],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,78348,60854],{"class":79},[69,78350,289],{"class":100},[69,78352,61694],{"class":292},[69,78354,1385],{"class":100},[69,78356,78357],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,78358,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,78360,78361,78363,78365,78367,78369,78371],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,78362,3362],{"class":79},[69,78364,97],{"class":96},[69,78366,60779],{"class":79},[69,78368,289],{"class":100},[69,78370,20659],{"class":292},[69,78372,1385],{"class":100},[69,78374,78375],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,78376,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,78378,78379,78381,78383,78385],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,78380,2161],{"class":217},[69,78382,221],{"class":100},[69,78384,3436],{"class":292},[69,78386,301],{"class":100},[69,78388,78389,78391,78393,78395,78397,78399,78402,78404],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,78390,2161],{"class":217},[69,78392,221],{"class":100},[69,78394,3436],{"class":292},[69,78396,1345],{"class":100},[69,78398,111],{"class":110},[69,78400,78401],{"class":114},"current_user_url",[69,78403,111],{"class":110},[69,78405,494],{"class":100},[1647,78407,55566,78409,55201],{"id":78408},"what-responsejson-returns",[21,78410,61062],{},[14,78412,78413],{},"JSON becomes normal Python objects such as:",[29,78415,78416,78419,78422,78425,78428],{},[32,78417,78418],{},"Dictionaries",[32,78420,78421],{},"Lists",[32,78423,78424],{},"Strings",[32,78426,78427],{},"Numbers",[32,78429,78430],{},"Booleans",[14,78432,78433,78434,78436],{},"In the example above, ",[21,78435,3436],{}," is a Python dictionary, so you can access values by key.",[14,78438,78439,78440,364,78442,289],{},"If you want to learn more about JSON in Python, see the ",[579,78441,61384],{"href":22081},[579,78443,78445,45136],{"href":78444},"\u002Freference\u002Fjson-loads-function-explained",[21,78446,78447],{},"json.loads()",[77938,78449],{},[55,78451,78453],{"id":78452},"check-for-errors-before-using-the-data","Check for errors before using the data",[14,78455,78456],{},"Even if your Python code is correct, the request can still fail.",[14,78458,11201],{},[29,78460,78461,78464,78467,78470],{},[32,78462,78463],{},"The server may be down",[32,78465,78466],{},"The URL may be wrong",[32,78468,78469],{},"The request may time out",[32,78471,78472],{},"The server may return an error page instead of JSON",[14,78474,78475],{},"A good beginner pattern is:",[60,78477,78479],{"className":62,"code":78478,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nurl = \"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.github.com\"\n\nresponse = requests.get(url)\n\nif response.status_code == 200:\n    data = response.json()\n    print(data)\nelse:\n    print(\"Request failed with status code:\", response.status_code)\n",[21,78480,78481,78487,78491,78503,78507,78525,78529,78545,78559,78569,78575],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,78482,78483,78485],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,78484,76],{"class":75},[69,78486,39308],{"class":79},[69,78488,78489],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,78490,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,78492,78493,78495,78497,78499,78501],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,78494,60729],{"class":79},[69,78496,97],{"class":96},[69,78498,123],{"class":110},[69,78500,77864],{"class":114},[69,78502,1825],{"class":110},[69,78504,78505],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,78506,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,78508,78509,78511,78513,78515,78517,78519,78521,78523],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,78510,60743],{"class":79},[69,78512,97],{"class":96},[69,78514,60748],{"class":79},[69,78516,289],{"class":100},[69,78518,2610],{"class":292},[69,78520,221],{"class":100},[69,78522,60757],{"class":292},[69,78524,301],{"class":100},[69,78526,78527],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,78528,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,78530,78531,78533,78535,78537,78539,78541,78543],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,78532,3201],{"class":75},[69,78534,60779],{"class":79},[69,78536,289],{"class":100},[69,78538,60784],{"class":2216},[69,78540,19865],{"class":96},[69,78542,60789],{"class":157},[69,78544,275],{"class":100},[69,78546,78547,78549,78551,78553,78555,78557],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,78548,60796],{"class":79},[69,78550,97],{"class":96},[69,78552,60779],{"class":79},[69,78554,289],{"class":100},[69,78556,20659],{"class":292},[69,78558,1385],{"class":100},[69,78560,78561,78563,78565,78567],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,78562,3220],{"class":217},[69,78564,221],{"class":100},[69,78566,3436],{"class":292},[69,78568,301],{"class":100},[69,78570,78571,78573],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,78572,3277],{"class":75},[69,78574,275],{"class":100},[69,78576,78577,78579,78581,78583,78586,78588,78590,78592,78594,78596],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,78578,3220],{"class":217},[69,78580,221],{"class":100},[69,78582,111],{"class":110},[69,78584,78585],{"class":114},"Request failed with status code:",[69,78587,111],{"class":110},[69,78589,120],{"class":100},[69,78591,60779],{"class":292},[69,78593,289],{"class":100},[69,78595,60784],{"class":2216},[69,78597,301],{"class":100},[14,78599,78600,78601,1174],{},"Another simple option is to use ",[21,78602,61890],{},[60,78604,78606],{"className":62,"code":78605,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nurl = \"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.github.com\"\n\ntry:\n    response = requests.get(url)\n    response.raise_for_status()\n    data = response.json()\n    print(data)\nexcept requests.exceptions.RequestException as error:\n    print(\"Request failed:\", error)\n",[21,78607,78608,78614,78618,78630,78634,78640,78658,78668,78682,78692,78713],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,78609,78610,78612],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,78611,76],{"class":75},[69,78613,39308],{"class":79},[69,78615,78616],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,78617,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,78619,78620,78622,78624,78626,78628],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,78621,60729],{"class":79},[69,78623,97],{"class":96},[69,78625,123],{"class":110},[69,78627,77864],{"class":114},[69,78629,1825],{"class":110},[69,78631,78632],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,78633,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,78635,78636,78638],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,78637,11233],{"class":75},[69,78639,275],{"class":100},[69,78641,78642,78644,78646,78648,78650,78652,78654,78656],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,78643,61662],{"class":79},[69,78645,97],{"class":96},[69,78647,60748],{"class":79},[69,78649,289],{"class":100},[69,78651,2610],{"class":292},[69,78653,221],{"class":100},[69,78655,60757],{"class":292},[69,78657,301],{"class":100},[69,78659,78660,78662,78664,78666],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,78661,61689],{"class":79},[69,78663,289],{"class":100},[69,78665,61694],{"class":292},[69,78667,1385],{"class":100},[69,78669,78670,78672,78674,78676,78678,78680],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,78671,60796],{"class":79},[69,78673,97],{"class":96},[69,78675,60779],{"class":79},[69,78677,289],{"class":100},[69,78679,20659],{"class":292},[69,78681,1385],{"class":100},[69,78683,78684,78686,78688,78690],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,78685,3220],{"class":217},[69,78687,221],{"class":100},[69,78689,3436],{"class":292},[69,78691,301],{"class":100},[69,78693,78694,78696,78698,78700,78702,78704,78707,78709,78711],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,78695,11221],{"class":75},[69,78697,60748],{"class":79},[69,78699,289],{"class":100},[69,78701,61748],{"class":2216},[69,78703,289],{"class":100},[69,78705,78706],{"class":2216},"RequestException",[69,78708,268],{"class":75},[69,78710,44265],{"class":79},[69,78712,275],{"class":100},[69,78714,78715,78717,78719,78721,78723,78725,78727,78729],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,78716,3220],{"class":217},[69,78718,221],{"class":100},[69,78720,111],{"class":110},[69,78722,60833],{"class":114},[69,78724,111],{"class":110},[69,78726,120],{"class":100},[69,78728,44265],{"class":292},[69,78730,301],{"class":100},[14,78732,78733],{},"This is useful because it catches common request-related problems in one place.",[14,78735,78736,78737,289],{},"For the next step after making a request, see ",[579,78738,78740],{"href":78739},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhandle-api-responses-in-python","how to handle API responses in Python",[77938,78742],{},[55,78744,78746],{"id":78745},"add-query-parameters","Add query parameters",[14,78748,78749],{},"Some APIs need extra values in the URL, such as search terms, page numbers, or filters.",[14,78751,1872,78752,78755],{},[21,78753,78754],{},"params"," argument instead of building the query string by hand.",[60,78757,78759],{"className":62,"code":78758,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nurl = \"https:\u002F\u002Fhttpbin.org\u002Fget\"\nparams = {\n    \"search\": \"python\",\n    \"page\": 1\n}\n\nresponse = requests.get(url, params=params)\nresponse.raise_for_status()\n\nprint(response.url)\nprint(response.json())\n",[21,78760,78761,78767,78771,78784,78793,78812,78825,78829,78833,78860,78870,78874,78888],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,78762,78763,78765],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,78764,76],{"class":75},[69,78766,39308],{"class":79},[69,78768,78769],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,78770,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,78772,78773,78775,78777,78779,78782],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,78774,60729],{"class":79},[69,78776,97],{"class":96},[69,78778,123],{"class":110},[69,78780,78781],{"class":114},"https:\u002F\u002Fhttpbin.org\u002Fget",[69,78783,1825],{"class":110},[69,78785,78786,78789,78791],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,78787,78788],{"class":79},"params ",[69,78790,97],{"class":96},[69,78792,3367],{"class":100},[69,78794,78795,78797,78800,78802,78804,78806,78808,78810],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,78796,3372],{"class":110},[69,78798,78799],{"class":114},"search",[69,78801,111],{"class":110},[69,78803,1174],{"class":100},[69,78805,123],{"class":110},[69,78807,64],{"class":114},[69,78809,111],{"class":110},[69,78811,3401],{"class":100},[69,78813,78814,78816,78819,78821,78823],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,78815,3372],{"class":110},[69,78817,78818],{"class":114},"page",[69,78820,111],{"class":110},[69,78822,1174],{"class":100},[69,78824,41517],{"class":157},[69,78826,78827],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,78828,1260],{"class":100},[69,78830,78831],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,78832,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,78834,78835,78837,78839,78841,78843,78845,78847,78849,78851,78854,78856,78858],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,78836,60743],{"class":79},[69,78838,97],{"class":96},[69,78840,60748],{"class":79},[69,78842,289],{"class":100},[69,78844,2610],{"class":292},[69,78846,221],{"class":100},[69,78848,60757],{"class":292},[69,78850,120],{"class":100},[69,78852,78853],{"class":242}," params",[69,78855,97],{"class":96},[69,78857,78754],{"class":292},[69,78859,301],{"class":100},[69,78861,78862,78864,78866,78868],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,78863,60854],{"class":79},[69,78865,289],{"class":100},[69,78867,61694],{"class":292},[69,78869,1385],{"class":100},[69,78871,78872],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,78873,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,78875,78876,78878,78880,78882,78884,78886],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,78877,2161],{"class":217},[69,78879,221],{"class":100},[69,78881,60854],{"class":292},[69,78883,289],{"class":100},[69,78885,60757],{"class":2216},[69,78887,301],{"class":100},[69,78889,78890,78892,78894,78896,78898,78900],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,78891,2161],{"class":217},[69,78893,221],{"class":100},[69,78895,60854],{"class":292},[69,78897,289],{"class":100},[69,78899,20659],{"class":292},[69,78901,3923],{"class":100},[1647,78903,30468,78905,78907],{"id":78904},"why-params-is-better",[21,78906,78754],{}," is better",[29,78909,78910,78913,78918],{},[32,78911,78912],{},"Your code is easier to read",[32,78914,78915,78917],{},[21,78916,38736],{}," builds the final URL for you",[32,78919,78920],{},"It handles URL encoding automatically",[14,78922,16948,78923,78925],{},[21,78924,38736],{}," will create a URL like this:",[60,78927,78930],{"className":78928,"code":78929,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"https:\u002F\u002Fhttpbin.org\u002Fget?search=python&page=1\n",[21,78931,78929],{"__ignoreMap":65},[77938,78933],{},[55,78935,78937],{"id":78936},"handle-common-request-problems","Handle common request problems",[14,78939,45999],{},[1647,78941,78943],{"id":78942},"connection-problems","Connection problems",[14,78945,78946],{},"If your internet connection is down, or the server is unavailable, the request can fail.",[60,78948,78950],{"className":62,"code":78949,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\ntry:\n    response = requests.get(\"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.github.com\")\n    response.raise_for_status()\nexcept requests.exceptions.ConnectionError:\n    print(\"Could not connect to the server\")\n",[21,78951,78952,78958,78962,78968,78990,79000,79017],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,78953,78954,78956],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,78955,76],{"class":75},[69,78957,39308],{"class":79},[69,78959,78960],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,78961,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,78963,78964,78966],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,78965,11233],{"class":75},[69,78967,275],{"class":100},[69,78969,78970,78972,78974,78976,78978,78980,78982,78984,78986,78988],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,78971,61662],{"class":79},[69,78973,97],{"class":96},[69,78975,60748],{"class":79},[69,78977,289],{"class":100},[69,78979,2610],{"class":292},[69,78981,221],{"class":100},[69,78983,111],{"class":110},[69,78985,77864],{"class":114},[69,78987,111],{"class":110},[69,78989,301],{"class":100},[69,78991,78992,78994,78996,78998],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,78993,61689],{"class":79},[69,78995,289],{"class":100},[69,78997,61694],{"class":292},[69,78999,1385],{"class":100},[69,79001,79002,79004,79006,79008,79010,79012,79015],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,79003,11221],{"class":75},[69,79005,60748],{"class":79},[69,79007,289],{"class":100},[69,79009,61748],{"class":2216},[69,79011,289],{"class":100},[69,79013,79014],{"class":2216},"ConnectionError",[69,79016,275],{"class":100},[69,79018,79019,79021,79023,79025,79028,79030],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,79020,3220],{"class":217},[69,79022,221],{"class":100},[69,79024,111],{"class":110},[69,79026,79027],{"class":114},"Could not connect to the server",[69,79029,111],{"class":110},[69,79031,301],{"class":100},[1647,79033,79035],{"id":79034},"timeouts","Timeouts",[14,79037,79038],{},"Sometimes a server is too slow to respond.",[14,79040,79041],{},"You can set a timeout so your program does not wait forever:",[60,79043,79045],{"className":62,"code":79044,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\ntry:\n    response = requests.get(\"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.github.com\", timeout=5)\n    response.raise_for_status()\n    print(response.json())\nexcept requests.exceptions.Timeout:\n    print(\"The request took too long\")\n",[21,79046,79047,79053,79057,79063,79093,79103,79117,79133],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,79048,79049,79051],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,79050,76],{"class":75},[69,79052,39308],{"class":79},[69,79054,79055],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,79056,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,79058,79059,79061],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,79060,11233],{"class":75},[69,79062,275],{"class":100},[69,79064,79065,79067,79069,79071,79073,79075,79077,79079,79081,79083,79085,79087,79089,79091],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,79066,61662],{"class":79},[69,79068,97],{"class":96},[69,79070,60748],{"class":79},[69,79072,289],{"class":100},[69,79074,2610],{"class":292},[69,79076,221],{"class":100},[69,79078,111],{"class":110},[69,79080,77864],{"class":114},[69,79082,111],{"class":110},[69,79084,120],{"class":100},[69,79086,60762],{"class":242},[69,79088,97],{"class":96},[69,79090,6670],{"class":157},[69,79092,301],{"class":100},[69,79094,79095,79097,79099,79101],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,79096,61689],{"class":79},[69,79098,289],{"class":100},[69,79100,61694],{"class":292},[69,79102,1385],{"class":100},[69,79104,79105,79107,79109,79111,79113,79115],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,79106,3220],{"class":217},[69,79108,221],{"class":100},[69,79110,60854],{"class":292},[69,79112,289],{"class":100},[69,79114,20659],{"class":292},[69,79116,3923],{"class":100},[69,79118,79119,79121,79123,79125,79127,79129,79131],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,79120,11221],{"class":75},[69,79122,60748],{"class":79},[69,79124,289],{"class":100},[69,79126,61748],{"class":2216},[69,79128,289],{"class":100},[69,79130,61812],{"class":2216},[69,79132,275],{"class":100},[69,79134,79135,79137,79139,79141,79144,79146],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,79136,3220],{"class":217},[69,79138,221],{"class":100},[69,79140,111],{"class":110},[69,79142,79143],{"class":114},"The request took too long",[69,79145,111],{"class":110},[69,79147,301],{"class":100},[1647,79149,79151],{"id":79150},"invalid-url","Invalid URL",[14,79153,79154,79155,79157],{},"If the URL is malformed, ",[21,79156,38736],{}," can raise an error.",[60,79159,79161],{"className":62,"code":79160,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\ntry:\n    response = requests.get(\"not-a-real-url\")\nexcept requests.exceptions.RequestException as error:\n    print(\"Request error:\", error)\n",[21,79162,79163,79169,79173,79179,79202,79222],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,79164,79165,79167],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,79166,76],{"class":75},[69,79168,39308],{"class":79},[69,79170,79171],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,79172,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,79174,79175,79177],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,79176,11233],{"class":75},[69,79178,275],{"class":100},[69,79180,79181,79183,79185,79187,79189,79191,79193,79195,79198,79200],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,79182,61662],{"class":79},[69,79184,97],{"class":96},[69,79186,60748],{"class":79},[69,79188,289],{"class":100},[69,79190,2610],{"class":292},[69,79192,221],{"class":100},[69,79194,111],{"class":110},[69,79196,79197],{"class":114},"not-a-real-url",[69,79199,111],{"class":110},[69,79201,301],{"class":100},[69,79203,79204,79206,79208,79210,79212,79214,79216,79218,79220],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,79205,11221],{"class":75},[69,79207,60748],{"class":79},[69,79209,289],{"class":100},[69,79211,61748],{"class":2216},[69,79213,289],{"class":100},[69,79215,78706],{"class":2216},[69,79217,268],{"class":75},[69,79219,44265],{"class":79},[69,79221,275],{"class":100},[69,79223,79224,79226,79228,79230,79233,79235,79237,79239],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,79225,3220],{"class":217},[69,79227,221],{"class":100},[69,79229,111],{"class":110},[69,79231,79232],{"class":114},"Request error:",[69,79234,111],{"class":110},[69,79236,120],{"class":100},[69,79238,44265],{"class":292},[69,79240,301],{"class":100},[1647,79242,79244],{"id":79243},"non-json-response","Non-JSON response",[14,79246,79247],{},"Not every server returns JSON. Some return plain text or HTML.",[60,79249,79251],{"className":62,"code":79250,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nresponse = requests.get(\"https:\u002F\u002Fexample.com\")\nprint(response.text)\n",[21,79252,79253,79259,79263,79286],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,79254,79255,79257],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,79256,76],{"class":75},[69,79258,39308],{"class":79},[69,79260,79261],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,79262,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,79264,79265,79267,79269,79271,79273,79275,79277,79279,79282,79284],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,79266,60743],{"class":79},[69,79268,97],{"class":96},[69,79270,60748],{"class":79},[69,79272,289],{"class":100},[69,79274,2610],{"class":292},[69,79276,221],{"class":100},[69,79278,111],{"class":110},[69,79280,79281],{"class":114},"https:\u002F\u002Fexample.com",[69,79283,111],{"class":110},[69,79285,301],{"class":100},[69,79287,79288,79290,79292,79294,79296,79298],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,79289,2161],{"class":217},[69,79291,221],{"class":100},[69,79293,60854],{"class":292},[69,79295,289],{"class":100},[69,79297,568],{"class":2216},[69,79299,301],{"class":100},[14,79301,9646,79302,79304],{},[21,79303,61062],{}," fails, check the raw text first:",[60,79306,79308],{"className":62,"code":79307,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\ntry:\n    response = requests.get(\"https:\u002F\u002Fexample.com\")\n    data = response.json()\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"The response was not valid JSON\")\n    print(response.text)\n",[21,79309,79310,79316,79320,79326,79348,79362,79370,79385],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,79311,79312,79314],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,79313,76],{"class":75},[69,79315,39308],{"class":79},[69,79317,79318],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,79319,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,79321,79322,79324],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,79323,11233],{"class":75},[69,79325,275],{"class":100},[69,79327,79328,79330,79332,79334,79336,79338,79340,79342,79344,79346],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,79329,61662],{"class":79},[69,79331,97],{"class":96},[69,79333,60748],{"class":79},[69,79335,289],{"class":100},[69,79337,2610],{"class":292},[69,79339,221],{"class":100},[69,79341,111],{"class":110},[69,79343,79281],{"class":114},[69,79345,111],{"class":110},[69,79347,301],{"class":100},[69,79349,79350,79352,79354,79356,79358,79360],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,79351,60796],{"class":79},[69,79353,97],{"class":96},[69,79355,60779],{"class":79},[69,79357,289],{"class":100},[69,79359,20659],{"class":292},[69,79361,1385],{"class":100},[69,79363,79364,79366,79368],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,79365,11221],{"class":75},[69,79367,11901],{"class":1859},[69,79369,275],{"class":100},[69,79371,79372,79374,79376,79378,79381,79383],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,79373,3220],{"class":217},[69,79375,221],{"class":100},[69,79377,111],{"class":110},[69,79379,79380],{"class":114},"The response was not valid JSON",[69,79382,111],{"class":110},[69,79384,301],{"class":100},[69,79386,79387,79389,79391,79393,79395,79397],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,79388,3220],{"class":217},[69,79390,221],{"class":100},[69,79392,60854],{"class":292},[69,79394,289],{"class":100},[69,79396,568],{"class":2216},[69,79398,301],{"class":100},[1647,79400,79402],{"id":79401},"missing-requests-package","Missing requests package",[14,79404,79405],{},"If Python shows an import error like this:",[60,79407,79408],{"className":62,"code":65016,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,79409,79410],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,79411,79412,79414],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,79413,76],{"class":75},[69,79415,39308],{"class":79},[60,79417,79419],{"className":79418,"code":68347,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],[21,79420,68347],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,79422,79423],{},"install the package with:",[60,79425,79426],{"className":22537,"code":38698,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,79427,79428],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,79429,79430,79432,79434],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,79431,38761],{"class":7506},[69,79433,64851],{"class":114},[69,79435,39308],{"class":114},[14,79437,79438,79439,289],{},"If the problem continues, see ",[579,79440,2892,79441],{"href":39833},[21,79442,39834],{},[77938,79444],{},[55,79446,79448],{"id":79447},"beginner-tips-for-understanding-the-response","Beginner tips for understanding the response",[14,79450,79451],{},"When you get a response object, these parts are the most useful:",[29,79453,79454,79465,79472,79479],{},[32,79455,79456,79458,79460,79461,364,79463],{},[21,79457,61933],{},[75673,79459],{},"\nShows the HTTP result, such as ",[21,79462,60897],{},[21,79464,61894],{},[32,79466,79467,79469,79471],{},[21,79468,61423],{},[75673,79470],{},"\nGives the raw response body as a string",[32,79473,79474,79476,79478],{},[21,79475,61062],{},[75673,79477],{},"\nParses JSON into Python objects",[32,79480,79481,79483,79485],{},[21,79482,61949],{},[75673,79484],{},"\nContains metadata about the response",[14,79487,370],{},[60,79489,79491],{"className":62,"code":79490,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nresponse = requests.get(\"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.github.com\")\n\nprint(\"Status code:\", response.status_code)\nprint(\"Headers:\", response.headers)\nprint(\"Text:\", response.text[:100])\n",[21,79492,79493,79499,79503,79525,79529,79551,79573],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,79494,79495,79497],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,79496,76],{"class":75},[69,79498,39308],{"class":79},[69,79500,79501],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,79502,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,79504,79505,79507,79509,79511,79513,79515,79517,79519,79521,79523],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,79506,60743],{"class":79},[69,79508,97],{"class":96},[69,79510,60748],{"class":79},[69,79512,289],{"class":100},[69,79514,2610],{"class":292},[69,79516,221],{"class":100},[69,79518,111],{"class":110},[69,79520,77864],{"class":114},[69,79522,111],{"class":110},[69,79524,301],{"class":100},[69,79526,79527],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,79528,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,79530,79531,79533,79535,79537,79539,79541,79543,79545,79547,79549],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,79532,2161],{"class":217},[69,79534,221],{"class":100},[69,79536,111],{"class":110},[69,79538,60974],{"class":114},[69,79540,111],{"class":110},[69,79542,120],{"class":100},[69,79544,60779],{"class":292},[69,79546,289],{"class":100},[69,79548,60784],{"class":2216},[69,79550,301],{"class":100},[69,79552,79553,79555,79557,79559,79561,79563,79565,79567,79569,79571],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,79554,2161],{"class":217},[69,79556,221],{"class":100},[69,79558,111],{"class":110},[69,79560,62063],{"class":114},[69,79562,111],{"class":110},[69,79564,120],{"class":100},[69,79566,60779],{"class":292},[69,79568,289],{"class":100},[69,79570,61556],{"class":2216},[69,79572,301],{"class":100},[69,79574,79575,79577,79579,79581,79583,79585,79587,79589,79591,79593,79596,79598],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,79576,2161],{"class":217},[69,79578,221],{"class":100},[69,79580,111],{"class":110},[69,79582,62086],{"class":114},[69,79584,111],{"class":110},[69,79586,120],{"class":100},[69,79588,60779],{"class":292},[69,79590,289],{"class":100},[69,79592,568],{"class":2216},[69,79594,79595],{"class":100},"[:",[69,79597,9106],{"class":157},[69,79599,494],{"class":100},[14,79601,79602],{},"This is a good way to inspect a response when you are not sure what the API returned.",[77938,79604],{},[55,79606,3868],{"id":3867},[14,79608,79609],{},"These are some common causes of problems when making an API request in Python:",[29,79611,79612,79617,79620,79623,79626,79629],{},[32,79613,9337,79614,79616],{},[21,79615,38736],{}," package is not installed",[32,79618,79619],{},"The API URL is wrong",[32,79621,79622],{},"The API requires parameters or authentication",[32,79624,79625],{},"The server returns text or HTML instead of JSON",[32,79627,79628],{},"The request times out because the server is slow",[32,79630,79631],{},"No internet connection or DNS issue",[14,79633,79634],{},"Useful commands for debugging:",[60,79636,79638],{"className":22537,"code":79637,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"pip install requests\npython --version\npip --version\npython -c \"import requests; print(requests.__version__)\"\n",[21,79639,79640,79648,79654,79660],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,79641,79642,79644,79646],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,79643,38761],{"class":7506},[69,79645,64851],{"class":114},[69,79647,39308],{"class":114},[69,79649,79650,79652],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,79651,64],{"class":7506},[69,79653,67823],{"class":14546},[69,79655,79656,79658],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,79657,38761],{"class":7506},[69,79659,67823],{"class":14546},[69,79661,79662,79664,79666,79668,79670],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,79663,64],{"class":7506},[69,79665,45448],{"class":14546},[69,79667,123],{"class":110},[69,79669,68115],{"class":114},[69,79671,1825],{"class":110},[77938,79673],{},[55,79675,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,79677,79679],{"id":79678},"do-i-need-the-requests-library-to-make-an-api-request-in-python","Do I need the requests library to make an API request in Python?",[14,79681,79682,79683,38284,79686,79688],{},"No, but it is the easiest option for beginners. Python also has ",[21,79684,79685],{},"urllib",[21,79687,38736],{}," is simpler to read and use.",[1647,79690,79692],{"id":79691},"what-does-responsestatus_code-mean","What does response.status_code mean?",[14,79694,79695,79696,79698,79699,79701],{},"It is the HTTP status code from the server. For example, ",[21,79697,60897],{}," usually means success and ",[21,79700,61894],{}," usually means not found.",[1647,79703,62546],{"id":62480},[14,79705,79706,79707,79709],{},"It usually fails when the server did not return valid JSON. Check ",[21,79708,61423],{}," and the status code first.",[1647,79711,79713],{"id":79712},"can-i-use-this-for-apis-that-need-a-key","Can I use this for APIs that need a key?",[14,79715,79716],{},"Yes, but that is better covered on a separate page about authentication or headers so this page stays focused.",[77938,79718],{},[55,79720,2414],{"id":2413},[29,79722,79723,79728,79733,79737,79743],{},[32,79724,79725],{},[579,79726,79727],{"href":78739},"How to handle API responses in Python",[32,79729,79730],{},[579,79731,62514],{"href":79732},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fsend-a-post-request-in-python",[32,79734,79735],{},[579,79736,61384],{"href":22081},[32,79738,79739],{},[579,79740,79741,12755],{"href":78444},[21,79742,78447],{},[32,79744,79745],{},[579,79746,18294,79747],{"href":39833},[21,79748,39834],{},[2450,79750,79751],{},"html pre.shiki code .sbgvK, html code.shiki .sbgvK{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark 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.sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":79753},[79754,79755,79756,79757,79758,79761,79765,79766,79770,79777,79778,79779,79785],{"id":60708,"depth":83,"text":60709},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":77979,"depth":83,"text":77980},{"id":78024,"depth":83,"text":78025},{"id":78095,"depth":83,"text":78096,"children":79759},[79760],{"id":6458,"depth":90,"text":6459},{"id":61052,"depth":83,"text":61053,"children":79762},[79763],{"id":78408,"depth":90,"text":79764},"What response.json() returns",{"id":78452,"depth":83,"text":78453},{"id":78745,"depth":83,"text":78746,"children":79767},[79768],{"id":78904,"depth":90,"text":79769},"Why params is better",{"id":78936,"depth":83,"text":78937,"children":79771},[79772,79773,79774,79775,79776],{"id":78942,"depth":90,"text":78943},{"id":79034,"depth":90,"text":79035},{"id":79150,"depth":90,"text":79151},{"id":79243,"depth":90,"text":79244},{"id":79401,"depth":90,"text":79402},{"id":79447,"depth":83,"text":79448},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":79780},[79781,79782,79783,79784],{"id":79678,"depth":90,"text":79679},{"id":79691,"depth":90,"text":79692},{"id":62480,"depth":90,"text":62546},{"id":79712,"depth":90,"text":79713},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to make an api request in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},{"title":77799,"description":79786},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-make-an-api-request-in-python","zZFxA0J58BFqie-0Juqx350V27H5gTGk7a22etthXKM",{"id":79792,"title":79793,"body":79794,"description":82594,"extension":2479,"meta":82595,"navigation":86,"path":82596,"seo":82597,"stem":82598,"__hash__":82599},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-merge-dictionaries-in-python.md","How to Merge Dictionaries in Python",{"type":7,"value":79795,"toc":82538},[79796,79799,79802,79805,79807,79922,79928,79931,79933,79947,79953,79958,79961,79972,79974,80092,80094,80199,80201,80217,80220,80308,80310,80347,80351,80359,80364,80366,80376,80378,80517,80519,80588,80594,80600,80603,80714,80716,80769,80775,80780,80782,80793,80795,80904,80906,80958,80962,80967,80975,80978,81111,81113,81198,81205,81209,81212,81215,81217,81225,81229,81338,81340,81417,81430,81433,81483,81485,81520,81524,81533,81538,81635,81637,81682,81687,81792,81794,81838,81842,81845,81940,81942,81963,81967,81970,81976,81986,81992,82001,82006,82014,82016,82038,82040,82043,82049,82051,82132,82138,82142,82145,82216,82218,82239,82245,82251,82257,82260,82270,82273,82298,82302,82305,82394,82396,82441,82443,82447,82463,82467,82470,82476,82481,82485,82494,82500,82505,82507,82535],[10,79797,79793],{"id":79798},"how-to-merge-dictionaries-in-python",[14,79800,79801],{},"Merging dictionaries in Python means combining key-value pairs from two or more dictionaries into one.",[14,79803,79804],{},"This page shows the main ways to do that, including what happens when the same key appears in more than one dictionary. It also helps you choose the right method for your Python version and avoid changing a dictionary by mistake.",[55,79806,58],{"id":57},[60,79808,79810],{"className":62,"code":79809,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dict1 = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 20}\ndict2 = {\"city\": \"Lima\", \"age\": 21}\n\nmerged = dict1 | dict2\nprint(merged)\n# {'name': 'Ana', 'age': 21, 'city': 'Lima'}\n",[21,79811,79812,79849,79886,79890,79906,79917],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,79813,79814,79817,79819,79821,79823,79825,79827,79829,79831,79833,79835,79837,79839,79841,79843,79845,79847],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,79815,79816],{"class":79},"dict1 ",[69,79818,97],{"class":96},[69,79820,1914],{"class":100},[69,79822,111],{"class":110},[69,79824,115],{"class":114},[69,79826,111],{"class":110},[69,79828,1174],{"class":100},[69,79830,123],{"class":110},[69,79832,2553],{"class":114},[69,79834,111],{"class":110},[69,79836,120],{"class":100},[69,79838,123],{"class":110},[69,79840,126],{"class":114},[69,79842,111],{"class":110},[69,79844,1174],{"class":100},[69,79846,4671],{"class":157},[69,79848,1260],{"class":100},[69,79850,79851,79854,79856,79858,79860,79862,79864,79866,79868,79870,79872,79874,79876,79878,79880,79882,79884],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,79852,79853],{"class":79},"dict2 ",[69,79855,97],{"class":96},[69,79857,1914],{"class":100},[69,79859,111],{"class":110},[69,79861,135],{"class":114},[69,79863,111],{"class":110},[69,79865,1174],{"class":100},[69,79867,123],{"class":110},[69,79869,53547],{"class":114},[69,79871,111],{"class":110},[69,79873,120],{"class":100},[69,79875,123],{"class":110},[69,79877,126],{"class":114},[69,79879,111],{"class":110},[69,79881,1174],{"class":100},[69,79883,47944],{"class":157},[69,79885,1260],{"class":100},[69,79887,79888],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,79889,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,79891,79892,79895,79897,79900,79903],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,79893,79894],{"class":79},"merged ",[69,79896,97],{"class":96},[69,79898,79899],{"class":79}," dict1 ",[69,79901,79902],{"class":96},"|",[69,79904,79905],{"class":79}," dict2\n",[69,79907,79908,79910,79912,79915],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,79909,2161],{"class":217},[69,79911,221],{"class":100},[69,79913,79914],{"class":292},"merged",[69,79916,301],{"class":100},[69,79918,79919],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,79920,79921],{"class":2596},"# {'name': 'Ana', 'age': 21, 'city': 'Lima'}\n",[14,79923,79924,79925,79927],{},"In Python 3.9+, the ",[21,79926,79902],{}," operator merges dictionaries.",[14,79929,79930],{},"If both dictionaries have the same key, the value from the right dictionary replaces the earlier one.",[55,79932,2666],{"id":2665},[29,79934,79935,79938,79941,79944],{},[32,79936,79937],{},"Combine two dictionaries into one",[32,79939,79940],{},"Understand which value is kept when keys are duplicated",[32,79942,79943],{},"Choose the best merge method for your Python version",[32,79945,79946],{},"Avoid changing the original dictionary by mistake",[55,79948,79950,79951,16776],{"id":79949},"merge-dictionaries-with-the-operator","Merge dictionaries with the ",[21,79952,79902],{},[14,79954,9337,79955,79957],{},[21,79956,79902],{}," operator is the simplest way to merge dictionaries in modern Python.",[14,79959,79960],{},"Use it when:",[29,79962,79963,79966,79969],{},[32,79964,79965],{},"You are using Python 3.9 or later",[32,79967,79968],{},"You want a new dictionary",[32,79970,79971],{},"You do not want to change the original dictionaries",[1647,79973,11419],{"id":11418},[60,79975,79977],{"className":62,"code":79976,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 20}\nextra = {\"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nmerged = person | extra\n\nprint(merged)\nprint(person)\nprint(extra)\n",[21,79978,79979,80015,80040,80044,80057,80061,80071,80081],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,79980,79981,79983,79985,79987,79989,79991,79993,79995,79997,79999,80001,80003,80005,80007,80009,80011,80013],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,79982,2536],{"class":79},[69,79984,97],{"class":96},[69,79986,1914],{"class":100},[69,79988,111],{"class":110},[69,79990,115],{"class":114},[69,79992,111],{"class":110},[69,79994,1174],{"class":100},[69,79996,123],{"class":110},[69,79998,2553],{"class":114},[69,80000,111],{"class":110},[69,80002,120],{"class":100},[69,80004,123],{"class":110},[69,80006,126],{"class":114},[69,80008,111],{"class":110},[69,80010,1174],{"class":100},[69,80012,4671],{"class":157},[69,80014,1260],{"class":100},[69,80016,80017,80020,80022,80024,80026,80028,80030,80032,80034,80036,80038],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,80018,80019],{"class":79},"extra ",[69,80021,97],{"class":96},[69,80023,1914],{"class":100},[69,80025,111],{"class":110},[69,80027,135],{"class":114},[69,80029,111],{"class":110},[69,80031,1174],{"class":100},[69,80033,123],{"class":110},[69,80035,53547],{"class":114},[69,80037,111],{"class":110},[69,80039,1260],{"class":100},[69,80041,80042],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,80043,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,80045,80046,80048,80050,80052,80054],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,80047,79894],{"class":79},[69,80049,97],{"class":96},[69,80051,48002],{"class":79},[69,80053,79902],{"class":96},[69,80055,80056],{"class":79}," extra\n",[69,80058,80059],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,80060,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,80062,80063,80065,80067,80069],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,80064,2161],{"class":217},[69,80066,221],{"class":100},[69,80068,79914],{"class":292},[69,80070,301],{"class":100},[69,80072,80073,80075,80077,80079],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,80074,2161],{"class":217},[69,80076,221],{"class":100},[69,80078,2582],{"class":292},[69,80080,301],{"class":100},[69,80082,80083,80085,80087,80090],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,80084,2161],{"class":217},[69,80086,221],{"class":100},[69,80088,80089],{"class":292},"extra",[69,80091,301],{"class":100},[14,80093,2781],{},[60,80095,80097],{"className":62,"code":80096,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'name': 'Ana', 'age': 20, 'city': 'Lima'}\n{'name': 'Ana', 'age': 20}\n{'city': 'Lima'}\n",[21,80098,80099,80147,80179],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,80100,80101,80103,80105,80107,80109,80111,80113,80115,80117,80119,80121,80123,80125,80127,80129,80131,80133,80135,80137,80139,80141,80143,80145],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,80102,8018],{"class":100},[69,80104,15283],{"class":110},[69,80106,115],{"class":114},[69,80108,15283],{"class":110},[69,80110,1174],{"class":100},[69,80112,15292],{"class":110},[69,80114,2553],{"class":114},[69,80116,15283],{"class":110},[69,80118,120],{"class":100},[69,80120,15292],{"class":110},[69,80122,126],{"class":114},[69,80124,15283],{"class":110},[69,80126,1174],{"class":100},[69,80128,4671],{"class":157},[69,80130,120],{"class":100},[69,80132,15292],{"class":110},[69,80134,135],{"class":114},[69,80136,15283],{"class":110},[69,80138,1174],{"class":100},[69,80140,15292],{"class":110},[69,80142,53547],{"class":114},[69,80144,15283],{"class":110},[69,80146,1260],{"class":100},[69,80148,80149,80151,80153,80155,80157,80159,80161,80163,80165,80167,80169,80171,80173,80175,80177],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,80150,8018],{"class":100},[69,80152,15283],{"class":110},[69,80154,115],{"class":114},[69,80156,15283],{"class":110},[69,80158,1174],{"class":100},[69,80160,15292],{"class":110},[69,80162,2553],{"class":114},[69,80164,15283],{"class":110},[69,80166,120],{"class":100},[69,80168,15292],{"class":110},[69,80170,126],{"class":114},[69,80172,15283],{"class":110},[69,80174,1174],{"class":100},[69,80176,4671],{"class":157},[69,80178,1260],{"class":100},[69,80180,80181,80183,80185,80187,80189,80191,80193,80195,80197],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,80182,8018],{"class":100},[69,80184,15283],{"class":110},[69,80186,135],{"class":114},[69,80188,15283],{"class":110},[69,80190,1174],{"class":100},[69,80192,15292],{"class":110},[69,80194,53547],{"class":114},[69,80196,15283],{"class":110},[69,80198,1260],{"class":100},[1647,80200,6093],{"id":6092},[29,80202,80203,80208,80213],{},[32,80204,80205,80207],{},[21,80206,79914],{}," is a new dictionary",[32,80209,80210,80212],{},[21,80211,2582],{}," is unchanged",[32,80214,80215,80212],{},[21,80216,80089],{},[14,80218,80219],{},"If the same key exists in both dictionaries, the value on the right side wins:",[60,80221,80223],{"className":62,"code":80222,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dict1 = {\"age\": 20, \"city\": \"Quito\"}\ndict2 = {\"age\": 21}\n\nmerged = dict1 | dict2\nprint(merged)\n",[21,80224,80225,80262,80282,80286,80298],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,80226,80227,80229,80231,80233,80235,80237,80239,80241,80243,80245,80247,80249,80251,80253,80255,80258,80260],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,80228,79816],{"class":79},[69,80230,97],{"class":96},[69,80232,1914],{"class":100},[69,80234,111],{"class":110},[69,80236,126],{"class":114},[69,80238,111],{"class":110},[69,80240,1174],{"class":100},[69,80242,4671],{"class":157},[69,80244,120],{"class":100},[69,80246,123],{"class":110},[69,80248,135],{"class":114},[69,80250,111],{"class":110},[69,80252,1174],{"class":100},[69,80254,123],{"class":110},[69,80256,80257],{"class":114},"Quito",[69,80259,111],{"class":110},[69,80261,1260],{"class":100},[69,80263,80264,80266,80268,80270,80272,80274,80276,80278,80280],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,80265,79853],{"class":79},[69,80267,97],{"class":96},[69,80269,1914],{"class":100},[69,80271,111],{"class":110},[69,80273,126],{"class":114},[69,80275,111],{"class":110},[69,80277,1174],{"class":100},[69,80279,47944],{"class":157},[69,80281,1260],{"class":100},[69,80283,80284],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,80285,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,80287,80288,80290,80292,80294,80296],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,80289,79894],{"class":79},[69,80291,97],{"class":96},[69,80293,79899],{"class":79},[69,80295,79902],{"class":96},[69,80297,79905],{"class":79},[69,80299,80300,80302,80304,80306],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,80301,2161],{"class":217},[69,80303,221],{"class":100},[69,80305,79914],{"class":292},[69,80307,301],{"class":100},[14,80309,2781],{},[60,80311,80313],{"className":62,"code":80312,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'age': 21, 'city': 'Quito'}\n",[21,80314,80315],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,80316,80317,80319,80321,80323,80325,80327,80329,80331,80333,80335,80337,80339,80341,80343,80345],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,80318,8018],{"class":100},[69,80320,15283],{"class":110},[69,80322,126],{"class":114},[69,80324,15283],{"class":110},[69,80326,1174],{"class":100},[69,80328,47944],{"class":157},[69,80330,120],{"class":100},[69,80332,15292],{"class":110},[69,80334,135],{"class":114},[69,80336,15283],{"class":110},[69,80338,1174],{"class":100},[69,80340,15292],{"class":110},[69,80342,80257],{"class":114},[69,80344,15283],{"class":110},[69,80346,1260],{"class":100},[14,80348,15080,80349,289],{},[579,80350,4023],{"href":4022},[55,80352,80354,80355,80358],{"id":80353},"merge-dictionaries-with-unpacking","Merge dictionaries with ",[21,80356,80357],{},"**"," unpacking",[14,80360,80361,80363],{},[21,80362,80357],{}," unpacking is another common way to merge dictionaries.",[14,80365,79960],{},[29,80367,80368,80371,80373],{},[32,80369,80370],{},"You need support for Python 3.5+",[32,80372,79968],{},[32,80374,80375],{},"You want to combine multiple dictionaries in one expression",[1647,80377,11419],{"id":11668},[60,80379,80381],{"className":62,"code":80380,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dict1 = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 20}\ndict2 = {\"city\": \"Lima\"}\ndict3 = {\"country\": \"Peru\"}\n\nmerged = {**dict1, **dict2, **dict3}\n\nprint(merged)\n",[21,80382,80383,80419,80443,80469,80473,80503,80507],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,80384,80385,80387,80389,80391,80393,80395,80397,80399,80401,80403,80405,80407,80409,80411,80413,80415,80417],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,80386,79816],{"class":79},[69,80388,97],{"class":96},[69,80390,1914],{"class":100},[69,80392,111],{"class":110},[69,80394,115],{"class":114},[69,80396,111],{"class":110},[69,80398,1174],{"class":100},[69,80400,123],{"class":110},[69,80402,2553],{"class":114},[69,80404,111],{"class":110},[69,80406,120],{"class":100},[69,80408,123],{"class":110},[69,80410,126],{"class":114},[69,80412,111],{"class":110},[69,80414,1174],{"class":100},[69,80416,4671],{"class":157},[69,80418,1260],{"class":100},[69,80420,80421,80423,80425,80427,80429,80431,80433,80435,80437,80439,80441],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,80422,79853],{"class":79},[69,80424,97],{"class":96},[69,80426,1914],{"class":100},[69,80428,111],{"class":110},[69,80430,135],{"class":114},[69,80432,111],{"class":110},[69,80434,1174],{"class":100},[69,80436,123],{"class":110},[69,80438,53547],{"class":114},[69,80440,111],{"class":110},[69,80442,1260],{"class":100},[69,80444,80445,80448,80450,80452,80454,80456,80458,80460,80462,80465,80467],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,80446,80447],{"class":79},"dict3 ",[69,80449,97],{"class":96},[69,80451,1914],{"class":100},[69,80453,111],{"class":110},[69,80455,1947],{"class":114},[69,80457,111],{"class":110},[69,80459,1174],{"class":100},[69,80461,123],{"class":110},[69,80463,80464],{"class":114},"Peru",[69,80466,111],{"class":110},[69,80468,1260],{"class":100},[69,80470,80471],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,80472,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,80474,80475,80477,80479,80481,80483,80486,80488,80491,80494,80496,80498,80501],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,80476,79894],{"class":79},[69,80478,97],{"class":96},[69,80480,1914],{"class":100},[69,80482,80357],{"class":96},[69,80484,80485],{"class":79},"dict1",[69,80487,120],{"class":100},[69,80489,80490],{"class":96}," **",[69,80492,80493],{"class":79},"dict2",[69,80495,120],{"class":100},[69,80497,80490],{"class":96},[69,80499,80500],{"class":79},"dict3",[69,80502,1260],{"class":100},[69,80504,80505],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,80506,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,80508,80509,80511,80513,80515],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,80510,2161],{"class":217},[69,80512,221],{"class":100},[69,80514,79914],{"class":292},[69,80516,301],{"class":100},[14,80518,2781],{},[60,80520,80522],{"className":62,"code":80521,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'name': 'Ana', 'age': 20, 'city': 'Lima', 'country': 'Peru'}\n",[21,80523,80524],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,80525,80526,80528,80530,80532,80534,80536,80538,80540,80542,80544,80546,80548,80550,80552,80554,80556,80558,80560,80562,80564,80566,80568,80570,80572,80574,80576,80578,80580,80582,80584,80586],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,80527,8018],{"class":100},[69,80529,15283],{"class":110},[69,80531,115],{"class":114},[69,80533,15283],{"class":110},[69,80535,1174],{"class":100},[69,80537,15292],{"class":110},[69,80539,2553],{"class":114},[69,80541,15283],{"class":110},[69,80543,120],{"class":100},[69,80545,15292],{"class":110},[69,80547,126],{"class":114},[69,80549,15283],{"class":110},[69,80551,1174],{"class":100},[69,80553,4671],{"class":157},[69,80555,120],{"class":100},[69,80557,15292],{"class":110},[69,80559,135],{"class":114},[69,80561,15283],{"class":110},[69,80563,1174],{"class":100},[69,80565,15292],{"class":110},[69,80567,53547],{"class":114},[69,80569,15283],{"class":110},[69,80571,120],{"class":100},[69,80573,15292],{"class":110},[69,80575,1947],{"class":114},[69,80577,15283],{"class":110},[69,80579,1174],{"class":100},[69,80581,15292],{"class":110},[69,80583,80464],{"class":114},[69,80585,15283],{"class":110},[69,80587,1260],{"class":100},[14,80589,80590,80591,80593],{},"Like the ",[21,80592,79902],{}," operator, this creates a new dictionary.",[1647,80595,80597,80598],{"id":80596},"duplicate-keys-with","Duplicate keys with ",[21,80599,80357],{},[14,80601,80602],{},"Later dictionaries overwrite earlier ones:",[60,80604,80606],{"className":62,"code":80605,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dict1 = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 20}\ndict2 = {\"age\": 21, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nmerged = {**dict1, **dict2}\nprint(merged)\n",[21,80607,80608,80644,80680,80684,80704],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,80609,80610,80612,80614,80616,80618,80620,80622,80624,80626,80628,80630,80632,80634,80636,80638,80640,80642],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,80611,79816],{"class":79},[69,80613,97],{"class":96},[69,80615,1914],{"class":100},[69,80617,111],{"class":110},[69,80619,115],{"class":114},[69,80621,111],{"class":110},[69,80623,1174],{"class":100},[69,80625,123],{"class":110},[69,80627,2553],{"class":114},[69,80629,111],{"class":110},[69,80631,120],{"class":100},[69,80633,123],{"class":110},[69,80635,126],{"class":114},[69,80637,111],{"class":110},[69,80639,1174],{"class":100},[69,80641,4671],{"class":157},[69,80643,1260],{"class":100},[69,80645,80646,80648,80650,80652,80654,80656,80658,80660,80662,80664,80666,80668,80670,80672,80674,80676,80678],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,80647,79853],{"class":79},[69,80649,97],{"class":96},[69,80651,1914],{"class":100},[69,80653,111],{"class":110},[69,80655,126],{"class":114},[69,80657,111],{"class":110},[69,80659,1174],{"class":100},[69,80661,47944],{"class":157},[69,80663,120],{"class":100},[69,80665,123],{"class":110},[69,80667,135],{"class":114},[69,80669,111],{"class":110},[69,80671,1174],{"class":100},[69,80673,123],{"class":110},[69,80675,53547],{"class":114},[69,80677,111],{"class":110},[69,80679,1260],{"class":100},[69,80681,80682],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,80683,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,80685,80686,80688,80690,80692,80694,80696,80698,80700,80702],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,80687,79894],{"class":79},[69,80689,97],{"class":96},[69,80691,1914],{"class":100},[69,80693,80357],{"class":96},[69,80695,80485],{"class":79},[69,80697,120],{"class":100},[69,80699,80490],{"class":96},[69,80701,80493],{"class":79},[69,80703,1260],{"class":100},[69,80705,80706,80708,80710,80712],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,80707,2161],{"class":217},[69,80709,221],{"class":100},[69,80711,79914],{"class":292},[69,80713,301],{"class":100},[14,80715,2781],{},[60,80717,80719],{"className":62,"code":80718,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'name': 'Ana', 'age': 21, 'city': 'Lima'}\n",[21,80720,80721],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,80722,80723,80725,80727,80729,80731,80733,80735,80737,80739,80741,80743,80745,80747,80749,80751,80753,80755,80757,80759,80761,80763,80765,80767],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,80724,8018],{"class":100},[69,80726,15283],{"class":110},[69,80728,115],{"class":114},[69,80730,15283],{"class":110},[69,80732,1174],{"class":100},[69,80734,15292],{"class":110},[69,80736,2553],{"class":114},[69,80738,15283],{"class":110},[69,80740,120],{"class":100},[69,80742,15292],{"class":110},[69,80744,126],{"class":114},[69,80746,15283],{"class":110},[69,80748,1174],{"class":100},[69,80750,47944],{"class":157},[69,80752,120],{"class":100},[69,80754,15292],{"class":110},[69,80756,135],{"class":114},[69,80758,15283],{"class":110},[69,80760,1174],{"class":100},[69,80762,15292],{"class":110},[69,80764,53547],{"class":114},[69,80766,15283],{"class":110},[69,80768,1260],{"class":100},[55,80770,80772,80773],{"id":80771},"merge-into-an-existing-dictionary-with-update","Merge into an existing dictionary with ",[21,80774,4180],{},[14,80776,322,80777,80779],{},[21,80778,4180],{}," when you want to change an existing dictionary instead of creating a new one.",[14,80781,595],{},[29,80783,80784,80787,80790],{},[32,80785,80786],{},"You already have a dictionary",[32,80788,80789],{},"You want to add more key-value pairs to it",[32,80791,80792],{},"You are okay with modifying it directly",[1647,80794,11419],{"id":11817},[60,80796,80798],{"className":62,"code":80797,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 20}\nextra = {\"city\": \"Lima\", \"age\": 21}\n\nperson.update(extra)\n\nprint(person)\n",[21,80799,80800,80836,80872,80876,80890,80894],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,80801,80802,80804,80806,80808,80810,80812,80814,80816,80818,80820,80822,80824,80826,80828,80830,80832,80834],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,80803,2536],{"class":79},[69,80805,97],{"class":96},[69,80807,1914],{"class":100},[69,80809,111],{"class":110},[69,80811,115],{"class":114},[69,80813,111],{"class":110},[69,80815,1174],{"class":100},[69,80817,123],{"class":110},[69,80819,2553],{"class":114},[69,80821,111],{"class":110},[69,80823,120],{"class":100},[69,80825,123],{"class":110},[69,80827,126],{"class":114},[69,80829,111],{"class":110},[69,80831,1174],{"class":100},[69,80833,4671],{"class":157},[69,80835,1260],{"class":100},[69,80837,80838,80840,80842,80844,80846,80848,80850,80852,80854,80856,80858,80860,80862,80864,80866,80868,80870],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,80839,80019],{"class":79},[69,80841,97],{"class":96},[69,80843,1914],{"class":100},[69,80845,111],{"class":110},[69,80847,135],{"class":114},[69,80849,111],{"class":110},[69,80851,1174],{"class":100},[69,80853,123],{"class":110},[69,80855,53547],{"class":114},[69,80857,111],{"class":110},[69,80859,120],{"class":100},[69,80861,123],{"class":110},[69,80863,126],{"class":114},[69,80865,111],{"class":110},[69,80867,1174],{"class":100},[69,80869,47944],{"class":157},[69,80871,1260],{"class":100},[69,80873,80874],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,80875,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,80877,80878,80880,80882,80884,80886,80888],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,80879,2582],{"class":79},[69,80881,289],{"class":100},[69,80883,4557],{"class":292},[69,80885,221],{"class":100},[69,80887,80089],{"class":292},[69,80889,301],{"class":100},[69,80891,80892],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,80893,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,80895,80896,80898,80900,80902],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,80897,2161],{"class":217},[69,80899,221],{"class":100},[69,80901,2582],{"class":292},[69,80903,301],{"class":100},[14,80905,2781],{},[60,80907,80908],{"className":62,"code":80718,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,80909,80910],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,80911,80912,80914,80916,80918,80920,80922,80924,80926,80928,80930,80932,80934,80936,80938,80940,80942,80944,80946,80948,80950,80952,80954,80956],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,80913,8018],{"class":100},[69,80915,15283],{"class":110},[69,80917,115],{"class":114},[69,80919,15283],{"class":110},[69,80921,1174],{"class":100},[69,80923,15292],{"class":110},[69,80925,2553],{"class":114},[69,80927,15283],{"class":110},[69,80929,120],{"class":100},[69,80931,15292],{"class":110},[69,80933,126],{"class":114},[69,80935,15283],{"class":110},[69,80937,1174],{"class":100},[69,80939,47944],{"class":157},[69,80941,120],{"class":100},[69,80943,15292],{"class":110},[69,80945,135],{"class":114},[69,80947,15283],{"class":110},[69,80949,1174],{"class":100},[69,80951,15292],{"class":110},[69,80953,53547],{"class":114},[69,80955,15283],{"class":110},[69,80957,1260],{"class":100},[1647,80959,80961],{"id":80960},"important-beginner-warning","Important beginner warning",[14,80963,80964,80966],{},[21,80965,4180],{}," changes the original dictionary in place.",[14,80968,15572,80969,80971,80972,80974],{},[21,80970,2582],{}," itself is modified. It does ",[2498,80973,3315],{}," create a new dictionary.",[14,80976,80977],{},"If you want to keep the original unchanged, make a copy first:",[60,80979,80981],{"className":62,"code":80980,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 20}\nextra = {\"city\": \"Lima\", \"age\": 21}\n\nmerged = person.copy()\nmerged.update(extra)\n\nprint(merged)\nprint(person)\n",[21,80982,80983,81019,81055,81059,81073,81087,81091,81101],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,80984,80985,80987,80989,80991,80993,80995,80997,80999,81001,81003,81005,81007,81009,81011,81013,81015,81017],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,80986,2536],{"class":79},[69,80988,97],{"class":96},[69,80990,1914],{"class":100},[69,80992,111],{"class":110},[69,80994,115],{"class":114},[69,80996,111],{"class":110},[69,80998,1174],{"class":100},[69,81000,123],{"class":110},[69,81002,2553],{"class":114},[69,81004,111],{"class":110},[69,81006,120],{"class":100},[69,81008,123],{"class":110},[69,81010,126],{"class":114},[69,81012,111],{"class":110},[69,81014,1174],{"class":100},[69,81016,4671],{"class":157},[69,81018,1260],{"class":100},[69,81020,81021,81023,81025,81027,81029,81031,81033,81035,81037,81039,81041,81043,81045,81047,81049,81051,81053],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,81022,80019],{"class":79},[69,81024,97],{"class":96},[69,81026,1914],{"class":100},[69,81028,111],{"class":110},[69,81030,135],{"class":114},[69,81032,111],{"class":110},[69,81034,1174],{"class":100},[69,81036,123],{"class":110},[69,81038,53547],{"class":114},[69,81040,111],{"class":110},[69,81042,120],{"class":100},[69,81044,123],{"class":110},[69,81046,126],{"class":114},[69,81048,111],{"class":110},[69,81050,1174],{"class":100},[69,81052,47944],{"class":157},[69,81054,1260],{"class":100},[69,81056,81057],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,81058,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,81060,81061,81063,81065,81067,81069,81071],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,81062,79894],{"class":79},[69,81064,97],{"class":96},[69,81066,3213],{"class":79},[69,81068,289],{"class":100},[69,81070,29642],{"class":292},[69,81072,1385],{"class":100},[69,81074,81075,81077,81079,81081,81083,81085],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,81076,79914],{"class":79},[69,81078,289],{"class":100},[69,81080,4557],{"class":292},[69,81082,221],{"class":100},[69,81084,80089],{"class":292},[69,81086,301],{"class":100},[69,81088,81089],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,81090,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,81092,81093,81095,81097,81099],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,81094,2161],{"class":217},[69,81096,221],{"class":100},[69,81098,79914],{"class":292},[69,81100,301],{"class":100},[69,81102,81103,81105,81107,81109],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,81104,2161],{"class":217},[69,81106,221],{"class":100},[69,81108,2582],{"class":292},[69,81110,301],{"class":100},[14,81112,2781],{},[60,81114,81116],{"className":62,"code":81115,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'name': 'Ana', 'age': 21, 'city': 'Lima'}\n{'name': 'Ana', 'age': 20}\n",[21,81117,81118,81166],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,81119,81120,81122,81124,81126,81128,81130,81132,81134,81136,81138,81140,81142,81144,81146,81148,81150,81152,81154,81156,81158,81160,81162,81164],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,81121,8018],{"class":100},[69,81123,15283],{"class":110},[69,81125,115],{"class":114},[69,81127,15283],{"class":110},[69,81129,1174],{"class":100},[69,81131,15292],{"class":110},[69,81133,2553],{"class":114},[69,81135,15283],{"class":110},[69,81137,120],{"class":100},[69,81139,15292],{"class":110},[69,81141,126],{"class":114},[69,81143,15283],{"class":110},[69,81145,1174],{"class":100},[69,81147,47944],{"class":157},[69,81149,120],{"class":100},[69,81151,15292],{"class":110},[69,81153,135],{"class":114},[69,81155,15283],{"class":110},[69,81157,1174],{"class":100},[69,81159,15292],{"class":110},[69,81161,53547],{"class":114},[69,81163,15283],{"class":110},[69,81165,1260],{"class":100},[69,81167,81168,81170,81172,81174,81176,81178,81180,81182,81184,81186,81188,81190,81192,81194,81196],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,81169,8018],{"class":100},[69,81171,15283],{"class":110},[69,81173,115],{"class":114},[69,81175,15283],{"class":110},[69,81177,1174],{"class":100},[69,81179,15292],{"class":110},[69,81181,2553],{"class":114},[69,81183,15283],{"class":110},[69,81185,120],{"class":100},[69,81187,15292],{"class":110},[69,81189,126],{"class":114},[69,81191,15283],{"class":110},[69,81193,1174],{"class":100},[69,81195,4671],{"class":157},[69,81197,1260],{"class":100},[14,81199,73603,81200,289],{},[579,81201,3138,81203,3141],{"href":81202},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-dictionary-update-method",[21,81204,4180],{},[55,81206,81208],{"id":81207},"what-happens-with-duplicate-keys","What happens with duplicate keys",[14,81210,81211],{},"Python dictionaries cannot store the same key twice.",[14,81213,81214],{},"So when you merge dictionaries and the same key appears more than once, one value must replace the other.",[14,81216,44753],{},[29,81218,81219,81222],{},[32,81220,81221],{},"The later dictionary wins",[32,81223,81224],{},"The earlier value is overwritten",[1647,81226,81228],{"id":81227},"small-example","Small example",[60,81230,81232],{"className":62,"code":81231,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dict1 = {\"color\": \"blue\", \"size\": \"M\"}\ndict2 = {\"color\": \"green\"}\n\nprint(dict1 | dict2)\nprint({**dict1, **dict2})\n",[21,81233,81234,81277,81301,81305,81320],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,81235,81236,81238,81240,81242,81244,81247,81249,81251,81253,81255,81257,81259,81261,81264,81266,81268,81270,81273,81275],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,81237,79816],{"class":79},[69,81239,97],{"class":96},[69,81241,1914],{"class":100},[69,81243,111],{"class":110},[69,81245,81246],{"class":114},"color",[69,81248,111],{"class":110},[69,81250,1174],{"class":100},[69,81252,123],{"class":110},[69,81254,6508],{"class":114},[69,81256,111],{"class":110},[69,81258,120],{"class":100},[69,81260,123],{"class":110},[69,81262,81263],{"class":114},"size",[69,81265,111],{"class":110},[69,81267,1174],{"class":100},[69,81269,123],{"class":110},[69,81271,81272],{"class":114},"M",[69,81274,111],{"class":110},[69,81276,1260],{"class":100},[69,81278,81279,81281,81283,81285,81287,81289,81291,81293,81295,81297,81299],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,81280,79853],{"class":79},[69,81282,97],{"class":96},[69,81284,1914],{"class":100},[69,81286,111],{"class":110},[69,81288,81246],{"class":114},[69,81290,111],{"class":110},[69,81292,1174],{"class":100},[69,81294,123],{"class":110},[69,81296,6532],{"class":114},[69,81298,111],{"class":110},[69,81300,1260],{"class":100},[69,81302,81303],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,81304,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,81306,81307,81309,81311,81313,81315,81318],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,81308,2161],{"class":217},[69,81310,221],{"class":100},[69,81312,79816],{"class":292},[69,81314,79902],{"class":96},[69,81316,81317],{"class":292}," dict2",[69,81319,301],{"class":100},[69,81321,81322,81324,81326,81328,81330,81332,81334,81336],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,81323,2161],{"class":217},[69,81325,4560],{"class":100},[69,81327,80357],{"class":96},[69,81329,80485],{"class":292},[69,81331,120],{"class":100},[69,81333,80490],{"class":96},[69,81335,80493],{"class":292},[69,81337,4589],{"class":100},[14,81339,2781],{},[60,81341,81343],{"className":62,"code":81342,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'color': 'green', 'size': 'M'}\n{'color': 'green', 'size': 'M'}\n",[21,81344,81345,81381],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,81346,81347,81349,81351,81353,81355,81357,81359,81361,81363,81365,81367,81369,81371,81373,81375,81377,81379],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,81348,8018],{"class":100},[69,81350,15283],{"class":110},[69,81352,81246],{"class":114},[69,81354,15283],{"class":110},[69,81356,1174],{"class":100},[69,81358,15292],{"class":110},[69,81360,6532],{"class":114},[69,81362,15283],{"class":110},[69,81364,120],{"class":100},[69,81366,15292],{"class":110},[69,81368,81263],{"class":114},[69,81370,15283],{"class":110},[69,81372,1174],{"class":100},[69,81374,15292],{"class":110},[69,81376,81272],{"class":114},[69,81378,15283],{"class":110},[69,81380,1260],{"class":100},[69,81382,81383,81385,81387,81389,81391,81393,81395,81397,81399,81401,81403,81405,81407,81409,81411,81413,81415],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,81384,8018],{"class":100},[69,81386,15283],{"class":110},[69,81388,81246],{"class":114},[69,81390,15283],{"class":110},[69,81392,1174],{"class":100},[69,81394,15292],{"class":110},[69,81396,6532],{"class":114},[69,81398,15283],{"class":110},[69,81400,120],{"class":100},[69,81402,15292],{"class":110},[69,81404,81263],{"class":114},[69,81406,15283],{"class":110},[69,81408,1174],{"class":100},[69,81410,15292],{"class":110},[69,81412,81272],{"class":114},[69,81414,15283],{"class":110},[69,81416,1260],{"class":100},[14,81418,81419,81420,81423,81424,16250,81427,81429],{},"In both cases, ",[21,81421,81422],{},"\"green\""," replaces ",[21,81425,81426],{},"\"blue\"",[21,81428,80493],{}," comes later.",[14,81431,81432],{},"If you need to keep both values, you cannot do that with the same dictionary key. You would need a different structure, such as a list:",[60,81434,81436],{"className":62,"code":81435,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"data = {\"color\": [\"blue\", \"green\"]}\nprint(data)\n",[21,81437,81438,81473],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,81439,81440,81442,81444,81446,81448,81450,81452,81454,81456,81458,81460,81462,81464,81466,81468,81470],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,81441,3362],{"class":79},[69,81443,97],{"class":96},[69,81445,1914],{"class":100},[69,81447,111],{"class":110},[69,81449,81246],{"class":114},[69,81451,111],{"class":110},[69,81453,1174],{"class":100},[69,81455,636],{"class":100},[69,81457,111],{"class":110},[69,81459,6508],{"class":114},[69,81461,111],{"class":110},[69,81463,120],{"class":100},[69,81465,123],{"class":110},[69,81467,6532],{"class":114},[69,81469,111],{"class":110},[69,81471,81472],{"class":100},"]}\n",[69,81474,81475,81477,81479,81481],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,81476,2161],{"class":217},[69,81478,221],{"class":100},[69,81480,3436],{"class":292},[69,81482,301],{"class":100},[14,81484,2781],{},[60,81486,81488],{"className":62,"code":81487,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'color': ['blue', 'green']}\n",[21,81489,81490],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,81491,81492,81494,81496,81498,81500,81502,81504,81506,81508,81510,81512,81514,81516,81518],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,81493,8018],{"class":100},[69,81495,15283],{"class":110},[69,81497,81246],{"class":114},[69,81499,15283],{"class":110},[69,81501,1174],{"class":100},[69,81503,636],{"class":100},[69,81505,15283],{"class":110},[69,81507,6508],{"class":114},[69,81509,15283],{"class":110},[69,81511,120],{"class":100},[69,81513,15292],{"class":110},[69,81515,6532],{"class":114},[69,81517,15283],{"class":110},[69,81519,81472],{"class":100},[55,81521,81523],{"id":81522},"how-to-merge-more-than-two-dictionaries","How to merge more than two dictionaries",[14,81525,81526,81527,81529,81530,81532],{},"You can merge more than two dictionaries with either multiple ",[21,81528,79902],{}," operations or multiple ",[21,81531,80357],{}," expressions.",[1647,81534,1628,81536],{"id":81535},"using",[21,81537,79902],{},[60,81539,81541],{"className":62,"code":81540,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dict1 = {\"a\": 1}\ndict2 = {\"b\": 2}\ndict3 = {\"c\": 3}\n\nmerged = dict1 | dict2 | dict3\nprint(merged)\n",[21,81542,81543,81563,81583,81603,81607,81625],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,81544,81545,81547,81549,81551,81553,81555,81557,81559,81561],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,81546,79816],{"class":79},[69,81548,97],{"class":96},[69,81550,1914],{"class":100},[69,81552,111],{"class":110},[69,81554,579],{"class":114},[69,81556,111],{"class":110},[69,81558,1174],{"class":100},[69,81560,5748],{"class":157},[69,81562,1260],{"class":100},[69,81564,81565,81567,81569,81571,81573,81575,81577,81579,81581],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,81566,79853],{"class":79},[69,81568,97],{"class":96},[69,81570,1914],{"class":100},[69,81572,111],{"class":110},[69,81574,5755],{"class":114},[69,81576,111],{"class":110},[69,81578,1174],{"class":100},[69,81580,5762],{"class":157},[69,81582,1260],{"class":100},[69,81584,81585,81587,81589,81591,81593,81595,81597,81599,81601],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,81586,80447],{"class":79},[69,81588,97],{"class":96},[69,81590,1914],{"class":100},[69,81592,111],{"class":110},[69,81594,6399],{"class":114},[69,81596,111],{"class":110},[69,81598,1174],{"class":100},[69,81600,5949],{"class":157},[69,81602,1260],{"class":100},[69,81604,81605],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,81606,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,81608,81609,81611,81613,81615,81617,81620,81622],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,81610,79894],{"class":79},[69,81612,97],{"class":96},[69,81614,79899],{"class":79},[69,81616,79902],{"class":96},[69,81618,81619],{"class":79}," dict2 ",[69,81621,79902],{"class":96},[69,81623,81624],{"class":79}," dict3\n",[69,81626,81627,81629,81631,81633],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,81628,2161],{"class":217},[69,81630,221],{"class":100},[69,81632,79914],{"class":292},[69,81634,301],{"class":100},[14,81636,2781],{},[60,81638,81640],{"className":62,"code":81639,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}\n",[21,81641,81642],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,81643,81644,81646,81648,81650,81652,81654,81656,81658,81660,81662,81664,81666,81668,81670,81672,81674,81676,81678,81680],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,81645,8018],{"class":100},[69,81647,15283],{"class":110},[69,81649,579],{"class":114},[69,81651,15283],{"class":110},[69,81653,1174],{"class":100},[69,81655,5748],{"class":157},[69,81657,120],{"class":100},[69,81659,15292],{"class":110},[69,81661,5755],{"class":114},[69,81663,15283],{"class":110},[69,81665,1174],{"class":100},[69,81667,5762],{"class":157},[69,81669,120],{"class":100},[69,81671,15292],{"class":110},[69,81673,6399],{"class":114},[69,81675,15283],{"class":110},[69,81677,1174],{"class":100},[69,81679,5949],{"class":157},[69,81681,1260],{"class":100},[1647,81683,1628,81685],{"id":81684},"using-1",[21,81686,80357],{},[60,81688,81690],{"className":62,"code":81689,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dict1 = {\"a\": 1}\ndict2 = {\"b\": 2}\ndict3 = {\"c\": 3}\n\nmerged = {**dict1, **dict2, **dict3}\nprint(merged)\n",[21,81691,81692,81712,81732,81752,81756,81782],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,81693,81694,81696,81698,81700,81702,81704,81706,81708,81710],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,81695,79816],{"class":79},[69,81697,97],{"class":96},[69,81699,1914],{"class":100},[69,81701,111],{"class":110},[69,81703,579],{"class":114},[69,81705,111],{"class":110},[69,81707,1174],{"class":100},[69,81709,5748],{"class":157},[69,81711,1260],{"class":100},[69,81713,81714,81716,81718,81720,81722,81724,81726,81728,81730],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,81715,79853],{"class":79},[69,81717,97],{"class":96},[69,81719,1914],{"class":100},[69,81721,111],{"class":110},[69,81723,5755],{"class":114},[69,81725,111],{"class":110},[69,81727,1174],{"class":100},[69,81729,5762],{"class":157},[69,81731,1260],{"class":100},[69,81733,81734,81736,81738,81740,81742,81744,81746,81748,81750],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,81735,80447],{"class":79},[69,81737,97],{"class":96},[69,81739,1914],{"class":100},[69,81741,111],{"class":110},[69,81743,6399],{"class":114},[69,81745,111],{"class":110},[69,81747,1174],{"class":100},[69,81749,5949],{"class":157},[69,81751,1260],{"class":100},[69,81753,81754],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,81755,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,81757,81758,81760,81762,81764,81766,81768,81770,81772,81774,81776,81778,81780],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,81759,79894],{"class":79},[69,81761,97],{"class":96},[69,81763,1914],{"class":100},[69,81765,80357],{"class":96},[69,81767,80485],{"class":79},[69,81769,120],{"class":100},[69,81771,80490],{"class":96},[69,81773,80493],{"class":79},[69,81775,120],{"class":100},[69,81777,80490],{"class":96},[69,81779,80500],{"class":79},[69,81781,1260],{"class":100},[69,81783,81784,81786,81788,81790],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,81785,2161],{"class":217},[69,81787,221],{"class":100},[69,81789,79914],{"class":292},[69,81791,301],{"class":100},[14,81793,2781],{},[60,81795,81796],{"className":62,"code":81639,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,81797,81798],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,81799,81800,81802,81804,81806,81808,81810,81812,81814,81816,81818,81820,81822,81824,81826,81828,81830,81832,81834,81836],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,81801,8018],{"class":100},[69,81803,15283],{"class":110},[69,81805,579],{"class":114},[69,81807,15283],{"class":110},[69,81809,1174],{"class":100},[69,81811,5748],{"class":157},[69,81813,120],{"class":100},[69,81815,15292],{"class":110},[69,81817,5755],{"class":114},[69,81819,15283],{"class":110},[69,81821,1174],{"class":100},[69,81823,5762],{"class":157},[69,81825,120],{"class":100},[69,81827,15292],{"class":110},[69,81829,6399],{"class":114},[69,81831,15283],{"class":110},[69,81833,1174],{"class":100},[69,81835,5949],{"class":157},[69,81837,1260],{"class":100},[1647,81839,81841],{"id":81840},"order-still-matters","Order still matters",[14,81843,81844],{},"If the same key appears more than once, the last value is kept:",[60,81846,81848],{"className":62,"code":81847,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dict1 = {\"age\": 18}\ndict2 = {\"age\": 20}\ndict3 = {\"age\": 22}\n\nmerged = dict1 | dict2 | dict3\nprint(merged)\n",[21,81849,81850,81870,81890,81910,81914,81930],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,81851,81852,81854,81856,81858,81860,81862,81864,81866,81868],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,81853,79816],{"class":79},[69,81855,97],{"class":96},[69,81857,1914],{"class":100},[69,81859,111],{"class":110},[69,81861,126],{"class":114},[69,81863,111],{"class":110},[69,81865,1174],{"class":100},[69,81867,40842],{"class":157},[69,81869,1260],{"class":100},[69,81871,81872,81874,81876,81878,81880,81882,81884,81886,81888],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,81873,79853],{"class":79},[69,81875,97],{"class":96},[69,81877,1914],{"class":100},[69,81879,111],{"class":110},[69,81881,126],{"class":114},[69,81883,111],{"class":110},[69,81885,1174],{"class":100},[69,81887,4671],{"class":157},[69,81889,1260],{"class":100},[69,81891,81892,81894,81896,81898,81900,81902,81904,81906,81908],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,81893,80447],{"class":79},[69,81895,97],{"class":96},[69,81897,1914],{"class":100},[69,81899,111],{"class":110},[69,81901,126],{"class":114},[69,81903,111],{"class":110},[69,81905,1174],{"class":100},[69,81907,5041],{"class":157},[69,81909,1260],{"class":100},[69,81911,81912],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,81913,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,81915,81916,81918,81920,81922,81924,81926,81928],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,81917,79894],{"class":79},[69,81919,97],{"class":96},[69,81921,79899],{"class":79},[69,81923,79902],{"class":96},[69,81925,81619],{"class":79},[69,81927,79902],{"class":96},[69,81929,81624],{"class":79},[69,81931,81932,81934,81936,81938],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,81933,2161],{"class":217},[69,81935,221],{"class":100},[69,81937,79914],{"class":292},[69,81939,301],{"class":100},[14,81941,2781],{},[60,81943,81945],{"className":62,"code":81944,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'age': 22}\n",[21,81946,81947],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,81948,81949,81951,81953,81955,81957,81959,81961],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,81950,8018],{"class":100},[69,81952,15283],{"class":110},[69,81954,126],{"class":114},[69,81956,15283],{"class":110},[69,81958,1174],{"class":100},[69,81960,5041],{"class":157},[69,81962,1260],{"class":100},[55,81964,81966],{"id":81965},"how-to-choose-the-right-method","How to choose the right method",[14,81968,81969],{},"Choose the method based on your Python version and whether you want a new dictionary or not.",[1647,81971,322,81973,81975],{"id":81972},"use-when",[21,81974,79902],{}," when",[29,81977,81978,81981,81984],{},[32,81979,81980],{},"You are using Python 3.9+",[32,81982,81983],{},"You want clean, readable syntax",[32,81985,79968],{},[1647,81987,322,81989,81991],{"id":81988},"use-unpacking-when",[21,81990,80357],{}," unpacking when",[29,81993,81994,81996,81998],{},[32,81995,80370],{},[32,81997,79968],{},[32,81999,82000],{},"You want to combine several dictionaries in one expression",[1647,82002,322,82004,81975],{"id":82003},"use-update-when",[21,82005,4180],{},[29,82007,82008,82011],{},[32,82009,82010],{},"You want to modify an existing dictionary",[32,82012,82013],{},"You do not need to keep the original unchanged",[14,82015,3847],{},[29,82017,82018,82029],{},[32,82019,82020,82021,82024,82025,364,82027],{},"Want a ",[2498,82022,82023],{},"new"," dictionary: use ",[21,82026,79902],{},[21,82028,80357],{},[32,82030,82031,82032,82035,82036],{},"Want to ",[2498,82033,82034],{},"change"," an existing dictionary: use ",[21,82037,4180],{},[55,82039,3868],{"id":3867},[14,82041,82042],{},"These are common problems beginners run into when merging dictionaries.",[1647,82044,1628,82046,82048],{"id":82045},"using-update-without-realizing-it-changes-the-original-dictionary",[21,82047,4180],{}," without realizing it changes the original dictionary",[14,82050,60043],{},[60,82052,82054],{"className":62,"code":82053,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dict1 = {\"name\": \"Ana\"}\ndict2 = {\"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\ndict1.update(dict2)\nprint(dict1)\n",[21,82055,82056,82080,82104,82108,82122],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,82057,82058,82060,82062,82064,82066,82068,82070,82072,82074,82076,82078],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,82059,79816],{"class":79},[69,82061,97],{"class":96},[69,82063,1914],{"class":100},[69,82065,111],{"class":110},[69,82067,115],{"class":114},[69,82069,111],{"class":110},[69,82071,1174],{"class":100},[69,82073,123],{"class":110},[69,82075,2553],{"class":114},[69,82077,111],{"class":110},[69,82079,1260],{"class":100},[69,82081,82082,82084,82086,82088,82090,82092,82094,82096,82098,82100,82102],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,82083,79853],{"class":79},[69,82085,97],{"class":96},[69,82087,1914],{"class":100},[69,82089,111],{"class":110},[69,82091,135],{"class":114},[69,82093,111],{"class":110},[69,82095,1174],{"class":100},[69,82097,123],{"class":110},[69,82099,53547],{"class":114},[69,82101,111],{"class":110},[69,82103,1260],{"class":100},[69,82105,82106],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,82107,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,82109,82110,82112,82114,82116,82118,82120],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,82111,80485],{"class":79},[69,82113,289],{"class":100},[69,82115,4557],{"class":292},[69,82117,221],{"class":100},[69,82119,80493],{"class":292},[69,82121,301],{"class":100},[69,82123,82124,82126,82128,82130],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,82125,2161],{"class":217},[69,82127,221],{"class":100},[69,82129,80485],{"class":292},[69,82131,301],{"class":100},[14,82133,82134,82135,82137],{},"After this, ",[21,82136,80485],{}," is changed.",[1647,82139,82141],{"id":82140},"expecting-python-to-keep-both-values-for-the-same-key","Expecting Python to keep both values for the same key",[14,82143,82144],{},"This will not happen in a normal dictionary merge:",[60,82146,82148],{"className":62,"code":82147,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dict1 = {\"age\": 20}\ndict2 = {\"age\": 21}\n\nmerged = dict1 | dict2\nprint(merged)\n",[21,82149,82150,82170,82190,82194,82206],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,82151,82152,82154,82156,82158,82160,82162,82164,82166,82168],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,82153,79816],{"class":79},[69,82155,97],{"class":96},[69,82157,1914],{"class":100},[69,82159,111],{"class":110},[69,82161,126],{"class":114},[69,82163,111],{"class":110},[69,82165,1174],{"class":100},[69,82167,4671],{"class":157},[69,82169,1260],{"class":100},[69,82171,82172,82174,82176,82178,82180,82182,82184,82186,82188],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,82173,79853],{"class":79},[69,82175,97],{"class":96},[69,82177,1914],{"class":100},[69,82179,111],{"class":110},[69,82181,126],{"class":114},[69,82183,111],{"class":110},[69,82185,1174],{"class":100},[69,82187,47944],{"class":157},[69,82189,1260],{"class":100},[69,82191,82192],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,82193,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,82195,82196,82198,82200,82202,82204],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,82197,79894],{"class":79},[69,82199,97],{"class":96},[69,82201,79899],{"class":79},[69,82203,79902],{"class":96},[69,82205,79905],{"class":79},[69,82207,82208,82210,82212,82214],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,82209,2161],{"class":217},[69,82211,221],{"class":100},[69,82213,79914],{"class":292},[69,82215,301],{"class":100},[14,82217,2781],{},[60,82219,82221],{"className":62,"code":82220,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'age': 21}\n",[21,82222,82223],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,82224,82225,82227,82229,82231,82233,82235,82237],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,82226,8018],{"class":100},[69,82228,15283],{"class":110},[69,82230,126],{"class":114},[69,82232,15283],{"class":110},[69,82234,1174],{"class":100},[69,82236,47944],{"class":157},[69,82238,1260],{"class":100},[14,82240,82241,82242,82244],{},"Only one ",[21,82243,126],{}," key can exist.",[1647,82246,1628,82248,82250],{"id":82247},"using-in-an-older-python-version",[21,82249,79902],{}," in an older Python version",[14,82252,82253,82254,82256],{},"If your Python version is older than 3.9, the dictionary ",[21,82255,79902],{}," operator will not work.",[14,82258,82259],{},"Check your version with:",[60,82261,82262],{"className":22537,"code":38852,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,82263,82264],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,82265,82266,82268],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,82267,64],{"class":7506},[69,82269,67823],{"class":14546},[14,82271,82272],{},"If needed, use:",[60,82274,82276],{"className":62,"code":82275,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"merged = {**dict1, **dict2}\n",[21,82277,82278],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,82279,82280,82282,82284,82286,82288,82290,82292,82294,82296],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,82281,79894],{"class":79},[69,82283,97],{"class":96},[69,82285,1914],{"class":100},[69,82287,80357],{"class":96},[69,82289,80485],{"class":79},[69,82291,120],{"class":100},[69,82293,80490],{"class":96},[69,82295,80493],{"class":79},[69,82297,1260],{"class":100},[1647,82299,82301],{"id":82300},"merging-in-the-wrong-order","Merging in the wrong order",[14,82303,82304],{},"Order matters when keys overlap.",[60,82306,82308],{"className":62,"code":82307,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dict1 = {\"status\": \"draft\"}\ndict2 = {\"status\": \"published\"}\n\nprint(dict1 | dict2)\nprint(dict2 | dict1)\n",[21,82309,82310,82336,82361,82365,82379],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,82311,82312,82314,82316,82318,82320,82323,82325,82327,82329,82332,82334],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,82313,79816],{"class":79},[69,82315,97],{"class":96},[69,82317,1914],{"class":100},[69,82319,111],{"class":110},[69,82321,82322],{"class":114},"status",[69,82324,111],{"class":110},[69,82326,1174],{"class":100},[69,82328,123],{"class":110},[69,82330,82331],{"class":114},"draft",[69,82333,111],{"class":110},[69,82335,1260],{"class":100},[69,82337,82338,82340,82342,82344,82346,82348,82350,82352,82354,82357,82359],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,82339,79853],{"class":79},[69,82341,97],{"class":96},[69,82343,1914],{"class":100},[69,82345,111],{"class":110},[69,82347,82322],{"class":114},[69,82349,111],{"class":110},[69,82351,1174],{"class":100},[69,82353,123],{"class":110},[69,82355,82356],{"class":114},"published",[69,82358,111],{"class":110},[69,82360,1260],{"class":100},[69,82362,82363],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,82364,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,82366,82367,82369,82371,82373,82375,82377],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,82368,2161],{"class":217},[69,82370,221],{"class":100},[69,82372,79816],{"class":292},[69,82374,79902],{"class":96},[69,82376,81317],{"class":292},[69,82378,301],{"class":100},[69,82380,82381,82383,82385,82387,82389,82392],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,82382,2161],{"class":217},[69,82384,221],{"class":100},[69,82386,79853],{"class":292},[69,82388,79902],{"class":96},[69,82390,82391],{"class":292}," dict1",[69,82393,301],{"class":100},[14,82395,2781],{},[60,82397,82399],{"className":62,"code":82398,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'status': 'published'}\n{'status': 'draft'}\n",[21,82400,82401,82421],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,82402,82403,82405,82407,82409,82411,82413,82415,82417,82419],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,82404,8018],{"class":100},[69,82406,15283],{"class":110},[69,82408,82322],{"class":114},[69,82410,15283],{"class":110},[69,82412,1174],{"class":100},[69,82414,15292],{"class":110},[69,82416,82356],{"class":114},[69,82418,15283],{"class":110},[69,82420,1260],{"class":100},[69,82422,82423,82425,82427,82429,82431,82433,82435,82437,82439],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,82424,8018],{"class":100},[69,82426,15283],{"class":110},[69,82428,82322],{"class":114},[69,82430,15283],{"class":110},[69,82432,1174],{"class":100},[69,82434,15292],{"class":110},[69,82436,82331],{"class":114},[69,82438,15283],{"class":110},[69,82440,1260],{"class":100},[55,82442,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,82444,82446],{"id":82445},"how-do-i-merge-two-dictionaries-in-python","How do I merge two dictionaries in Python?",[14,82448,322,82449,82452,82453,82456,82457,82460,82461,289],{},[21,82450,82451],{},"dict1 | dict2"," in Python 3.9+, use ",[21,82454,82455],{},"{**dict1, **dict2}"," in Python 3.5+, or use ",[21,82458,82459],{},"dict1.update(dict2)"," if you want to change ",[21,82462,80485],{},[1647,82464,82466],{"id":82465},"which-value-is-kept-when-both-dictionaries-have-the-same-key","Which value is kept when both dictionaries have the same key?",[14,82468,82469],{},"The value from the later or right-side dictionary replaces the earlier one.",[1647,82471,11052,82473,82475],{"id":82472},"does-update-create-a-new-dictionary",[21,82474,4180],{}," create a new dictionary?",[14,82477,7376,82478,82480],{},[21,82479,4180],{}," modifies the existing dictionary.",[1647,82482,82484],{"id":82483},"can-i-merge-more-than-two-dictionaries","Can I merge more than two dictionaries?",[14,82486,82487,82488,82490,82491,82493],{},"Yes. You can chain the ",[21,82489,79902],{}," operator or use multiple ",[21,82492,80357],{}," unpacking expressions.",[1647,82495,82497,82498,1414],{"id":82496},"why-does-my-merge-method-not-work-with","Why does my merge method not work with ",[21,82499,79902],{},[14,82501,9337,82502,82504],{},[21,82503,79902],{}," operator for dictionaries needs Python 3.9 or later.",[55,82506,2414],{"id":2413},[29,82508,82509,82515,82519,82523,82527,82531],{},[32,82510,82511],{},[579,82512,3138,82513,3141],{"href":81202},[21,82514,4180],{},[32,82516,82517],{},[579,82518,16549],{"href":15316},[32,82520,82521],{},[579,82522,5834],{"href":5667},[32,82524,82525],{},[579,82526,4103],{"href":3344},[32,82528,82529],{},[579,82530,4023],{"href":4022},[32,82532,82533],{},[579,82534,15946],{"href":15945},[2450,82536,82537],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sbgvK, html code.shiki .sbgvK{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .stzsN, html code.shiki .stzsN{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":82539},[82540,82541,82542,82547,82553,82558,82561,82568,82576,82584,82593],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":79949,"depth":83,"text":82543,"children":82544},"Merge dictionaries with the | operator",[82545,82546],{"id":11418,"depth":90,"text":11419},{"id":6092,"depth":90,"text":6093},{"id":80353,"depth":83,"text":82548,"children":82549},"Merge dictionaries with ** unpacking",[82550,82551],{"id":11668,"depth":90,"text":11419},{"id":80596,"depth":90,"text":82552},"Duplicate keys with **",{"id":80771,"depth":83,"text":82554,"children":82555},"Merge into an existing dictionary with update()",[82556,82557],{"id":11817,"depth":90,"text":11419},{"id":80960,"depth":90,"text":80961},{"id":81207,"depth":83,"text":81208,"children":82559},[82560],{"id":81227,"depth":90,"text":81228},{"id":81522,"depth":83,"text":81523,"children":82562},[82563,82565,82567],{"id":81535,"depth":90,"text":82564},"Using |",{"id":81684,"depth":90,"text":82566},"Using **",{"id":81840,"depth":90,"text":81841},{"id":81965,"depth":83,"text":81966,"children":82569},[82570,82572,82574],{"id":81972,"depth":90,"text":82571},"Use | when",{"id":81988,"depth":90,"text":82573},"Use ** unpacking when",{"id":82003,"depth":90,"text":82575},"Use update() when",{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":82577},[82578,82580,82581,82583],{"id":82045,"depth":90,"text":82579},"Using update() without realizing it changes the original dictionary",{"id":82140,"depth":90,"text":82141},{"id":82247,"depth":90,"text":82582},"Using | in an older Python version",{"id":82300,"depth":90,"text":82301},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":82585},[82586,82587,82588,82590,82591],{"id":82445,"depth":90,"text":82446},{"id":82465,"depth":90,"text":82466},{"id":82472,"depth":90,"text":82589},"Does update() create a new dictionary?",{"id":82483,"depth":90,"text":82484},{"id":82496,"depth":90,"text":82592},"Why does my merge method not work with |?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to merge dictionaries in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-merge-dictionaries-in-python",{"title":79793,"description":82594},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-merge-dictionaries-in-python","zCWvRcnpI1gVqYpZYB1SW2bHkMRjTfqUaHNqooGSZw4",{"id":82601,"title":82602,"body":82603,"description":84888,"extension":2479,"meta":84889,"navigation":86,"path":84890,"seo":84891,"stem":84892,"__hash__":84893},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-merge-two-lists-in-python.md","How to Merge Two Lists in Python",{"type":7,"value":82604,"toc":84846},[82605,82608,82611,82613,82624,82626,82701,82703,82736,82741,82743,82754,82761,82764,82778,82780,82905,82907,82986,82991,82999,83007,83012,83019,83024,83035,83037,83124,83126,83175,83179,83188,83193,83201,83207,83210,83213,83234,83242,83244,83327,83329,83361,83364,83457,83459,83491,83495,83498,83513,83515,83533,83540,83544,83547,83554,83559,83632,83634,83669,83676,83683,83691,83764,83766,83798,83802,83946,83948,84003,84016,84018,84021,84028,84030,84095,84097,84124,84130,84195,84201,84204,84206,84275,84277,84285,84293,84295,84359,84363,84368,84370,84419,84424,84426,84489,84491,84516,84522,84528,84532,84591,84593,84610,84613,84676,84678,84681,84744,84747,84761,84763,84767,84773,84780,84790,84796,84801,84805,84814,84816,84843],[10,82606,82602],{"id":82607},"how-to-merge-two-lists-in-python",[14,82609,82610],{},"If you want to combine two Python lists into one list, there are a few simple ways to do it.",[14,82612,68669],{},[29,82614,82615,82618,82621],{},[32,82616,82617],{},"How to combine two lists into one list",[32,82619,82620],{},"When to create a new list and when to change an existing list",[32,82622,82623],{},"How to avoid common beginner mistakes when merging lists",[55,82625,58],{"id":57},[60,82627,82629],{"className":62,"code":82628,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"list1 = [1, 2, 3]\nlist2 = [4, 5, 6]\n\nmerged = list1 + list2\nprint(merged)\n",[21,82630,82631,82652,82673,82677,82691],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,82632,82633,82636,82638,82640,82642,82644,82646,82648,82650],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,82634,82635],{"class":79},"list1 ",[69,82637,97],{"class":96},[69,82639,636],{"class":100},[69,82641,5940],{"class":157},[69,82643,120],{"class":100},[69,82645,5762],{"class":157},[69,82647,120],{"class":100},[69,82649,5949],{"class":157},[69,82651,198],{"class":100},[69,82653,82654,82657,82659,82661,82663,82665,82667,82669,82671],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,82655,82656],{"class":79},"list2 ",[69,82658,97],{"class":96},[69,82660,636],{"class":100},[69,82662,5966],{"class":157},[69,82664,120],{"class":100},[69,82666,6172],{"class":157},[69,82668,120],{"class":100},[69,82670,6177],{"class":157},[69,82672,198],{"class":100},[69,82674,82675],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,82676,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,82678,82679,82681,82683,82686,82688],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,82680,79894],{"class":79},[69,82682,97],{"class":96},[69,82684,82685],{"class":79}," list1 ",[69,82687,1847],{"class":96},[69,82689,82690],{"class":79}," list2\n",[69,82692,82693,82695,82697,82699],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,82694,2161],{"class":217},[69,82696,221],{"class":100},[69,82698,79914],{"class":292},[69,82700,301],{"class":100},[14,82702,2781],{},[60,82704,82706],{"className":62,"code":82705,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]\n",[21,82707,82708],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,82709,82710,82712,82714,82716,82718,82720,82722,82724,82726,82728,82730,82732,82734],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,82711,1345],{"class":100},[69,82713,5940],{"class":157},[69,82715,120],{"class":100},[69,82717,5762],{"class":157},[69,82719,120],{"class":100},[69,82721,5949],{"class":157},[69,82723,120],{"class":100},[69,82725,7167],{"class":157},[69,82727,120],{"class":100},[69,82729,6172],{"class":157},[69,82731,120],{"class":100},[69,82733,6177],{"class":157},[69,82735,198],{"class":100},[14,82737,322,82738,82740],{},[21,82739,1847],{}," when you want a new list that contains all items from both lists.",[55,82742,2666],{"id":2665},[29,82744,82745,82748,82751],{},[32,82746,82747],{},"Combine two lists into one list",[32,82749,82750],{},"Choose between creating a new list or changing an existing list",[32,82752,82753],{},"Avoid common beginner mistakes when merging lists",[55,82755,82757,82758,82760],{"id":82756},"method-1-use-to-create-a-new-list","Method 1: Use ",[21,82759,1847],{}," to create a new list",[14,82762,82763],{},"This is the clearest method for most beginners.",[29,82765,82766,82769,82772,82775],{},[32,82767,82768],{},"Best for simple cases",[32,82770,82771],{},"Returns a new list",[32,82773,82774],{},"Does not change the original lists",[32,82776,82777],{},"Works when both values are lists",[14,82779,370],{},[60,82781,82783],{"className":62,"code":82782,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"list1 = [1, 2, 3]\nlist2 = [4, 5, 6]\n\nmerged = list1 + list2\n\nprint(\"list1:\", list1)\nprint(\"list2:\", list2)\nprint(\"merged:\", merged)\n",[21,82784,82785,82805,82825,82829,82841,82845,82865,82885],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,82786,82787,82789,82791,82793,82795,82797,82799,82801,82803],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,82788,82635],{"class":79},[69,82790,97],{"class":96},[69,82792,636],{"class":100},[69,82794,5940],{"class":157},[69,82796,120],{"class":100},[69,82798,5762],{"class":157},[69,82800,120],{"class":100},[69,82802,5949],{"class":157},[69,82804,198],{"class":100},[69,82806,82807,82809,82811,82813,82815,82817,82819,82821,82823],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,82808,82656],{"class":79},[69,82810,97],{"class":96},[69,82812,636],{"class":100},[69,82814,5966],{"class":157},[69,82816,120],{"class":100},[69,82818,6172],{"class":157},[69,82820,120],{"class":100},[69,82822,6177],{"class":157},[69,82824,198],{"class":100},[69,82826,82827],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,82828,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,82830,82831,82833,82835,82837,82839],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,82832,79894],{"class":79},[69,82834,97],{"class":96},[69,82836,82685],{"class":79},[69,82838,1847],{"class":96},[69,82840,82690],{"class":79},[69,82842,82843],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,82844,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,82846,82847,82849,82851,82853,82856,82858,82860,82863],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,82848,2161],{"class":217},[69,82850,221],{"class":100},[69,82852,111],{"class":110},[69,82854,82855],{"class":114},"list1:",[69,82857,111],{"class":110},[69,82859,120],{"class":100},[69,82861,82862],{"class":292}," list1",[69,82864,301],{"class":100},[69,82866,82867,82869,82871,82873,82876,82878,82880,82883],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,82868,2161],{"class":217},[69,82870,221],{"class":100},[69,82872,111],{"class":110},[69,82874,82875],{"class":114},"list2:",[69,82877,111],{"class":110},[69,82879,120],{"class":100},[69,82881,82882],{"class":292}," list2",[69,82884,301],{"class":100},[69,82886,82887,82889,82891,82893,82896,82898,82900,82903],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,82888,2161],{"class":217},[69,82890,221],{"class":100},[69,82892,111],{"class":110},[69,82894,82895],{"class":114},"merged:",[69,82897,111],{"class":110},[69,82899,120],{"class":100},[69,82901,82902],{"class":292}," merged",[69,82904,301],{"class":100},[14,82906,2781],{},[60,82908,82910],{"className":62,"code":82909,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"list1: [1, 2, 3]\nlist2: [4, 5, 6]\nmerged: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]\n",[21,82911,82912,82933,82954],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,82913,82914,82917,82919,82921,82923,82925,82927,82929,82931],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,82915,82916],{"class":79},"list1",[69,82918,1174],{"class":100},[69,82920,636],{"class":100},[69,82922,5940],{"class":157},[69,82924,120],{"class":100},[69,82926,5762],{"class":157},[69,82928,120],{"class":100},[69,82930,5949],{"class":157},[69,82932,198],{"class":100},[69,82934,82935,82938,82940,82942,82944,82946,82948,82950,82952],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,82936,82937],{"class":79},"list2",[69,82939,1174],{"class":100},[69,82941,636],{"class":100},[69,82943,5966],{"class":157},[69,82945,120],{"class":100},[69,82947,6172],{"class":157},[69,82949,120],{"class":100},[69,82951,6177],{"class":157},[69,82953,198],{"class":100},[69,82955,82956,82958,82960,82962,82964,82966,82968,82970,82972,82974,82976,82978,82980,82982,82984],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,82957,79914],{"class":79},[69,82959,1174],{"class":100},[69,82961,636],{"class":100},[69,82963,5940],{"class":157},[69,82965,120],{"class":100},[69,82967,5762],{"class":157},[69,82969,120],{"class":100},[69,82971,5949],{"class":157},[69,82973,120],{"class":100},[69,82975,7167],{"class":157},[69,82977,120],{"class":100},[69,82979,6172],{"class":157},[69,82981,120],{"class":100},[69,82983,6177],{"class":157},[69,82985,198],{"class":100},[1647,82987,1410,82989,1414],{"id":82988},"why-use",[21,82990,1847],{},[14,82992,82993,82995,82996,82998],{},[21,82994,1847],{}," creates a brand new list.",[75673,82997],{},"\nThe original lists stay the same.",[14,83000,83001,83002,50,83004,83006],{},"This is useful when you want to keep ",[21,83003,82916],{},[21,83005,82937],{}," unchanged.",[14,83008,83009,83010,289],{},"If you are still learning how lists work, this is usually the best method to start with. For a broader introduction, see ",[579,83011,6736],{"href":18656},[55,83013,83015,83016,83018],{"id":83014},"method-2-use-extend-to-add-items-to-an-existing-list","Method 2: Use ",[21,83017,5917],{}," to add items to an existing list",[14,83020,322,83021,83023],{},[21,83022,5917],{}," when you want to add all items from one list into another list.",[29,83025,83026,83029,83032],{},[32,83027,83028],{},"Adds all items from the second list into the first list",[32,83030,83031],{},"Changes the original list",[32,83033,83034],{},"Useful when you want to keep one list and add to it",[14,83036,370],{},[60,83038,83040],{"className":62,"code":83039,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"list1 = [1, 2, 3]\nlist2 = [4, 5, 6]\n\nlist1.extend(list2)\n\nprint(list1)\nprint(list2)\n",[21,83041,83042,83062,83082,83086,83100,83104,83114],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,83043,83044,83046,83048,83050,83052,83054,83056,83058,83060],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,83045,82635],{"class":79},[69,83047,97],{"class":96},[69,83049,636],{"class":100},[69,83051,5940],{"class":157},[69,83053,120],{"class":100},[69,83055,5762],{"class":157},[69,83057,120],{"class":100},[69,83059,5949],{"class":157},[69,83061,198],{"class":100},[69,83063,83064,83066,83068,83070,83072,83074,83076,83078,83080],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,83065,82656],{"class":79},[69,83067,97],{"class":96},[69,83069,636],{"class":100},[69,83071,5966],{"class":157},[69,83073,120],{"class":100},[69,83075,6172],{"class":157},[69,83077,120],{"class":100},[69,83079,6177],{"class":157},[69,83081,198],{"class":100},[69,83083,83084],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,83085,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,83087,83088,83090,83092,83094,83096,83098],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,83089,82916],{"class":79},[69,83091,289],{"class":100},[69,83093,6163],{"class":292},[69,83095,221],{"class":100},[69,83097,82937],{"class":292},[69,83099,301],{"class":100},[69,83101,83102],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,83103,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,83105,83106,83108,83110,83112],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,83107,2161],{"class":217},[69,83109,221],{"class":100},[69,83111,82916],{"class":292},[69,83113,301],{"class":100},[69,83115,83116,83118,83120,83122],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,83117,2161],{"class":217},[69,83119,221],{"class":100},[69,83121,82937],{"class":292},[69,83123,301],{"class":100},[14,83125,2781],{},[60,83127,83129],{"className":62,"code":83128,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]\n[4, 5, 6]\n",[21,83130,83131,83159],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,83132,83133,83135,83137,83139,83141,83143,83145,83147,83149,83151,83153,83155,83157],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,83134,1345],{"class":100},[69,83136,5940],{"class":157},[69,83138,120],{"class":100},[69,83140,5762],{"class":157},[69,83142,120],{"class":100},[69,83144,5949],{"class":157},[69,83146,120],{"class":100},[69,83148,7167],{"class":157},[69,83150,120],{"class":100},[69,83152,6172],{"class":157},[69,83154,120],{"class":100},[69,83156,6177],{"class":157},[69,83158,198],{"class":100},[69,83160,83161,83163,83165,83167,83169,83171,83173],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,83162,1345],{"class":100},[69,83164,5966],{"class":157},[69,83166,120],{"class":100},[69,83168,6172],{"class":157},[69,83170,120],{"class":100},[69,83172,6177],{"class":157},[69,83174,198],{"class":100},[1647,83176,83178],{"id":83177},"what-changed-here","What changed here?",[14,83180,83181,83182,5914,83185,83187],{},"After ",[21,83183,83184],{},"list1.extend(list2)",[21,83186,82916],{}," is modified.",[14,83189,83190,83192],{},[21,83191,82937],{}," stays the same.",[14,83194,83195,83196,289],{},"If you want to learn more about this method, see the ",[579,83197,6115,83199,3141],{"href":83198},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-list-extend-method",[21,83200,5917],{},[55,83202,83204,83205],{"id":83203},"method-3-use-unpacking-with","Method 3: Use unpacking with ",[21,83206,8392],{},[14,83208,83209],{},"Another way to merge lists is to use unpacking.",[14,83211,83212],{},"Syntax:",[60,83214,83216],{"className":62,"code":83215,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[*list1, *list2]\n",[21,83217,83218],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,83219,83220,83222,83224,83226,83228,83230,83232],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,83221,1345],{"class":100},[69,83223,8392],{"class":96},[69,83225,82916],{"class":79},[69,83227,120],{"class":100},[69,83229,76331],{"class":96},[69,83231,82937],{"class":79},[69,83233,198],{"class":100},[29,83235,83236,83239],{},[32,83237,83238],{},"Creates a new list",[32,83240,83241],{},"Helpful when combining more than two lists",[14,83243,370],{},[60,83245,83247],{"className":62,"code":83246,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"list1 = [1, 2, 3]\nlist2 = [4, 5, 6]\n\nmerged = [*list1, *list2]\n\nprint(merged)\n",[21,83248,83249,83269,83289,83293,83313,83317],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,83250,83251,83253,83255,83257,83259,83261,83263,83265,83267],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,83252,82635],{"class":79},[69,83254,97],{"class":96},[69,83256,636],{"class":100},[69,83258,5940],{"class":157},[69,83260,120],{"class":100},[69,83262,5762],{"class":157},[69,83264,120],{"class":100},[69,83266,5949],{"class":157},[69,83268,198],{"class":100},[69,83270,83271,83273,83275,83277,83279,83281,83283,83285,83287],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,83272,82656],{"class":79},[69,83274,97],{"class":96},[69,83276,636],{"class":100},[69,83278,5966],{"class":157},[69,83280,120],{"class":100},[69,83282,6172],{"class":157},[69,83284,120],{"class":100},[69,83286,6177],{"class":157},[69,83288,198],{"class":100},[69,83290,83291],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,83292,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,83294,83295,83297,83299,83301,83303,83305,83307,83309,83311],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,83296,79894],{"class":79},[69,83298,97],{"class":96},[69,83300,636],{"class":100},[69,83302,8392],{"class":96},[69,83304,82916],{"class":79},[69,83306,120],{"class":100},[69,83308,76331],{"class":96},[69,83310,82937],{"class":79},[69,83312,198],{"class":100},[69,83314,83315],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,83316,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,83318,83319,83321,83323,83325],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,83320,2161],{"class":217},[69,83322,221],{"class":100},[69,83324,79914],{"class":292},[69,83326,301],{"class":100},[14,83328,2781],{},[60,83330,83331],{"className":62,"code":82705,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,83332,83333],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,83334,83335,83337,83339,83341,83343,83345,83347,83349,83351,83353,83355,83357,83359],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,83336,1345],{"class":100},[69,83338,5940],{"class":157},[69,83340,120],{"class":100},[69,83342,5762],{"class":157},[69,83344,120],{"class":100},[69,83346,5949],{"class":157},[69,83348,120],{"class":100},[69,83350,7167],{"class":157},[69,83352,120],{"class":100},[69,83354,6172],{"class":157},[69,83356,120],{"class":100},[69,83358,6177],{"class":157},[69,83360,198],{"class":100},[14,83362,83363],{},"This is especially useful when merging several lists:",[60,83365,83367],{"className":62,"code":83366,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"a = [1, 2]\nb = [3, 4]\nc = [5, 6]\n\nmerged = [*a, *b, *c]\nprint(merged)\n",[21,83368,83369,83385,83401,83417,83421,83447],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,83370,83371,83373,83375,83377,83379,83381,83383],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,83372,7137],{"class":79},[69,83374,97],{"class":96},[69,83376,636],{"class":100},[69,83378,5940],{"class":157},[69,83380,120],{"class":100},[69,83382,5762],{"class":157},[69,83384,198],{"class":100},[69,83386,83387,83389,83391,83393,83395,83397,83399],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,83388,7194],{"class":79},[69,83390,97],{"class":96},[69,83392,636],{"class":100},[69,83394,7162],{"class":157},[69,83396,120],{"class":100},[69,83398,7167],{"class":157},[69,83400,198],{"class":100},[69,83402,83403,83405,83407,83409,83411,83413,83415],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,83404,24507],{"class":79},[69,83406,97],{"class":96},[69,83408,636],{"class":100},[69,83410,6670],{"class":157},[69,83412,120],{"class":100},[69,83414,6177],{"class":157},[69,83416,198],{"class":100},[69,83418,83419],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,83420,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,83422,83423,83425,83427,83429,83431,83433,83435,83437,83439,83441,83443,83445],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,83424,79894],{"class":79},[69,83426,97],{"class":96},[69,83428,636],{"class":100},[69,83430,8392],{"class":96},[69,83432,579],{"class":79},[69,83434,120],{"class":100},[69,83436,76331],{"class":96},[69,83438,5755],{"class":79},[69,83440,120],{"class":100},[69,83442,76331],{"class":96},[69,83444,6399],{"class":79},[69,83446,198],{"class":100},[69,83448,83449,83451,83453,83455],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,83450,2161],{"class":217},[69,83452,221],{"class":100},[69,83454,79914],{"class":292},[69,83456,301],{"class":100},[14,83458,2781],{},[60,83460,83461],{"className":62,"code":82705,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,83462,83463],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,83464,83465,83467,83469,83471,83473,83475,83477,83479,83481,83483,83485,83487,83489],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,83466,1345],{"class":100},[69,83468,5940],{"class":157},[69,83470,120],{"class":100},[69,83472,5762],{"class":157},[69,83474,120],{"class":100},[69,83476,5949],{"class":157},[69,83478,120],{"class":100},[69,83480,7167],{"class":157},[69,83482,120],{"class":100},[69,83484,6172],{"class":157},[69,83486,120],{"class":100},[69,83488,6177],{"class":157},[69,83490,198],{"class":100},[55,83492,83494],{"id":83493},"when-to-use-each-method","When to use each method",[14,83496,83497],{},"Choose the method based on what you want to happen:",[29,83499,83500,83505,83510],{},[32,83501,322,83502,83504],{},[21,83503,1847],{}," for the clearest beginner-friendly solution",[32,83506,322,83507,83509],{},[21,83508,5917],{}," when you want to modify the first list",[32,83511,83512],{},"Use unpacking when combining several lists in one line",[14,83514,3847],{},[29,83516,83517,83526],{},[32,83518,82020,83519,83522,83523,83525],{},[2498,83520,83521],{},"new list","? Use ",[21,83524,1847],{}," or unpacking.",[32,83527,82031,83528,83522,83531,289],{},[2498,83529,83530],{},"change an existing list",[21,83532,5917],{},[14,83534,83535,83536,4276],{},"If you need to keep the original list before changing it, you may want to ",[579,83537,83539],{"href":83538},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-copy-a-list-in-python\u002F","copy a list in Python",[55,83541,83543],{"id":83542},"important-detail-nested-list-vs-merged-list","Important detail: nested list vs merged list",[14,83545,83546],{},"This is one of the most common list mistakes for beginners.",[1647,83548,83550,83553],{"id":83549},"appendlist2-does-not-merge-the-lists",[21,83551,83552],{},"append(list2)"," does not merge the lists",[14,83555,83556,83558],{},[21,83557,5126],{}," adds the whole second list as one single item.",[60,83560,83562],{"className":62,"code":83561,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"list1 = [1, 2, 3]\nlist2 = [4, 5, 6]\n\nlist1.append(list2)\nprint(list1)\n",[21,83563,83564,83584,83604,83608,83622],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,83565,83566,83568,83570,83572,83574,83576,83578,83580,83582],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,83567,82635],{"class":79},[69,83569,97],{"class":96},[69,83571,636],{"class":100},[69,83573,5940],{"class":157},[69,83575,120],{"class":100},[69,83577,5762],{"class":157},[69,83579,120],{"class":100},[69,83581,5949],{"class":157},[69,83583,198],{"class":100},[69,83585,83586,83588,83590,83592,83594,83596,83598,83600,83602],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,83587,82656],{"class":79},[69,83589,97],{"class":96},[69,83591,636],{"class":100},[69,83593,5966],{"class":157},[69,83595,120],{"class":100},[69,83597,6172],{"class":157},[69,83599,120],{"class":100},[69,83601,6177],{"class":157},[69,83603,198],{"class":100},[69,83605,83606],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,83607,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,83609,83610,83612,83614,83616,83618,83620],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,83611,82916],{"class":79},[69,83613,289],{"class":100},[69,83615,5961],{"class":292},[69,83617,221],{"class":100},[69,83619,82937],{"class":292},[69,83621,301],{"class":100},[69,83623,83624,83626,83628,83630],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,83625,2161],{"class":217},[69,83627,221],{"class":100},[69,83629,82916],{"class":292},[69,83631,301],{"class":100},[14,83633,2781],{},[60,83635,83637],{"className":62,"code":83636,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[1, 2, 3, [4, 5, 6]]\n",[21,83638,83639],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,83640,83641,83643,83645,83647,83649,83651,83653,83655,83657,83659,83661,83663,83665,83667],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,83642,1345],{"class":100},[69,83644,5940],{"class":157},[69,83646,120],{"class":100},[69,83648,5762],{"class":157},[69,83650,120],{"class":100},[69,83652,5949],{"class":157},[69,83654,120],{"class":100},[69,83656,636],{"class":100},[69,83658,5966],{"class":157},[69,83660,120],{"class":100},[69,83662,6172],{"class":157},[69,83664,120],{"class":100},[69,83666,6177],{"class":157},[69,83668,20293],{"class":100},[14,83670,4732,83671,83673,83674,289],{},[21,83672,82937],{}," became a nested list inside ",[21,83675,82916],{},[1647,83677,83679,83682],{"id":83678},"extendlist2-merges-the-items",[21,83680,83681],{},"extend(list2)"," merges the items",[14,83684,83685,83687,83688,83690],{},[21,83686,5917],{}," adds each item from ",[21,83689,82937],{}," one by one.",[60,83692,83694],{"className":62,"code":83693,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"list1 = [1, 2, 3]\nlist2 = [4, 5, 6]\n\nlist1.extend(list2)\nprint(list1)\n",[21,83695,83696,83716,83736,83740,83754],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,83697,83698,83700,83702,83704,83706,83708,83710,83712,83714],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,83699,82635],{"class":79},[69,83701,97],{"class":96},[69,83703,636],{"class":100},[69,83705,5940],{"class":157},[69,83707,120],{"class":100},[69,83709,5762],{"class":157},[69,83711,120],{"class":100},[69,83713,5949],{"class":157},[69,83715,198],{"class":100},[69,83717,83718,83720,83722,83724,83726,83728,83730,83732,83734],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,83719,82656],{"class":79},[69,83721,97],{"class":96},[69,83723,636],{"class":100},[69,83725,5966],{"class":157},[69,83727,120],{"class":100},[69,83729,6172],{"class":157},[69,83731,120],{"class":100},[69,83733,6177],{"class":157},[69,83735,198],{"class":100},[69,83737,83738],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,83739,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,83741,83742,83744,83746,83748,83750,83752],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,83743,82916],{"class":79},[69,83745,289],{"class":100},[69,83747,6163],{"class":292},[69,83749,221],{"class":100},[69,83751,82937],{"class":292},[69,83753,301],{"class":100},[69,83755,83756,83758,83760,83762],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,83757,2161],{"class":217},[69,83759,221],{"class":100},[69,83761,82916],{"class":292},[69,83763,301],{"class":100},[14,83765,2781],{},[60,83767,83768],{"className":62,"code":82705,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,83769,83770],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,83771,83772,83774,83776,83778,83780,83782,83784,83786,83788,83790,83792,83794,83796],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,83773,1345],{"class":100},[69,83775,5940],{"class":157},[69,83777,120],{"class":100},[69,83779,5762],{"class":157},[69,83781,120],{"class":100},[69,83783,5949],{"class":157},[69,83785,120],{"class":100},[69,83787,7167],{"class":157},[69,83789,120],{"class":100},[69,83791,6172],{"class":157},[69,83793,120],{"class":100},[69,83795,6177],{"class":157},[69,83797,198],{"class":100},[1647,83799,83801],{"id":83800},"quick-comparison","Quick comparison",[60,83803,83805],{"className":62,"code":83804,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"list1 = [1, 2]\nlist2 = [3, 4]\n\na = list1.copy()\na.append(list2)\n\nb = list1.copy()\nb.extend(list2)\n\nprint(\"append:\", a)\nprint(\"extend:\", b)\n",[21,83806,83807,83823,83839,83843,83857,83871,83875,83889,83903,83907,83927],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,83808,83809,83811,83813,83815,83817,83819,83821],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,83810,82635],{"class":79},[69,83812,97],{"class":96},[69,83814,636],{"class":100},[69,83816,5940],{"class":157},[69,83818,120],{"class":100},[69,83820,5762],{"class":157},[69,83822,198],{"class":100},[69,83824,83825,83827,83829,83831,83833,83835,83837],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,83826,82656],{"class":79},[69,83828,97],{"class":96},[69,83830,636],{"class":100},[69,83832,7162],{"class":157},[69,83834,120],{"class":100},[69,83836,7167],{"class":157},[69,83838,198],{"class":100},[69,83840,83841],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,83842,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,83844,83845,83847,83849,83851,83853,83855],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,83846,7137],{"class":79},[69,83848,97],{"class":96},[69,83850,82862],{"class":79},[69,83852,289],{"class":100},[69,83854,29642],{"class":292},[69,83856,1385],{"class":100},[69,83858,83859,83861,83863,83865,83867,83869],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,83860,579],{"class":79},[69,83862,289],{"class":100},[69,83864,5961],{"class":292},[69,83866,221],{"class":100},[69,83868,82937],{"class":292},[69,83870,301],{"class":100},[69,83872,83873],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,83874,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,83876,83877,83879,83881,83883,83885,83887],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,83878,7194],{"class":79},[69,83880,97],{"class":96},[69,83882,82862],{"class":79},[69,83884,289],{"class":100},[69,83886,29642],{"class":292},[69,83888,1385],{"class":100},[69,83890,83891,83893,83895,83897,83899,83901],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,83892,5755],{"class":79},[69,83894,289],{"class":100},[69,83896,6163],{"class":292},[69,83898,221],{"class":100},[69,83900,82937],{"class":292},[69,83902,301],{"class":100},[69,83904,83905],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,83906,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,83908,83909,83911,83913,83915,83918,83920,83922,83925],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,83910,2161],{"class":217},[69,83912,221],{"class":100},[69,83914,111],{"class":110},[69,83916,83917],{"class":114},"append:",[69,83919,111],{"class":110},[69,83921,120],{"class":100},[69,83923,83924],{"class":292}," a",[69,83926,301],{"class":100},[69,83928,83929,83931,83933,83935,83938,83940,83942,83944],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,83930,2161],{"class":217},[69,83932,221],{"class":100},[69,83934,111],{"class":110},[69,83936,83937],{"class":114},"extend:",[69,83939,111],{"class":110},[69,83941,120],{"class":100},[69,83943,28144],{"class":292},[69,83945,301],{"class":100},[14,83947,2781],{},[60,83949,83951],{"className":62,"code":83950,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"append: [1, 2, [3, 4]]\nextend: [1, 2, 3, 4]\n",[21,83952,83953,83979],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,83954,83955,83957,83959,83961,83963,83965,83967,83969,83971,83973,83975,83977],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,83956,5961],{"class":79},[69,83958,1174],{"class":100},[69,83960,636],{"class":100},[69,83962,5940],{"class":157},[69,83964,120],{"class":100},[69,83966,5762],{"class":157},[69,83968,120],{"class":100},[69,83970,636],{"class":100},[69,83972,7162],{"class":157},[69,83974,120],{"class":100},[69,83976,7167],{"class":157},[69,83978,20293],{"class":100},[69,83980,83981,83983,83985,83987,83989,83991,83993,83995,83997,83999,84001],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,83982,6163],{"class":79},[69,83984,1174],{"class":100},[69,83986,636],{"class":100},[69,83988,5940],{"class":157},[69,83990,120],{"class":100},[69,83992,5762],{"class":157},[69,83994,120],{"class":100},[69,83996,5949],{"class":157},[69,83998,120],{"class":100},[69,84000,7167],{"class":157},[69,84002,198],{"class":100},[14,84004,84005,84006,84011,84012,289],{},"To learn more, compare the ",[579,84007,6115,84009,3141],{"href":84008},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-list-append-method",[21,84010,5126],{}," with the ",[579,84013,6115,84014,3141],{"href":83198},[21,84015,5917],{},[55,84017,3868],{"id":3867},[14,84019,84020],{},"Here are some common reasons merging lists does not work as expected.",[1647,84022,1628,84024,10347,84026],{"id":84023},"using-append-instead-of-extend",[21,84025,5126],{},[21,84027,5917],{},[14,84029,6748],{},[60,84031,84033],{"className":62,"code":84032,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"list1 = [1, 2]\nlist2 = [3, 4]\n\nlist1.append(list2)\nprint(list1)\n",[21,84034,84035,84051,84067,84071,84085],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,84036,84037,84039,84041,84043,84045,84047,84049],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,84038,82635],{"class":79},[69,84040,97],{"class":96},[69,84042,636],{"class":100},[69,84044,5940],{"class":157},[69,84046,120],{"class":100},[69,84048,5762],{"class":157},[69,84050,198],{"class":100},[69,84052,84053,84055,84057,84059,84061,84063,84065],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,84054,82656],{"class":79},[69,84056,97],{"class":96},[69,84058,636],{"class":100},[69,84060,7162],{"class":157},[69,84062,120],{"class":100},[69,84064,7167],{"class":157},[69,84066,198],{"class":100},[69,84068,84069],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,84070,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,84072,84073,84075,84077,84079,84081,84083],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,84074,82916],{"class":79},[69,84076,289],{"class":100},[69,84078,5961],{"class":292},[69,84080,221],{"class":100},[69,84082,82937],{"class":292},[69,84084,301],{"class":100},[69,84086,84087,84089,84091,84093],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,84088,2161],{"class":217},[69,84090,221],{"class":100},[69,84092,82916],{"class":292},[69,84094,301],{"class":100},[14,84096,2781],{},[60,84098,84100],{"className":62,"code":84099,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[1, 2, [3, 4]]\n",[21,84101,84102],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,84103,84104,84106,84108,84110,84112,84114,84116,84118,84120,84122],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,84105,1345],{"class":100},[69,84107,5940],{"class":157},[69,84109,120],{"class":100},[69,84111,5762],{"class":157},[69,84113,120],{"class":100},[69,84115,636],{"class":100},[69,84117,7162],{"class":157},[69,84119,120],{"class":100},[69,84121,7167],{"class":157},[69,84123,20293],{"class":100},[14,84125,84126,84127,84129],{},"Fix: use ",[21,84128,5917],{}," if you want to add the items individually.",[60,84131,84133],{"className":62,"code":84132,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"list1 = [1, 2]\nlist2 = [3, 4]\n\nlist1.extend(list2)\nprint(list1)\n",[21,84134,84135,84151,84167,84171,84185],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,84136,84137,84139,84141,84143,84145,84147,84149],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,84138,82635],{"class":79},[69,84140,97],{"class":96},[69,84142,636],{"class":100},[69,84144,5940],{"class":157},[69,84146,120],{"class":100},[69,84148,5762],{"class":157},[69,84150,198],{"class":100},[69,84152,84153,84155,84157,84159,84161,84163,84165],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,84154,82656],{"class":79},[69,84156,97],{"class":96},[69,84158,636],{"class":100},[69,84160,7162],{"class":157},[69,84162,120],{"class":100},[69,84164,7167],{"class":157},[69,84166,198],{"class":100},[69,84168,84169],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,84170,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,84172,84173,84175,84177,84179,84181,84183],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,84174,82916],{"class":79},[69,84176,289],{"class":100},[69,84178,6163],{"class":292},[69,84180,221],{"class":100},[69,84182,82937],{"class":292},[69,84184,301],{"class":100},[69,84186,84187,84189,84191,84193],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,84188,2161],{"class":217},[69,84190,221],{"class":100},[69,84192,82916],{"class":292},[69,84194,301],{"class":100},[1647,84196,5316,84198,84200],{"id":84197},"expecting-extend-to-return-a-new-list",[21,84199,5917],{}," to return a new list",[14,84202,84203],{},"This is a very common mistake.",[14,84205,1658],{},[60,84207,84209],{"className":62,"code":84208,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"list1 = [1, 2]\nlist2 = [3, 4]\n\nmerged = list1.extend(list2)\nprint(merged)\n",[21,84210,84211,84227,84243,84247,84265],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,84212,84213,84215,84217,84219,84221,84223,84225],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,84214,82635],{"class":79},[69,84216,97],{"class":96},[69,84218,636],{"class":100},[69,84220,5940],{"class":157},[69,84222,120],{"class":100},[69,84224,5762],{"class":157},[69,84226,198],{"class":100},[69,84228,84229,84231,84233,84235,84237,84239,84241],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,84230,82656],{"class":79},[69,84232,97],{"class":96},[69,84234,636],{"class":100},[69,84236,7162],{"class":157},[69,84238,120],{"class":100},[69,84240,7167],{"class":157},[69,84242,198],{"class":100},[69,84244,84245],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,84246,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,84248,84249,84251,84253,84255,84257,84259,84261,84263],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,84250,79894],{"class":79},[69,84252,97],{"class":96},[69,84254,82862],{"class":79},[69,84256,289],{"class":100},[69,84258,6163],{"class":292},[69,84260,221],{"class":100},[69,84262,82937],{"class":292},[69,84264,301],{"class":100},[69,84266,84267,84269,84271,84273],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,84268,2161],{"class":217},[69,84270,221],{"class":100},[69,84272,79914],{"class":292},[69,84274,301],{"class":100},[14,84276,2781],{},[60,84278,84279],{"className":62,"code":3013,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,84280,84281],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,84282,84283],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,84284,3013],{"class":3012},[14,84286,84287,84288,84290,84291,289],{},"Why? Because ",[21,84289,5917],{}," changes the list in place and returns ",[21,84292,3022],{},[14,84294,1726],{},[60,84296,84297],{"className":62,"code":84132,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,84298,84299,84315,84331,84335,84349],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,84300,84301,84303,84305,84307,84309,84311,84313],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,84302,82635],{"class":79},[69,84304,97],{"class":96},[69,84306,636],{"class":100},[69,84308,5940],{"class":157},[69,84310,120],{"class":100},[69,84312,5762],{"class":157},[69,84314,198],{"class":100},[69,84316,84317,84319,84321,84323,84325,84327,84329],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,84318,82656],{"class":79},[69,84320,97],{"class":96},[69,84322,636],{"class":100},[69,84324,7162],{"class":157},[69,84326,120],{"class":100},[69,84328,7167],{"class":157},[69,84330,198],{"class":100},[69,84332,84333],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,84334,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,84336,84337,84339,84341,84343,84345,84347],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,84338,82916],{"class":79},[69,84340,289],{"class":100},[69,84342,6163],{"class":292},[69,84344,221],{"class":100},[69,84346,82937],{"class":292},[69,84348,301],{"class":100},[69,84350,84351,84353,84355,84357],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,84352,2161],{"class":217},[69,84354,221],{"class":100},[69,84356,82916],{"class":292},[69,84358,301],{"class":100},[1647,84360,84362],{"id":84361},"trying-to-merge-a-list-with-a-non-list-value","Trying to merge a list with a non-list value",[14,84364,84365,84367],{},[21,84366,1847],{}," works when both values are lists.",[14,84369,1658],{},[60,84371,84373],{"className":62,"code":84372,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"list1 = [1, 2, 3]\nvalue = 4\n\nmerged = list1 + value\n",[21,84374,84375,84395,84403,84407],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,84376,84377,84379,84381,84383,84385,84387,84389,84391,84393],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,84378,82635],{"class":79},[69,84380,97],{"class":96},[69,84382,636],{"class":100},[69,84384,5940],{"class":157},[69,84386,120],{"class":100},[69,84388,5762],{"class":157},[69,84390,120],{"class":100},[69,84392,5949],{"class":157},[69,84394,198],{"class":100},[69,84396,84397,84399,84401],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,84398,20408],{"class":79},[69,84400,97],{"class":96},[69,84402,42059],{"class":157},[69,84404,84405],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,84406,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,84408,84409,84411,84413,84415,84417],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,84410,79894],{"class":79},[69,84412,97],{"class":96},[69,84414,82685],{"class":79},[69,84416,1847],{"class":96},[69,84418,4303],{"class":79},[14,84420,2882,84421,84423],{},[21,84422,20383],{}," is not a list.",[14,84425,1726],{},[60,84427,84429],{"className":62,"code":84428,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"list1 = [1, 2, 3]\nvalue = 4\n\nmerged = list1 + [value]\nprint(merged)\n",[21,84430,84431,84451,84459,84463,84479],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,84432,84433,84435,84437,84439,84441,84443,84445,84447,84449],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,84434,82635],{"class":79},[69,84436,97],{"class":96},[69,84438,636],{"class":100},[69,84440,5940],{"class":157},[69,84442,120],{"class":100},[69,84444,5762],{"class":157},[69,84446,120],{"class":100},[69,84448,5949],{"class":157},[69,84450,198],{"class":100},[69,84452,84453,84455,84457],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,84454,20408],{"class":79},[69,84456,97],{"class":96},[69,84458,42059],{"class":157},[69,84460,84461],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,84462,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,84464,84465,84467,84469,84471,84473,84475,84477],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,84466,79894],{"class":79},[69,84468,97],{"class":96},[69,84470,82685],{"class":79},[69,84472,1847],{"class":96},[69,84474,636],{"class":100},[69,84476,20383],{"class":79},[69,84478,198],{"class":100},[69,84480,84481,84483,84485,84487],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,84482,2161],{"class":217},[69,84484,221],{"class":100},[69,84486,79914],{"class":292},[69,84488,301],{"class":100},[14,84490,2781],{},[60,84492,84494],{"className":62,"code":84493,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[1, 2, 3, 4]\n",[21,84495,84496],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,84497,84498,84500,84502,84504,84506,84508,84510,84512,84514],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,84499,1345],{"class":100},[69,84501,5940],{"class":157},[69,84503,120],{"class":100},[69,84505,5762],{"class":157},[69,84507,120],{"class":100},[69,84509,5949],{"class":157},[69,84511,120],{"class":100},[69,84513,7167],{"class":157},[69,84515,198],{"class":100},[14,84517,84518,84519,289],{},"If you only want to add one item, see ",[579,84520,84521],{"href":31519},"how to add an item to a list in Python",[1647,84523,48733,84525,84527],{"id":84524},"forgetting-that-creates-a-new-list",[21,84526,1847],{}," creates a new list",[14,84529,23971,84530,1174],{},[21,84531,82916],{},[60,84533,84535],{"className":62,"code":84534,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"list1 = [1, 2]\nlist2 = [3, 4]\n\nlist1 + list2\nprint(list1)\n",[21,84536,84537,84553,84569,84573,84581],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,84538,84539,84541,84543,84545,84547,84549,84551],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,84540,82635],{"class":79},[69,84542,97],{"class":96},[69,84544,636],{"class":100},[69,84546,5940],{"class":157},[69,84548,120],{"class":100},[69,84550,5762],{"class":157},[69,84552,198],{"class":100},[69,84554,84555,84557,84559,84561,84563,84565,84567],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,84556,82656],{"class":79},[69,84558,97],{"class":96},[69,84560,636],{"class":100},[69,84562,7162],{"class":157},[69,84564,120],{"class":100},[69,84566,7167],{"class":157},[69,84568,198],{"class":100},[69,84570,84571],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,84572,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,84574,84575,84577,84579],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,84576,82635],{"class":79},[69,84578,1847],{"class":96},[69,84580,82690],{"class":79},[69,84582,84583,84585,84587,84589],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,84584,2161],{"class":217},[69,84586,221],{"class":100},[69,84588,82916],{"class":292},[69,84590,301],{"class":100},[14,84592,2781],{},[60,84594,84596],{"className":62,"code":84595,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[1, 2]\n",[21,84597,84598],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,84599,84600,84602,84604,84606,84608],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,84601,1345],{"class":100},[69,84603,5940],{"class":157},[69,84605,120],{"class":100},[69,84607,5762],{"class":157},[69,84609,198],{"class":100},[14,84611,84612],{},"To keep the merged result, assign it to a variable:",[60,84614,84616],{"className":62,"code":84615,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"list1 = [1, 2]\nlist2 = [3, 4]\n\nmerged = list1 + list2\nprint(merged)\n",[21,84617,84618,84634,84650,84654,84666],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,84619,84620,84622,84624,84626,84628,84630,84632],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,84621,82635],{"class":79},[69,84623,97],{"class":96},[69,84625,636],{"class":100},[69,84627,5940],{"class":157},[69,84629,120],{"class":100},[69,84631,5762],{"class":157},[69,84633,198],{"class":100},[69,84635,84636,84638,84640,84642,84644,84646,84648],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,84637,82656],{"class":79},[69,84639,97],{"class":96},[69,84641,636],{"class":100},[69,84643,7162],{"class":157},[69,84645,120],{"class":100},[69,84647,7167],{"class":157},[69,84649,198],{"class":100},[69,84651,84652],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,84653,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,84655,84656,84658,84660,84662,84664],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,84657,79894],{"class":79},[69,84659,97],{"class":96},[69,84661,82685],{"class":79},[69,84663,1847],{"class":96},[69,84665,82690],{"class":79},[69,84667,84668,84670,84672,84674],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,84669,2161],{"class":217},[69,84671,221],{"class":100},[69,84673,79914],{"class":292},[69,84675,301],{"class":100},[55,84677,2148],{"id":2147},[14,84679,84680],{},"If your result is not what you expected, print the values and types:",[60,84682,84684],{"className":62,"code":84683,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(list1)\nprint(list2)\nprint(type(list1))\nprint(type(list2))\nprint(merged)\n",[21,84685,84686,84696,84706,84720,84734],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,84687,84688,84690,84692,84694],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,84689,2161],{"class":217},[69,84691,221],{"class":100},[69,84693,82916],{"class":292},[69,84695,301],{"class":100},[69,84697,84698,84700,84702,84704],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,84699,2161],{"class":217},[69,84701,221],{"class":100},[69,84703,82937],{"class":292},[69,84705,301],{"class":100},[69,84707,84708,84710,84712,84714,84716,84718],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,84709,2161],{"class":217},[69,84711,221],{"class":100},[69,84713,2176],{"class":1859},[69,84715,221],{"class":100},[69,84717,82916],{"class":292},[69,84719,2183],{"class":100},[69,84721,84722,84724,84726,84728,84730,84732],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,84723,2161],{"class":217},[69,84725,221],{"class":100},[69,84727,2176],{"class":1859},[69,84729,221],{"class":100},[69,84731,82937],{"class":292},[69,84733,2183],{"class":100},[69,84735,84736,84738,84740,84742],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,84737,2161],{"class":217},[69,84739,221],{"class":100},[69,84741,79914],{"class":292},[69,84743,301],{"class":100},[14,84745,84746],{},"These checks help you see:",[29,84748,84749,84752,84755],{},[32,84750,84751],{},"Whether your variables are really lists",[32,84753,84754],{},"Whether one of the lists changed",[32,84756,84757,84758,84760],{},"Whether ",[21,84759,79914],{}," contains the result you expected",[55,84762,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,84764,84766],{"id":84765},"what-is-the-easiest-way-to-merge-two-lists-in-python","What is the easiest way to merge two lists in Python?",[14,84768,322,84769,84772],{},[21,84770,84771],{},"list1 + list2"," if you want a simple new list.",[1647,84774,2372,84776,50,84778,1414],{"id":84775},"what-is-the-difference-between-append-and-extend",[21,84777,5126],{},[21,84779,5917],{},[14,84781,84782,84784,84785,84787,84789],{},[21,84783,5126],{}," adds one item.",[75673,84786],{},[21,84788,5917],{}," adds each item from another iterable.",[1647,84791,11052,84793,84795],{"id":84792},"does-extend-return-a-new-list",[21,84794,5917],{}," return a new list?",[14,84797,84798,84799,289],{},"No. It changes the existing list and returns ",[21,84800,3022],{},[1647,84802,84804],{"id":84803},"can-i-merge-more-than-two-lists","Can I merge more than two lists?",[14,84806,84807,84808,84810,84811,289],{},"Yes. You can use ",[21,84809,1847],{}," multiple times or use unpacking like ",[21,84812,84813],{},"[*a, *b, *c]",[55,84815,2414],{"id":2413},[29,84817,84818,84824,84830,84834,84839],{},[32,84819,84820],{},[579,84821,6115,84822,3141],{"href":84008},[21,84823,5126],{},[32,84825,84826],{},[579,84827,6115,84828,3141],{"href":83198},[21,84829,5917],{},[32,84831,84832],{},[579,84833,31520],{"href":31519},[32,84835,84836],{},[579,84837,84838],{"href":83538},"How to copy a list in Python",[32,84840,84841],{},[579,84842,6736],{"href":18656},[2450,84844,84845],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":84847},[84848,84849,84850,84855,84859,84861,84862,84869,84878,84879,84887],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":82756,"depth":83,"text":84851,"children":84852},"Method 1: Use + to create a new list",[84853],{"id":82988,"depth":90,"text":84854},"Why use +?",{"id":83014,"depth":83,"text":84856,"children":84857},"Method 2: Use extend() to add items to an existing list",[84858],{"id":83177,"depth":90,"text":83178},{"id":83203,"depth":83,"text":84860},"Method 3: Use unpacking with *",{"id":83493,"depth":83,"text":83494},{"id":83542,"depth":83,"text":83543,"children":84863},[84864,84866,84868],{"id":83549,"depth":90,"text":84865},"append(list2) does not merge the lists",{"id":83678,"depth":90,"text":84867},"extend(list2) merges the items",{"id":83800,"depth":90,"text":83801},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":84870},[84871,84873,84875,84876],{"id":84023,"depth":90,"text":84872},"Using append() instead of extend()",{"id":84197,"depth":90,"text":84874},"Expecting extend() to return a new list",{"id":84361,"depth":90,"text":84362},{"id":84524,"depth":90,"text":84877},"Forgetting that + creates a new list",{"id":2147,"depth":83,"text":2148},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":84880},[84881,84882,84884,84886],{"id":84765,"depth":90,"text":84766},{"id":84775,"depth":90,"text":84883},"What is the difference between append() and extend()?",{"id":84792,"depth":90,"text":84885},"Does extend() return a new list?",{"id":84803,"depth":90,"text":84804},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to merge two lists in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-merge-two-lists-in-python",{"title":82602,"description":84888},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-merge-two-lists-in-python","D3nDXqIro04UYAOE4SIJVYbEGmD77Slp4jWUMOeR6_8",{"id":84895,"title":84896,"body":84897,"description":87307,"extension":2479,"meta":87308,"navigation":86,"path":22554,"seo":87309,"stem":87310,"__hash__":87311},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-parse-json-in-python.md","How to Parse JSON in Python",{"type":7,"value":84898,"toc":87276},[84899,84902,84905,84907,84925,84927,85024,85028,85087,85095,85097,85112,85116,85119,85157,85159,85319,85323,85364,85369,85375,85380,85382,85398,85400,85497,85501,85549,85551,85566,85573,85577,85580,85668,85672,85723,85726,85732,85737,85739,85760,85765,85840,85843,85969,85973,86060,86062,86078,86085,86089,86092,86108,86112,86224,86228,86245,86249,86268,86275,86279,86357,86361,86376,86380,86383,86457,86461,86518,86524,86551,86555,86558,86561,86580,86584,86590,86636,86639,86641,86701,86705,86708,86754,86760,86762,86820,86824,86827,86830,86867,86870,86907,86910,86933,86943,86947,86950,86969,86972,87025,87028,87045,87048,87050,87053,87078,87087,87163,87165,87177,87183,87185,87192,87200,87204,87210,87214,87217,87221,87227,87229,87270,87273],[10,84900,84896],{"id":84901},"how-to-parse-json-in-python",[14,84903,84904],{},"If you have JSON text and want to use it in Python, the usual goal is to turn that text into normal Python data such as dictionaries and lists.",[14,84906,27],{},[29,84908,84909,84912,84915,84918],{},[32,84910,84911],{},"Parse JSON text into Python objects",[32,84913,84914],{},"Understand what type Python gives you back",[32,84916,84917],{},"Read values from parsed JSON safely",[32,84919,14839,84920,50,84922],{},[21,84921,78447],{},[21,84923,84924],{},"json.load()",[55,84926,58],{"id":57},[60,84928,84930],{"className":62,"code":84929,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\njson_text = '{\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"is_admin\": false}'\ndata = json.loads(json_text)\n\nprint(data)\nprint(data[\"name\"])\nprint(data[\"age\"])\n",[21,84931,84932,84938,84942,84955,84974,84978,84988,85006],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,84933,84934,84936],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,84935,76],{"class":75},[69,84937,20697],{"class":79},[69,84939,84940],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,84941,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,84943,84944,84946,84948,84950,84953],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,84945,20756],{"class":79},[69,84947,97],{"class":96},[69,84949,15292],{"class":110},[69,84951,84952],{"class":114},"{\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"is_admin\": false}",[69,84954,18049],{"class":110},[69,84956,84957,84959,84961,84963,84965,84968,84970,84972],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,84958,3362],{"class":79},[69,84960,97],{"class":96},[69,84962,20761],{"class":79},[69,84964,289],{"class":100},[69,84966,84967],{"class":292},"loads",[69,84969,221],{"class":100},[69,84971,20781],{"class":292},[69,84973,301],{"class":100},[69,84975,84976],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,84977,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,84979,84980,84982,84984,84986],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,84981,2161],{"class":217},[69,84983,221],{"class":100},[69,84985,3436],{"class":292},[69,84987,301],{"class":100},[69,84989,84990,84992,84994,84996,84998,85000,85002,85004],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,84991,2161],{"class":217},[69,84993,221],{"class":100},[69,84995,3436],{"class":292},[69,84997,1345],{"class":100},[69,84999,111],{"class":110},[69,85001,115],{"class":114},[69,85003,111],{"class":110},[69,85005,494],{"class":100},[69,85007,85008,85010,85012,85014,85016,85018,85020,85022],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,85009,2161],{"class":217},[69,85011,221],{"class":100},[69,85013,3436],{"class":292},[69,85015,1345],{"class":100},[69,85017,111],{"class":110},[69,85019,126],{"class":114},[69,85021,111],{"class":110},[69,85023,494],{"class":100},[14,85025,85026],{},[2498,85027,2781],{},[60,85029,85031],{"className":62,"code":85030,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'name': 'Ana', 'age': 25, 'is_admin': False}\nAna\n25\n",[21,85032,85033,85079,85083],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,85034,85035,85037,85039,85041,85043,85045,85047,85049,85051,85053,85055,85057,85059,85061,85063,85065,85067,85070,85072,85074,85077],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,85036,8018],{"class":100},[69,85038,15283],{"class":110},[69,85040,115],{"class":114},[69,85042,15283],{"class":110},[69,85044,1174],{"class":100},[69,85046,15292],{"class":110},[69,85048,2553],{"class":114},[69,85050,15283],{"class":110},[69,85052,120],{"class":100},[69,85054,15292],{"class":110},[69,85056,126],{"class":114},[69,85058,15283],{"class":110},[69,85060,1174],{"class":100},[69,85062,186],{"class":157},[69,85064,120],{"class":100},[69,85066,15292],{"class":110},[69,85068,85069],{"class":114},"is_admin",[69,85071,15283],{"class":110},[69,85073,1174],{"class":100},[69,85075,85076],{"class":3012}," False",[69,85078,1260],{"class":100},[69,85080,85081],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,85082,2791],{"class":79},[69,85084,85085],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,85086,2796],{"class":157},[14,85088,322,85089,85091,85092,85094],{},[21,85090,78447],{}," for a JSON string. Use ",[21,85093,84924],{}," when reading JSON from a file object.",[55,85096,2666],{"id":2665},[29,85098,85099,85101,85104,85106],{},[32,85100,84911],{},[32,85102,85103],{},"Understand what Python type you get back",[32,85105,84917],{},[32,85107,14839,85108,50,85110],{},[21,85109,78447],{},[21,85111,84924],{},[55,85113,85115],{"id":85114},"what-json-becomes-in-python","What JSON becomes in Python",[14,85117,85118],{},"When Python parses JSON, it converts JSON values into matching Python values.",[29,85120,85121,85124,85127,85132,85139,85151],{},[32,85122,85123],{},"JSON object becomes a Python dictionary",[32,85125,85126],{},"JSON array becomes a Python list",[32,85128,85129,85130],{},"JSON string becomes a Python ",[21,85131,10723],{},[32,85133,85134,85135,364,85137],{},"JSON number becomes ",[21,85136,21838],{},[21,85138,21841],{},[32,85140,85141,85142,50,85144,85146,85147,50,85149],{},"JSON ",[21,85143,21130],{},[21,85145,21812],{}," become ",[21,85148,11002],{},[21,85150,14886],{},[32,85152,85141,85153,24624,85155],{},[21,85154,21823],{},[21,85156,3022],{},[14,85158,370],{},[60,85160,85162],{"className":62,"code":85161,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\njson_text = '''\n{\n    \"user\": \"Ana\",\n    \"age\": 25,\n    \"skills\": [\"Python\", \"SQL\"],\n    \"active\": true,\n    \"manager\": null\n}\n'''\n\ndata = json.loads(json_text)\n\nprint(type(data))\nprint(type(data[\"skills\"]))\nprint(data[\"active\"])\nprint(data[\"manager\"])\n",[21,85163,85164,85170,85174,85183,85187,85192,85197,85202,85207,85212,85216,85221,85225,85243,85247,85261,85283,85301],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,85165,85166,85168],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,85167,76],{"class":75},[69,85169,20697],{"class":79},[69,85171,85172],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,85173,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,85175,85176,85178,85180],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,85177,20756],{"class":79},[69,85179,97],{"class":96},[69,85181,85182],{"class":110}," '''\n",[69,85184,85185],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,85186,21534],{"class":114},[69,85188,85189],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,85190,85191],{"class":114},"    \"user\": \"Ana\",\n",[69,85193,85194],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,85195,85196],{"class":114},"    \"age\": 25,\n",[69,85198,85199],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,85200,85201],{"class":114},"    \"skills\": [\"Python\", \"SQL\"],\n",[69,85203,85204],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,85205,85206],{"class":114},"    \"active\": true,\n",[69,85208,85209],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,85210,85211],{"class":114},"    \"manager\": null\n",[69,85213,85214],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,85215,1260],{"class":114},[69,85217,85218],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,85219,85220],{"class":110},"'''\n",[69,85222,85223],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,85224,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,85226,85227,85229,85231,85233,85235,85237,85239,85241],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,85228,3362],{"class":79},[69,85230,97],{"class":96},[69,85232,20761],{"class":79},[69,85234,289],{"class":100},[69,85236,84967],{"class":292},[69,85238,221],{"class":100},[69,85240,20781],{"class":292},[69,85242,301],{"class":100},[69,85244,85245],{"class":71,"line":50892},[69,85246,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,85248,85249,85251,85253,85255,85257,85259],{"class":71,"line":50897},[69,85250,2161],{"class":217},[69,85252,221],{"class":100},[69,85254,2176],{"class":1859},[69,85256,221],{"class":100},[69,85258,3436],{"class":292},[69,85260,2183],{"class":100},[69,85262,85263,85265,85267,85269,85271,85273,85275,85277,85279,85281],{"class":71,"line":61799},[69,85264,2161],{"class":217},[69,85266,221],{"class":100},[69,85268,2176],{"class":1859},[69,85270,221],{"class":100},[69,85272,3436],{"class":292},[69,85274,1345],{"class":100},[69,85276,111],{"class":110},[69,85278,21893],{"class":114},[69,85280,111],{"class":110},[69,85282,2203],{"class":100},[69,85284,85285,85287,85289,85291,85293,85295,85297,85299],{"class":71,"line":61817},[69,85286,2161],{"class":217},[69,85288,221],{"class":100},[69,85290,3436],{"class":292},[69,85292,1345],{"class":100},[69,85294,111],{"class":110},[69,85296,20742],{"class":114},[69,85298,111],{"class":110},[69,85300,494],{"class":100},[69,85302,85303,85305,85307,85309,85311,85313,85315,85317],{"class":71,"line":61833},[69,85304,2161],{"class":217},[69,85306,221],{"class":100},[69,85308,3436],{"class":292},[69,85310,1345],{"class":100},[69,85312,111],{"class":110},[69,85314,21936],{"class":114},[69,85316,111],{"class":110},[69,85318,494],{"class":100},[14,85320,85321],{},[2498,85322,2781],{},[60,85324,85326],{"className":62,"code":85325,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"\u003Cclass 'dict'>\n\u003Cclass 'list'>\nTrue\nNone\n",[21,85327,85328,85342,85356,85360],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,85329,85330,85332,85334,85336,85338,85340],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,85331,21097],{"class":96},[69,85333,7503],{"class":7502},[69,85335,15292],{"class":110},[69,85337,21779],{"class":114},[69,85339,15283],{"class":110},[69,85341,21108],{"class":96},[69,85343,85344,85346,85348,85350,85352,85354],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,85345,21097],{"class":96},[69,85347,7503],{"class":7502},[69,85349,15292],{"class":110},[69,85351,14459],{"class":114},[69,85353,15283],{"class":110},[69,85355,21108],{"class":96},[69,85357,85358],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,85359,15810],{"class":3012},[69,85361,85362],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,85363,3013],{"class":3012},[14,85365,85366,85367,289],{},"If you want a broader overview, see the ",[579,85368,22082],{"href":22081},[55,85370,85372,85373],{"id":85371},"parse-json-from-a-string-with-jsonloads","Parse JSON from a string with ",[21,85374,78447],{},[14,85376,322,85377,85379],{},[21,85378,78447],{}," when your JSON is already in a Python string.",[14,85381,13241],{},[29,85383,85384,85388,85393,85395],{},[32,85385,20910,85386,43],{},[21,85387,20659],{},[32,85389,85390,85391],{},"Pass a JSON-formatted string to ",[21,85392,78447],{},[32,85394,59321],{},[32,85396,85397],{},"Access dictionary keys or list items from the result",[14,85399,370],{},[60,85401,85403],{"className":62,"code":85402,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\njson_text = '{\"city\": \"Paris\", \"population\": 2148000}'\ndata = json.loads(json_text)\n\nprint(data)\nprint(data[\"city\"])\nprint(data[\"population\"])\n",[21,85404,85405,85411,85415,85428,85446,85450,85460,85478],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,85406,85407,85409],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,85408,76],{"class":75},[69,85410,20697],{"class":79},[69,85412,85413],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,85414,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,85416,85417,85419,85421,85423,85426],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,85418,20756],{"class":79},[69,85420,97],{"class":96},[69,85422,15292],{"class":110},[69,85424,85425],{"class":114},"{\"city\": \"Paris\", \"population\": 2148000}",[69,85427,18049],{"class":110},[69,85429,85430,85432,85434,85436,85438,85440,85442,85444],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,85431,3362],{"class":79},[69,85433,97],{"class":96},[69,85435,20761],{"class":79},[69,85437,289],{"class":100},[69,85439,84967],{"class":292},[69,85441,221],{"class":100},[69,85443,20781],{"class":292},[69,85445,301],{"class":100},[69,85447,85448],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,85449,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,85451,85452,85454,85456,85458],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,85453,2161],{"class":217},[69,85455,221],{"class":100},[69,85457,3436],{"class":292},[69,85459,301],{"class":100},[69,85461,85462,85464,85466,85468,85470,85472,85474,85476],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,85463,2161],{"class":217},[69,85465,221],{"class":100},[69,85467,3436],{"class":292},[69,85469,1345],{"class":100},[69,85471,111],{"class":110},[69,85473,135],{"class":114},[69,85475,111],{"class":110},[69,85477,494],{"class":100},[69,85479,85480,85482,85484,85486,85488,85490,85493,85495],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,85481,2161],{"class":217},[69,85483,221],{"class":100},[69,85485,3436],{"class":292},[69,85487,1345],{"class":100},[69,85489,111],{"class":110},[69,85491,85492],{"class":114},"population",[69,85494,111],{"class":110},[69,85496,494],{"class":100},[14,85498,85499],{},[2498,85500,2781],{},[60,85502,85504],{"className":62,"code":85503,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'city': 'Paris', 'population': 2148000}\nParis\n2148000\n",[21,85505,85506,85539,85544],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,85507,85508,85510,85512,85514,85516,85518,85520,85522,85524,85526,85528,85530,85532,85534,85537],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,85509,8018],{"class":100},[69,85511,15283],{"class":110},[69,85513,135],{"class":114},[69,85515,15283],{"class":110},[69,85517,1174],{"class":100},[69,85519,15292],{"class":110},[69,85521,193],{"class":114},[69,85523,15283],{"class":110},[69,85525,120],{"class":100},[69,85527,15292],{"class":110},[69,85529,85492],{"class":114},[69,85531,15283],{"class":110},[69,85533,1174],{"class":100},[69,85535,85536],{"class":157}," 2148000",[69,85538,1260],{"class":100},[69,85540,85541],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,85542,85543],{"class":79},"Paris\n",[69,85545,85546],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,85547,85548],{"class":157},"2148000\n",[14,85550,4389],{},[29,85552,85553,85557,85563],{},[32,85554,85555,21122],{},[21,85556,20781],{},[32,85558,85559,85562],{},[21,85560,85561],{},"json.loads(json_text)"," parses the string",[32,85564,85565],{},"The result is a Python dictionary",[14,85567,85568,85569,289],{},"If you want a focused explanation, see ",[579,85570,85571,45136],{"href":61387},[21,85572,78447],{},[1647,85574,85576],{"id":85575},"example-parsing-a-json-array","Example: parsing a JSON array",[14,85578,85579],{},"JSON does not always become a dictionary. It can also become a list.",[60,85581,85583],{"className":62,"code":85582,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\njson_text = '[\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]'\ndata = json.loads(json_text)\n\nprint(data)\nprint(type(data))\nprint(data[0])\n",[21,85584,85585,85591,85595,85608,85626,85630,85640,85654],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,85586,85587,85589],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,85588,76],{"class":75},[69,85590,20697],{"class":79},[69,85592,85593],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,85594,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,85596,85597,85599,85601,85603,85606],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,85598,20756],{"class":79},[69,85600,97],{"class":96},[69,85602,15292],{"class":110},[69,85604,85605],{"class":114},"[\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]",[69,85607,18049],{"class":110},[69,85609,85610,85612,85614,85616,85618,85620,85622,85624],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,85611,3362],{"class":79},[69,85613,97],{"class":96},[69,85615,20761],{"class":79},[69,85617,289],{"class":100},[69,85619,84967],{"class":292},[69,85621,221],{"class":100},[69,85623,20781],{"class":292},[69,85625,301],{"class":100},[69,85627,85628],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,85629,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,85631,85632,85634,85636,85638],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,85633,2161],{"class":217},[69,85635,221],{"class":100},[69,85637,3436],{"class":292},[69,85639,301],{"class":100},[69,85641,85642,85644,85646,85648,85650,85652],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,85643,2161],{"class":217},[69,85645,221],{"class":100},[69,85647,2176],{"class":1859},[69,85649,221],{"class":100},[69,85651,3436],{"class":292},[69,85653,2183],{"class":100},[69,85655,85656,85658,85660,85662,85664,85666],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,85657,2161],{"class":217},[69,85659,221],{"class":100},[69,85661,3436],{"class":292},[69,85663,1345],{"class":100},[69,85665,2200],{"class":157},[69,85667,494],{"class":100},[14,85669,85670],{},[2498,85671,2781],{},[60,85673,85675],{"className":62,"code":85674,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['apple', 'banana', 'orange']\n\u003Cclass 'list'>\napple\n",[21,85676,85677,85705,85719],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,85678,85679,85681,85683,85685,85687,85689,85691,85693,85695,85697,85699,85701,85703],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,85680,1345],{"class":100},[69,85682,15283],{"class":110},[69,85684,6037],{"class":114},[69,85686,15283],{"class":110},[69,85688,120],{"class":100},[69,85690,15292],{"class":110},[69,85692,6046],{"class":114},[69,85694,15283],{"class":110},[69,85696,120],{"class":100},[69,85698,15292],{"class":110},[69,85700,6066],{"class":114},[69,85702,15283],{"class":110},[69,85704,198],{"class":100},[69,85706,85707,85709,85711,85713,85715,85717],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,85708,21097],{"class":96},[69,85710,7503],{"class":7502},[69,85712,15292],{"class":110},[69,85714,14459],{"class":114},[69,85716,15283],{"class":110},[69,85718,21108],{"class":96},[69,85720,85721],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,85722,56563],{"class":79},[14,85724,85725],{},"This matters because you access a list with indexes, not dictionary keys.",[55,85727,85729,85730],{"id":85728},"parse-json-from-a-file-with-jsonload","Parse JSON from a file with ",[21,85731,84924],{},[14,85733,322,85734,85736],{},[21,85735,84924],{}," when your JSON is in a file.",[14,85738,13241],{},[29,85740,85741,85745,85750,85754],{},[32,85742,9543,85743],{},[21,85744,576],{},[32,85746,85747,85748],{},"Pass the file object to ",[21,85749,84924],{},[32,85751,9549,85752,9552],{},[21,85753,214],{},[32,85755,85756,85757,64161],{},"This works well for local ",[21,85758,85759],{},".json",[14,85761,85762,85763,1174],{},"Example file, ",[21,85764,21268],{},[60,85766,85768],{"className":21316,"code":85767,"language":20659,"meta":65,"style":65},"{\n  \"name\": \"Ana\",\n  \"age\": 25,\n  \"languages\": [\"Python\", \"JavaScript\"]\n}\n",[21,85769,85770,85774,85792,85806,85836],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,85771,85772],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,85773,21534],{"class":100},[69,85775,85776,85778,85780,85782,85784,85786,85788,85790],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,85777,61197],{"class":3012},[69,85779,115],{"class":21327},[69,85781,111],{"class":3012},[69,85783,1174],{"class":100},[69,85785,123],{"class":110},[69,85787,2553],{"class":114},[69,85789,111],{"class":110},[69,85791,3401],{"class":100},[69,85793,85794,85796,85798,85800,85802,85804],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,85795,61197],{"class":3012},[69,85797,126],{"class":21327},[69,85799,111],{"class":3012},[69,85801,1174],{"class":100},[69,85803,186],{"class":157},[69,85805,3401],{"class":100},[69,85807,85808,85810,85813,85815,85817,85819,85821,85823,85825,85827,85829,85832,85834],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,85809,61197],{"class":3012},[69,85811,85812],{"class":21327},"languages",[69,85814,111],{"class":3012},[69,85816,1174],{"class":100},[69,85818,636],{"class":100},[69,85820,111],{"class":110},[69,85822,17238],{"class":114},[69,85824,111],{"class":110},[69,85826,120],{"class":100},[69,85828,123],{"class":110},[69,85830,85831],{"class":114},"JavaScript",[69,85833,111],{"class":110},[69,85835,198],{"class":100},[69,85837,85838],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,85839,1260],{"class":100},[14,85841,85842],{},"Python code:",[60,85844,85846],{"className":62,"code":85845,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\nwith open(\"data.json\", \"r\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as file:\n    data = json.load(file)\n\nprint(data)\nprint(data[\"name\"])\nprint(data[\"languages\"])\n",[21,85847,85848,85854,85858,85900,85919,85923,85933,85951],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,85849,85850,85852],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,85851,76],{"class":75},[69,85853,20697],{"class":79},[69,85855,85856],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,85857,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,85859,85860,85862,85864,85866,85868,85870,85872,85874,85876,85878,85880,85882,85884,85886,85888,85890,85892,85894,85896,85898],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,85861,214],{"class":75},[69,85863,218],{"class":217},[69,85865,221],{"class":100},[69,85867,111],{"class":110},[69,85869,21268],{"class":114},[69,85871,111],{"class":110},[69,85873,120],{"class":100},[69,85875,123],{"class":110},[69,85877,13728],{"class":114},[69,85879,111],{"class":110},[69,85881,120],{"class":100},[69,85883,253],{"class":242},[69,85885,97],{"class":96},[69,85887,111],{"class":110},[69,85889,260],{"class":114},[69,85891,111],{"class":110},[69,85893,265],{"class":100},[69,85895,268],{"class":75},[69,85897,272],{"class":271},[69,85899,275],{"class":100},[69,85901,85902,85904,85906,85908,85910,85913,85915,85917],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,85903,60796],{"class":79},[69,85905,97],{"class":96},[69,85907,20761],{"class":79},[69,85909,289],{"class":100},[69,85911,85912],{"class":292},"load",[69,85914,221],{"class":100},[69,85916,298],{"class":271},[69,85918,301],{"class":100},[69,85920,85921],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,85922,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,85924,85925,85927,85929,85931],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,85926,2161],{"class":217},[69,85928,221],{"class":100},[69,85930,3436],{"class":292},[69,85932,301],{"class":100},[69,85934,85935,85937,85939,85941,85943,85945,85947,85949],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,85936,2161],{"class":217},[69,85938,221],{"class":100},[69,85940,3436],{"class":292},[69,85942,1345],{"class":100},[69,85944,111],{"class":110},[69,85946,115],{"class":114},[69,85948,111],{"class":110},[69,85950,494],{"class":100},[69,85952,85953,85955,85957,85959,85961,85963,85965,85967],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,85954,2161],{"class":217},[69,85956,221],{"class":100},[69,85958,3436],{"class":292},[69,85960,1345],{"class":100},[69,85962,111],{"class":110},[69,85964,85812],{"class":114},[69,85966,111],{"class":110},[69,85968,494],{"class":100},[14,85970,85971],{},[2498,85972,2781],{},[60,85974,85976],{"className":62,"code":85975,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'name': 'Ana', 'age': 25, 'languages': ['Python', 'JavaScript']}\nAna\n['Python', 'JavaScript']\n",[21,85977,85978,86036,86040],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,85979,85980,85982,85984,85986,85988,85990,85992,85994,85996,85998,86000,86002,86004,86006,86008,86010,86012,86014,86016,86018,86020,86022,86024,86026,86028,86030,86032,86034],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,85981,8018],{"class":100},[69,85983,15283],{"class":110},[69,85985,115],{"class":114},[69,85987,15283],{"class":110},[69,85989,1174],{"class":100},[69,85991,15292],{"class":110},[69,85993,2553],{"class":114},[69,85995,15283],{"class":110},[69,85997,120],{"class":100},[69,85999,15292],{"class":110},[69,86001,126],{"class":114},[69,86003,15283],{"class":110},[69,86005,1174],{"class":100},[69,86007,186],{"class":157},[69,86009,120],{"class":100},[69,86011,15292],{"class":110},[69,86013,85812],{"class":114},[69,86015,15283],{"class":110},[69,86017,1174],{"class":100},[69,86019,636],{"class":100},[69,86021,15283],{"class":110},[69,86023,17238],{"class":114},[69,86025,15283],{"class":110},[69,86027,120],{"class":100},[69,86029,15292],{"class":110},[69,86031,85831],{"class":114},[69,86033,15283],{"class":110},[69,86035,81472],{"class":100},[69,86037,86038],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,86039,2791],{"class":79},[69,86041,86042,86044,86046,86048,86050,86052,86054,86056,86058],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,86043,1345],{"class":100},[69,86045,15283],{"class":110},[69,86047,17238],{"class":114},[69,86049,15283],{"class":110},[69,86051,120],{"class":100},[69,86053,15292],{"class":110},[69,86055,85831],{"class":114},[69,86057,15283],{"class":110},[69,86059,198],{"class":100},[14,86061,4389],{},[29,86063,86064,86069,86075],{},[32,86065,86066,86068],{},[21,86067,576],{}," opens the file",[32,86070,86071,86074],{},[21,86072,86073],{},"json.load(file)"," reads and parses the JSON from that file",[32,86076,86077],{},"The result is again normal Python data",[14,86079,21369,86080,289],{},[579,86081,86083,45136],{"href":86082},"\u002Fstandard-library\u002Fjson.load-function-explained",[21,86084,84924],{},[55,86086,86088],{"id":86087},"how-to-access-parsed-json-data","How to access parsed JSON data",[14,86090,86091],{},"After parsing, work with the result based on its Python type.",[29,86093,86094,86097,86102,86105],{},[32,86095,86096],{},"Use square brackets for known dictionary keys",[32,86098,322,86099,86101],{},[21,86100,48297],{}," when a key might be missing",[32,86103,86104],{},"Use indexes for lists",[32,86106,86107],{},"Check the data type if you are not sure what was parsed",[1647,86109,86111],{"id":86110},"access-dictionary-values","Access dictionary values",[60,86113,86115],{"className":62,"code":86114,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\njson_text = '{\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25}'\ndata = json.loads(json_text)\n\nprint(data[\"name\"])\nprint(data.get(\"age\"))\nprint(data.get(\"email\"))\n",[21,86116,86117,86123,86127,86140,86158,86162,86180,86202],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,86118,86119,86121],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,86120,76],{"class":75},[69,86122,20697],{"class":79},[69,86124,86125],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,86126,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,86128,86129,86131,86133,86135,86138],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,86130,20756],{"class":79},[69,86132,97],{"class":96},[69,86134,15292],{"class":110},[69,86136,86137],{"class":114},"{\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25}",[69,86139,18049],{"class":110},[69,86141,86142,86144,86146,86148,86150,86152,86154,86156],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,86143,3362],{"class":79},[69,86145,97],{"class":96},[69,86147,20761],{"class":79},[69,86149,289],{"class":100},[69,86151,84967],{"class":292},[69,86153,221],{"class":100},[69,86155,20781],{"class":292},[69,86157,301],{"class":100},[69,86159,86160],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,86161,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,86163,86164,86166,86168,86170,86172,86174,86176,86178],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,86165,2161],{"class":217},[69,86167,221],{"class":100},[69,86169,3436],{"class":292},[69,86171,1345],{"class":100},[69,86173,111],{"class":110},[69,86175,115],{"class":114},[69,86177,111],{"class":110},[69,86179,494],{"class":100},[69,86181,86182,86184,86186,86188,86190,86192,86194,86196,86198,86200],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,86183,2161],{"class":217},[69,86185,221],{"class":100},[69,86187,3436],{"class":292},[69,86189,289],{"class":100},[69,86191,2610],{"class":292},[69,86193,221],{"class":100},[69,86195,111],{"class":110},[69,86197,126],{"class":114},[69,86199,111],{"class":110},[69,86201,2183],{"class":100},[69,86203,86204,86206,86208,86210,86212,86214,86216,86218,86220,86222],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,86205,2161],{"class":217},[69,86207,221],{"class":100},[69,86209,3436],{"class":292},[69,86211,289],{"class":100},[69,86213,2610],{"class":292},[69,86215,221],{"class":100},[69,86217,111],{"class":110},[69,86219,15136],{"class":114},[69,86221,111],{"class":110},[69,86223,2183],{"class":100},[14,86225,86226],{},[2498,86227,2781],{},[60,86229,86231],{"className":62,"code":86230,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Ana\n25\nNone\n",[21,86232,86233,86237,86241],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,86234,86235],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,86236,2791],{"class":79},[69,86238,86239],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,86240,2796],{"class":157},[69,86242,86243],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,86244,3013],{"class":3012},[14,86246,1410,86247,1414],{},[21,86248,48297],{},[29,86250,86251,86257,86265],{},[32,86252,86253,86256],{},[21,86254,86255],{},"data[\"age\"]"," works if the key exists",[32,86258,86259,3019,86262,86264],{},[21,86260,86261],{},"data.get(\"email\")",[21,86263,3022],{}," if the key is missing",[32,86266,86267],{},"This helps you avoid some errors when data is incomplete",[14,86269,86270,86271,289],{},"If you keep getting missing-key problems, see ",[579,86272,2892,86273,2895],{"href":2891},[21,86274,2816],{},[1647,86276,86278],{"id":86277},"access-list-items","Access list items",[60,86280,86282],{"className":62,"code":86281,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\njson_text = '[\"red\", \"green\", \"blue\"]'\ndata = json.loads(json_text)\n\nprint(data[0])\nprint(data[1])\n",[21,86283,86284,86290,86294,86307,86325,86329,86343],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,86285,86286,86288],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,86287,76],{"class":75},[69,86289,20697],{"class":79},[69,86291,86292],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,86293,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,86295,86296,86298,86300,86302,86305],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,86297,20756],{"class":79},[69,86299,97],{"class":96},[69,86301,15292],{"class":110},[69,86303,86304],{"class":114},"[\"red\", \"green\", \"blue\"]",[69,86306,18049],{"class":110},[69,86308,86309,86311,86313,86315,86317,86319,86321,86323],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,86310,3362],{"class":79},[69,86312,97],{"class":96},[69,86314,20761],{"class":79},[69,86316,289],{"class":100},[69,86318,84967],{"class":292},[69,86320,221],{"class":100},[69,86322,20781],{"class":292},[69,86324,301],{"class":100},[69,86326,86327],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,86328,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,86330,86331,86333,86335,86337,86339,86341],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,86332,2161],{"class":217},[69,86334,221],{"class":100},[69,86336,3436],{"class":292},[69,86338,1345],{"class":100},[69,86340,2200],{"class":157},[69,86342,494],{"class":100},[69,86344,86345,86347,86349,86351,86353,86355],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,86346,2161],{"class":217},[69,86348,221],{"class":100},[69,86350,3436],{"class":292},[69,86352,1345],{"class":100},[69,86354,5940],{"class":157},[69,86356,494],{"class":100},[14,86358,86359],{},[2498,86360,2781],{},[60,86362,86364],{"className":62,"code":86363,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"red\ngreen\n",[21,86365,86366,86371],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,86367,86368],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,86369,86370],{"class":79},"red\n",[69,86372,86373],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,86374,86375],{"class":79},"green\n",[1647,86377,86379],{"id":86378},"check-the-parsed-type-first","Check the parsed type first",[14,86381,86382],{},"If you are not sure whether the parsed result is a dictionary or a list, inspect it first.",[60,86384,86386],{"className":62,"code":86385,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\njson_text = '[{\"name\": \"Ana\"}, {\"name\": \"Ben\"}]'\ndata = json.loads(json_text)\n\nprint(type(data))\nprint(data)\n",[21,86387,86388,86394,86398,86411,86429,86433,86447],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,86389,86390,86392],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,86391,76],{"class":75},[69,86393,20697],{"class":79},[69,86395,86396],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,86397,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,86399,86400,86402,86404,86406,86409],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,86401,20756],{"class":79},[69,86403,97],{"class":96},[69,86405,15292],{"class":110},[69,86407,86408],{"class":114},"[{\"name\": \"Ana\"}, {\"name\": \"Ben\"}]",[69,86410,18049],{"class":110},[69,86412,86413,86415,86417,86419,86421,86423,86425,86427],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,86414,3362],{"class":79},[69,86416,97],{"class":96},[69,86418,20761],{"class":79},[69,86420,289],{"class":100},[69,86422,84967],{"class":292},[69,86424,221],{"class":100},[69,86426,20781],{"class":292},[69,86428,301],{"class":100},[69,86430,86431],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,86432,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,86434,86435,86437,86439,86441,86443,86445],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,86436,2161],{"class":217},[69,86438,221],{"class":100},[69,86440,2176],{"class":1859},[69,86442,221],{"class":100},[69,86444,3436],{"class":292},[69,86446,2183],{"class":100},[69,86448,86449,86451,86453,86455],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,86450,2161],{"class":217},[69,86452,221],{"class":100},[69,86454,3436],{"class":292},[69,86456,301],{"class":100},[14,86458,86459],{},[2498,86460,2781],{},[60,86462,86464],{"className":62,"code":86463,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"\u003Cclass 'list'>\n[{'name': 'Ana'}, {'name': 'Ben'}]\n",[21,86465,86466,86480],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,86467,86468,86470,86472,86474,86476,86478],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,86469,21097],{"class":96},[69,86471,7503],{"class":7502},[69,86473,15292],{"class":110},[69,86475,14459],{"class":114},[69,86477,15283],{"class":110},[69,86479,21108],{"class":96},[69,86481,86482,86484,86486,86488,86490,86492,86494,86496,86498,86500,86502,86504,86506,86508,86510,86512,86514,86516],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,86483,48055],{"class":100},[69,86485,15283],{"class":110},[69,86487,115],{"class":114},[69,86489,15283],{"class":110},[69,86491,1174],{"class":100},[69,86493,15292],{"class":110},[69,86495,2553],{"class":114},[69,86497,15283],{"class":110},[69,86499,48084],{"class":100},[69,86501,1914],{"class":100},[69,86503,15283],{"class":110},[69,86505,115],{"class":114},[69,86507,15283],{"class":110},[69,86509,1174],{"class":100},[69,86511,15292],{"class":110},[69,86513,7085],{"class":114},[69,86515,15283],{"class":110},[69,86517,48115],{"class":100},[14,86519,86520,86521,86523],{},"This tells you that ",[21,86522,3436],{}," is a list, so you need an index first:",[60,86525,86527],{"className":62,"code":86526,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(data[0][\"name\"])\n",[21,86528,86529],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,86530,86531,86533,86535,86537,86539,86541,86543,86545,86547,86549],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,86532,2161],{"class":217},[69,86534,221],{"class":100},[69,86536,3436],{"class":292},[69,86538,1345],{"class":100},[69,86540,2200],{"class":157},[69,86542,3447],{"class":100},[69,86544,111],{"class":110},[69,86546,115],{"class":114},[69,86548,111],{"class":110},[69,86550,494],{"class":100},[55,86552,86554],{"id":86553},"common-parsing-errors-and-what-they-mean","Common parsing errors and what they mean",[14,86556,86557],{},"A few small mistakes can stop JSON from parsing.",[14,86559,86560],{},"Common problems:",[29,86562,86563,86566,86569,86572,86575],{},[32,86564,86565],{},"Invalid JSON format causes a decoding error",[32,86567,86568],{},"Single quotes are not valid in JSON strings",[32,86570,86571],{},"Trailing commas can break parsing",[32,86573,86574],{},"Trying to parse plain Python dict text is not the same as JSON",[32,86576,86577,86578],{},"A missing key after parsing can cause ",[21,86579,2816],{},[1647,86581,86583],{"id":86582},"example-single-quotes-are-not-valid-json","Example: single quotes are not valid JSON",[14,86585,86586,86587,86589],{},"This is ",[2498,86588,3315],{}," valid JSON:",[60,86591,86593],{"className":62,"code":86592,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\njson_text = \"{'name': 'Ana'}\"\ndata = json.loads(json_text)\n",[21,86594,86595,86601,86605,86618],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,86596,86597,86599],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,86598,76],{"class":75},[69,86600,20697],{"class":79},[69,86602,86603],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,86604,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,86606,86607,86609,86611,86613,86616],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,86608,20756],{"class":79},[69,86610,97],{"class":96},[69,86612,123],{"class":110},[69,86614,86615],{"class":114},"{'name': 'Ana'}",[69,86617,1825],{"class":110},[69,86619,86620,86622,86624,86626,86628,86630,86632,86634],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,86621,3362],{"class":79},[69,86623,97],{"class":96},[69,86625,20761],{"class":79},[69,86627,289],{"class":100},[69,86629,84967],{"class":292},[69,86631,221],{"class":100},[69,86633,20781],{"class":292},[69,86635,301],{"class":100},[14,86637,86638],{},"This will raise a decoding error because JSON requires double quotes around keys and string values.",[14,86640,27459],{},[60,86642,86644],{"className":62,"code":86643,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\njson_text = '{\"name\": \"Ana\"}'\ndata = json.loads(json_text)\n\nprint(data)\n",[21,86645,86646,86652,86656,86669,86687,86691],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,86647,86648,86650],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,86649,76],{"class":75},[69,86651,20697],{"class":79},[69,86653,86654],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,86655,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,86657,86658,86660,86662,86664,86667],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,86659,20756],{"class":79},[69,86661,97],{"class":96},[69,86663,15292],{"class":110},[69,86665,86666],{"class":114},"{\"name\": \"Ana\"}",[69,86668,18049],{"class":110},[69,86670,86671,86673,86675,86677,86679,86681,86683,86685],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,86672,3362],{"class":79},[69,86674,97],{"class":96},[69,86676,20761],{"class":79},[69,86678,289],{"class":100},[69,86680,84967],{"class":292},[69,86682,221],{"class":100},[69,86684,20781],{"class":292},[69,86686,301],{"class":100},[69,86688,86689],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,86690,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,86692,86693,86695,86697,86699],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,86694,2161],{"class":217},[69,86696,221],{"class":100},[69,86698,3436],{"class":292},[69,86700,301],{"class":100},[1647,86702,86704],{"id":86703},"example-trailing-comma","Example: trailing comma",[14,86706,86707],{},"This is also invalid JSON:",[60,86709,86711],{"className":62,"code":86710,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\njson_text = '{\"name\": \"Ana\",}'\ndata = json.loads(json_text)\n",[21,86712,86713,86719,86723,86736],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,86714,86715,86717],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,86716,76],{"class":75},[69,86718,20697],{"class":79},[69,86720,86721],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,86722,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,86724,86725,86727,86729,86731,86734],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,86726,20756],{"class":79},[69,86728,97],{"class":96},[69,86730,15292],{"class":110},[69,86732,86733],{"class":114},"{\"name\": \"Ana\",}",[69,86735,18049],{"class":110},[69,86737,86738,86740,86742,86744,86746,86748,86750,86752],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,86739,3362],{"class":79},[69,86741,97],{"class":96},[69,86743,20761],{"class":79},[69,86745,289],{"class":100},[69,86747,84967],{"class":292},[69,86749,221],{"class":100},[69,86751,20781],{"class":292},[69,86753,301],{"class":100},[14,86755,86756,86757,86759],{},"The comma before ",[21,86758,8027],{}," makes the JSON invalid.",[14,86761,27459],{},[60,86763,86764],{"className":62,"code":86643,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,86765,86766,86772,86776,86788,86806,86810],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,86767,86768,86770],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,86769,76],{"class":75},[69,86771,20697],{"class":79},[69,86773,86774],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,86775,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,86777,86778,86780,86782,86784,86786],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,86779,20756],{"class":79},[69,86781,97],{"class":96},[69,86783,15292],{"class":110},[69,86785,86666],{"class":114},[69,86787,18049],{"class":110},[69,86789,86790,86792,86794,86796,86798,86800,86802,86804],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,86791,3362],{"class":79},[69,86793,97],{"class":96},[69,86795,20761],{"class":79},[69,86797,289],{"class":100},[69,86799,84967],{"class":292},[69,86801,221],{"class":100},[69,86803,20781],{"class":292},[69,86805,301],{"class":100},[69,86807,86808],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,86809,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,86811,86812,86814,86816,86818],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,86813,2161],{"class":217},[69,86815,221],{"class":100},[69,86817,3436],{"class":292},[69,86819,301],{"class":100},[1647,86821,86823],{"id":86822},"example-python-dictionary-text-is-not-always-json","Example: Python dictionary text is not always JSON",[14,86825,86826],{},"Beginners sometimes confuse Python dictionary syntax with JSON syntax.",[14,86828,86829],{},"Python dict:",[60,86831,86833],{"className":62,"code":86832,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'name': 'Ana', 'active': True}\n",[21,86834,86835],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,86836,86837,86839,86841,86843,86845,86847,86849,86851,86853,86855,86857,86859,86861,86863,86865],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,86838,8018],{"class":100},[69,86840,15283],{"class":110},[69,86842,115],{"class":114},[69,86844,15283],{"class":110},[69,86846,1174],{"class":100},[69,86848,15292],{"class":110},[69,86850,2553],{"class":114},[69,86852,15283],{"class":110},[69,86854,120],{"class":100},[69,86856,15292],{"class":110},[69,86858,20742],{"class":114},[69,86860,15283],{"class":110},[69,86862,1174],{"class":100},[69,86864,20749],{"class":3012},[69,86866,1260],{"class":100},[14,86868,86869],{},"JSON text:",[60,86871,86873],{"className":21316,"code":86872,"language":20659,"meta":65,"style":65},"{\"name\": \"Ana\", \"active\": true}\n",[21,86874,86875],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,86876,86877,86879,86881,86883,86885,86887,86889,86891,86893,86895,86897,86899,86901,86903,86905],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,86878,8018],{"class":100},[69,86880,111],{"class":3012},[69,86882,115],{"class":21327},[69,86884,111],{"class":3012},[69,86886,1174],{"class":100},[69,86888,123],{"class":110},[69,86890,2553],{"class":114},[69,86892,111],{"class":110},[69,86894,120],{"class":100},[69,86896,123],{"class":3012},[69,86898,20742],{"class":21327},[69,86900,111],{"class":3012},[69,86902,1174],{"class":100},[69,86904,20833],{"class":3012},[69,86906,1260],{"class":100},[14,86908,86909],{},"Key differences:",[29,86911,86912,86915,86924],{},[32,86913,86914],{},"JSON uses double quotes",[32,86916,86917,86918,5914,86920,14844,86922],{},"JSON uses ",[21,86919,21130],{},[21,86921,21812],{},[21,86923,21823],{},[32,86925,86926,86927,5914,86929,14844,86931],{},"Python uses ",[21,86928,11002],{},[21,86930,14886],{},[21,86932,3022],{},[14,86934,86935,86936,289],{},"If your JSON is invalid, see ",[579,86937,2892,86939,86942],{"href":86938},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fsyntaxerror-unexpected-eof-while-parsing-fix",[21,86940,86941],{},"JSONDecodeError"," for invalid JSON",[55,86944,86946],{"id":86945},"simple-debugging-steps","Simple debugging steps",[14,86948,86949],{},"If parsing fails, try these steps:",[29,86951,86952,86955,86958,86961,86966],{},[32,86953,86954],{},"Print the raw JSON before parsing",[32,86956,86957],{},"Check that keys and string values use double quotes",[32,86959,86960],{},"Confirm whether your input is a string or a file",[32,86962,322,86963,86965],{},[21,86964,40236],{}," to inspect the parsed result",[32,86967,86968],{},"Start with a small JSON example if parsing fails",[14,86970,86971],{},"Useful commands:",[60,86973,86975],{"className":62,"code":86974,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(json_text)\nprint(type(data))\nprint(data)\nprint(data.keys())\n",[21,86976,86977,86987,87001,87011],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,86978,86979,86981,86983,86985],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,86980,2161],{"class":217},[69,86982,221],{"class":100},[69,86984,20781],{"class":292},[69,86986,301],{"class":100},[69,86988,86989,86991,86993,86995,86997,86999],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,86990,2161],{"class":217},[69,86992,221],{"class":100},[69,86994,2176],{"class":1859},[69,86996,221],{"class":100},[69,86998,3436],{"class":292},[69,87000,2183],{"class":100},[69,87002,87003,87005,87007,87009],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,87004,2161],{"class":217},[69,87006,221],{"class":100},[69,87008,3436],{"class":292},[69,87010,301],{"class":100},[69,87012,87013,87015,87017,87019,87021,87023],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,87014,2161],{"class":217},[69,87016,221],{"class":100},[69,87018,3436],{"class":292},[69,87020,289],{"class":100},[69,87022,3920],{"class":292},[69,87024,3923],{"class":100},[14,87026,87027],{},"You can also validate a JSON file from the command line:",[60,87029,87031],{"className":22537,"code":87030,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python -m json.tool data.json\n",[21,87032,87033],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,87034,87035,87037,87039,87042],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,87036,64],{"class":7506},[69,87038,64845],{"class":14546},[69,87040,87041],{"class":114}," json.tool",[69,87043,87044],{"class":114}," data.json\n",[14,87046,87047],{},"That command helps you check whether a file contains valid JSON.",[55,87049,3868],{"id":3867},[14,87051,87052],{},"These are some very common beginner mistakes:",[29,87054,87055,87060,87065,87068,87072,87075],{},[32,87056,1628,87057,87059],{},[21,87058,84924],{}," on a string instead of a file object",[32,87061,1628,87062,87064],{},[21,87063,78447],{}," on a file object instead of file content",[32,87066,87067],{},"Using single quotes in JSON text",[32,87069,46118,87070],{},[21,87071,20659],{},[32,87073,87074],{},"Assuming parsed data is always a dictionary",[32,87076,87077],{},"Accessing keys that do not exist",[14,87079,87080,87081,50,87084,1174],{},"Example of mixing up ",[21,87082,87083],{},"load()",[21,87085,87086],{},"loads()",[60,87088,87090],{"className":62,"code":87089,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\njson_text = '{\"name\": \"Ana\"}'\n\n# Correct for a string\ndata = json.loads(json_text)\n\nprint(data[\"name\"])\n",[21,87091,87092,87098,87102,87114,87118,87123,87141,87145],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,87093,87094,87096],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,87095,76],{"class":75},[69,87097,20697],{"class":79},[69,87099,87100],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,87101,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,87103,87104,87106,87108,87110,87112],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,87105,20756],{"class":79},[69,87107,97],{"class":96},[69,87109,15292],{"class":110},[69,87111,86666],{"class":114},[69,87113,18049],{"class":110},[69,87115,87116],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,87117,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,87119,87120],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,87121,87122],{"class":2596},"# Correct for a string\n",[69,87124,87125,87127,87129,87131,87133,87135,87137,87139],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,87126,3362],{"class":79},[69,87128,97],{"class":96},[69,87130,20761],{"class":79},[69,87132,289],{"class":100},[69,87134,84967],{"class":292},[69,87136,221],{"class":100},[69,87138,20781],{"class":292},[69,87140,301],{"class":100},[69,87142,87143],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,87144,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,87146,87147,87149,87151,87153,87155,87157,87159,87161],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,87148,2161],{"class":217},[69,87150,221],{"class":100},[69,87152,3436],{"class":292},[69,87154,1345],{"class":100},[69,87156,111],{"class":110},[69,87158,115],{"class":114},[69,87160,111],{"class":110},[69,87162,494],{"class":100},[14,87164,49901],{},[29,87166,87167,87172],{},[32,87168,87169,87171],{},[21,87170,85912],{}," = file",[32,87173,87174,87176],{},[21,87175,84967],{}," = string",[14,87178,87179,87180,87182],{},"A simple way to remember it is that ",[21,87181,87086],{}," means “load string”.",[55,87184,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,87186,2372,87188,50,87190,1414],{"id":87187},"what-is-the-difference-between-jsonload-and-jsonloads",[21,87189,84924],{},[21,87191,78447],{},[14,87193,87194,87196,87197,87199],{},[21,87195,84924],{}," reads JSON from a file object. ",[21,87198,78447],{}," reads JSON from a string.",[1647,87201,87203],{"id":87202},"does-parsing-json-return-a-dictionary-every-time","Does parsing JSON return a dictionary every time?",[14,87205,87206,87207,87209],{},"No. It can return a dictionary, list, string, number, boolean, or ",[21,87208,3022],{}," depending on the JSON.",[1647,87211,87213],{"id":87212},"why-does-my-json-fail-to-parse","Why does my JSON fail to parse?",[14,87215,87216],{},"Common reasons are single quotes, trailing commas, or invalid formatting.",[1647,87218,87220],{"id":87219},"how-do-i-get-a-value-from-parsed-json-safely","How do I get a value from parsed JSON safely?",[14,87222,87223,87224,87226],{},"If the result is a dictionary, use ",[21,87225,48297],{}," for keys that may be missing.",[55,87228,2414],{"id":2413},[29,87230,87231,87235,87241,87247,87253,87258,87264],{},[32,87232,87233],{},[579,87234,22082],{"href":22081},[32,87236,87237],{},[579,87238,87239,45136],{"href":61387},[21,87240,78447],{},[32,87242,87243],{},[579,87244,87245,45136],{"href":86082},[21,87246,84924],{},[32,87248,87249],{},[579,87250,87252],{"href":87251},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-convert-dictionary-to-json-in-python\u002F","How to convert a dictionary to JSON in Python",[32,87254,87255],{},[579,87256,22820],{"href":87257},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-pretty-print-json-in-python\u002F",[32,87259,87260],{},[579,87261,18294,87262,2895],{"href":2891},[21,87263,2816],{},[32,87265,87266],{},[579,87267,18294,87268,86942],{"href":86938},[21,87269,86941],{},[14,87271,87272],{},"Once you are comfortable parsing JSON, the next useful step is working with JSON files and API responses.",[2450,87274,87275],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sseR_, html code.shiki .sseR_{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s99_P, html code.shiki .s99_P{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sMMDD, html code.shiki .sMMDD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70}html pre.shiki code .sbgvK, html code.shiki .sbgvK{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .stzsN, html code.shiki .stzsN{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":87277},[87278,87279,87280,87281,87285,87287,87292,87297,87298,87299,87306],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":85114,"depth":83,"text":85115},{"id":85371,"depth":83,"text":87282,"children":87283},"Parse JSON from a string with json.loads()",[87284],{"id":85575,"depth":90,"text":85576},{"id":85728,"depth":83,"text":87286},"Parse JSON from a file with json.load()",{"id":86087,"depth":83,"text":86088,"children":87288},[87289,87290,87291],{"id":86110,"depth":90,"text":86111},{"id":86277,"depth":90,"text":86278},{"id":86378,"depth":90,"text":86379},{"id":86553,"depth":83,"text":86554,"children":87293},[87294,87295,87296],{"id":86582,"depth":90,"text":86583},{"id":86703,"depth":90,"text":86704},{"id":86822,"depth":90,"text":86823},{"id":86945,"depth":83,"text":86946},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":87300},[87301,87303,87304,87305],{"id":87187,"depth":90,"text":87302},"What is the difference between json.load() and json.loads()?",{"id":87202,"depth":90,"text":87203},{"id":87212,"depth":90,"text":87213},{"id":87219,"depth":90,"text":87220},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to parse json in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},{"title":84896,"description":87307},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-parse-json-in-python","6dUCxsVSxxV7JEy6QC1-kzAdLaYRqrZsa1B5XLW9YM8",{"id":87313,"title":87314,"body":87315,"description":89357,"extension":2479,"meta":89358,"navigation":86,"path":21745,"seo":89359,"stem":89360,"__hash__":89361},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-pretty-print-json-in-python.md","How to Pretty Print JSON in Python",{"type":7,"value":87316,"toc":89332},[87317,87320,87323,87325,87339,87344,87346,87454,87460,87464,87467,87470,87473,87484,87487,87490,87552,87555,87634,87638,87648,87670,87799,87801,87879,87887,87891,87894,87897,87911,87989,87991,88069,88074,88078,88087,88090,88101,88260,88265,88267,88278,88282,88285,88289,88297,88378,88382,88387,88492,88494,88555,88559,88574,88670,88672,88719,88722,88726,88729,88747,88751,88754,88828,88831,88839,88841,88914,88918,88921,88997,89003,89006,89084,89086,89089,89115,89118,89137,89140,89167,89170,89251,89257,89259,89263,89269,89271,89277,89281,89286,89290,89293,89297,89302,89304,89329],[10,87318,87314],{"id":87319},"how-to-pretty-print-json-in-python",[14,87321,87322],{},"Pretty printing JSON means formatting it with indentation and line breaks so it is easier to read.",[14,87324,3795],{},[29,87326,87327,87330,87333,87336],{},[32,87328,87329],{},"inspect API data",[32,87331,87332],{},"read nested objects in the terminal",[32,87334,87335],{},"save cleaner JSON files",[32,87337,87338],{},"debug your program",[14,87340,87341,87342,20660],{},"In Python, the most common way to pretty print JSON is with the ",[21,87343,20659],{},[55,87345,11252],{"id":11251},[60,87347,87349],{"className":62,"code":87348,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"skills\": [\"Python\", \"SQL\"]}\n\nprint(json.dumps(data, indent=4))\n",[21,87350,87351,87357,87361,87424,87428],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,87352,87353,87355],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,87354,76],{"class":75},[69,87356,20697],{"class":79},[69,87358,87359],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,87360,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,87362,87363,87365,87367,87369,87371,87373,87375,87377,87379,87381,87383,87385,87387,87389,87391,87393,87395,87397,87399,87401,87403,87405,87407,87409,87411,87413,87415,87417,87420,87422],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,87364,3362],{"class":79},[69,87366,97],{"class":96},[69,87368,1914],{"class":100},[69,87370,111],{"class":110},[69,87372,115],{"class":114},[69,87374,111],{"class":110},[69,87376,1174],{"class":100},[69,87378,123],{"class":110},[69,87380,2553],{"class":114},[69,87382,111],{"class":110},[69,87384,120],{"class":100},[69,87386,123],{"class":110},[69,87388,126],{"class":114},[69,87390,111],{"class":110},[69,87392,1174],{"class":100},[69,87394,186],{"class":157},[69,87396,120],{"class":100},[69,87398,123],{"class":110},[69,87400,21893],{"class":114},[69,87402,111],{"class":110},[69,87404,1174],{"class":100},[69,87406,636],{"class":100},[69,87408,111],{"class":110},[69,87410,17238],{"class":114},[69,87412,111],{"class":110},[69,87414,120],{"class":100},[69,87416,123],{"class":110},[69,87418,87419],{"class":114},"SQL",[69,87421,111],{"class":110},[69,87423,81472],{"class":100},[69,87425,87426],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,87427,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,87429,87430,87432,87434,87436,87438,87440,87442,87444,87446,87448,87450,87452],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,87431,2161],{"class":217},[69,87433,221],{"class":100},[69,87435,20659],{"class":292},[69,87437,289],{"class":100},[69,87439,20766],{"class":292},[69,87441,221],{"class":100},[69,87443,3436],{"class":292},[69,87445,120],{"class":100},[69,87447,21497],{"class":242},[69,87449,97],{"class":96},[69,87451,5966],{"class":157},[69,87453,2183],{"class":100},[14,87455,322,87456,87459],{},[21,87457,87458],{},"json.dumps(..., indent=4)"," to print JSON with readable spacing and line breaks.",[55,87461,87463],{"id":87462},"what-pretty-printing-json-means","What pretty printing JSON means",[14,87465,87466],{},"Pretty printing does not change the actual data.",[14,87468,87469],{},"It only changes how the JSON looks when you print or save it.",[14,87471,87472],{},"Pretty printing usually adds:",[29,87474,87475,87478,87481],{},[32,87476,87477],{},"indentation",[32,87479,87480],{},"line breaks",[32,87482,87483],{},"spacing between keys and values",[14,87485,87486],{},"This makes nested JSON much easier to read.",[14,87488,87489],{},"For example, compact JSON might look like this:",[60,87491,87493],{"className":21316,"code":87492,"language":20659,"meta":65,"style":65},"{\"name\":\"Ana\",\"age\":25,\"skills\":[\"Python\",\"SQL\"]}\n",[21,87494,87495],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,87496,87497,87499,87501,87503,87505,87507,87509,87511,87513,87515,87517,87519,87521,87523,87525,87527,87529,87531,87533,87536,87538,87540,87542,87544,87546,87548,87550],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,87498,8018],{"class":100},[69,87500,111],{"class":3012},[69,87502,115],{"class":21327},[69,87504,111],{"class":3012},[69,87506,1174],{"class":100},[69,87508,111],{"class":110},[69,87510,2553],{"class":114},[69,87512,111],{"class":110},[69,87514,120],{"class":100},[69,87516,111],{"class":3012},[69,87518,126],{"class":21327},[69,87520,111],{"class":3012},[69,87522,1174],{"class":100},[69,87524,23026],{"class":157},[69,87526,120],{"class":100},[69,87528,111],{"class":3012},[69,87530,21893],{"class":21327},[69,87532,111],{"class":3012},[69,87534,87535],{"class":100},":[",[69,87537,111],{"class":110},[69,87539,17238],{"class":114},[69,87541,111],{"class":110},[69,87543,120],{"class":100},[69,87545,111],{"class":110},[69,87547,87419],{"class":114},[69,87549,111],{"class":110},[69,87551,81472],{"class":100},[14,87553,87554],{},"Pretty printed JSON looks like this:",[60,87556,87558],{"className":21316,"code":87557,"language":20659,"meta":65,"style":65},"{\n    \"name\": \"Ana\",\n    \"age\": 25,\n    \"skills\": [\n        \"Python\",\n        \"SQL\"\n    ]\n}\n",[21,87559,87560,87564,87582,87596,87608,87618,87626,87630],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,87561,87562],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,87563,21534],{"class":100},[69,87565,87566,87568,87570,87572,87574,87576,87578,87580],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,87567,3372],{"class":3012},[69,87569,115],{"class":21327},[69,87571,111],{"class":3012},[69,87573,1174],{"class":100},[69,87575,123],{"class":110},[69,87577,2553],{"class":114},[69,87579,111],{"class":110},[69,87581,3401],{"class":100},[69,87583,87584,87586,87588,87590,87592,87594],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,87585,3372],{"class":3012},[69,87587,126],{"class":21327},[69,87589,111],{"class":3012},[69,87591,1174],{"class":100},[69,87593,186],{"class":157},[69,87595,3401],{"class":100},[69,87597,87598,87600,87602,87604,87606],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,87599,3372],{"class":3012},[69,87601,21893],{"class":21327},[69,87603,111],{"class":3012},[69,87605,1174],{"class":100},[69,87607,101],{"class":100},[69,87609,87610,87612,87614,87616],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,87611,3386],{"class":110},[69,87613,17238],{"class":114},[69,87615,111],{"class":110},[69,87617,3401],{"class":100},[69,87619,87620,87622,87624],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,87621,3386],{"class":110},[69,87623,87419],{"class":114},[69,87625,1825],{"class":110},[69,87627,87628],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,87629,22422],{"class":100},[69,87631,87632],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,87633,1260],{"class":100},[55,87635,87637],{"id":87636},"pretty-print-a-python-dictionary-as-json","Pretty print a Python dictionary as JSON",[14,87639,87640,87641,87643,87644,289],{},"If your data is already a Python dictionary, use the ",[21,87642,20659],{}," module and ",[579,87645,87646],{"href":21153},[21,87647,20667],{},[29,87649,87650,87654,87659,87665],{},[32,87651,338,87652,43],{},[21,87653,20659],{},[32,87655,322,87656,87658],{},[21,87657,20667],{}," to convert a Python object to a JSON string",[32,87660,87661,87662,87664],{},"Pass ",[21,87663,21390],{}," for readable formatting",[32,87666,322,87667,87669],{},[21,87668,23684],{}," to display the result",[60,87671,87673],{"className":62,"code":87672,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\n    \"name\": \"Ana\",\n    \"age\": 25,\n    \"skills\": [\"Python\", \"SQL\"]\n}\n\nformatted_json = json.dumps(data, indent=4)\nprint(formatted_json)\n",[21,87674,87675,87681,87685,87693,87711,87725,87753,87757,87761,87788],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,87676,87677,87679],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,87678,76],{"class":75},[69,87680,20697],{"class":79},[69,87682,87683],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,87684,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,87686,87687,87689,87691],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,87688,3362],{"class":79},[69,87690,97],{"class":96},[69,87692,3367],{"class":100},[69,87694,87695,87697,87699,87701,87703,87705,87707,87709],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,87696,3372],{"class":110},[69,87698,115],{"class":114},[69,87700,111],{"class":110},[69,87702,1174],{"class":100},[69,87704,123],{"class":110},[69,87706,2553],{"class":114},[69,87708,111],{"class":110},[69,87710,3401],{"class":100},[69,87712,87713,87715,87717,87719,87721,87723],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,87714,3372],{"class":110},[69,87716,126],{"class":114},[69,87718,111],{"class":110},[69,87720,1174],{"class":100},[69,87722,186],{"class":157},[69,87724,3401],{"class":100},[69,87726,87727,87729,87731,87733,87735,87737,87739,87741,87743,87745,87747,87749,87751],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,87728,3372],{"class":110},[69,87730,21893],{"class":114},[69,87732,111],{"class":110},[69,87734,1174],{"class":100},[69,87736,636],{"class":100},[69,87738,111],{"class":110},[69,87740,17238],{"class":114},[69,87742,111],{"class":110},[69,87744,120],{"class":100},[69,87746,123],{"class":110},[69,87748,87419],{"class":114},[69,87750,111],{"class":110},[69,87752,198],{"class":100},[69,87754,87755],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,87756,1260],{"class":100},[69,87758,87759],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,87760,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,87762,87763,87766,87768,87770,87772,87774,87776,87778,87780,87782,87784,87786],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,87764,87765],{"class":79},"formatted_json ",[69,87767,97],{"class":96},[69,87769,20761],{"class":79},[69,87771,289],{"class":100},[69,87773,20766],{"class":292},[69,87775,221],{"class":100},[69,87777,3436],{"class":292},[69,87779,120],{"class":100},[69,87781,21497],{"class":242},[69,87783,97],{"class":96},[69,87785,5966],{"class":157},[69,87787,301],{"class":100},[69,87789,87790,87792,87794,87797],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,87791,2161],{"class":217},[69,87793,221],{"class":100},[69,87795,87796],{"class":292},"formatted_json",[69,87798,301],{"class":100},[14,87800,2781],{},[60,87802,87803],{"className":21316,"code":87557,"language":20659,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,87804,87805,87809,87827,87841,87853,87863,87871,87875],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,87806,87807],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,87808,21534],{"class":100},[69,87810,87811,87813,87815,87817,87819,87821,87823,87825],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,87812,3372],{"class":3012},[69,87814,115],{"class":21327},[69,87816,111],{"class":3012},[69,87818,1174],{"class":100},[69,87820,123],{"class":110},[69,87822,2553],{"class":114},[69,87824,111],{"class":110},[69,87826,3401],{"class":100},[69,87828,87829,87831,87833,87835,87837,87839],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,87830,3372],{"class":3012},[69,87832,126],{"class":21327},[69,87834,111],{"class":3012},[69,87836,1174],{"class":100},[69,87838,186],{"class":157},[69,87840,3401],{"class":100},[69,87842,87843,87845,87847,87849,87851],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,87844,3372],{"class":3012},[69,87846,21893],{"class":21327},[69,87848,111],{"class":3012},[69,87850,1174],{"class":100},[69,87852,101],{"class":100},[69,87854,87855,87857,87859,87861],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,87856,3386],{"class":110},[69,87858,17238],{"class":114},[69,87860,111],{"class":110},[69,87862,3401],{"class":100},[69,87864,87865,87867,87869],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,87866,3386],{"class":110},[69,87868,87419],{"class":114},[69,87870,1825],{"class":110},[69,87872,87873],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,87874,22422],{"class":100},[69,87876,87877],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,87878,1260],{"class":100},[14,87880,87881,87883,87884,289],{},[21,87882,20667],{}," returns a string. If you want to learn more about converting dictionaries, see ",[579,87885,87886],{"href":22858},"how to convert a dictionary to JSON in Python",[55,87888,87890],{"id":87889},"pretty-print-json-from-a-string","Pretty print JSON from a string",[14,87892,87893],{},"Sometimes JSON starts as a string, such as data from an API or a file.",[14,87895,87896],{},"In that case:",[9539,87898,87899,87906],{},[32,87900,87901,87902],{},"Parse the JSON string with ",[579,87903,87904],{"href":61387},[21,87905,78447],{},[32,87907,87908,87909],{},"Pretty print the result with ",[21,87910,87458],{},[60,87912,87914],{"className":62,"code":87913,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\njson_string = '{\"name\":\"Ana\",\"age\":25,\"skills\":[\"Python\",\"SQL\"]}'\n\ndata = json.loads(json_string)\nprint(json.dumps(data, indent=4))\n",[21,87915,87916,87922,87926,87940,87944,87963],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,87917,87918,87920],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,87919,76],{"class":75},[69,87921,20697],{"class":79},[69,87923,87924],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,87925,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,87927,87928,87931,87933,87935,87938],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,87929,87930],{"class":79},"json_string ",[69,87932,97],{"class":96},[69,87934,15292],{"class":110},[69,87936,87937],{"class":114},"{\"name\":\"Ana\",\"age\":25,\"skills\":[\"Python\",\"SQL\"]}",[69,87939,18049],{"class":110},[69,87941,87942],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,87943,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,87945,87946,87948,87950,87952,87954,87956,87958,87961],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,87947,3362],{"class":79},[69,87949,97],{"class":96},[69,87951,20761],{"class":79},[69,87953,289],{"class":100},[69,87955,84967],{"class":292},[69,87957,221],{"class":100},[69,87959,87960],{"class":292},"json_string",[69,87962,301],{"class":100},[69,87964,87965,87967,87969,87971,87973,87975,87977,87979,87981,87983,87985,87987],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,87966,2161],{"class":217},[69,87968,221],{"class":100},[69,87970,20659],{"class":292},[69,87972,289],{"class":100},[69,87974,20766],{"class":292},[69,87976,221],{"class":100},[69,87978,3436],{"class":292},[69,87980,120],{"class":100},[69,87982,21497],{"class":242},[69,87984,97],{"class":96},[69,87986,5966],{"class":157},[69,87988,2183],{"class":100},[14,87990,2781],{},[60,87992,87993],{"className":21316,"code":87557,"language":20659,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,87994,87995,87999,88017,88031,88043,88053,88061,88065],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,87996,87997],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,87998,21534],{"class":100},[69,88000,88001,88003,88005,88007,88009,88011,88013,88015],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,88002,3372],{"class":3012},[69,88004,115],{"class":21327},[69,88006,111],{"class":3012},[69,88008,1174],{"class":100},[69,88010,123],{"class":110},[69,88012,2553],{"class":114},[69,88014,111],{"class":110},[69,88016,3401],{"class":100},[69,88018,88019,88021,88023,88025,88027,88029],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,88020,3372],{"class":3012},[69,88022,126],{"class":21327},[69,88024,111],{"class":3012},[69,88026,1174],{"class":100},[69,88028,186],{"class":157},[69,88030,3401],{"class":100},[69,88032,88033,88035,88037,88039,88041],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,88034,3372],{"class":3012},[69,88036,21893],{"class":21327},[69,88038,111],{"class":3012},[69,88040,1174],{"class":100},[69,88042,101],{"class":100},[69,88044,88045,88047,88049,88051],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,88046,3386],{"class":110},[69,88048,17238],{"class":114},[69,88050,111],{"class":110},[69,88052,3401],{"class":100},[69,88054,88055,88057,88059],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,88056,3386],{"class":110},[69,88058,87419],{"class":114},[69,88060,1825],{"class":110},[69,88062,88063],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,88064,22422],{"class":100},[69,88066,88067],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,88068,1260],{"class":100},[14,88070,88071,88072,289],{},"This is a common pattern when working with web data. For a full beginner guide, see ",[579,88073,22555],{"href":22554},[55,88075,88077],{"id":88076},"write-pretty-json-to-a-file","Write pretty JSON to a file",[14,88079,88080,88081,10347,88085,289],{},"When saving JSON to a file, use ",[579,88082,88083],{"href":21372},[21,88084,20676],{},[21,88086,20667],{},[14,88088,88089],{},"The difference is:",[29,88091,88092,88096],{},[32,88093,88094,27874],{},[21,88095,20667],{},[32,88097,88098,88100],{},[21,88099,20676],{}," writes directly to a file",[60,88102,88104],{"className":62,"code":88103,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\n    \"name\": \"Ana\",\n    \"age\": 25,\n    \"skills\": [\"Python\", \"SQL\"]\n}\n\nwith open(\"data.json\", \"w\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as file:\n    json.dump(data, file, indent=4)\n",[21,88105,88106,88112,88116,88124,88142,88156,88184,88188,88192,88234],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,88107,88108,88110],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,88109,76],{"class":75},[69,88111,20697],{"class":79},[69,88113,88114],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,88115,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,88117,88118,88120,88122],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,88119,3362],{"class":79},[69,88121,97],{"class":96},[69,88123,3367],{"class":100},[69,88125,88126,88128,88130,88132,88134,88136,88138,88140],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,88127,3372],{"class":110},[69,88129,115],{"class":114},[69,88131,111],{"class":110},[69,88133,1174],{"class":100},[69,88135,123],{"class":110},[69,88137,2553],{"class":114},[69,88139,111],{"class":110},[69,88141,3401],{"class":100},[69,88143,88144,88146,88148,88150,88152,88154],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,88145,3372],{"class":110},[69,88147,126],{"class":114},[69,88149,111],{"class":110},[69,88151,1174],{"class":100},[69,88153,186],{"class":157},[69,88155,3401],{"class":100},[69,88157,88158,88160,88162,88164,88166,88168,88170,88172,88174,88176,88178,88180,88182],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,88159,3372],{"class":110},[69,88161,21893],{"class":114},[69,88163,111],{"class":110},[69,88165,1174],{"class":100},[69,88167,636],{"class":100},[69,88169,111],{"class":110},[69,88171,17238],{"class":114},[69,88173,111],{"class":110},[69,88175,120],{"class":100},[69,88177,123],{"class":110},[69,88179,87419],{"class":114},[69,88181,111],{"class":110},[69,88183,198],{"class":100},[69,88185,88186],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,88187,1260],{"class":100},[69,88189,88190],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,88191,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,88193,88194,88196,88198,88200,88202,88204,88206,88208,88210,88212,88214,88216,88218,88220,88222,88224,88226,88228,88230,88232],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,88195,214],{"class":75},[69,88197,218],{"class":217},[69,88199,221],{"class":100},[69,88201,111],{"class":110},[69,88203,21268],{"class":114},[69,88205,111],{"class":110},[69,88207,120],{"class":100},[69,88209,123],{"class":110},[69,88211,235],{"class":114},[69,88213,111],{"class":110},[69,88215,120],{"class":100},[69,88217,253],{"class":242},[69,88219,97],{"class":96},[69,88221,111],{"class":110},[69,88223,260],{"class":114},[69,88225,111],{"class":110},[69,88227,265],{"class":100},[69,88229,268],{"class":75},[69,88231,272],{"class":271},[69,88233,275],{"class":100},[69,88235,88236,88238,88240,88242,88244,88246,88248,88250,88252,88254,88256,88258],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,88237,21291],{"class":79},[69,88239,289],{"class":100},[69,88241,21296],{"class":292},[69,88243,221],{"class":100},[69,88245,3436],{"class":292},[69,88247,120],{"class":100},[69,88249,272],{"class":271},[69,88251,120],{"class":100},[69,88253,21497],{"class":242},[69,88255,97],{"class":96},[69,88257,5966],{"class":157},[69,88259,301],{"class":100},[14,88261,557,88262,88264],{},[21,88263,21268],{}," with readable JSON inside.",[14,88266,19447],{},[29,88268,88269,88272,88275],{},[32,88270,88271],{},"config files",[32,88273,88274],{},"exported data",[32,88276,88277],{},"saved API responses",[55,88279,88281],{"id":88280},"useful-formatting-options","Useful formatting options",[14,88283,88284],{},"You can control how the JSON looks with a few helpful options.",[1647,88286,88288],{"id":88287},"choose-the-indentation-size","Choose the indentation size",[14,88290,88291,88292,50,88295,289],{},"Common choices are ",[21,88293,88294],{},"indent=2",[21,88296,21390],{},[60,88298,88300],{"className":62,"code":88299,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25}\n\nprint(json.dumps(data, indent=2))\n",[21,88301,88302,88308,88312,88348,88352],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,88303,88304,88306],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,88305,76],{"class":75},[69,88307,20697],{"class":79},[69,88309,88310],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,88311,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,88313,88314,88316,88318,88320,88322,88324,88326,88328,88330,88332,88334,88336,88338,88340,88342,88344,88346],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,88315,3362],{"class":79},[69,88317,97],{"class":96},[69,88319,1914],{"class":100},[69,88321,111],{"class":110},[69,88323,115],{"class":114},[69,88325,111],{"class":110},[69,88327,1174],{"class":100},[69,88329,123],{"class":110},[69,88331,2553],{"class":114},[69,88333,111],{"class":110},[69,88335,120],{"class":100},[69,88337,123],{"class":110},[69,88339,126],{"class":114},[69,88341,111],{"class":110},[69,88343,1174],{"class":100},[69,88345,186],{"class":157},[69,88347,1260],{"class":100},[69,88349,88350],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,88351,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,88353,88354,88356,88358,88360,88362,88364,88366,88368,88370,88372,88374,88376],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,88355,2161],{"class":217},[69,88357,221],{"class":100},[69,88359,20659],{"class":292},[69,88361,289],{"class":100},[69,88363,20766],{"class":292},[69,88365,221],{"class":100},[69,88367,3436],{"class":292},[69,88369,120],{"class":100},[69,88371,21497],{"class":242},[69,88373,97],{"class":96},[69,88375,19224],{"class":157},[69,88377,2183],{"class":100},[1647,88379,88381],{"id":88380},"sort-keys-alphabetically","Sort keys alphabetically",[14,88383,322,88384,88386],{},[21,88385,21396],{}," if you want dictionary keys in alphabetical order.",[60,88388,88390],{"className":62,"code":88389,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\"age\": 25, \"name\": \"Ana\", \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nprint(json.dumps(data, indent=4, sort_keys=True))\n",[21,88391,88392,88398,88402,88454,88458],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,88393,88394,88396],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,88395,76],{"class":75},[69,88397,20697],{"class":79},[69,88399,88400],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,88401,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,88403,88404,88406,88408,88410,88412,88414,88416,88418,88420,88422,88424,88426,88428,88430,88432,88434,88436,88438,88440,88442,88444,88446,88448,88450,88452],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,88405,3362],{"class":79},[69,88407,97],{"class":96},[69,88409,1914],{"class":100},[69,88411,111],{"class":110},[69,88413,126],{"class":114},[69,88415,111],{"class":110},[69,88417,1174],{"class":100},[69,88419,186],{"class":157},[69,88421,120],{"class":100},[69,88423,123],{"class":110},[69,88425,115],{"class":114},[69,88427,111],{"class":110},[69,88429,1174],{"class":100},[69,88431,123],{"class":110},[69,88433,2553],{"class":114},[69,88435,111],{"class":110},[69,88437,120],{"class":100},[69,88439,123],{"class":110},[69,88441,135],{"class":114},[69,88443,111],{"class":110},[69,88445,1174],{"class":100},[69,88447,123],{"class":110},[69,88449,53547],{"class":114},[69,88451,111],{"class":110},[69,88453,1260],{"class":100},[69,88455,88456],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,88457,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,88459,88460,88462,88464,88466,88468,88470,88472,88474,88476,88478,88480,88482,88484,88486,88488,88490],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,88461,2161],{"class":217},[69,88463,221],{"class":100},[69,88465,20659],{"class":292},[69,88467,289],{"class":100},[69,88469,20766],{"class":292},[69,88471,221],{"class":100},[69,88473,3436],{"class":292},[69,88475,120],{"class":100},[69,88477,21497],{"class":242},[69,88479,97],{"class":96},[69,88481,5966],{"class":157},[69,88483,120],{"class":100},[69,88485,21506],{"class":242},[69,88487,97],{"class":96},[69,88489,11002],{"class":3012},[69,88491,2183],{"class":100},[14,88493,2781],{},[60,88495,88497],{"className":21316,"code":88496,"language":20659,"meta":65,"style":65},"{\n    \"age\": 25,\n    \"city\": \"Lima\",\n    \"name\": \"Ana\"\n}\n",[21,88498,88499,88503,88517,88535,88551],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,88500,88501],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,88502,21534],{"class":100},[69,88504,88505,88507,88509,88511,88513,88515],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,88506,3372],{"class":3012},[69,88508,126],{"class":21327},[69,88510,111],{"class":3012},[69,88512,1174],{"class":100},[69,88514,186],{"class":157},[69,88516,3401],{"class":100},[69,88518,88519,88521,88523,88525,88527,88529,88531,88533],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,88520,3372],{"class":3012},[69,88522,135],{"class":21327},[69,88524,111],{"class":3012},[69,88526,1174],{"class":100},[69,88528,123],{"class":110},[69,88530,53547],{"class":114},[69,88532,111],{"class":110},[69,88534,3401],{"class":100},[69,88536,88537,88539,88541,88543,88545,88547,88549],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,88538,3372],{"class":3012},[69,88540,115],{"class":21327},[69,88542,111],{"class":3012},[69,88544,1174],{"class":100},[69,88546,123],{"class":110},[69,88548,2553],{"class":114},[69,88550,1825],{"class":110},[69,88552,88553],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,88554,1260],{"class":100},[1647,88556,88558],{"id":88557},"keep-non-english-characters-readable","Keep non-English characters readable",[14,88560,322,88561,88564,88565,5914,88568,5918,88571,289],{},[21,88562,88563],{},"ensure_ascii=False"," if your data contains characters like ",[21,88566,88567],{},"é",[21,88569,88570],{},"ñ",[21,88572,88573],{},"こんにちは",[60,88575,88577],{"className":62,"code":88576,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\"name\": \"José\", \"city\": \"Málaga\"}\n\nprint(json.dumps(data, indent=4, ensure_ascii=False))\n",[21,88578,88579,88585,88589,88631,88635],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,88580,88581,88583],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,88582,76],{"class":75},[69,88584,20697],{"class":79},[69,88586,88587],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,88588,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,88590,88591,88593,88595,88597,88599,88601,88603,88605,88607,88610,88612,88614,88616,88618,88620,88622,88624,88627,88629],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,88592,3362],{"class":79},[69,88594,97],{"class":96},[69,88596,1914],{"class":100},[69,88598,111],{"class":110},[69,88600,115],{"class":114},[69,88602,111],{"class":110},[69,88604,1174],{"class":100},[69,88606,123],{"class":110},[69,88608,88609],{"class":114},"José",[69,88611,111],{"class":110},[69,88613,120],{"class":100},[69,88615,123],{"class":110},[69,88617,135],{"class":114},[69,88619,111],{"class":110},[69,88621,1174],{"class":100},[69,88623,123],{"class":110},[69,88625,88626],{"class":114},"Málaga",[69,88628,111],{"class":110},[69,88630,1260],{"class":100},[69,88632,88633],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,88634,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,88636,88637,88639,88641,88643,88645,88647,88649,88651,88653,88655,88657,88659,88661,88664,88666,88668],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,88638,2161],{"class":217},[69,88640,221],{"class":100},[69,88642,20659],{"class":292},[69,88644,289],{"class":100},[69,88646,20766],{"class":292},[69,88648,221],{"class":100},[69,88650,3436],{"class":292},[69,88652,120],{"class":100},[69,88654,21497],{"class":242},[69,88656,97],{"class":96},[69,88658,5966],{"class":157},[69,88660,120],{"class":100},[69,88662,88663],{"class":242}," ensure_ascii",[69,88665,97],{"class":96},[69,88667,14886],{"class":3012},[69,88669,2183],{"class":100},[14,88671,2781],{},[60,88673,88675],{"className":21316,"code":88674,"language":20659,"meta":65,"style":65},"{\n    \"name\": \"José\",\n    \"city\": \"Málaga\"\n}\n",[21,88676,88677,88681,88699,88715],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,88678,88679],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,88680,21534],{"class":100},[69,88682,88683,88685,88687,88689,88691,88693,88695,88697],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,88684,3372],{"class":3012},[69,88686,115],{"class":21327},[69,88688,111],{"class":3012},[69,88690,1174],{"class":100},[69,88692,123],{"class":110},[69,88694,88609],{"class":114},[69,88696,111],{"class":110},[69,88698,3401],{"class":100},[69,88700,88701,88703,88705,88707,88709,88711,88713],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,88702,3372],{"class":3012},[69,88704,135],{"class":21327},[69,88706,111],{"class":3012},[69,88708,1174],{"class":100},[69,88710,123],{"class":110},[69,88712,88626],{"class":114},[69,88714,1825],{"class":110},[69,88716,88717],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,88718,1260],{"class":100},[14,88720,88721],{},"These options improve readability, but they do not change the meaning of the JSON.",[55,88723,88725],{"id":88724},"when-pretty-printing-does-not-work","When pretty printing does not work",[14,88727,88728],{},"If pretty printing fails, one of these problems is usually the cause:",[29,88730,88731,88734,88737,88744],{},[32,88732,88733],{},"The data is not valid JSON",[32,88735,88736],{},"The Python object contains unsupported types",[32,88738,88739,88740,50,88742],{},"You mixed up ",[21,88741,20676],{},[21,88743,20667],{},[32,88745,88746],{},"You are trying to format plain text that is not actually JSON",[1647,88748,88750],{"id":88749},"example-invalid-json-string","Example: invalid JSON string",[14,88752,88753],{},"This will fail because the JSON string is not valid:",[60,88755,88757],{"className":62,"code":88756,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\nbad_json = \"{name: 'Ana'}\"\ndata = json.loads(bad_json)\nprint(json.dumps(data, indent=4))\n",[21,88758,88759,88765,88769,88783,88802],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,88760,88761,88763],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,88762,76],{"class":75},[69,88764,20697],{"class":79},[69,88766,88767],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,88768,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,88770,88771,88774,88776,88778,88781],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,88772,88773],{"class":79},"bad_json ",[69,88775,97],{"class":96},[69,88777,123],{"class":110},[69,88779,88780],{"class":114},"{name: 'Ana'}",[69,88782,1825],{"class":110},[69,88784,88785,88787,88789,88791,88793,88795,88797,88800],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,88786,3362],{"class":79},[69,88788,97],{"class":96},[69,88790,20761],{"class":79},[69,88792,289],{"class":100},[69,88794,84967],{"class":292},[69,88796,221],{"class":100},[69,88798,88799],{"class":292},"bad_json",[69,88801,301],{"class":100},[69,88803,88804,88806,88808,88810,88812,88814,88816,88818,88820,88822,88824,88826],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,88805,2161],{"class":217},[69,88807,221],{"class":100},[69,88809,20659],{"class":292},[69,88811,289],{"class":100},[69,88813,20766],{"class":292},[69,88815,221],{"class":100},[69,88817,3436],{"class":292},[69,88819,120],{"class":100},[69,88821,21497],{"class":242},[69,88823,97],{"class":96},[69,88825,5966],{"class":157},[69,88827,2183],{"class":100},[14,88829,88830],{},"Problems in that string:",[29,88832,88833,88836],{},[32,88834,88835],{},"keys must use double quotes",[32,88837,88838],{},"string values must use double quotes in JSON",[14,88840,27459],{},[60,88842,88844],{"className":62,"code":88843,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ngood_json = '{\"name\": \"Ana\"}'\ndata = json.loads(good_json)\nprint(json.dumps(data, indent=4))\n",[21,88845,88846,88852,88856,88869,88888],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,88847,88848,88850],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,88849,76],{"class":75},[69,88851,20697],{"class":79},[69,88853,88854],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,88855,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,88857,88858,88861,88863,88865,88867],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,88859,88860],{"class":79},"good_json ",[69,88862,97],{"class":96},[69,88864,15292],{"class":110},[69,88866,86666],{"class":114},[69,88868,18049],{"class":110},[69,88870,88871,88873,88875,88877,88879,88881,88883,88886],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,88872,3362],{"class":79},[69,88874,97],{"class":96},[69,88876,20761],{"class":79},[69,88878,289],{"class":100},[69,88880,84967],{"class":292},[69,88882,221],{"class":100},[69,88884,88885],{"class":292},"good_json",[69,88887,301],{"class":100},[69,88889,88890,88892,88894,88896,88898,88900,88902,88904,88906,88908,88910,88912],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,88891,2161],{"class":217},[69,88893,221],{"class":100},[69,88895,20659],{"class":292},[69,88897,289],{"class":100},[69,88899,20766],{"class":292},[69,88901,221],{"class":100},[69,88903,3436],{"class":292},[69,88905,120],{"class":100},[69,88907,21497],{"class":242},[69,88909,97],{"class":96},[69,88911,5966],{"class":157},[69,88913,2183],{"class":100},[1647,88915,88917],{"id":88916},"example-unsupported-python-type","Example: unsupported Python type",[14,88919,88920],{},"Some Python objects cannot be turned into JSON directly.",[60,88922,88924],{"className":62,"code":88923,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\"numbers\": {1, 2, 3}}\n\nprint(json.dumps(data, indent=4))\n",[21,88925,88926,88932,88936,88967,88971],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,88927,88928,88930],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,88929,76],{"class":75},[69,88931,20697],{"class":79},[69,88933,88934],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,88935,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,88937,88938,88940,88942,88944,88946,88948,88950,88952,88954,88956,88958,88960,88962,88964],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,88939,3362],{"class":79},[69,88941,97],{"class":96},[69,88943,1914],{"class":100},[69,88945,111],{"class":110},[69,88947,5956],{"class":114},[69,88949,111],{"class":110},[69,88951,1174],{"class":100},[69,88953,1914],{"class":100},[69,88955,5940],{"class":157},[69,88957,120],{"class":100},[69,88959,5762],{"class":157},[69,88961,120],{"class":100},[69,88963,5949],{"class":157},[69,88965,88966],{"class":100},"}}\n",[69,88968,88969],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,88970,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,88972,88973,88975,88977,88979,88981,88983,88985,88987,88989,88991,88993,88995],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,88974,2161],{"class":217},[69,88976,221],{"class":100},[69,88978,20659],{"class":292},[69,88980,289],{"class":100},[69,88982,20766],{"class":292},[69,88984,221],{"class":100},[69,88986,3436],{"class":292},[69,88988,120],{"class":100},[69,88990,21497],{"class":242},[69,88992,97],{"class":96},[69,88994,5966],{"class":157},[69,88996,2183],{"class":100},[14,88998,88999,89000,89002],{},"This raises an error because ",[21,89001,22098],{}," is not a standard JSON type.",[14,89004,89005],{},"One fix is to convert the set to a list:",[60,89007,89009],{"className":62,"code":89008,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\"numbers\": list({1, 2, 3})}\n\nprint(json.dumps(data, indent=4))\n",[21,89010,89011,89017,89021,89054,89058],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,89012,89013,89015],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,89014,76],{"class":75},[69,89016,20697],{"class":79},[69,89018,89019],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,89020,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,89022,89023,89025,89027,89029,89031,89033,89035,89037,89039,89041,89043,89045,89047,89049,89051],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,89024,3362],{"class":79},[69,89026,97],{"class":96},[69,89028,1914],{"class":100},[69,89030,111],{"class":110},[69,89032,5956],{"class":114},[69,89034,111],{"class":110},[69,89036,1174],{"class":100},[69,89038,22306],{"class":1859},[69,89040,4560],{"class":100},[69,89042,5940],{"class":157},[69,89044,120],{"class":100},[69,89046,5762],{"class":157},[69,89048,120],{"class":100},[69,89050,5949],{"class":157},[69,89052,89053],{"class":100},"})}\n",[69,89055,89056],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,89057,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,89059,89060,89062,89064,89066,89068,89070,89072,89074,89076,89078,89080,89082],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,89061,2161],{"class":217},[69,89063,221],{"class":100},[69,89065,20659],{"class":292},[69,89067,289],{"class":100},[69,89069,20766],{"class":292},[69,89071,221],{"class":100},[69,89073,3436],{"class":292},[69,89075,120],{"class":100},[69,89077,21497],{"class":242},[69,89079,97],{"class":96},[69,89081,5966],{"class":157},[69,89083,2183],{"class":100},[55,89085,3868],{"id":3867},[14,89087,89088],{},"These are some common beginner mistakes when pretty printing JSON:",[29,89090,89091,89096,89101,89107,89112],{},[32,89092,1628,89093,89095],{},[21,89094,20667],{}," on invalid data and expecting Python to repair bad JSON automatically",[32,89097,89098,89099],{},"Trying to pretty print unsupported Python types such as ",[21,89100,22098],{},[32,89102,89103,89104,89106],{},"Forgetting to parse a JSON string first with ",[21,89105,78447],{}," when needed",[32,89108,1628,89109,89111],{},[21,89110,20676],{}," without opening a file first",[32,89113,89114],{},"Assuming pretty printing changes the original dictionary",[14,89116,89117],{},"If you are not sure what kind of object you have, this can help:",[60,89119,89121],{"className":62,"code":89120,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(type(data))\n",[21,89122,89123],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,89124,89125,89127,89129,89131,89133,89135],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,89126,2161],{"class":217},[69,89128,221],{"class":100},[69,89130,2176],{"class":1859},[69,89132,221],{"class":100},[69,89134,3436],{"class":292},[69,89136,2183],{"class":100},[14,89138,89139],{},"Useful commands while debugging:",[60,89141,89143],{"className":22537,"code":89142,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python --version\npython your_script.py\npython -m json.tool data.json\n",[21,89144,89145,89151,89157],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,89146,89147,89149],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,89148,64],{"class":7506},[69,89150,67823],{"class":14546},[69,89152,89153,89155],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,89154,64],{"class":7506},[69,89156,22548],{"class":114},[69,89158,89159,89161,89163,89165],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,89160,64],{"class":7506},[69,89162,64845],{"class":14546},[69,89164,87041],{"class":114},[69,89166,87044],{"class":114},[14,89168,89169],{},"You can also test formatting directly in your script:",[60,89171,89173],{"className":62,"code":89172,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import json\n\ndata = {\"b\": 2, \"a\": 1}\nprint(json.dumps(data, indent=4, sort_keys=True))\n",[21,89174,89175,89181,89185,89217],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,89176,89177,89179],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,89178,76],{"class":75},[69,89180,20697],{"class":79},[69,89182,89183],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,89184,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,89186,89187,89189,89191,89193,89195,89197,89199,89201,89203,89205,89207,89209,89211,89213,89215],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,89188,3362],{"class":79},[69,89190,97],{"class":96},[69,89192,1914],{"class":100},[69,89194,111],{"class":110},[69,89196,5755],{"class":114},[69,89198,111],{"class":110},[69,89200,1174],{"class":100},[69,89202,5762],{"class":157},[69,89204,120],{"class":100},[69,89206,123],{"class":110},[69,89208,579],{"class":114},[69,89210,111],{"class":110},[69,89212,1174],{"class":100},[69,89214,5748],{"class":157},[69,89216,1260],{"class":100},[69,89218,89219,89221,89223,89225,89227,89229,89231,89233,89235,89237,89239,89241,89243,89245,89247,89249],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,89220,2161],{"class":217},[69,89222,221],{"class":100},[69,89224,20659],{"class":292},[69,89226,289],{"class":100},[69,89228,20766],{"class":292},[69,89230,221],{"class":100},[69,89232,3436],{"class":292},[69,89234,120],{"class":100},[69,89236,21497],{"class":242},[69,89238,97],{"class":96},[69,89240,5966],{"class":157},[69,89242,120],{"class":100},[69,89244,21506],{"class":242},[69,89246,97],{"class":96},[69,89248,11002],{"class":3012},[69,89250,2183],{"class":100},[14,89252,9337,89253,89256],{},[21,89254,89255],{},"python -m json.tool data.json"," command is especially useful for checking whether a JSON file is valid and formatted correctly.",[55,89258,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,89260,89262],{"id":89261},"what-is-the-easiest-way-to-pretty-print-json-in-python","What is the easiest way to pretty print JSON in Python?",[14,89264,322,89265,89268],{},[21,89266,89267],{},"json.dumps(data, indent=4)"," and print the result.",[1647,89270,22851],{"id":22753},[14,89272,89273,22762,89275,22765],{},[21,89274,20676],{},[21,89276,20667],{},[1647,89278,89280],{"id":89279},"can-i-pretty-print-json-from-an-api-response","Can I pretty print JSON from an API response?",[14,89282,89283,89284,289],{},"Yes. Convert the response data to a Python object or parse the JSON string, then use ",[21,89285,87458],{},[1647,89287,89289],{"id":89288},"does-pretty-printing-change-the-json-data","Does pretty printing change the JSON data?",[14,89291,89292],{},"No. It only changes how the JSON looks.",[1647,89294,89296],{"id":89295},"how-do-i-sort-keys-while-pretty-printing","How do I sort keys while pretty printing?",[14,89298,322,89299,289],{},[21,89300,89301],{},"json.dumps(data, indent=4, sort_keys=True)",[55,89303,2414],{"id":2413},[29,89305,89306,89310,89314,89318,89323],{},[32,89307,89308],{},[579,89309,22082],{"href":22081},[32,89311,89312],{},[579,89313,22805],{"href":21153},[32,89315,89316],{},[579,89317,22810],{"href":21372},[32,89319,89320],{},[579,89321,89322],{"href":61387},"json.loads() function explained",[32,89324,89325],{},[579,89326,89328],{"href":89327},"\u002Fexamples\u002Fpython-json-parser-example","Python JSON parser example",[2450,89330,89331],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, 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.stzsN{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":89333},[89334,89335,89336,89337,89338,89339,89344,89348,89349,89356],{"id":11251,"depth":83,"text":11252},{"id":87462,"depth":83,"text":87463},{"id":87636,"depth":83,"text":87637},{"id":87889,"depth":83,"text":87890},{"id":88076,"depth":83,"text":88077},{"id":88280,"depth":83,"text":88281,"children":89340},[89341,89342,89343],{"id":88287,"depth":90,"text":88288},{"id":88380,"depth":90,"text":88381},{"id":88557,"depth":90,"text":88558},{"id":88724,"depth":83,"text":88725,"children":89345},[89346,89347],{"id":88749,"depth":90,"text":88750},{"id":88916,"depth":90,"text":88917},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":89350},[89351,89352,89353,89354,89355],{"id":89261,"depth":90,"text":89262},{"id":22753,"depth":90,"text":22851},{"id":89279,"depth":90,"text":89280},{"id":89288,"depth":90,"text":89289},{"id":89295,"depth":90,"text":89296},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to pretty print json in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},{"title":87314,"description":89357},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-pretty-print-json-in-python","dAnnIayoXe8fWWwGnTtNdj-MsOtXLw9N1ZfzShpKpjI",{"id":89363,"title":89364,"body":89365,"description":91366,"extension":2479,"meta":91367,"navigation":86,"path":91368,"seo":91369,"stem":91370,"__hash__":91371},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-raise-an-exception-in-python.md","How to Raise an Exception in Python",{"type":7,"value":89366,"toc":91322},[89367,89370,89375,89378,89380,89429,89434,89436,89453,89459,89464,89466,89477,89480,89487,89494,89496,89517,89520,89532,89534,89580,89582,89595,89598,89602,89605,89607,89621,89623,89671,89677,89681,89684,89689,89694,89742,89747,89752,89757,89762,89820,89825,89830,89835,89902,89905,89911,89916,89963,89966,89970,89973,89976,89987,89989,90045,90048,90087,90094,90098,90104,90107,90318,90320,90329,90332,90343,90349,90353,90362,90365,90422,90424,90447,90450,90460,90464,90467,90470,90473,90545,90548,90556,90563,90569,90572,90584,90586,90711,90713,90730,90732,90745,90751,90753,90758,90765,90770,90815,90818,90821,90867,90871,90874,90886,90888,90944,90948,90951,90972,90974,90995,91001,91004,91007,91029,91032,91077,91086,91089,91101,91106,91110,91113,91123,91172,91175,91186,91188,91195,91203,91210,91218,91222,91225,91227,91239,91242,91263,91269,91272,91278,91283,91285,91319],[10,89368,89364],{"id":89369},"how-to-raise-an-exception-in-python",[14,89371,1872,89372,89374],{},[21,89373,45902],{}," statement when you want your program to stop and show a clear error on purpose.",[14,89376,89377],{},"This is useful when your code detects invalid data, a missing value, or a rule that should not be broken. On this page, you will learn when to raise an exception, how to choose an exception type, and how to write a helpful error message.",[55,89379,58],{"id":57},[60,89381,89383],{"className":62,"code":89382,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = -1\n\nif age \u003C 0:\n    raise ValueError(\"age cannot be negative\")\n",[21,89384,89385,89395,89399,89411],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,89386,89387,89389,89391,89393],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,89388,1830],{"class":79},[69,89390,97],{"class":96},[69,89392,45032],{"class":96},[69,89394,17286],{"class":157},[69,89396,89397],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,89398,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,89400,89401,89403,89405,89407,89409],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,89402,3201],{"class":75},[69,89404,27277],{"class":79},[69,89406,21097],{"class":96},[69,89408,6711],{"class":157},[69,89410,275],{"class":100},[69,89412,89413,89416,89418,89420,89422,89425,89427],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,89414,89415],{"class":75},"    raise",[69,89417,11901],{"class":1859},[69,89419,221],{"class":100},[69,89421,111],{"class":110},[69,89423,89424],{"class":114},"age cannot be negative",[69,89426,111],{"class":110},[69,89428,301],{"class":100},[14,89430,322,89431,89433],{},[21,89432,45902],{}," when your program detects invalid data or a rule that should not be broken.",[55,89435,60867],{"id":60866},[29,89437,89438,89444,89447,89450],{},[32,89439,89440,89441,89443],{},"Shows how to use the ",[21,89442,45902],{}," statement",[32,89445,89446],{},"Explains why you would raise an exception yourself",[32,89448,89449],{},"Focuses on simple built-in exceptions",[32,89451,89452],{},"Does not repeat full exception handling basics",[55,89454,55566,89456,89458],{"id":89455},"what-raise-means",[21,89457,45902],{}," means",[14,89460,89461,89463],{},[21,89462,45902],{}," stops normal program flow and creates an exception at the exact place where your code finds a problem.",[14,89465,79960],{},[29,89467,89468,89471,89474],{},[32,89469,89470],{},"Input is invalid",[32,89472,89473],{},"A value breaks a rule",[32,89475,89476],{},"Your program reaches a state that should not happen",[14,89478,89479],{},"This helps you catch problems earlier and makes errors clearer.",[14,89481,89482,89483,289],{},"For a beginner-friendly definition, see ",[579,89484,89486],{"href":89485},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwhat-is-an-exception-in-python","what an exception is in Python",[55,89488,89490,89491,89493],{"id":89489},"basic-raise-syntax","Basic ",[21,89492,45902],{}," syntax",[14,89495,46774],{},[60,89497,89499],{"className":62,"code":89498,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"raise ValueError(\"message\")\n",[21,89500,89501],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,89502,89503,89505,89507,89509,89511,89513,89515],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,89504,45902],{"class":75},[69,89506,11901],{"class":1859},[69,89508,221],{"class":100},[69,89510,111],{"class":110},[69,89512,23767],{"class":114},[69,89514,111],{"class":110},[69,89516,301],{"class":100},[14,89518,89519],{},"You write:",[29,89521,89522,89526,89529],{},[32,89523,89524],{},[21,89525,45902],{},[32,89527,89528],{},"an exception type",[32,89530,89531],{},"usually a short message string",[14,89533,370],{},[60,89535,89537],{"className":62,"code":89536,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name = \"\"\n\nif name == \"\":\n    raise ValueError(\"name cannot be empty\")\n",[21,89538,89539,89547,89551,89563],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,89540,89541,89543,89545],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,89542,1816],{"class":79},[69,89544,97],{"class":96},[69,89546,45169],{"class":110},[69,89548,89549],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,89550,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,89552,89553,89555,89557,89559,89561],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,89554,3201],{"class":75},[69,89556,768],{"class":79},[69,89558,17712],{"class":96},[69,89560,25167],{"class":110},[69,89562,275],{"class":100},[69,89564,89565,89567,89569,89571,89573,89576,89578],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,89566,89415],{"class":75},[69,89568,11901],{"class":1859},[69,89570,221],{"class":100},[69,89572,111],{"class":110},[69,89574,89575],{"class":114},"name cannot be empty",[69,89577,111],{"class":110},[69,89579,301],{"class":100},[14,89581,4389],{},[29,89583,89584,89589],{},[32,89585,89586,89588],{},[21,89587,11209],{}," is the exception type",[32,89590,89591,89594],{},[21,89592,89593],{},"\"name cannot be empty\""," is the error message",[14,89596,89597],{},"Choose an exception type that matches the problem.",[55,89599,89601],{"id":89600},"when-to-raise-an-exception","When to raise an exception",[14,89603,89604],{},"Raise an exception when your code detects a problem that should stop normal execution.",[14,89606,23010],{},[29,89608,89609,89612,89615,89618],{},[32,89610,89611],{},"An input value is not allowed",[32,89613,89614],{},"A required argument is missing or empty",[32,89616,89617],{},"A function gets the wrong type or wrong value",[32,89619,89620],{},"A business rule is broken, such as a negative price",[14,89622,370],{},[60,89624,89626],{"className":62,"code":89625,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"price = -10\n\nif price \u003C 0:\n    raise ValueError(\"price cannot be negative\")\n",[21,89627,89628,89638,89642,89654],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,89629,89630,89632,89634,89636],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,89631,27911],{"class":79},[69,89633,97],{"class":96},[69,89635,45032],{"class":96},[69,89637,8432],{"class":157},[69,89639,89640],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,89641,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,89643,89644,89646,89648,89650,89652],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,89645,3201],{"class":75},[69,89647,41049],{"class":79},[69,89649,21097],{"class":96},[69,89651,6711],{"class":157},[69,89653,275],{"class":100},[69,89655,89656,89658,89660,89662,89664,89667,89669],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,89657,89415],{"class":75},[69,89659,11901],{"class":1859},[69,89661,221],{"class":100},[69,89663,111],{"class":110},[69,89665,89666],{"class":114},"price cannot be negative",[69,89668,111],{"class":110},[69,89670,301],{"class":100},[14,89672,89673,89674,89676],{},"This is better than just printing a warning, because ",[21,89675,45902],{}," stops the program unless the exception is caught.",[55,89678,89680],{"id":89679},"common-built-in-exceptions-to-raise","Common built-in exceptions to raise",[14,89682,89683],{},"Here are some common exception types beginners use.",[1647,89685,89687],{"id":89686},"valueerror",[21,89688,11209],{},[14,89690,322,89691,89693],{},[21,89692,11209],{}," when the type is correct, but the value is not allowed.",[60,89695,89697],{"className":62,"code":89696,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = -5\n\nif age \u003C 0:\n    raise ValueError(\"age must be 0 or greater\")\n",[21,89698,89699,89709,89713,89725],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,89700,89701,89703,89705,89707],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,89702,1830],{"class":79},[69,89704,97],{"class":96},[69,89706,45032],{"class":96},[69,89708,25542],{"class":157},[69,89710,89711],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,89712,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,89714,89715,89717,89719,89721,89723],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,89716,3201],{"class":75},[69,89718,27277],{"class":79},[69,89720,21097],{"class":96},[69,89722,6711],{"class":157},[69,89724,275],{"class":100},[69,89726,89727,89729,89731,89733,89735,89738,89740],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,89728,89415],{"class":75},[69,89730,11901],{"class":1859},[69,89732,221],{"class":100},[69,89734,111],{"class":110},[69,89736,89737],{"class":114},"age must be 0 or greater",[69,89739,111],{"class":110},[69,89741,301],{"class":100},[14,89743,89744,89746],{},[21,89745,126],{}," is still an integer, so the type is fine. The problem is the value.",[14,89748,89749,89750,289],{},"If you want more help with this error type, see ",[579,89751,12506],{"href":12505},[1647,89753,89755],{"id":89754},"typeerror",[21,89756,8638],{},[14,89758,322,89759,89761],{},[21,89760,8638],{}," when the data type is wrong.",[60,89763,89765],{"className":62,"code":89764,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = \"twenty\"\n\nif not isinstance(age, int):\n    raise TypeError(\"age must be an integer\")\n",[21,89766,89767,89780,89784,89802],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,89768,89769,89771,89773,89775,89778],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,89770,1830],{"class":79},[69,89772,97],{"class":96},[69,89774,123],{"class":110},[69,89776,89777],{"class":114},"twenty",[69,89779,1825],{"class":110},[69,89781,89782],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,89783,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,89785,89786,89788,89790,89792,89794,89796,89798,89800],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,89787,3201],{"class":75},[69,89789,4950],{"class":96},[69,89791,75024],{"class":217},[69,89793,221],{"class":100},[69,89795,126],{"class":292},[69,89797,120],{"class":100},[69,89799,11273],{"class":1859},[69,89801,7526],{"class":100},[69,89803,89804,89806,89809,89811,89813,89816,89818],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,89805,89415],{"class":75},[69,89807,89808],{"class":1859}," TypeError",[69,89810,221],{"class":100},[69,89812,111],{"class":110},[69,89814,89815],{"class":114},"age must be an integer",[69,89817,111],{"class":110},[69,89819,301],{"class":100},[14,89821,4611,89822,89824],{},[21,89823,126],{}," is a string instead of an integer.",[1647,89826,89828],{"id":89827},"keyerror",[21,89829,2816],{},[14,89831,322,89832,89834],{},[21,89833,2816],{}," when a required dictionary key is missing.",[60,89836,89838],{"className":62,"code":89837,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"user = {\"name\": \"Ana\"}\n\nif \"email\" not in user:\n    raise KeyError(\"email\")\n",[21,89839,89840,89864,89868,89886],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,89841,89842,89844,89846,89848,89850,89852,89854,89856,89858,89860,89862],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,89843,3534],{"class":79},[69,89845,97],{"class":96},[69,89847,1914],{"class":100},[69,89849,111],{"class":110},[69,89851,115],{"class":114},[69,89853,111],{"class":110},[69,89855,1174],{"class":100},[69,89857,123],{"class":110},[69,89859,2553],{"class":114},[69,89861,111],{"class":110},[69,89863,1260],{"class":100},[69,89865,89866],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,89867,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,89869,89870,89872,89874,89876,89878,89880,89882,89884],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,89871,3201],{"class":75},[69,89873,123],{"class":110},[69,89875,15136],{"class":114},[69,89877,111],{"class":110},[69,89879,4950],{"class":96},[69,89881,3210],{"class":96},[69,89883,4955],{"class":79},[69,89885,275],{"class":100},[69,89887,89888,89890,89892,89894,89896,89898,89900],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,89889,89415],{"class":75},[69,89891,15888],{"class":1859},[69,89893,221],{"class":100},[69,89895,111],{"class":110},[69,89897,15136],{"class":114},[69,89899,111],{"class":110},[69,89901,301],{"class":100},[14,89903,89904],{},"This is useful in custom checks when your code requires a key to exist.",[1647,89906,89908],{"id":89907},"runtimeerror",[21,89909,89910],{},"RuntimeError",[14,89912,322,89913,89915],{},[21,89914,89910],{}," for a general program state problem when no better built-in exception fits.",[60,89917,89919],{"className":62,"code":89918,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"is_connected = False\n\nif not is_connected:\n    raise RuntimeError(\"database connection is not available\")\n",[21,89920,89921,89930,89934,89945],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,89922,89923,89926,89928],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,89924,89925],{"class":79},"is_connected ",[69,89927,97],{"class":96},[69,89929,19683],{"class":3012},[69,89931,89932],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,89933,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,89935,89936,89938,89940,89943],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,89937,3201],{"class":75},[69,89939,4950],{"class":96},[69,89941,89942],{"class":79}," is_connected",[69,89944,275],{"class":100},[69,89946,89947,89949,89952,89954,89956,89959,89961],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,89948,89415],{"class":75},[69,89950,89951],{"class":1859}," RuntimeError",[69,89953,221],{"class":100},[69,89955,111],{"class":110},[69,89957,89958],{"class":114},"database connection is not available",[69,89960,111],{"class":110},[69,89962,301],{"class":100},[14,89964,89965],{},"Try to use a more specific exception type if possible.",[55,89967,89969],{"id":89968},"how-to-write-a-helpful-error-message","How to write a helpful error message",[14,89971,89972],{},"A good error message should be short and specific.",[14,89974,89975],{},"Try to include:",[29,89977,89978,89981,89984],{},[32,89979,89980],{},"What was wrong",[32,89982,89983],{},"What was expected",[32,89985,89986],{},"The bad value only if it helps debugging",[14,89988,35874],{},[60,89990,89992],{"className":62,"code":89991,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"raise ValueError(\"score must be between 0 and 100\")\nraise TypeError(\"name must be a string\")\nraise ValueError(\"quantity cannot be negative\")\n",[21,89993,89994,90011,90028],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,89995,89996,89998,90000,90002,90004,90007,90009],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,89997,45902],{"class":75},[69,89999,11901],{"class":1859},[69,90001,221],{"class":100},[69,90003,111],{"class":110},[69,90005,90006],{"class":114},"score must be between 0 and 100",[69,90008,111],{"class":110},[69,90010,301],{"class":100},[69,90012,90013,90015,90017,90019,90021,90024,90026],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,90014,45902],{"class":75},[69,90016,89808],{"class":1859},[69,90018,221],{"class":100},[69,90020,111],{"class":110},[69,90022,90023],{"class":114},"name must be a string",[69,90025,111],{"class":110},[69,90027,301],{"class":100},[69,90029,90030,90032,90034,90036,90038,90041,90043],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,90031,45902],{"class":75},[69,90033,11901],{"class":1859},[69,90035,221],{"class":100},[69,90037,111],{"class":110},[69,90039,90040],{"class":114},"quantity cannot be negative",[69,90042,111],{"class":110},[69,90044,301],{"class":100},[14,90046,90047],{},"Less helpful examples:",[60,90049,90051],{"className":62,"code":90050,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"raise ValueError(\"error\")\nraise ValueError(\"invalid\")\n",[21,90052,90053,90070],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,90054,90055,90057,90059,90061,90063,90066,90068],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,90056,45902],{"class":75},[69,90058,11901],{"class":1859},[69,90060,221],{"class":100},[69,90062,111],{"class":110},[69,90064,90065],{"class":114},"error",[69,90067,111],{"class":110},[69,90069,301],{"class":100},[69,90071,90072,90074,90076,90078,90080,90083,90085],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,90073,45902],{"class":75},[69,90075,11901],{"class":1859},[69,90077,221],{"class":100},[69,90079,111],{"class":110},[69,90081,90082],{"class":114},"invalid",[69,90084,111],{"class":110},[69,90086,301],{"class":100},[14,90088,90089,90090,90093],{},"Messages like ",[21,90091,90092],{},"\"error\""," do not explain the real problem.",[55,90095,90097],{"id":90096},"raising-exceptions-inside-functions","Raising exceptions inside functions",[14,90099,90100,90101,90103],{},"A very common place to use ",[21,90102,45902],{}," is at the start of a function.",[14,90105,90106],{},"Validate inputs early before the function does more work.",[60,90108,90110],{"className":62,"code":90109,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def calculate_total(price, quantity):\n    if not isinstance(price, (int, float)):\n        raise TypeError(\"price must be a number\")\n\n    if not isinstance(quantity, int):\n        raise TypeError(\"quantity must be an integer\")\n\n    if price \u003C 0:\n        raise ValueError(\"price cannot be negative\")\n\n    if quantity \u003C 1:\n        raise ValueError(\"quantity must be at least 1\")\n\n    return price * quantity\n\n\nprint(calculate_total(9.99, 3))\n",[21,90111,90112,90129,90153,90171,90175,90193,90210,90214,90226,90242,90246,90259,90276,90280,90290,90294,90298],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,90113,90114,90116,90119,90121,90123,90125,90127],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,90115,7847],{"class":7502},[69,90117,90118],{"class":7517}," calculate_total",[69,90120,221],{"class":100},[69,90122,4791],{"class":7951},[69,90124,120],{"class":100},[69,90126,40987],{"class":7951},[69,90128,7526],{"class":100},[69,90130,90131,90133,90135,90137,90139,90141,90143,90145,90147,90149,90151],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,90132,19705],{"class":75},[69,90134,4950],{"class":96},[69,90136,75024],{"class":217},[69,90138,221],{"class":100},[69,90140,4791],{"class":292},[69,90142,120],{"class":100},[69,90144,11302],{"class":100},[69,90146,21838],{"class":1859},[69,90148,120],{"class":100},[69,90150,24375],{"class":1859},[69,90152,76209],{"class":100},[69,90154,90155,90158,90160,90162,90164,90167,90169],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,90156,90157],{"class":75},"        raise",[69,90159,89808],{"class":1859},[69,90161,221],{"class":100},[69,90163,111],{"class":110},[69,90165,90166],{"class":114},"price must be a number",[69,90168,111],{"class":110},[69,90170,301],{"class":100},[69,90172,90173],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,90174,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,90176,90177,90179,90181,90183,90185,90187,90189,90191],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,90178,19705],{"class":75},[69,90180,4950],{"class":96},[69,90182,75024],{"class":217},[69,90184,221],{"class":100},[69,90186,41034],{"class":292},[69,90188,120],{"class":100},[69,90190,11273],{"class":1859},[69,90192,7526],{"class":100},[69,90194,90195,90197,90199,90201,90203,90206,90208],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,90196,90157],{"class":75},[69,90198,89808],{"class":1859},[69,90200,221],{"class":100},[69,90202,111],{"class":110},[69,90204,90205],{"class":114},"quantity must be an integer",[69,90207,111],{"class":110},[69,90209,301],{"class":100},[69,90211,90212],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,90213,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,90215,90216,90218,90220,90222,90224],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,90217,19705],{"class":75},[69,90219,41049],{"class":79},[69,90221,21097],{"class":96},[69,90223,6711],{"class":157},[69,90225,275],{"class":100},[69,90227,90228,90230,90232,90234,90236,90238,90240],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,90229,90157],{"class":75},[69,90231,11901],{"class":1859},[69,90233,221],{"class":100},[69,90235,111],{"class":110},[69,90237,89666],{"class":114},[69,90239,111],{"class":110},[69,90241,301],{"class":100},[69,90243,90244],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,90245,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,90247,90248,90250,90253,90255,90257],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,90249,19705],{"class":75},[69,90251,90252],{"class":79}," quantity ",[69,90254,21097],{"class":96},[69,90256,5748],{"class":157},[69,90258,275],{"class":100},[69,90260,90261,90263,90265,90267,90269,90272,90274],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,90262,90157],{"class":75},[69,90264,11901],{"class":1859},[69,90266,221],{"class":100},[69,90268,111],{"class":110},[69,90270,90271],{"class":114},"quantity must be at least 1",[69,90273,111],{"class":110},[69,90275,301],{"class":100},[69,90277,90278],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,90279,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,90281,90282,90284,90286,90288],{"class":71,"line":50892},[69,90283,42494],{"class":75},[69,90285,41049],{"class":79},[69,90287,8392],{"class":96},[69,90289,41054],{"class":79},[69,90291,90292],{"class":71,"line":50897},[69,90293,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,90295,90296],{"class":71,"line":61799},[69,90297,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,90299,90300,90302,90304,90307,90309,90312,90314,90316],{"class":71,"line":61817},[69,90301,2161],{"class":217},[69,90303,221],{"class":100},[69,90305,90306],{"class":292},"calculate_total",[69,90308,221],{"class":100},[69,90310,90311],{"class":157},"9.99",[69,90313,120],{"class":100},[69,90315,5949],{"class":157},[69,90317,2183],{"class":100},[14,90319,34614],{},[60,90321,90323],{"className":62,"code":90322,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"29.97\n",[21,90324,90325],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,90326,90327],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,90328,90322],{"class":157},[14,90330,90331],{},"Why this helps:",[29,90333,90334,90337,90340],{},[32,90335,90336],{},"Bad input is caught immediately",[32,90338,90339],{},"The function is easier to debug",[32,90341,90342],{},"The caller gets a clear error message",[14,90344,90345,90346,289],{},"If you are also learning how to catch these errors, read ",[579,90347,12251],{"href":90348},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-handle-exceptions-in-python\u002F",[55,90350,90352],{"id":90351},"re-raising-an-exception","Re-raising an exception",[14,90354,90355,90356,90358,90359,90361],{},"Inside an ",[21,90357,11221],{}," block, you can use ",[21,90360,45902],{}," by itself to raise the same exception again.",[14,90363,90364],{},"This is called re-raising.",[60,90366,90368],{"className":62,"code":90367,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(\"hello\")\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"Could not convert the text to an integer\")\n    raise\n",[21,90369,90370,90376,90394,90402,90417],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,90371,90372,90374],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,90373,11233],{"class":75},[69,90375,275],{"class":100},[69,90377,90378,90380,90382,90384,90386,90388,90390,90392],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,90379,11268],{"class":79},[69,90381,97],{"class":96},[69,90383,11273],{"class":1859},[69,90385,221],{"class":100},[69,90387,111],{"class":110},[69,90389,11564],{"class":114},[69,90391,111],{"class":110},[69,90393,301],{"class":100},[69,90395,90396,90398,90400],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,90397,11221],{"class":75},[69,90399,11901],{"class":1859},[69,90401,275],{"class":100},[69,90403,90404,90406,90408,90410,90413,90415],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,90405,3220],{"class":217},[69,90407,221],{"class":100},[69,90409,111],{"class":110},[69,90411,90412],{"class":114},"Could not convert the text to an integer",[69,90414,111],{"class":110},[69,90416,301],{"class":100},[69,90418,90419],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,90420,90421],{"class":75},"    raise\n",[14,90423,32482],{},[29,90425,90426,90434,90439,90442],{},[32,90427,90428,90431,90432],{},[21,90429,90430],{},"int(\"hello\")"," causes a ",[21,90433,11209],{},[32,90435,9337,90436,90438],{},[21,90437,11221],{}," block runs",[32,90440,90441],{},"The message is printed",[32,90443,90444,90446],{},[21,90445,45902],{}," sends the same exception upward again",[14,90448,90449],{},"Use this when you want to inspect or log the error first, but still keep the original problem visible.",[14,90451,90452,90453,50,90455,90457,90458,289],{},"To learn more about ",[21,90454,11233],{},[21,90456,11221],{},", see ",[579,90459,27031],{"href":27030},[55,90461,90463],{"id":90462},"custom-exceptions","Custom exceptions",[14,90465,90466],{},"You can create your own exception class for program-specific rules.",[14,90468,90469],{},"For beginners, built-in exceptions are usually enough. Start there first.",[14,90471,90472],{},"Simple example:",[60,90474,90476],{"className":62,"code":90475,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"class InvalidAgeError(Exception):\n    pass\n\n\nage = -2\n\nif age \u003C 0:\n    raise InvalidAgeError(\"age cannot be negative\")\n",[21,90477,90478,90491,90495,90499,90503,90513,90517,90529],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,90479,90480,90482,90485,90487,90489],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,90481,7503],{"class":7502},[69,90483,90484],{"class":7506}," InvalidAgeError",[69,90486,221],{"class":100},[69,90488,12239],{"class":1859},[69,90490,7526],{"class":100},[69,90492,90493],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,90494,31883],{"class":75},[69,90496,90497],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,90498,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,90500,90501],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,90502,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,90504,90505,90507,90509,90511],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,90506,1830],{"class":79},[69,90508,97],{"class":96},[69,90510,45032],{"class":96},[69,90512,38884],{"class":157},[69,90514,90515],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,90516,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,90518,90519,90521,90523,90525,90527],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,90520,3201],{"class":75},[69,90522,27277],{"class":79},[69,90524,21097],{"class":96},[69,90526,6711],{"class":157},[69,90528,275],{"class":100},[69,90530,90531,90533,90535,90537,90539,90541,90543],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,90532,89415],{"class":75},[69,90534,90484],{"class":292},[69,90536,221],{"class":100},[69,90538,111],{"class":110},[69,90540,89424],{"class":114},[69,90542,111],{"class":110},[69,90544,301],{"class":100},[14,90546,90547],{},"Custom exceptions are helpful when a built-in name is too vague.",[14,90549,90550,90551,364,90553,90555],{},"But in many beginner programs, ",[21,90552,11209],{},[21,90554,8638],{}," is clearer and simpler.",[14,90557,90558,90559,289],{},"For a broader explanation, see ",[579,90560,90562],{"href":90561},"\u002Flearn\u002Fraising-exceptions-in-python","raising exceptions in Python",[55,90564,90566,90567],{"id":90565},"how-this-differs-from-try-except","How this differs from ",[21,90568,13795],{},[14,90570,90571],{},"These two ideas are related, but they do different jobs:",[29,90573,90574,90579],{},[32,90575,90576,90578],{},[21,90577,45902],{}," creates an exception",[32,90580,90581,90583],{},[21,90582,13795],{}," catches and handles an exception",[14,90585,370],{},[60,90587,90589],{"className":62,"code":90588,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def set_age(age):\n    if age \u003C 0:\n        raise ValueError(\"age cannot be negative\")\n    return age\n\n\ntry:\n    result = set_age(-1)\n    print(result)\nexcept ValueError as error:\n    print(f\"Invalid input: {error}\")\n",[21,90590,90591,90604,90616,90632,90638,90642,90646,90652,90668,90678,90690],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,90592,90593,90595,90598,90600,90602],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,90594,7847],{"class":7502},[69,90596,90597],{"class":7517}," set_age",[69,90599,221],{"class":100},[69,90601,126],{"class":7951},[69,90603,7526],{"class":100},[69,90605,90606,90608,90610,90612,90614],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,90607,19705],{"class":75},[69,90609,27277],{"class":79},[69,90611,21097],{"class":96},[69,90613,6711],{"class":157},[69,90615,275],{"class":100},[69,90617,90618,90620,90622,90624,90626,90628,90630],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,90619,90157],{"class":75},[69,90621,11901],{"class":1859},[69,90623,221],{"class":100},[69,90625,111],{"class":110},[69,90627,89424],{"class":114},[69,90629,111],{"class":110},[69,90631,301],{"class":100},[69,90633,90634,90636],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,90635,42494],{"class":75},[69,90637,7987],{"class":79},[69,90639,90640],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,90641,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,90643,90644],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,90645,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,90647,90648,90650],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,90649,11233],{"class":75},[69,90651,275],{"class":100},[69,90653,90654,90656,90658,90660,90662,90664,90666],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,90655,11285],{"class":79},[69,90657,97],{"class":96},[69,90659,90597],{"class":292},[69,90661,221],{"class":100},[69,90663,7305],{"class":96},[69,90665,5940],{"class":157},[69,90667,301],{"class":100},[69,90669,90670,90672,90674,90676],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,90671,3220],{"class":217},[69,90673,221],{"class":100},[69,90675,8530],{"class":292},[69,90677,301],{"class":100},[69,90679,90680,90682,90684,90686,90688],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,90681,11221],{"class":75},[69,90683,11901],{"class":1859},[69,90685,268],{"class":75},[69,90687,44265],{"class":79},[69,90689,275],{"class":100},[69,90691,90692,90694,90696,90698,90701,90703,90705,90707,90709],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,90693,3220],{"class":217},[69,90695,221],{"class":100},[69,90697,8013],{"class":7502},[69,90699,90700],{"class":114},"\"Invalid input: ",[69,90702,8018],{"class":157},[69,90704,90065],{"class":292},[69,90706,8027],{"class":157},[69,90708,111],{"class":114},[69,90710,301],{"class":100},[14,90712,34614],{},[60,90714,90716],{"className":62,"code":90715,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Invalid input: age cannot be negative\n",[21,90717,90718],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,90719,90720,90723,90725,90727],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,90721,90722],{"class":79},"Invalid ",[69,90724,12540],{"class":217},[69,90726,1174],{"class":100},[69,90728,90729],{"class":79}," age cannot be negative\n",[14,90731,4389],{},[29,90733,90734,90740],{},[32,90735,90736,90739],{},[21,90737,90738],{},"set_age()"," raises the exception",[32,90741,90742,90744],{},[21,90743,13795],{}," catches it and prints a message",[14,90746,90747,90748,289],{},"If you want to learn the full pattern, read ",[579,90749,90750],{"href":11950},"using try-except-else-and-finally in Python",[55,90752,3868],{"id":3867},[14,90754,90755,90756,289],{},"These are common problems beginners run into when using ",[21,90757,45902],{},[1647,90759,1628,90761,10347,90763],{"id":90760},"using-print-instead-of-raise",[21,90762,23684],{},[21,90764,45902],{},[14,90766,90767,90769],{},[21,90768,23684],{}," only shows text. It does not stop the program.",[60,90771,90773],{"className":62,"code":90772,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = -1\n\nif age \u003C 0:\n    print(\"age cannot be negative\")\n",[21,90774,90775,90785,90789,90801],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,90776,90777,90779,90781,90783],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,90778,1830],{"class":79},[69,90780,97],{"class":96},[69,90782,45032],{"class":96},[69,90784,17286],{"class":157},[69,90786,90787],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,90788,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,90790,90791,90793,90795,90797,90799],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,90792,3201],{"class":75},[69,90794,27277],{"class":79},[69,90796,21097],{"class":96},[69,90798,6711],{"class":157},[69,90800,275],{"class":100},[69,90802,90803,90805,90807,90809,90811,90813],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,90804,3220],{"class":217},[69,90806,221],{"class":100},[69,90808,111],{"class":110},[69,90810,89424],{"class":114},[69,90812,111],{"class":110},[69,90814,301],{"class":100},[14,90816,90817],{},"This prints a message, but the program keeps going.",[14,90819,90820],{},"If the problem should stop execution, use:",[60,90822,90823],{"className":62,"code":89382,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,90824,90825,90835,90839,90851],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,90826,90827,90829,90831,90833],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,90828,1830],{"class":79},[69,90830,97],{"class":96},[69,90832,45032],{"class":96},[69,90834,17286],{"class":157},[69,90836,90837],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,90838,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,90840,90841,90843,90845,90847,90849],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,90842,3201],{"class":75},[69,90844,27277],{"class":79},[69,90846,21097],{"class":96},[69,90848,6711],{"class":157},[69,90850,275],{"class":100},[69,90852,90853,90855,90857,90859,90861,90863,90865],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,90854,89415],{"class":75},[69,90856,11901],{"class":1859},[69,90858,221],{"class":100},[69,90860,111],{"class":110},[69,90862,89424],{"class":114},[69,90864,111],{"class":110},[69,90866,301],{"class":100},[1647,90868,90870],{"id":90869},"raising-the-wrong-exception-type","Raising the wrong exception type",[14,90872,90873],{},"Pick an exception type that matches the real problem.",[29,90875,90876,90881],{},[32,90877,90878,90879],{},"Wrong type → ",[21,90880,8638],{},[32,90882,90883,90884],{},"Wrong value → ",[21,90885,11209],{},[14,90887,370],{},[60,90889,90891],{"className":62,"code":90890,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"value = \"100\"\n\nif not isinstance(value, int):\n    raise TypeError(\"value must be an integer\")\n",[21,90892,90893,90905,90909,90927],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,90894,90895,90897,90899,90901,90903],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,90896,20408],{"class":79},[69,90898,97],{"class":96},[69,90900,123],{"class":110},[69,90902,9106],{"class":114},[69,90904,1825],{"class":110},[69,90906,90907],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,90908,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,90910,90911,90913,90915,90917,90919,90921,90923,90925],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,90912,3201],{"class":75},[69,90914,4950],{"class":96},[69,90916,75024],{"class":217},[69,90918,221],{"class":100},[69,90920,20383],{"class":292},[69,90922,120],{"class":100},[69,90924,11273],{"class":1859},[69,90926,7526],{"class":100},[69,90928,90929,90931,90933,90935,90937,90940,90942],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,90930,89415],{"class":75},[69,90932,89808],{"class":1859},[69,90934,221],{"class":100},[69,90936,111],{"class":110},[69,90938,90939],{"class":114},"value must be an integer",[69,90941,111],{"class":110},[69,90943,301],{"class":100},[1647,90945,90947],{"id":90946},"writing-vague-messages","Writing vague messages",[14,90949,90950],{},"Avoid messages like:",[60,90952,90954],{"className":62,"code":90953,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"raise ValueError(\"invalid\")\n",[21,90955,90956],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,90957,90958,90960,90962,90964,90966,90968,90970],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,90959,45902],{"class":75},[69,90961,11901],{"class":1859},[69,90963,221],{"class":100},[69,90965,111],{"class":110},[69,90967,90082],{"class":114},[69,90969,111],{"class":110},[69,90971,301],{"class":100},[14,90973,12593],{},[60,90975,90977],{"className":62,"code":90976,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"raise ValueError(\"quantity must be at least 1\")\n",[21,90978,90979],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,90980,90981,90983,90985,90987,90989,90991,90993],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,90982,45902],{"class":75},[69,90984,11901],{"class":1859},[69,90986,221],{"class":100},[69,90988,111],{"class":110},[69,90990,90271],{"class":114},[69,90992,111],{"class":110},[69,90994,301],{"class":100},[1647,90996,1628,90998,91000],{"id":90997},"using-raise-without-a-real-validation-check",[21,90999,45902],{}," without a real validation check",[14,91002,91003],{},"Only raise an exception when your code has actually found a problem.",[14,91005,91006],{},"Bad example:",[60,91008,91010],{"className":62,"code":91009,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"raise ValueError(\"something went wrong\")\n",[21,91011,91012],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,91013,91014,91016,91018,91020,91022,91025,91027],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,91015,45902],{"class":75},[69,91017,11901],{"class":1859},[69,91019,221],{"class":100},[69,91021,111],{"class":110},[69,91023,91024],{"class":114},"something went wrong",[69,91026,111],{"class":110},[69,91028,301],{"class":100},[14,91030,91031],{},"Better example:",[60,91033,91035],{"className":62,"code":91034,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"quantity = 0\n\nif quantity \u003C 1:\n    raise ValueError(\"quantity must be at least 1\")\n",[21,91036,91037,91045,91049,91061],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,91038,91039,91041,91043],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,91040,40942],{"class":79},[69,91042,97],{"class":96},[69,91044,15253],{"class":157},[69,91046,91047],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,91048,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,91050,91051,91053,91055,91057,91059],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,91052,3201],{"class":75},[69,91054,90252],{"class":79},[69,91056,21097],{"class":96},[69,91058,5748],{"class":157},[69,91060,275],{"class":100},[69,91062,91063,91065,91067,91069,91071,91073,91075],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,91064,89415],{"class":75},[69,91066,11901],{"class":1859},[69,91068,221],{"class":100},[69,91070,111],{"class":110},[69,91072,90271],{"class":114},[69,91074,111],{"class":110},[69,91076,301],{"class":100},[1647,91078,53208,91080,14590,91083],{"id":91079},"confusing-raise-valueerror-with-return-false",[21,91081,91082],{},"raise ValueError(...)",[21,91084,91085],{},"return False",[14,91087,91088],{},"These do different things.",[29,91090,91091,91096],{},[32,91092,91093,91095],{},[21,91094,91085],{}," sends back a normal value",[32,91097,91098,91100],{},[21,91099,91082],{}," creates an error and stops normal flow",[14,91102,322,91103,91105],{},[21,91104,45902],{}," when the input or state is invalid and the caller should know about the error.",[55,91107,91109],{"id":91108},"useful-commands-for-debugging","Useful commands for debugging",[14,91111,91112],{},"When you are testing exception code, these commands can help:",[60,91114,91115],{"className":22537,"code":22538,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,91116,91117],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,91118,91119,91121],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,91120,64],{"class":7506},[69,91122,22548],{"class":114},[60,91124,91126],{"className":62,"code":91125,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(type(value))\nprint(value)\nhelp(ValueError)\nhelp(TypeError)\n",[21,91127,91128,91142,91152,91162],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,91129,91130,91132,91134,91136,91138,91140],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,91131,2161],{"class":217},[69,91133,221],{"class":100},[69,91135,2176],{"class":1859},[69,91137,221],{"class":100},[69,91139,20383],{"class":292},[69,91141,2183],{"class":100},[69,91143,91144,91146,91148,91150],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,91145,2161],{"class":217},[69,91147,221],{"class":100},[69,91149,20383],{"class":292},[69,91151,301],{"class":100},[69,91153,91154,91156,91158,91160],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,91155,9213],{"class":217},[69,91157,221],{"class":100},[69,91159,11209],{"class":1859},[69,91161,301],{"class":100},[69,91163,91164,91166,91168,91170],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,91165,9213],{"class":217},[69,91167,221],{"class":100},[69,91169,8638],{"class":1859},[69,91171,301],{"class":100},[14,91173,91174],{},"These can help you check:",[29,91176,91177,91180,91183],{},[32,91178,91179],{},"what type a value really has",[32,91181,91182],{},"what the bad value is",[32,91184,91185],{},"what a built-in exception means",[55,91187,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,91189,2372,91191,50,91193,1414],{"id":91190},"what-is-the-difference-between-raise-and-print",[21,91192,45902],{},[21,91194,2161],{},[14,91196,91197,91199,91200,91202],{},[21,91198,2161],{}," only shows text. ",[21,91201,45902],{}," creates an actual exception and stops the normal flow unless it is caught.",[1647,91204,2392,91206,364,91208,1414],{"id":91205},"should-i-use-valueerror-or-typeerror",[21,91207,11209],{},[21,91209,8638],{},[14,91211,322,91212,91214,91215,91217],{},[21,91213,8638],{}," when the data type is wrong. Use ",[21,91216,11209],{}," when the type is correct but the value is not allowed.",[1647,91219,91221],{"id":91220},"can-i-raise-an-exception-without-a-message","Can I raise an exception without a message?",[14,91223,91224],{},"Yes, but a clear message is usually better for debugging.",[14,91226,370],{},[60,91228,91230],{"className":62,"code":91229,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"raise ValueError\n",[21,91231,91232],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,91233,91234,91236],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,91235,45902],{"class":75},[69,91237,91238],{"class":1859}," ValueError\n",[14,91240,91241],{},"Usually this is more helpful:",[60,91243,91245],{"className":62,"code":91244,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"raise ValueError(\"age cannot be negative\")\n",[21,91246,91247],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,91248,91249,91251,91253,91255,91257,91259,91261],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,91250,45902],{"class":75},[69,91252,11901],{"class":1859},[69,91254,221],{"class":100},[69,91256,111],{"class":110},[69,91258,89424],{"class":114},[69,91260,111],{"class":110},[69,91262,301],{"class":100},[1647,91264,59146,91266,91268],{"id":91265},"can-i-use-raise-inside-a-function",[21,91267,45902],{}," inside a function?",[14,91270,91271],{},"Yes. This is a common place to validate arguments and stop bad input early.",[1647,91273,46359,91275,91277],{"id":91274},"what-does-raise-by-itself-do",[21,91276,45902],{}," by itself do?",[14,91279,90355,91280,91282],{},[21,91281,11221],{}," block, it raises the current exception again.",[55,91284,2414],{"id":2413},[29,91286,91287,91292,91297,91301,91305,91309,91314],{},[32,91288,91289],{},[579,91290,91291],{"href":90561},"Raising exceptions in Python",[32,91293,91294],{},[579,91295,91296],{"href":11950},"Using try-except-else-and-finally in Python",[32,91298,91299],{},[579,91300,13023],{"href":90348},[32,91302,91303],{},[579,91304,29534],{"href":27030},[32,91306,91307],{},[579,91308,12506],{"href":12505},[32,91310,91311],{},[579,91312,91313],{"href":8689},"TypeError: missing required positional argument fix",[32,91315,91316],{},[579,91317,91318],{"href":89485},"What is an exception in Python?",[2450,91320,91321],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sGLFI, html code.shiki .sGLFI{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sFwrP, html code.shiki .sFwrP{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sbgvK, html code.shiki .sbgvK{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":91323},[91324,91325,91326,91328,91330,91331,91337,91338,91339,91340,91341,91343,91353,91354,91365],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":60866,"depth":83,"text":60867},{"id":89455,"depth":83,"text":91327},"What raise means",{"id":89489,"depth":83,"text":91329},"Basic raise syntax",{"id":89600,"depth":83,"text":89601},{"id":89679,"depth":83,"text":89680,"children":91332},[91333,91334,91335,91336],{"id":89686,"depth":90,"text":11209},{"id":89754,"depth":90,"text":8638},{"id":89827,"depth":90,"text":2816},{"id":89907,"depth":90,"text":89910},{"id":89968,"depth":83,"text":89969},{"id":90096,"depth":83,"text":90097},{"id":90351,"depth":83,"text":90352},{"id":90462,"depth":83,"text":90463},{"id":90565,"depth":83,"text":91342},"How this differs from try-except",{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":91344},[91345,91347,91348,91349,91351],{"id":90760,"depth":90,"text":91346},"Using print() instead of raise",{"id":90869,"depth":90,"text":90870},{"id":90946,"depth":90,"text":90947},{"id":90997,"depth":90,"text":91350},"Using raise without a real validation check",{"id":91079,"depth":90,"text":91352},"Confusing raise ValueError(...) with return False",{"id":91108,"depth":83,"text":91109},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":91355},[91356,91358,91360,91361,91363],{"id":91190,"depth":90,"text":91357},"What is the difference between raise and print?",{"id":91205,"depth":90,"text":91359},"Should I use ValueError or TypeError?",{"id":91220,"depth":90,"text":91221},{"id":91265,"depth":90,"text":91362},"Can I use raise inside a function?",{"id":91274,"depth":90,"text":91364},"What does raise by itself do?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to raise an exception in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-raise-an-exception-in-python",{"title":89364,"description":91366},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-raise-an-exception-in-python","o2jodQXuZ1vHG45i3LpBDOSP9f34zp81HT5bXlcuAMY",{"id":91373,"title":91374,"body":91375,"description":93074,"extension":2479,"meta":93075,"navigation":86,"path":2425,"seo":93076,"stem":93077,"__hash__":93078},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-read-a-csv-file-in-python.md","How to Read a CSV File in Python",{"type":7,"value":91376,"toc":93040},[91377,91380,91385,91387,91408,91410,91513,91526,91530,91535,91546,91551,91557,91560,91570,91576,91580,91583,91599,91700,91702,91724,91729,91748,91751,91841,91848,91852,91859,91862,91995,91998,92014,92016,92139,92148,92155,92159,92162,92177,92179,92277,92283,92291,92296,92299,92308,92312,92315,92317,92415,92423,92425,92428,92445,92450,92453,92494,92496,92539,92542,92546,92549,92677,92684,92688,92693,92812,92818,92820,92823,92827,92856,92859,92863,92887,92893,92895,92932,92937,92941,92958,92960,92964,92969,92973,92979,92983,92993,92997,93002,93004,93037],[10,91378,91374],{"id":91379},"how-to-read-a-csv-file-in-python",[14,91381,91382,91383,20660],{},"If you want to read a CSV file in Python, the simplest and most reliable way is to use the built-in ",[21,91384,23],{},[14,91386,27],{},[29,91388,91389,91392,91402,91405],{},[32,91390,91391],{},"Read rows from a CSV file in Python",[32,91393,91394,91395,91397,91398,91401],{},"Understand why the ",[21,91396,23],{}," module is better than ",[21,91399,91400],{},"split(',')"," for real CSV data",[32,91403,91404],{},"Loop through rows safely",[32,91406,91407],{},"Read CSV files with or without headers",[55,91409,58],{"id":57},[60,91411,91413],{"className":62,"code":91412,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import csv\n\nwith open('data.csv', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as file:\n    reader = csv.reader(file)\n    for row in reader:\n        print(row)\n",[21,91414,91415,91421,91425,91469,91489,91503],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,91416,91417,91419],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,91418,76],{"class":75},[69,91420,80],{"class":79},[69,91422,91423],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,91424,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,91426,91427,91429,91431,91433,91435,91438,91440,91442,91444,91446,91449,91451,91453,91455,91457,91459,91461,91463,91465,91467],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,91428,214],{"class":75},[69,91430,218],{"class":217},[69,91432,221],{"class":100},[69,91434,15283],{"class":110},[69,91436,91437],{"class":114},"data.csv",[69,91439,15283],{"class":110},[69,91441,120],{"class":100},[69,91443,243],{"class":242},[69,91445,97],{"class":96},[69,91447,91448],{"class":110},"''",[69,91450,120],{"class":100},[69,91452,253],{"class":242},[69,91454,97],{"class":96},[69,91456,15283],{"class":110},[69,91458,260],{"class":114},[69,91460,15283],{"class":110},[69,91462,265],{"class":100},[69,91464,268],{"class":75},[69,91466,272],{"class":271},[69,91468,275],{"class":100},[69,91470,91471,91474,91476,91478,91480,91483,91485,91487],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,91472,91473],{"class":79},"    reader ",[69,91475,97],{"class":96},[69,91477,286],{"class":79},[69,91479,289],{"class":100},[69,91481,91482],{"class":292},"reader",[69,91484,221],{"class":100},[69,91486,298],{"class":271},[69,91488,301],{"class":100},[69,91490,91491,91493,91496,91498,91501],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,91492,765],{"class":75},[69,91494,91495],{"class":79}," row ",[69,91497,771],{"class":75},[69,91499,91500],{"class":79}," reader",[69,91502,275],{"class":100},[69,91504,91505,91507,91509,91511],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,91506,7531],{"class":217},[69,91508,221],{"class":100},[69,91510,2085],{"class":292},[69,91512,301],{"class":100},[14,91514,322,91515,91518,91519,91522,91523,91525],{},[21,91516,91517],{},"csv.reader()"," for basic CSV files. ",[21,91520,91521],{},"newline=''"," helps the ",[21,91524,23],{}," module read rows correctly.",[55,91527,91529],{"id":91528},"when-to-use-the-csv-module","When to use the csv module",[14,91531,1872,91532,91534],{},[21,91533,23],{}," module when:",[29,91536,91537,91540,91543],{},[32,91538,91539],{},"Your file contains comma-separated values",[32,91541,91542],{},"You want Python to handle quoted text correctly",[32,91544,91545],{},"You do not want to install any extra package",[14,91547,9337,91548,91550],{},[21,91549,23],{}," module is part of Python's standard library, so it works without installation.",[14,91552,91553,91554,91556],{},"It is better than manually splitting lines with ",[21,91555,91400],{}," because real CSV files can contain commas inside quoted values.",[14,91558,91559],{},"For example, this row:",[60,91561,91564],{"className":91562,"code":91563,"language":23,"meta":65,"style":65},"language-csv shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter github-light github-dark","Alice,\"New York, USA\",30\n",[21,91565,91566],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,91567,91568],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,91569,91563],{},[14,91571,91572,91573,91575],{},"should be read as 3 values, not 4. The ",[21,91574,23],{}," module handles that correctly.",[55,91577,91579],{"id":91578},"basic-way-to-read-a-csv-file","Basic way to read a CSV file",[14,91581,91582],{},"The basic process is:",[29,91584,91585,91589,91593,91596],{},[32,91586,9543,91587],{},[21,91588,576],{},[32,91590,85747,91591],{},[21,91592,91517],{},[32,91594,91595],{},"Loop through the reader one row at a time",[32,91597,91598],{},"Use each row as a list of strings",[60,91600,91602],{"className":62,"code":91601,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import csv\n\nwith open('data.csv', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as file:\n    reader = csv.reader(file)\n\n    for row in reader:\n        print(row)\n",[21,91603,91604,91610,91614,91656,91674,91678,91690],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,91605,91606,91608],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,91607,76],{"class":75},[69,91609,80],{"class":79},[69,91611,91612],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,91613,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,91615,91616,91618,91620,91622,91624,91626,91628,91630,91632,91634,91636,91638,91640,91642,91644,91646,91648,91650,91652,91654],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,91617,214],{"class":75},[69,91619,218],{"class":217},[69,91621,221],{"class":100},[69,91623,15283],{"class":110},[69,91625,91437],{"class":114},[69,91627,15283],{"class":110},[69,91629,120],{"class":100},[69,91631,243],{"class":242},[69,91633,97],{"class":96},[69,91635,91448],{"class":110},[69,91637,120],{"class":100},[69,91639,253],{"class":242},[69,91641,97],{"class":96},[69,91643,15283],{"class":110},[69,91645,260],{"class":114},[69,91647,15283],{"class":110},[69,91649,265],{"class":100},[69,91651,268],{"class":75},[69,91653,272],{"class":271},[69,91655,275],{"class":100},[69,91657,91658,91660,91662,91664,91666,91668,91670,91672],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,91659,91473],{"class":79},[69,91661,97],{"class":96},[69,91663,286],{"class":79},[69,91665,289],{"class":100},[69,91667,91482],{"class":292},[69,91669,221],{"class":100},[69,91671,298],{"class":271},[69,91673,301],{"class":100},[69,91675,91676],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,91677,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,91679,91680,91682,91684,91686,91688],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,91681,765],{"class":75},[69,91683,91495],{"class":79},[69,91685,771],{"class":75},[69,91687,91500],{"class":79},[69,91689,275],{"class":100},[69,91691,91692,91694,91696,91698],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,91693,7531],{"class":217},[69,91695,221],{"class":100},[69,91697,2085],{"class":292},[69,91699,301],{"class":100},[1647,91701,9620],{"id":9619},[29,91703,91704,91709,91715,91721],{},[32,91705,91706,86068],{},[21,91707,91708],{},"open('data.csv', ...)",[32,91710,91711,91714],{},[21,91712,91713],{},"csv.reader(file)"," creates a CSV reader",[32,91716,91717,91718,91720],{},"Each ",[21,91719,2085],{}," is a list",[32,91722,91723],{},"Every value in the row is read as a string",[14,91725,9646,91726,91728],{},[21,91727,91437],{}," contains:",[60,91730,91731],{"className":91562,"code":567,"language":23,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,91732,91733,91738,91743],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,91734,91735],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,91736,91737],{},"name,age,city\n",[69,91739,91740],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,91741,91742],{},"Alice,30,London\n",[69,91744,91745],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,91746,91747],{},"Bob,25,Paris\n",[14,91749,91750],{},"the output will be:",[60,91752,91754],{"className":62,"code":91753,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['name', 'age', 'city']\n['Alice', '30', 'London']\n['Bob', '25', 'Paris']\n",[21,91755,91756,91784,91813],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,91757,91758,91760,91762,91764,91766,91768,91770,91772,91774,91776,91778,91780,91782],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,91759,1345],{"class":100},[69,91761,15283],{"class":110},[69,91763,115],{"class":114},[69,91765,15283],{"class":110},[69,91767,120],{"class":100},[69,91769,15292],{"class":110},[69,91771,126],{"class":114},[69,91773,15283],{"class":110},[69,91775,120],{"class":100},[69,91777,15292],{"class":110},[69,91779,135],{"class":114},[69,91781,15283],{"class":110},[69,91783,198],{"class":100},[69,91785,91786,91788,91790,91792,91794,91796,91798,91801,91803,91805,91807,91809,91811],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,91787,1345],{"class":100},[69,91789,15283],{"class":110},[69,91791,150],{"class":114},[69,91793,15283],{"class":110},[69,91795,120],{"class":100},[69,91797,15292],{"class":110},[69,91799,91800],{"class":114},"30",[69,91802,15283],{"class":110},[69,91804,120],{"class":100},[69,91806,15292],{"class":110},[69,91808,165],{"class":114},[69,91810,15283],{"class":110},[69,91812,198],{"class":100},[69,91814,91815,91817,91819,91821,91823,91825,91827,91829,91831,91833,91835,91837,91839],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,91816,1345],{"class":100},[69,91818,15283],{"class":110},[69,91820,179],{"class":114},[69,91822,15283],{"class":110},[69,91824,120],{"class":100},[69,91826,15292],{"class":110},[69,91828,23026],{"class":114},[69,91830,15283],{"class":110},[69,91832,120],{"class":100},[69,91834,15292],{"class":110},[69,91836,193],{"class":114},[69,91838,15283],{"class":110},[69,91840,198],{"class":100},[14,91842,91843,91844,50,91846,289],{},"If you are not familiar with opening files yet, see ",[579,91845,9938],{"href":9937},[579,91847,582],{"href":581},[55,91849,91851],{"id":91850},"read-a-csv-file-with-headers","Read a CSV file with headers",[14,91853,91854,91855,91858],{},"If the first row contains column names, ",[21,91856,91857],{},"csv.DictReader()"," is often easier to use.",[14,91860,91861],{},"It returns each row as a dictionary, so you can access values by column name.",[60,91863,91865],{"className":62,"code":91864,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import csv\n\nwith open('data.csv', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as file:\n    reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n\n    for row in reader:\n        print(row)\n        print(row['name'], row['age'])\n",[21,91866,91867,91873,91877,91919,91938,91942,91954,91964],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,91868,91869,91871],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,91870,76],{"class":75},[69,91872,80],{"class":79},[69,91874,91875],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,91876,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,91878,91879,91881,91883,91885,91887,91889,91891,91893,91895,91897,91899,91901,91903,91905,91907,91909,91911,91913,91915,91917],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,91880,214],{"class":75},[69,91882,218],{"class":217},[69,91884,221],{"class":100},[69,91886,15283],{"class":110},[69,91888,91437],{"class":114},[69,91890,15283],{"class":110},[69,91892,120],{"class":100},[69,91894,243],{"class":242},[69,91896,97],{"class":96},[69,91898,91448],{"class":110},[69,91900,120],{"class":100},[69,91902,253],{"class":242},[69,91904,97],{"class":96},[69,91906,15283],{"class":110},[69,91908,260],{"class":114},[69,91910,15283],{"class":110},[69,91912,265],{"class":100},[69,91914,268],{"class":75},[69,91916,272],{"class":271},[69,91918,275],{"class":100},[69,91920,91921,91923,91925,91927,91929,91932,91934,91936],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,91922,91473],{"class":79},[69,91924,97],{"class":96},[69,91926,286],{"class":79},[69,91928,289],{"class":100},[69,91930,91931],{"class":292},"DictReader",[69,91933,221],{"class":100},[69,91935,298],{"class":271},[69,91937,301],{"class":100},[69,91939,91940],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,91941,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,91943,91944,91946,91948,91950,91952],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,91945,765],{"class":75},[69,91947,91495],{"class":79},[69,91949,771],{"class":75},[69,91951,91500],{"class":79},[69,91953,275],{"class":100},[69,91955,91956,91958,91960,91962],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,91957,7531],{"class":217},[69,91959,221],{"class":100},[69,91961,2085],{"class":292},[69,91963,301],{"class":100},[69,91965,91966,91968,91970,91972,91974,91976,91978,91980,91982,91985,91987,91989,91991,91993],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,91967,7531],{"class":217},[69,91969,221],{"class":100},[69,91971,2085],{"class":292},[69,91973,1345],{"class":100},[69,91975,15283],{"class":110},[69,91977,115],{"class":114},[69,91979,15283],{"class":110},[69,91981,20282],{"class":100},[69,91983,91984],{"class":292}," row",[69,91986,1345],{"class":100},[69,91988,15283],{"class":110},[69,91990,126],{"class":114},[69,91992,15283],{"class":110},[69,91994,494],{"class":100},[14,91996,91997],{},"If the file contains:",[60,91999,92000],{"className":91562,"code":567,"language":23,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,92001,92002,92006,92010],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,92003,92004],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,92005,91737],{},[69,92007,92008],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,92009,91742],{},[69,92011,92012],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,92013,91747],{},[14,92015,91750],{},[60,92017,92019],{"className":62,"code":92018,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'name': 'Alice', 'age': '30', 'city': 'London'}\nAlice 30\n{'name': 'Bob', 'age': '25', 'city': 'Paris'}\nBob 25\n",[21,92020,92021,92073,92080,92132],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,92022,92023,92025,92027,92029,92031,92033,92035,92037,92039,92041,92043,92045,92047,92049,92051,92053,92055,92057,92059,92061,92063,92065,92067,92069,92071],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,92024,8018],{"class":100},[69,92026,15283],{"class":110},[69,92028,115],{"class":114},[69,92030,15283],{"class":110},[69,92032,1174],{"class":100},[69,92034,15292],{"class":110},[69,92036,150],{"class":114},[69,92038,15283],{"class":110},[69,92040,120],{"class":100},[69,92042,15292],{"class":110},[69,92044,126],{"class":114},[69,92046,15283],{"class":110},[69,92048,1174],{"class":100},[69,92050,15292],{"class":110},[69,92052,91800],{"class":114},[69,92054,15283],{"class":110},[69,92056,120],{"class":100},[69,92058,15292],{"class":110},[69,92060,135],{"class":114},[69,92062,15283],{"class":110},[69,92064,1174],{"class":100},[69,92066,15292],{"class":110},[69,92068,165],{"class":114},[69,92070,15283],{"class":110},[69,92072,1260],{"class":100},[69,92074,92075,92078],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,92076,92077],{"class":79},"Alice ",[69,92079,37241],{"class":157},[69,92081,92082,92084,92086,92088,92090,92092,92094,92096,92098,92100,92102,92104,92106,92108,92110,92112,92114,92116,92118,92120,92122,92124,92126,92128,92130],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,92083,8018],{"class":100},[69,92085,15283],{"class":110},[69,92087,115],{"class":114},[69,92089,15283],{"class":110},[69,92091,1174],{"class":100},[69,92093,15292],{"class":110},[69,92095,179],{"class":114},[69,92097,15283],{"class":110},[69,92099,120],{"class":100},[69,92101,15292],{"class":110},[69,92103,126],{"class":114},[69,92105,15283],{"class":110},[69,92107,1174],{"class":100},[69,92109,15292],{"class":110},[69,92111,23026],{"class":114},[69,92113,15283],{"class":110},[69,92115,120],{"class":100},[69,92117,15292],{"class":110},[69,92119,135],{"class":114},[69,92121,15283],{"class":110},[69,92123,1174],{"class":100},[69,92125,15292],{"class":110},[69,92127,193],{"class":114},[69,92129,15283],{"class":110},[69,92131,1260],{"class":100},[69,92133,92134,92137],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,92135,92136],{"class":79},"Bob ",[69,92138,2796],{"class":157},[14,92140,92141,92142,364,92145,289],{},"This is useful when you want to work with named columns instead of remembering index positions like ",[21,92143,92144],{},"row[0]",[21,92146,92147],{},"row[1]",[14,92149,92150,92151,289],{},"If you want a safer way to read dictionary values, see ",[579,92152,92154],{"href":92153},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-dictionary-get-method\u002F","Python dict get() method",[55,92156,92158],{"id":92157},"important-file-options","Important file options",[14,92160,92161],{},"When reading CSV files, these options matter:",[29,92163,92164,92168,92174],{},[32,92165,322,92166,351],{},[21,92167,91521],{},[32,92169,322,92170,92173],{},[21,92171,92172],{},"encoding='utf-8'"," for common text files",[32,92175,92176],{},"Use the correct file path if the file is in another folder",[14,92178,370],{},[60,92180,92182],{"className":62,"code":92181,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import csv\n\nwith open('files\u002Fdata.csv', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as file:\n    reader = csv.reader(file)\n    for row in reader:\n        print(row)\n",[21,92183,92184,92190,92194,92237,92255,92267],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,92185,92186,92188],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,92187,76],{"class":75},[69,92189,80],{"class":79},[69,92191,92192],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,92193,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,92195,92196,92198,92200,92202,92204,92207,92209,92211,92213,92215,92217,92219,92221,92223,92225,92227,92229,92231,92233,92235],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,92197,214],{"class":75},[69,92199,218],{"class":217},[69,92201,221],{"class":100},[69,92203,15283],{"class":110},[69,92205,92206],{"class":114},"files\u002Fdata.csv",[69,92208,15283],{"class":110},[69,92210,120],{"class":100},[69,92212,243],{"class":242},[69,92214,97],{"class":96},[69,92216,91448],{"class":110},[69,92218,120],{"class":100},[69,92220,253],{"class":242},[69,92222,97],{"class":96},[69,92224,15283],{"class":110},[69,92226,260],{"class":114},[69,92228,15283],{"class":110},[69,92230,265],{"class":100},[69,92232,268],{"class":75},[69,92234,272],{"class":271},[69,92236,275],{"class":100},[69,92238,92239,92241,92243,92245,92247,92249,92251,92253],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,92240,91473],{"class":79},[69,92242,97],{"class":96},[69,92244,286],{"class":79},[69,92246,289],{"class":100},[69,92248,91482],{"class":292},[69,92250,221],{"class":100},[69,92252,298],{"class":271},[69,92254,301],{"class":100},[69,92256,92257,92259,92261,92263,92265],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,92258,765],{"class":75},[69,92260,91495],{"class":79},[69,92262,771],{"class":75},[69,92264,91500],{"class":79},[69,92266,275],{"class":100},[69,92268,92269,92271,92273,92275],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,92270,7531],{"class":217},[69,92272,221],{"class":100},[69,92274,2085],{"class":292},[69,92276,301],{"class":100},[1647,92278,30468,92280,92282],{"id":92279},"why-newline-matters",[21,92281,91521],{}," matters",[14,92284,9337,92285,92287,92288,92290],{},[21,92286,23],{}," module expects the file to be opened with ",[21,92289,91521],{},". This helps it handle line endings correctly across different systems.",[1647,92292,30468,92294,92282],{"id":92293},"why-encodingutf-8-matters",[21,92295,92172],{},[14,92297,92298],{},"Many CSV files use UTF-8 text encoding. If your file contains special characters, this setting often prevents decoding problems.",[14,92300,92301,92302,289],{},"If you get a text decoding error, see ",[579,92303,2892,92305],{"href":92304},"\u002Ferrors\u002Funicodedecodeerror-utf-8-codec-cant-decode-byte-fix\u002F",[21,92306,92307],{},"UnicodeDecodeError: utf-8 codec can't decode byte",[1647,92309,92311],{"id":92310},"using-the-right-path","Using the right path",[14,92313,92314],{},"If Python cannot find your file, the problem is often the path, not the CSV code.",[14,92316,11201],{},[60,92318,92320],{"className":62,"code":92319,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import csv\n\nwith open('data\u002Freport.csv', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as file:\n    reader = csv.reader(file)\n    for row in reader:\n        print(row)\n",[21,92321,92322,92328,92332,92375,92393,92405],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,92323,92324,92326],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,92325,76],{"class":75},[69,92327,80],{"class":79},[69,92329,92330],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,92331,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,92333,92334,92336,92338,92340,92342,92345,92347,92349,92351,92353,92355,92357,92359,92361,92363,92365,92367,92369,92371,92373],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,92335,214],{"class":75},[69,92337,218],{"class":217},[69,92339,221],{"class":100},[69,92341,15283],{"class":110},[69,92343,92344],{"class":114},"data\u002Freport.csv",[69,92346,15283],{"class":110},[69,92348,120],{"class":100},[69,92350,243],{"class":242},[69,92352,97],{"class":96},[69,92354,91448],{"class":110},[69,92356,120],{"class":100},[69,92358,253],{"class":242},[69,92360,97],{"class":96},[69,92362,15283],{"class":110},[69,92364,260],{"class":114},[69,92366,15283],{"class":110},[69,92368,265],{"class":100},[69,92370,268],{"class":75},[69,92372,272],{"class":271},[69,92374,275],{"class":100},[69,92376,92377,92379,92381,92383,92385,92387,92389,92391],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,92378,91473],{"class":79},[69,92380,97],{"class":96},[69,92382,286],{"class":79},[69,92384,289],{"class":100},[69,92386,91482],{"class":292},[69,92388,221],{"class":100},[69,92390,298],{"class":271},[69,92392,301],{"class":100},[69,92394,92395,92397,92399,92401,92403],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,92396,765],{"class":75},[69,92398,91495],{"class":79},[69,92400,771],{"class":75},[69,92402,91500],{"class":79},[69,92404,275],{"class":100},[69,92406,92407,92409,92411,92413],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,92408,7531],{"class":217},[69,92410,221],{"class":100},[69,92412,2085],{"class":292},[69,92414,301],{"class":100},[14,92416,92417,92418,289],{},"If the file does not exist in that location, Python will raise an error. For help with that, see ",[579,92419,2892,92420],{"href":2441},[21,92421,92422],{},"FileNotFoundError: No such file or directory",[55,92424,5117],{"id":5116},[14,92426,92427],{},"Here are some common problems when reading CSV files:",[29,92429,92430,92437,92440,92442],{},[32,92431,1628,92432,92434,92435,43],{},[21,92433,91400],{}," instead of the ",[21,92436,23],{},[32,92438,92439],{},"Forgetting that values are read as strings",[32,92441,10743],{},[32,92443,92444],{},"Not handling files with headers correctly",[1647,92446,17729,92448],{"id":92447},"mistake-using-split",[21,92449,91400],{},[14,92451,92452],{},"This may seem simpler, but it breaks on valid CSV data with quoted commas.",[60,92454,92456],{"className":62,"code":92455,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"line = 'Alice,\"New York, USA\",30'\nprint(line.split(','))\n",[21,92457,92458,92471],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,92459,92460,92462,92464,92466,92469],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,92461,1840],{"class":79},[69,92463,97],{"class":96},[69,92465,15292],{"class":110},[69,92467,92468],{"class":114},"Alice,\"New York, USA\",30",[69,92470,18049],{"class":110},[69,92472,92473,92475,92477,92479,92481,92484,92486,92488,92490,92492],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,92474,2161],{"class":217},[69,92476,221],{"class":100},[69,92478,71],{"class":292},[69,92480,289],{"class":100},[69,92482,92483],{"class":292},"split",[69,92485,221],{"class":100},[69,92487,15283],{"class":110},[69,92489,120],{"class":114},[69,92491,15283],{"class":110},[69,92493,2183],{"class":100},[14,92495,2781],{},[60,92497,92499],{"className":62,"code":92498,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['Alice', '\"New York', ' USA\"', '30']\n",[21,92500,92501],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,92502,92503,92505,92507,92509,92511,92513,92515,92518,92520,92522,92524,92527,92529,92531,92533,92535,92537],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,92504,1345],{"class":100},[69,92506,15283],{"class":110},[69,92508,150],{"class":114},[69,92510,15283],{"class":110},[69,92512,120],{"class":100},[69,92514,15292],{"class":110},[69,92516,92517],{"class":114},"\"New York",[69,92519,15283],{"class":110},[69,92521,120],{"class":100},[69,92523,15292],{"class":110},[69,92525,92526],{"class":114}," USA\"",[69,92528,15283],{"class":110},[69,92530,120],{"class":100},[69,92532,15292],{"class":110},[69,92534,91800],{"class":114},[69,92536,15283],{"class":110},[69,92538,198],{"class":100},[14,92540,92541],{},"That is wrong for CSV data.",[1647,92543,92545],{"id":92544},"mistake-expecting-numbers-instead-of-strings","Mistake: expecting numbers instead of strings",[14,92547,92548],{},"CSV data is text. Even numbers are read as strings.",[60,92550,92552],{"className":62,"code":92551,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import csv\n\nwith open('data.csv', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as file:\n    reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n\n    for row in reader:\n        age = int(row['age'])\n        print(age + 1)\n",[21,92553,92554,92560,92564,92606,92624,92628,92640,92663],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,92555,92556,92558],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,92557,76],{"class":75},[69,92559,80],{"class":79},[69,92561,92562],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,92563,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,92565,92566,92568,92570,92572,92574,92576,92578,92580,92582,92584,92586,92588,92590,92592,92594,92596,92598,92600,92602,92604],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,92567,214],{"class":75},[69,92569,218],{"class":217},[69,92571,221],{"class":100},[69,92573,15283],{"class":110},[69,92575,91437],{"class":114},[69,92577,15283],{"class":110},[69,92579,120],{"class":100},[69,92581,243],{"class":242},[69,92583,97],{"class":96},[69,92585,91448],{"class":110},[69,92587,120],{"class":100},[69,92589,253],{"class":242},[69,92591,97],{"class":96},[69,92593,15283],{"class":110},[69,92595,260],{"class":114},[69,92597,15283],{"class":110},[69,92599,265],{"class":100},[69,92601,268],{"class":75},[69,92603,272],{"class":271},[69,92605,275],{"class":100},[69,92607,92608,92610,92612,92614,92616,92618,92620,92622],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,92609,91473],{"class":79},[69,92611,97],{"class":96},[69,92613,286],{"class":79},[69,92615,289],{"class":100},[69,92617,91931],{"class":292},[69,92619,221],{"class":100},[69,92621,298],{"class":271},[69,92623,301],{"class":100},[69,92625,92626],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,92627,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,92629,92630,92632,92634,92636,92638],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,92631,765],{"class":75},[69,92633,91495],{"class":79},[69,92635,771],{"class":75},[69,92637,91500],{"class":79},[69,92639,275],{"class":100},[69,92641,92642,92645,92647,92649,92651,92653,92655,92657,92659,92661],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,92643,92644],{"class":79},"        age ",[69,92646,97],{"class":96},[69,92648,11273],{"class":1859},[69,92650,221],{"class":100},[69,92652,2085],{"class":292},[69,92654,1345],{"class":100},[69,92656,15283],{"class":110},[69,92658,126],{"class":114},[69,92660,15283],{"class":110},[69,92662,494],{"class":100},[69,92664,92665,92667,92669,92671,92673,92675],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,92666,7531],{"class":217},[69,92668,221],{"class":100},[69,92670,1830],{"class":292},[69,92672,1847],{"class":96},[69,92674,5748],{"class":157},[69,92676,301],{"class":100},[14,92678,322,92679,364,92681,92683],{},[21,92680,12733],{},[21,92682,24334],{}," when you need numeric values.",[1647,92685,92687],{"id":92686},"mistake-not-handling-the-header-row","Mistake: not handling the header row",[14,92689,1882,92690,92692],{},[21,92691,91517],{},", the first row is just another row. If your file has headers, you may want to skip that first row.",[60,92694,92696],{"className":62,"code":92695,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import csv\n\nwith open('data.csv', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as file:\n    reader = csv.reader(file)\n\n    next(reader)  # skip header row\n\n    for row in reader:\n        print(row)\n",[21,92697,92698,92704,92708,92750,92768,92772,92786,92790,92802],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,92699,92700,92702],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,92701,76],{"class":75},[69,92703,80],{"class":79},[69,92705,92706],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,92707,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,92709,92710,92712,92714,92716,92718,92720,92722,92724,92726,92728,92730,92732,92734,92736,92738,92740,92742,92744,92746,92748],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,92711,214],{"class":75},[69,92713,218],{"class":217},[69,92715,221],{"class":100},[69,92717,15283],{"class":110},[69,92719,91437],{"class":114},[69,92721,15283],{"class":110},[69,92723,120],{"class":100},[69,92725,243],{"class":242},[69,92727,97],{"class":96},[69,92729,91448],{"class":110},[69,92731,120],{"class":100},[69,92733,253],{"class":242},[69,92735,97],{"class":96},[69,92737,15283],{"class":110},[69,92739,260],{"class":114},[69,92741,15283],{"class":110},[69,92743,265],{"class":100},[69,92745,268],{"class":75},[69,92747,272],{"class":271},[69,92749,275],{"class":100},[69,92751,92752,92754,92756,92758,92760,92762,92764,92766],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,92753,91473],{"class":79},[69,92755,97],{"class":96},[69,92757,286],{"class":79},[69,92759,289],{"class":100},[69,92761,91482],{"class":292},[69,92763,221],{"class":100},[69,92765,298],{"class":271},[69,92767,301],{"class":100},[69,92769,92770],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,92771,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,92773,92774,92777,92779,92781,92783],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,92775,92776],{"class":217},"    next",[69,92778,221],{"class":100},[69,92780,91482],{"class":292},[69,92782,265],{"class":100},[69,92784,92785],{"class":2596},"  # skip header row\n",[69,92787,92788],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,92789,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,92791,92792,92794,92796,92798,92800],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,92793,765],{"class":75},[69,92795,91495],{"class":79},[69,92797,771],{"class":75},[69,92799,91500],{"class":79},[69,92801,275],{"class":100},[69,92803,92804,92806,92808,92810],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,92805,7531],{"class":217},[69,92807,221],{"class":100},[69,92809,2085],{"class":292},[69,92811,301],{"class":100},[14,92813,92814,92815,92817],{},"If your file has headers, ",[21,92816,91857],{}," is usually the easier choice.",[55,92819,86946],{"id":86945},[14,92821,92822],{},"If your CSV code is not working, try these quick checks.",[1647,92824,92826],{"id":92825},"print-rows-to-inspect-the-data","Print rows to inspect the data",[60,92828,92830],{"className":62,"code":92829,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(row)\nprint(type(row))\n",[21,92831,92832,92842],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,92833,92834,92836,92838,92840],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,92835,2161],{"class":217},[69,92837,221],{"class":100},[69,92839,2085],{"class":292},[69,92841,301],{"class":100},[69,92843,92844,92846,92848,92850,92852,92854],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,92845,2161],{"class":217},[69,92847,221],{"class":100},[69,92849,2176],{"class":1859},[69,92851,221],{"class":100},[69,92853,2085],{"class":292},[69,92855,2183],{"class":100},[14,92857,92858],{},"This helps you confirm what Python is reading.",[1647,92860,92862],{"id":92861},"check-the-current-working-folder","Check the current working folder",[60,92864,92865],{"className":62,"code":11010,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,92866,92867,92873],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,92868,92869,92871],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,92870,76],{"class":75},[69,92872,2229],{"class":79},[69,92874,92875,92877,92879,92881,92883,92885],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,92876,2161],{"class":217},[69,92878,221],{"class":100},[69,92880,2238],{"class":292},[69,92882,289],{"class":100},[69,92884,11031],{"class":292},[69,92886,3923],{"class":100},[14,92888,92889,92890,289],{},"This shows the folder Python is using for relative paths like ",[21,92891,92892],{},"'data.csv'",[1647,92894,10959],{"id":10958},[60,92896,92898],{"className":62,"code":92897,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\nprint(os.path.exists('data.csv'))\n",[21,92899,92900,92906],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,92901,92902,92904],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,92903,76],{"class":75},[69,92905,2229],{"class":79},[69,92907,92908,92910,92912,92914,92916,92918,92920,92922,92924,92926,92928,92930],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,92909,2161],{"class":217},[69,92911,221],{"class":100},[69,92913,2238],{"class":292},[69,92915,289],{"class":100},[69,92917,2243],{"class":2216},[69,92919,289],{"class":100},[69,92921,2248],{"class":292},[69,92923,221],{"class":100},[69,92925,15283],{"class":110},[69,92927,91437],{"class":114},[69,92929,15283],{"class":110},[69,92931,2183],{"class":100},[14,92933,72465,92934,92936],{},[21,92935,14886],{},", your path is wrong or the file is not where you think it is.",[1647,92938,92940],{"id":92939},"common-causes-of-csv-reading-problems","Common causes of CSV reading problems",[29,92942,92943,92946,92949,92952,92955],{},[32,92944,92945],{},"Trying to read a CSV file with plain string splitting",[32,92947,92948],{},"Using a relative path that points to the wrong folder",[32,92950,92951],{},"Forgetting to skip or handle the header row",[32,92953,92954],{},"Expecting numbers but getting strings",[32,92956,92957],{},"Opening a file with the wrong encoding",[55,92959,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,92961,92963],{"id":92962},"do-i-need-to-install-anything-to-read-csv-files-in-python","Do I need to install anything to read CSV files in Python?",[14,92965,92966,92967,20660],{},"No. You can use the built-in ",[21,92968,23],{},[1647,92970,92972],{"id":92971},"why-not-use-split-to-read-a-csv-file","Why not use split(',') to read a CSV file?",[14,92974,92975,92976,92978],{},"It breaks on quoted commas and other valid CSV formatting. ",[21,92977,91517],{}," handles this correctly.",[1647,92980,92982],{"id":92981},"why-are-all-csv-values-strings","Why are all CSV values strings?",[14,92984,92985,92987,92988,364,92990,92992],{},[21,92986,91517],{}," reads text from the file. Convert values with ",[21,92989,12733],{},[21,92991,24334],{}," when needed.",[1647,92994,92996],{"id":92995},"how-do-i-read-columns-by-name","How do I read columns by name?",[14,92998,322,92999,93001],{},[21,93000,91857],{}," so each row becomes a dictionary.",[55,93003,2414],{"id":2413},[29,93005,93006,93011,93015,93021,93027,93033],{},[32,93007,93008],{},[579,93009,93010],{"href":581},"The Python open() function explained",[32,93012,93013],{},[579,93014,11110],{"href":9937},[32,93016,93017],{},[579,93018,93020],{"href":93019},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-write-a-csv-file-in-python\u002F","How to write a CSV file in Python",[32,93022,93023],{},[579,93024,4119,93025],{"href":2441},[21,93026,92422],{},[32,93028,93029],{},[579,93030,4119,93031],{"href":92304},[21,93032,92307],{},[32,93034,93035],{},[579,93036,92154],{"href":92153},[2450,93038,93039],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki 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.sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .skxfh, html code.shiki .skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":93041},[93042,93043,93044,93047,93048,93055,93061,93067,93073],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":91528,"depth":83,"text":91529},{"id":91578,"depth":83,"text":91579,"children":93045},[93046],{"id":9619,"depth":90,"text":9620},{"id":91850,"depth":83,"text":91851},{"id":92157,"depth":83,"text":92158,"children":93049},[93050,93052,93054],{"id":92279,"depth":90,"text":93051},"Why newline='' matters",{"id":92293,"depth":90,"text":93053},"Why encoding='utf-8' matters",{"id":92310,"depth":90,"text":92311},{"id":5116,"depth":83,"text":5117,"children":93056},[93057,93059,93060],{"id":92447,"depth":90,"text":93058},"Mistake: using split(',')",{"id":92544,"depth":90,"text":92545},{"id":92686,"depth":90,"text":92687},{"id":86945,"depth":83,"text":86946,"children":93062},[93063,93064,93065,93066],{"id":92825,"depth":90,"text":92826},{"id":92861,"depth":90,"text":92862},{"id":10958,"depth":90,"text":10959},{"id":92939,"depth":90,"text":92940},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":93068},[93069,93070,93071,93072],{"id":92962,"depth":90,"text":92963},{"id":92971,"depth":90,"text":92972},{"id":92981,"depth":90,"text":92982},{"id":92995,"depth":90,"text":92996},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to read a csv file in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},{"title":91374,"description":93074},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-read-a-csv-file-in-python","YSGQFHJoMspJzD-H8qyxXiOOgrHrqFB4_WHi_JA20To",{"id":93080,"title":93081,"body":93082,"description":94688,"extension":2479,"meta":94689,"navigation":86,"path":94690,"seo":94691,"stem":94692,"__hash__":94693},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-read-a-file-in-python.md","How to Read a File in Python",{"type":7,"value":93083,"toc":94649},[93084,93087,93090,93092,93156,93162,93164,93181,93185,93188,93250,93252,93271,93273,93276,93283,93287,93290,93295,93301,93378,93380,93408,93410,93418,93424,93430,93522,93524,93529,93532,93548,93554,93560,93566,93632,93634,93673,93676,93680,93683,93744,93747,93751,93756,93813,93817,93827,93831,93841,93846,93906,93917,93924,93928,93934,93936,93939,93988,93994,93996,93998,94048,94051,94124,94128,94133,94139,94143,94146,94173,94177,94188,94194,94196,94199,94218,94223,94290,94295,94299,94406,94412,94416,94419,94436,94438,94473,94497,94534,94537,94554,94560,94562,94566,94574,94578,94587,94593,94596,94603,94611,94613,94646],[10,93085,93081],{"id":93086},"how-to-read-a-file-in-python",[14,93088,93089],{},"Learn the simplest ways to open and read a file in Python. This page focuses on reading text files safely, understanding what each method returns, and avoiding common beginner mistakes.",[55,93091,58],{"id":57},[60,93093,93095],{"className":62,"code":93094,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"example.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n    content = file.read()\n\nprint(content)\n",[21,93096,93097,93128,93142,93146],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,93098,93099,93101,93103,93105,93107,93110,93112,93114,93116,93118,93120,93122,93124,93126],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,93100,214],{"class":75},[69,93102,218],{"class":217},[69,93104,221],{"class":100},[69,93106,111],{"class":110},[69,93108,93109],{"class":114},"example.txt",[69,93111,111],{"class":110},[69,93113,120],{"class":100},[69,93115,123],{"class":110},[69,93117,13728],{"class":114},[69,93119,111],{"class":110},[69,93121,265],{"class":100},[69,93123,268],{"class":75},[69,93125,272],{"class":271},[69,93127,275],{"class":100},[69,93129,93130,93132,93134,93136,93138,93140],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,93131,63338],{"class":79},[69,93133,97],{"class":96},[69,93135,272],{"class":271},[69,93137,289],{"class":100},[69,93139,13752],{"class":292},[69,93141,1385],{"class":100},[69,93143,93144],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,93145,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,93147,93148,93150,93152,93154],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,93149,2161],{"class":217},[69,93151,221],{"class":100},[69,93153,13763],{"class":292},[69,93155,301],{"class":100},[14,93157,322,93158,93161],{},[21,93159,93160],{},"with open(...)"," so Python closes the file automatically after reading.",[55,93163,2666],{"id":2665},[29,93165,93166,93169,93172,93175,93178],{},[32,93167,93168],{},"Open a text file",[32,93170,93171],{},"Read the whole file at once",[32,93173,93174],{},"Read one line at a time",[32,93176,93177],{},"Choose the right reading method",[32,93179,93180],{},"Avoid common file-reading errors",[55,93182,93184],{"id":93183},"the-simplest-way-to-read-a-file","The simplest way to read a file",[14,93186,93187],{},"The most common way to read a text file in Python is:",[60,93189,93190],{"className":62,"code":93094,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,93191,93192,93222,93236,93240],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,93193,93194,93196,93198,93200,93202,93204,93206,93208,93210,93212,93214,93216,93218,93220],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,93195,214],{"class":75},[69,93197,218],{"class":217},[69,93199,221],{"class":100},[69,93201,111],{"class":110},[69,93203,93109],{"class":114},[69,93205,111],{"class":110},[69,93207,120],{"class":100},[69,93209,123],{"class":110},[69,93211,13728],{"class":114},[69,93213,111],{"class":110},[69,93215,265],{"class":100},[69,93217,268],{"class":75},[69,93219,272],{"class":271},[69,93221,275],{"class":100},[69,93223,93224,93226,93228,93230,93232,93234],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,93225,63338],{"class":79},[69,93227,97],{"class":96},[69,93229,272],{"class":271},[69,93231,289],{"class":100},[69,93233,13752],{"class":292},[69,93235,1385],{"class":100},[69,93237,93238],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,93239,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,93241,93242,93244,93246,93248],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,93243,2161],{"class":217},[69,93245,221],{"class":100},[69,93247,13763],{"class":292},[69,93249,301],{"class":100},[1647,93251,46935],{"id":46934},[29,93253,93254,93260,93265],{},[32,93255,93256,93259],{},[21,93257,93258],{},"open(\"example.txt\", \"r\")"," opens the file in read mode",[32,93261,93262,93264],{},[21,93263,9636],{}," makes sure the file is closed automatically",[32,93266,93267,93270],{},[21,93268,93269],{},"file.read()"," reads the entire file and returns it as one string",[1647,93272,64462],{"id":64461},[14,93274,93275],{},"This is a good choice for small text files when you want all content at once.",[14,93277,93278,93279,90457,93281,289],{},"For a deeper explanation of ",[21,93280,576],{},[579,93282,9674],{"href":581},[55,93284,93286],{"id":93285},"understand-the-main-reading-methods","Understand the main reading methods",[14,93288,93289],{},"Python gives you a few main ways to read from a file.",[1647,93291,93293],{"id":93292},"fileread",[21,93294,93269],{},[14,93296,93297,93300],{},[21,93298,93299],{},"read()"," returns the entire file as one string.",[60,93302,93304],{"className":62,"code":93303,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"example.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n    content = file.read()\n\nprint(content)\nprint(type(content))\n",[21,93305,93306,93336,93350,93354,93364],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,93307,93308,93310,93312,93314,93316,93318,93320,93322,93324,93326,93328,93330,93332,93334],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,93309,214],{"class":75},[69,93311,218],{"class":217},[69,93313,221],{"class":100},[69,93315,111],{"class":110},[69,93317,93109],{"class":114},[69,93319,111],{"class":110},[69,93321,120],{"class":100},[69,93323,123],{"class":110},[69,93325,13728],{"class":114},[69,93327,111],{"class":110},[69,93329,265],{"class":100},[69,93331,268],{"class":75},[69,93333,272],{"class":271},[69,93335,275],{"class":100},[69,93337,93338,93340,93342,93344,93346,93348],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,93339,63338],{"class":79},[69,93341,97],{"class":96},[69,93343,272],{"class":271},[69,93345,289],{"class":100},[69,93347,13752],{"class":292},[69,93349,1385],{"class":100},[69,93351,93352],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,93353,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,93355,93356,93358,93360,93362],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,93357,2161],{"class":217},[69,93359,221],{"class":100},[69,93361,13763],{"class":292},[69,93363,301],{"class":100},[69,93365,93366,93368,93370,93372,93374,93376],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,93367,2161],{"class":217},[69,93369,221],{"class":100},[69,93371,2176],{"class":1859},[69,93373,221],{"class":100},[69,93375,13763],{"class":292},[69,93377,2183],{"class":100},[14,93379,28059],{},[60,93381,93383],{"className":62,"code":93382,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Hello\nWorld\n\u003Cclass 'str'>\n",[21,93384,93385,93389,93394],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,93386,93387],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,93388,35592],{"class":79},[69,93390,93391],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,93392,93393],{"class":79},"World\n",[69,93395,93396,93398,93400,93402,93404,93406],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,93397,21097],{"class":96},[69,93399,7503],{"class":7502},[69,93401,15292],{"class":110},[69,93403,10723],{"class":114},[69,93405,15283],{"class":110},[69,93407,21108],{"class":96},[14,93409,2802],{},[29,93411,93412,93415],{},[32,93413,93414],{},"The file is small",[32,93416,93417],{},"You want the complete contents at once",[1647,93419,93421],{"id":93420},"filereadline",[21,93422,93423],{},"file.readline()",[14,93425,93426,93429],{},[21,93427,93428],{},"readline()"," returns one line from the file each time you call it.",[60,93431,93433],{"className":62,"code":93432,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"example.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n    first_line = file.readline()\n    second_line = file.readline()\n\nprint(first_line)\nprint(second_line)\n",[21,93434,93435,93465,93481,93496,93500,93511],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,93436,93437,93439,93441,93443,93445,93447,93449,93451,93453,93455,93457,93459,93461,93463],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,93438,214],{"class":75},[69,93440,218],{"class":217},[69,93442,221],{"class":100},[69,93444,111],{"class":110},[69,93446,93109],{"class":114},[69,93448,111],{"class":110},[69,93450,120],{"class":100},[69,93452,123],{"class":110},[69,93454,13728],{"class":114},[69,93456,111],{"class":110},[69,93458,265],{"class":100},[69,93460,268],{"class":75},[69,93462,272],{"class":271},[69,93464,275],{"class":100},[69,93466,93467,93470,93472,93474,93476,93479],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,93468,93469],{"class":79},"    first_line ",[69,93471,97],{"class":96},[69,93473,272],{"class":271},[69,93475,289],{"class":100},[69,93477,93478],{"class":292},"readline",[69,93480,1385],{"class":100},[69,93482,93483,93486,93488,93490,93492,93494],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,93484,93485],{"class":79},"    second_line ",[69,93487,97],{"class":96},[69,93489,272],{"class":271},[69,93491,289],{"class":100},[69,93493,93478],{"class":292},[69,93495,1385],{"class":100},[69,93497,93498],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,93499,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,93501,93502,93504,93506,93509],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,93503,2161],{"class":217},[69,93505,221],{"class":100},[69,93507,93508],{"class":292},"first_line",[69,93510,301],{"class":100},[69,93512,93513,93515,93517,93520],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,93514,2161],{"class":217},[69,93516,221],{"class":100},[69,93518,93519],{"class":292},"second_line",[69,93521,301],{"class":100},[14,93523,91997],{},[60,93525,93527],{"className":93526,"code":10183,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],[21,93528,10183],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,93530,93531],{},"Then the variables will contain:",[29,93533,93534,93541],{},[32,93535,93536,24831,93538],{},[21,93537,93508],{},[21,93539,93540],{},"\"Apple\\n\"",[32,93542,93543,24831,93545],{},[21,93544,93519],{},[21,93546,93547],{},"\"Banana\\n\"",[14,93549,93550,93551,93553],{},"Notice the ",[21,93552,9475],{}," at the end. That is the newline character.",[1647,93555,93557],{"id":93556},"filereadlines",[21,93558,93559],{},"file.readlines()",[14,93561,93562,93565],{},[21,93563,93564],{},"readlines()"," returns a list of all lines.",[60,93567,93569],{"className":62,"code":93568,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"example.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n    lines = file.readlines()\n\nprint(lines)\n",[21,93570,93571,93601,93617,93621],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,93572,93573,93575,93577,93579,93581,93583,93585,93587,93589,93591,93593,93595,93597,93599],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,93574,214],{"class":75},[69,93576,218],{"class":217},[69,93578,221],{"class":100},[69,93580,111],{"class":110},[69,93582,93109],{"class":114},[69,93584,111],{"class":110},[69,93586,120],{"class":100},[69,93588,123],{"class":110},[69,93590,13728],{"class":114},[69,93592,111],{"class":110},[69,93594,265],{"class":100},[69,93596,268],{"class":75},[69,93598,272],{"class":271},[69,93600,275],{"class":100},[69,93602,93603,93606,93608,93610,93612,93615],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,93604,93605],{"class":79},"    lines ",[69,93607,97],{"class":96},[69,93609,272],{"class":271},[69,93611,289],{"class":100},[69,93613,93614],{"class":292},"readlines",[69,93616,1385],{"class":100},[69,93618,93619],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,93620,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,93622,93623,93625,93627,93630],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,93624,2161],{"class":217},[69,93626,221],{"class":100},[69,93628,93629],{"class":292},"lines",[69,93631,301],{"class":100},[14,93633,28059],{},[60,93635,93637],{"className":62,"code":93636,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['Apple\\n', 'Banana\\n', 'Cherry\\n']\n",[21,93638,93639],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,93640,93641,93643,93645,93647,93649,93651,93653,93655,93657,93659,93661,93663,93665,93667,93669,93671],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,93642,1345],{"class":100},[69,93644,15283],{"class":110},[69,93646,10080],{"class":114},[69,93648,9475],{"class":7964},[69,93650,15283],{"class":110},[69,93652,120],{"class":100},[69,93654,15292],{"class":110},[69,93656,10089],{"class":114},[69,93658,9475],{"class":7964},[69,93660,15283],{"class":110},[69,93662,120],{"class":100},[69,93664,15292],{"class":110},[69,93666,10098],{"class":114},[69,93668,9475],{"class":7964},[69,93670,15283],{"class":110},[69,93672,198],{"class":100},[14,93674,93675],{},"Use this only if you specifically need a list of lines.",[1647,93677,93679],{"id":93678},"looping-over-the-file","Looping over the file",[14,93681,93682],{},"Looping over the file is often the best choice for larger files.",[60,93684,93686],{"className":62,"code":93685,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"example.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n    for line in file:\n        print(line.strip())\n",[21,93687,93688,93718,93730],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,93689,93690,93692,93694,93696,93698,93700,93702,93704,93706,93708,93710,93712,93714,93716],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,93691,214],{"class":75},[69,93693,218],{"class":217},[69,93695,221],{"class":100},[69,93697,111],{"class":110},[69,93699,93109],{"class":114},[69,93701,111],{"class":110},[69,93703,120],{"class":100},[69,93705,123],{"class":110},[69,93707,13728],{"class":114},[69,93709,111],{"class":110},[69,93711,265],{"class":100},[69,93713,268],{"class":75},[69,93715,272],{"class":271},[69,93717,275],{"class":100},[69,93719,93720,93722,93724,93726,93728],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,93721,765],{"class":75},[69,93723,10143],{"class":79},[69,93725,771],{"class":75},[69,93727,272],{"class":271},[69,93729,275],{"class":100},[69,93731,93732,93734,93736,93738,93740,93742],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,93733,7531],{"class":217},[69,93735,221],{"class":100},[69,93737,71],{"class":292},[69,93739,289],{"class":100},[69,93741,19855],{"class":292},[69,93743,3923],{"class":100},[14,93745,93746],{},"This reads one line at a time instead of loading the whole file into memory.",[55,93748,93750],{"id":93749},"how-to-read-a-file-line-by-line","How to read a file line by line",[14,93752,36773,93753,93755],{},[21,93754,3710],{}," loop is usually the simplest way to read a file line by line.",[60,93757,93759],{"className":62,"code":93758,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"example.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n    for line in file:\n        print(line)\n",[21,93760,93761,93791,93803],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,93762,93763,93765,93767,93769,93771,93773,93775,93777,93779,93781,93783,93785,93787,93789],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,93764,214],{"class":75},[69,93766,218],{"class":217},[69,93768,221],{"class":100},[69,93770,111],{"class":110},[69,93772,93109],{"class":114},[69,93774,111],{"class":110},[69,93776,120],{"class":100},[69,93778,123],{"class":110},[69,93780,13728],{"class":114},[69,93782,111],{"class":110},[69,93784,265],{"class":100},[69,93786,268],{"class":75},[69,93788,272],{"class":271},[69,93790,275],{"class":100},[69,93792,93793,93795,93797,93799,93801],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,93794,765],{"class":75},[69,93796,10143],{"class":79},[69,93798,771],{"class":75},[69,93800,272],{"class":271},[69,93802,275],{"class":100},[69,93804,93805,93807,93809,93811],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,93806,7531],{"class":217},[69,93808,221],{"class":100},[69,93810,71],{"class":292},[69,93812,301],{"class":100},[1647,93814,93816],{"id":93815},"why-this-is-useful","Why this is useful",[29,93818,93819,93822,93824],{},[32,93820,93821],{},"It works well for larger files",[32,93823,34804],{},[32,93825,93826],{},"It avoids loading the whole file at once",[1647,93828,93830],{"id":93829},"about-the-newline-character","About the newline character",[14,93832,93833,93834,93836,93837,93840],{},"Each line usually ends with ",[21,93835,9475],{},". That means ",[21,93838,93839],{},"print(line)"," may leave extra blank lines in the output.",[14,93842,93843,93844,1174],{},"To remove the newline, use ",[21,93845,25046],{},[60,93847,93848],{"className":62,"code":93685,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,93849,93850,93880,93892],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,93851,93852,93854,93856,93858,93860,93862,93864,93866,93868,93870,93872,93874,93876,93878],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,93853,214],{"class":75},[69,93855,218],{"class":217},[69,93857,221],{"class":100},[69,93859,111],{"class":110},[69,93861,93109],{"class":114},[69,93863,111],{"class":110},[69,93865,120],{"class":100},[69,93867,123],{"class":110},[69,93869,13728],{"class":114},[69,93871,111],{"class":110},[69,93873,265],{"class":100},[69,93875,268],{"class":75},[69,93877,272],{"class":271},[69,93879,275],{"class":100},[69,93881,93882,93884,93886,93888,93890],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,93883,765],{"class":75},[69,93885,10143],{"class":79},[69,93887,771],{"class":75},[69,93889,272],{"class":271},[69,93891,275],{"class":100},[69,93893,93894,93896,93898,93900,93902,93904],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,93895,7531],{"class":217},[69,93897,221],{"class":100},[69,93899,71],{"class":292},[69,93901,289],{"class":100},[69,93903,19855],{"class":292},[69,93905,3923],{"class":100},[14,93907,93908,93909,93911,93912,289],{},"If you want to understand ",[21,93910,25046],{}," better, see ",[579,93913,52467,93915,3141],{"href":93914},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-string-strip-method",[21,93916,25046],{},[14,93918,93919,93920,289],{},"For a full line-by-line guide, see ",[579,93921,93923],{"href":93922},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-read-a-file-line-by-line-in-python\u002F","how to read a file line by line in Python",[55,93925,93927],{"id":93926},"how-file-paths-affect-reading","How file paths affect reading",[14,93929,93930,93931,93933],{},"The path you give to ",[21,93932,576],{}," matters.",[1647,93935,43470],{"id":43469},[14,93937,93938],{},"A relative path depends on your current working folder.",[60,93940,93942],{"className":62,"code":93941,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"example.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n    print(file.read())\n",[21,93943,93944,93974],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,93945,93946,93948,93950,93952,93954,93956,93958,93960,93962,93964,93966,93968,93970,93972],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,93947,214],{"class":75},[69,93949,218],{"class":217},[69,93951,221],{"class":100},[69,93953,111],{"class":110},[69,93955,93109],{"class":114},[69,93957,111],{"class":110},[69,93959,120],{"class":100},[69,93961,123],{"class":110},[69,93963,13728],{"class":114},[69,93965,111],{"class":110},[69,93967,265],{"class":100},[69,93969,268],{"class":75},[69,93971,272],{"class":271},[69,93973,275],{"class":100},[69,93975,93976,93978,93980,93982,93984,93986],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,93977,3220],{"class":217},[69,93979,221],{"class":100},[69,93981,298],{"class":271},[69,93983,289],{"class":100},[69,93985,13752],{"class":292},[69,93987,3923],{"class":100},[14,93989,93990,93991,93993],{},"This works only if ",[21,93992,93109],{}," is in the current working directory.",[1647,93995,43559],{"id":43558},[14,93997,43562],{},[60,93999,94001],{"className":62,"code":94000,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"\u002Fhome\u002Fuser\u002Fexample.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n    print(file.read())\n",[21,94002,94003,94034],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,94004,94005,94007,94009,94011,94013,94016,94018,94020,94022,94024,94026,94028,94030,94032],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,94006,214],{"class":75},[69,94008,218],{"class":217},[69,94010,221],{"class":100},[69,94012,111],{"class":110},[69,94014,94015],{"class":114},"\u002Fhome\u002Fuser\u002Fexample.txt",[69,94017,111],{"class":110},[69,94019,120],{"class":100},[69,94021,123],{"class":110},[69,94023,13728],{"class":114},[69,94025,111],{"class":110},[69,94027,265],{"class":100},[69,94029,268],{"class":75},[69,94031,272],{"class":271},[69,94033,275],{"class":100},[69,94035,94036,94038,94040,94042,94044,94046],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,94037,3220],{"class":217},[69,94039,221],{"class":100},[69,94041,298],{"class":271},[69,94043,289],{"class":100},[69,94045,13752],{"class":292},[69,94047,3923],{"class":100},[14,94049,94050],{},"On Windows, it may look like this:",[60,94052,94054],{"className":62,"code":94053,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(r\"C:\\Users\\YourName\\example.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n    print(file.read())\n",[21,94055,94056,94110],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,94057,94058,94060,94062,94064,94066,94068,94070,94073,94076,94079,94082,94085,94088,94090,94092,94094,94096,94098,94100,94102,94104,94106,94108],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,94059,214],{"class":75},[69,94061,218],{"class":217},[69,94063,221],{"class":100},[69,94065,13728],{"class":7502},[69,94067,111],{"class":110},[69,94069,14508],{"class":14537},[69,94071,94072],{"class":14540},"\\U",[69,94074,94075],{"class":14537},"sers",[69,94077,94078],{"class":14540},"\\Y",[69,94080,94081],{"class":14537},"ourName",[69,94083,94084],{"class":14540},"\\e",[69,94086,94087],{"class":14537},"xample",[69,94089,289],{"class":14546},[69,94091,14555],{"class":14537},[69,94093,111],{"class":110},[69,94095,120],{"class":100},[69,94097,123],{"class":110},[69,94099,13728],{"class":114},[69,94101,111],{"class":110},[69,94103,265],{"class":100},[69,94105,268],{"class":75},[69,94107,272],{"class":271},[69,94109,275],{"class":100},[69,94111,94112,94114,94116,94118,94120,94122],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,94113,3220],{"class":217},[69,94115,221],{"class":100},[69,94117,298],{"class":271},[69,94119,289],{"class":100},[69,94121,13752],{"class":292},[69,94123,3923],{"class":100},[1647,94125,94127],{"id":94126},"if-the-path-is-wrong","If the path is wrong",[14,94129,94130,94131,289],{},"If the file name, folder, or extension is wrong, Python raises ",[21,94132,9933],{},[14,94134,3809,94135,50,94137,289],{},[579,94136,10830],{"href":10829},[579,94138,2285],{"href":34783},[55,94140,94142],{"id":94141},"what-the-read-mode-means","What the read mode means",[14,94144,94145],{},"When you write:",[60,94147,94149],{"className":62,"code":94148,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"open(\"example.txt\", \"r\")\n",[21,94150,94151],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,94152,94153,94155,94157,94159,94161,94163,94165,94167,94169,94171],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,94154,10887],{"class":217},[69,94156,221],{"class":100},[69,94158,111],{"class":110},[69,94160,93109],{"class":114},[69,94162,111],{"class":110},[69,94164,120],{"class":100},[69,94166,123],{"class":110},[69,94168,13728],{"class":114},[69,94170,111],{"class":110},[69,94172,301],{"class":100},[14,94174,7919,94175,52144],{},[21,94176,9929],{},[29,94178,94179,94182,94185],{},[32,94180,94181],{},"Open the file for reading",[32,94183,94184],{},"Read it as text",[32,94186,94187],{},"The file must already exist",[14,94189,94190,94191,289],{},"This page focuses on text files. If you are learning the basics of file handling more broadly, see ",[579,94192,94193],{"href":9529},"Python file handling basics",[55,94195,5117],{"id":5116},[14,94197,94198],{},"Here are some common problems when reading files:",[29,94200,94201,94203,94206,94210,94213],{},[32,94202,10743],{},[32,94204,94205],{},"Trying to read a file that does not exist",[32,94207,48733,94208,27874],{},[21,94209,93299],{},[32,94211,94212],{},"Reading once and expecting the cursor to reset automatically",[32,94214,1628,94215,94217],{},[21,94216,93564],{}," when a simple loop would be easier",[1647,94219,32898,94221,27874],{"id":94220},"example-read-returns-a-string",[21,94222,93299],{},[60,94224,94226],{"className":62,"code":94225,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"example.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n    content = file.read()\n\nprint(content.upper())\n",[21,94227,94228,94258,94272,94276],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,94229,94230,94232,94234,94236,94238,94240,94242,94244,94246,94248,94250,94252,94254,94256],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,94231,214],{"class":75},[69,94233,218],{"class":217},[69,94235,221],{"class":100},[69,94237,111],{"class":110},[69,94239,93109],{"class":114},[69,94241,111],{"class":110},[69,94243,120],{"class":100},[69,94245,123],{"class":110},[69,94247,13728],{"class":114},[69,94249,111],{"class":110},[69,94251,265],{"class":100},[69,94253,268],{"class":75},[69,94255,272],{"class":271},[69,94257,275],{"class":100},[69,94259,94260,94262,94264,94266,94268,94270],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,94261,63338],{"class":79},[69,94263,97],{"class":96},[69,94265,272],{"class":271},[69,94267,289],{"class":100},[69,94269,13752],{"class":292},[69,94271,1385],{"class":100},[69,94273,94274],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,94275,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,94277,94278,94280,94282,94284,94286,94288],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,94279,2161],{"class":217},[69,94281,221],{"class":100},[69,94283,13763],{"class":292},[69,94285,289],{"class":100},[69,94287,76757],{"class":292},[69,94289,3923],{"class":100},[14,94291,94292,94293,41533],{},"This works because ",[21,94294,13763],{},[1647,94296,94298],{"id":94297},"example-the-file-position-does-not-reset-automatically","Example: the file position does not reset automatically",[60,94300,94302],{"className":62,"code":94301,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"example.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n    first = file.read()\n    second = file.read()\n\nprint(\"First read:\", first)\nprint(\"Second read:\", second)\n",[21,94303,94304,94334,94349,94364,94368,94387],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,94305,94306,94308,94310,94312,94314,94316,94318,94320,94322,94324,94326,94328,94330,94332],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,94307,214],{"class":75},[69,94309,218],{"class":217},[69,94311,221],{"class":100},[69,94313,111],{"class":110},[69,94315,93109],{"class":114},[69,94317,111],{"class":110},[69,94319,120],{"class":100},[69,94321,123],{"class":110},[69,94323,13728],{"class":114},[69,94325,111],{"class":110},[69,94327,265],{"class":100},[69,94329,268],{"class":75},[69,94331,272],{"class":271},[69,94333,275],{"class":100},[69,94335,94336,94339,94341,94343,94345,94347],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,94337,94338],{"class":79},"    first ",[69,94340,97],{"class":96},[69,94342,272],{"class":271},[69,94344,289],{"class":100},[69,94346,13752],{"class":292},[69,94348,1385],{"class":100},[69,94350,94351,94354,94356,94358,94360,94362],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,94352,94353],{"class":79},"    second ",[69,94355,97],{"class":96},[69,94357,272],{"class":271},[69,94359,289],{"class":100},[69,94361,13752],{"class":292},[69,94363,1385],{"class":100},[69,94365,94366],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,94367,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,94369,94370,94372,94374,94376,94379,94381,94383,94385],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,94371,2161],{"class":217},[69,94373,221],{"class":100},[69,94375,111],{"class":110},[69,94377,94378],{"class":114},"First read:",[69,94380,111],{"class":110},[69,94382,120],{"class":100},[69,94384,50128],{"class":292},[69,94386,301],{"class":100},[69,94388,94389,94391,94393,94395,94398,94400,94402,94404],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,94390,2161],{"class":217},[69,94392,221],{"class":100},[69,94394,111],{"class":110},[69,94396,94397],{"class":114},"Second read:",[69,94399,111],{"class":110},[69,94401,120],{"class":100},[69,94403,70547],{"class":292},[69,94405,301],{"class":100},[14,94407,94408,94409,94411],{},"The second ",[21,94410,93299],{}," usually returns an empty string because the file cursor is already at the end.",[55,94413,94415],{"id":94414},"basic-debugging-steps","Basic debugging steps",[14,94417,94418],{},"If file reading does not work, try these checks:",[29,94420,94421,94424,94427,94430,94433],{},[32,94422,94423],{},"Print the file path you are trying to open",[32,94425,94426],{},"Check your current working directory",[32,94428,94429],{},"Confirm the file really exists",[32,94431,94432],{},"Read a small test file first",[32,94434,94435],{},"Watch the exact error message",[14,94437,86971],{},[60,94439,94441],{"className":62,"code":94440,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(open(\"example.txt\", \"r\").read())\n",[21,94442,94443],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,94444,94445,94447,94449,94451,94453,94455,94457,94459,94461,94463,94465,94467,94469,94471],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,94446,2161],{"class":217},[69,94448,221],{"class":100},[69,94450,10887],{"class":217},[69,94452,221],{"class":100},[69,94454,111],{"class":110},[69,94456,93109],{"class":114},[69,94458,111],{"class":110},[69,94460,120],{"class":100},[69,94462,123],{"class":110},[69,94464,13728],{"class":114},[69,94466,111],{"class":110},[69,94468,14320],{"class":100},[69,94470,13752],{"class":292},[69,94472,3923],{"class":100},[60,94474,94475],{"className":62,"code":11010,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,94476,94477,94483],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,94478,94479,94481],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,94480,76],{"class":75},[69,94482,2229],{"class":79},[69,94484,94485,94487,94489,94491,94493,94495],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,94486,2161],{"class":217},[69,94488,221],{"class":100},[69,94490,2238],{"class":292},[69,94492,289],{"class":100},[69,94494,11031],{"class":292},[69,94496,3923],{"class":100},[60,94498,94500],{"className":62,"code":94499,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\nprint(os.path.exists(\"example.txt\"))\n",[21,94501,94502,94508],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,94503,94504,94506],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,94505,76],{"class":75},[69,94507,2229],{"class":79},[69,94509,94510,94512,94514,94516,94518,94520,94522,94524,94526,94528,94530,94532],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,94511,2161],{"class":217},[69,94513,221],{"class":100},[69,94515,2238],{"class":292},[69,94517,289],{"class":100},[69,94519,2243],{"class":2216},[69,94521,289],{"class":100},[69,94523,2248],{"class":292},[69,94525,221],{"class":100},[69,94527,111],{"class":110},[69,94529,93109],{"class":114},[69,94531,111],{"class":110},[69,94533,2183],{"class":100},[14,94535,94536],{},"Common causes include:",[29,94538,94539,94542,94545,94548,94551],{},[32,94540,94541],{},"Misspelled file name",[32,94543,94544],{},"Wrong folder or relative path",[32,94546,94547],{},"Trying to open a missing file",[32,94549,94550],{},"Confusing text files with CSV or JSON-specific tasks",[32,94552,94553],{},"Using the file after it has already been closed",[14,94555,94556,94557,289],{},"If Python says the file does not exist, read ",[579,94558,94559],{"href":2441},"FileNotFoundError: No such file or directory fix",[55,94561,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,94563,94565],{"id":94564},"what-is-the-easiest-way-to-read-a-file-in-python","What is the easiest way to read a file in Python?",[14,94567,322,94568,94571,94572,289],{},[21,94569,94570],{},"with open(\"file.txt\", \"r\") as file:"," and then call ",[21,94573,93269],{},[1647,94575,94577],{"id":94576},"how-do-i-read-a-file-one-line-at-a-time","How do I read a file one line at a time?",[14,94579,9543,94580,94583,94584,289],{},[21,94581,94582],{},"with open(...) as file:"," and loop with ",[21,94585,94586],{},"for line in file:",[1647,94588,94590,94591,1414],{"id":94589},"why-does-python-say-filenotfounderror","Why does Python say ",[21,94592,9933],{},[14,94594,94595],{},"Python cannot find the file at the path you gave. Check the file name, folder, and current working directory.",[1647,94597,2392,94599,364,94601,1414],{"id":94598},"should-i-use-read-or-readlines",[21,94600,93299],{},[21,94602,93564],{},[14,94604,322,94605,94607,94608,94610],{},[21,94606,93299],{}," for the whole file as one string. Use a loop for line-by-line reading. Use ",[21,94609,93564],{}," only when you specifically need a list of all lines.",[55,94612,2414],{"id":2413},[29,94614,94615,94619,94623,94628,94632,94636,94640],{},[32,94616,94617],{},[579,94618,9674],{"href":581},[32,94620,94621],{},[579,94622,94193],{"href":9529},[32,94624,94625],{},[579,94626,94627],{"href":93922},"How to read a file line by line in Python",[32,94629,94630],{},[579,94631,2436],{"href":34783},[32,94633,94634],{},[579,94635,11115],{"href":10829},[32,94637,94638],{},[579,94639,94559],{"href":2441},[32,94641,94642],{},[579,94643,52467,94644,3141],{"href":93914},[21,94645,25046],{},[2450,94647,94648],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html 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code.shiki .skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":94650},[94651,94652,94653,94657,94663,94667,94672,94673,94678,94679,94687],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":93183,"depth":83,"text":93184,"children":94654},[94655,94656],{"id":46934,"depth":90,"text":46935},{"id":64461,"depth":90,"text":64462},{"id":93285,"depth":83,"text":93286,"children":94658},[94659,94660,94661,94662],{"id":93292,"depth":90,"text":93269},{"id":93420,"depth":90,"text":93423},{"id":93556,"depth":90,"text":93559},{"id":93678,"depth":90,"text":93679},{"id":93749,"depth":83,"text":93750,"children":94664},[94665,94666],{"id":93815,"depth":90,"text":93816},{"id":93829,"depth":90,"text":93830},{"id":93926,"depth":83,"text":93927,"children":94668},[94669,94670,94671],{"id":43469,"depth":90,"text":43470},{"id":43558,"depth":90,"text":43559},{"id":94126,"depth":90,"text":94127},{"id":94141,"depth":83,"text":94142},{"id":5116,"depth":83,"text":5117,"children":94674},[94675,94677],{"id":94220,"depth":90,"text":94676},"Example: read() returns a string",{"id":94297,"depth":90,"text":94298},{"id":94414,"depth":83,"text":94415},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":94680},[94681,94682,94683,94685],{"id":94564,"depth":90,"text":94565},{"id":94576,"depth":90,"text":94577},{"id":94589,"depth":90,"text":94684},"Why does Python say FileNotFoundError?",{"id":94598,"depth":90,"text":94686},"Should I use read() or readlines()?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to read a file in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-read-a-file-in-python",{"title":93081,"description":94688},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-read-a-file-in-python","R2yyy9tygnQDAYO3Z6LYexmAEGXPyXAQ3Lm5KpDQA9o",{"id":94695,"title":94696,"body":94697,"description":96214,"extension":2479,"meta":96215,"navigation":86,"path":96216,"seo":96217,"stem":96218,"__hash__":96219},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-read-a-file-line-by-line-in-python.md","How to Read a File Line by Line in Python",{"type":7,"value":94698,"toc":96176},[94699,94702,94705,94708,94722,94724,94785,94798,94802,94805,94808,94819,94824,94834,94837,94894,94896,94913,94917,94922,94927,94930,94990,94993,94998,95005,95009,95014,95017,95019,95080,95082,95088,95093,95149,95152,95155,95215,95223,95226,95230,95235,95269,95271,95277,95282,95287,95320,95322,95328,95334,95337,95378,95380,95385,95387,95404,95411,95416,95509,95513,95518,95521,95538,95544,95549,95555,95558,95563,95663,95665,95671,95673,95684,95690,95694,95697,95701,95704,95762,95765,95776,95783,95787,95790,95793,95804,95808,95815,95818,95842,95845,95882,95888,95891,95903,95907,95913,95973,95975,95978,95998,96001,96079,96087,96089,96093,96100,96104,96110,96118,96123,96127,96133,96135,96173],[10,94700,94696],{"id":94701},"how-to-read-a-file-line-by-line-in-python",[14,94703,94704],{},"If you want to process a text file one line at a time, Python gives you a simple and memory-friendly way to do it.",[14,94706,94707],{},"This is useful when working with:",[29,94709,94710,94713,94716,94719],{},[32,94711,94712],{},"text files",[32,94714,94715],{},"log files",[32,94717,94718],{},"plain text data",[32,94720,94721],{},"large files you do not want to load fully into memory",[55,94723,58],{"id":57},[60,94725,94727],{"className":62,"code":94726,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:\n    for line in file:\n        print(line.strip())\n",[21,94728,94729,94759,94771],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,94730,94731,94733,94735,94737,94739,94741,94743,94745,94747,94749,94751,94753,94755,94757],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,94732,214],{"class":75},[69,94734,218],{"class":217},[69,94736,221],{"class":100},[69,94738,15283],{"class":110},[69,94740,93109],{"class":114},[69,94742,15283],{"class":110},[69,94744,120],{"class":100},[69,94746,15292],{"class":110},[69,94748,13728],{"class":114},[69,94750,15283],{"class":110},[69,94752,265],{"class":100},[69,94754,268],{"class":75},[69,94756,272],{"class":271},[69,94758,275],{"class":100},[69,94760,94761,94763,94765,94767,94769],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,94762,765],{"class":75},[69,94764,10143],{"class":79},[69,94766,771],{"class":75},[69,94768,272],{"class":271},[69,94770,275],{"class":100},[69,94772,94773,94775,94777,94779,94781,94783],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,94774,7531],{"class":217},[69,94776,221],{"class":100},[69,94778,71],{"class":292},[69,94780,289],{"class":100},[69,94782,19855],{"class":292},[69,94784,3923],{"class":100},[14,94786,9549,94787,94789,94790,94792,94793,94795,94797],{},[21,94788,3710],{}," loop with ",[21,94791,576],{}," to read one line at a time.",[75673,94794],{},[21,94796,25046],{}," removes the newline at the end of each line.",[55,94799,94801],{"id":94800},"what-this-task-means","What this task means",[14,94803,94804],{},"Reading a file line by line means Python gives you one line, then the next, then the next, until the file ends.",[14,94806,94807],{},"This is often better than reading the whole file at once because:",[29,94809,94810,94813,94816],{},[32,94811,94812],{},"it uses less memory",[32,94814,94815],{},"the code is easy to read",[32,94817,94818],{},"it works well for large files",[14,94820,94821,94822,289],{},"If you are new to files, see ",[579,94823,9530],{"href":9529},[55,94825,94827,94828,94830,94831,94833],{"id":94826},"recommended-way-use-open-with-a-for-loop","Recommended way: use ",[21,94829,576],{}," with a ",[21,94832,3710],{}," loop",[14,94835,94836],{},"This is the most common and beginner-friendly approach.",[60,94838,94840],{"className":62,"code":94839,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:\n    for line in file:\n        print(line)\n",[21,94841,94842,94872,94884],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,94843,94844,94846,94848,94850,94852,94854,94856,94858,94860,94862,94864,94866,94868,94870],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,94845,214],{"class":75},[69,94847,218],{"class":217},[69,94849,221],{"class":100},[69,94851,15283],{"class":110},[69,94853,93109],{"class":114},[69,94855,15283],{"class":110},[69,94857,120],{"class":100},[69,94859,15292],{"class":110},[69,94861,13728],{"class":114},[69,94863,15283],{"class":110},[69,94865,265],{"class":100},[69,94867,268],{"class":75},[69,94869,272],{"class":271},[69,94871,275],{"class":100},[69,94873,94874,94876,94878,94880,94882],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,94875,765],{"class":75},[69,94877,10143],{"class":79},[69,94879,771],{"class":75},[69,94881,272],{"class":271},[69,94883,275],{"class":100},[69,94885,94886,94888,94890,94892],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,94887,7531],{"class":217},[69,94889,221],{"class":100},[69,94891,71],{"class":292},[69,94893,301],{"class":100},[1647,94895,6459],{"id":6458},[29,94897,94898,94903,94907],{},[32,94899,94900,93259],{},[21,94901,94902],{},"open('example.txt', 'r')",[32,94904,94905,93264],{},[21,94906,214],{},[32,94908,94909,94912],{},[21,94910,94911],{},"for line in file"," reads one line at a time",[1647,94914,94916],{"id":94915},"example-file","Example file",[14,94918,94919,94920,91728],{},"Suppose ",[21,94921,93109],{},[60,94923,94925],{"className":94924,"code":75620,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],[21,94926,75620],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,94928,94929],{},"Then this code:",[60,94931,94932],{"className":62,"code":94726,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,94933,94934,94964,94976],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,94935,94936,94938,94940,94942,94944,94946,94948,94950,94952,94954,94956,94958,94960,94962],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,94937,214],{"class":75},[69,94939,218],{"class":217},[69,94941,221],{"class":100},[69,94943,15283],{"class":110},[69,94945,93109],{"class":114},[69,94947,15283],{"class":110},[69,94949,120],{"class":100},[69,94951,15292],{"class":110},[69,94953,13728],{"class":114},[69,94955,15283],{"class":110},[69,94957,265],{"class":100},[69,94959,268],{"class":75},[69,94961,272],{"class":271},[69,94963,275],{"class":100},[69,94965,94966,94968,94970,94972,94974],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,94967,765],{"class":75},[69,94969,10143],{"class":79},[69,94971,771],{"class":75},[69,94973,272],{"class":271},[69,94975,275],{"class":100},[69,94977,94978,94980,94982,94984,94986,94988],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,94979,7531],{"class":217},[69,94981,221],{"class":100},[69,94983,71],{"class":292},[69,94985,289],{"class":100},[69,94987,19855],{"class":292},[69,94989,3923],{"class":100},[14,94991,94992],{},"prints:",[60,94994,94996],{"className":94995,"code":75620,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],[21,94997,75620],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,94999,95000,95001,289],{},"If you want to understand file opening in more detail, see ",[579,95002,12752,95003,12755],{"href":581},[21,95004,576],{},[55,95006,95008],{"id":95007},"why-lines-include-newline-characters","Why lines include newline characters",[14,95010,95011,95012,289],{},"Most text file lines end with a newline character, written as ",[21,95013,9475],{},[14,95015,95016],{},"That means when Python reads a line, the newline is usually still there.",[14,95018,11201],{},[60,95020,95022],{"className":62,"code":95021,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:\n    for line in file:\n        print(repr(line))\n",[21,95023,95024,95054,95066],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,95025,95026,95028,95030,95032,95034,95036,95038,95040,95042,95044,95046,95048,95050,95052],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,95027,214],{"class":75},[69,95029,218],{"class":217},[69,95031,221],{"class":100},[69,95033,15283],{"class":110},[69,95035,93109],{"class":114},[69,95037,15283],{"class":110},[69,95039,120],{"class":100},[69,95041,15292],{"class":110},[69,95043,13728],{"class":114},[69,95045,15283],{"class":110},[69,95047,265],{"class":100},[69,95049,268],{"class":75},[69,95051,272],{"class":271},[69,95053,275],{"class":100},[69,95055,95056,95058,95060,95062,95064],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,95057,765],{"class":75},[69,95059,10143],{"class":79},[69,95061,771],{"class":75},[69,95063,272],{"class":271},[69,95065,275],{"class":100},[69,95067,95068,95070,95072,95074,95076,95078],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,95069,7531],{"class":217},[69,95071,221],{"class":100},[69,95073,18025],{"class":217},[69,95075,221],{"class":100},[69,95077,71],{"class":292},[69,95079,2183],{"class":100},[14,95081,28059],{},[60,95083,95086],{"className":95084,"code":95085,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"'apple\\n'\n'banana\\n'\n'cherry\\n'\n",[21,95087,95085],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,95089,13823,95090,95092],{},[21,95091,23684],{}," adds its own newline too. So if you do this:",[60,95094,95095],{"className":62,"code":94839,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,95096,95097,95127,95139],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,95098,95099,95101,95103,95105,95107,95109,95111,95113,95115,95117,95119,95121,95123,95125],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,95100,214],{"class":75},[69,95102,218],{"class":217},[69,95104,221],{"class":100},[69,95106,15283],{"class":110},[69,95108,93109],{"class":114},[69,95110,15283],{"class":110},[69,95112,120],{"class":100},[69,95114,15292],{"class":110},[69,95116,13728],{"class":114},[69,95118,15283],{"class":110},[69,95120,265],{"class":100},[69,95122,268],{"class":75},[69,95124,272],{"class":271},[69,95126,275],{"class":100},[69,95128,95129,95131,95133,95135,95137],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,95130,765],{"class":75},[69,95132,10143],{"class":79},[69,95134,771],{"class":75},[69,95136,272],{"class":271},[69,95138,275],{"class":100},[69,95140,95141,95143,95145,95147],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,95142,7531],{"class":217},[69,95144,221],{"class":100},[69,95146,71],{"class":292},[69,95148,301],{"class":100},[14,95150,95151],{},"you may see extra blank lines between outputs.",[14,95153,95154],{},"To avoid that, remove the newline first:",[60,95156,95157],{"className":62,"code":94726,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,95158,95159,95189,95201],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,95160,95161,95163,95165,95167,95169,95171,95173,95175,95177,95179,95181,95183,95185,95187],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,95162,214],{"class":75},[69,95164,218],{"class":217},[69,95166,221],{"class":100},[69,95168,15283],{"class":110},[69,95170,93109],{"class":114},[69,95172,15283],{"class":110},[69,95174,120],{"class":100},[69,95176,15292],{"class":110},[69,95178,13728],{"class":114},[69,95180,15283],{"class":110},[69,95182,265],{"class":100},[69,95184,268],{"class":75},[69,95186,272],{"class":271},[69,95188,275],{"class":100},[69,95190,95191,95193,95195,95197,95199],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,95192,765],{"class":75},[69,95194,10143],{"class":79},[69,95196,771],{"class":75},[69,95198,272],{"class":271},[69,95200,275],{"class":100},[69,95202,95203,95205,95207,95209,95211,95213],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,95204,7531],{"class":217},[69,95206,221],{"class":100},[69,95208,71],{"class":292},[69,95210,289],{"class":100},[69,95212,19855],{"class":292},[69,95214,3923],{"class":100},[55,95216,31002,95218,50937,95220],{"id":95217},"when-to-use-strip-vs-rstrip",[21,95219,25046],{},[21,95221,95222],{},"rstrip()",[14,95224,95225],{},"These methods remove characters from a string, but they do not behave the same way.",[1647,95227,95228],{"id":19855},[21,95229,25046],{},[14,95231,95232,95234],{},[21,95233,25046],{}," removes whitespace from both ends of the line.",[60,95236,95238],{"className":62,"code":95237,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"line = \"  hello\\n\"\nprint(line.strip())\n",[21,95239,95240,95255],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,95241,95242,95244,95246,95248,95251,95253],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,95243,1840],{"class":79},[69,95245,97],{"class":96},[69,95247,123],{"class":110},[69,95249,95250],{"class":114},"  hello",[69,95252,9475],{"class":7964},[69,95254,1825],{"class":110},[69,95256,95257,95259,95261,95263,95265,95267],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,95258,2161],{"class":217},[69,95260,221],{"class":100},[69,95262,71],{"class":292},[69,95264,289],{"class":100},[69,95266,19855],{"class":292},[69,95268,3923],{"class":100},[14,95270,2781],{},[60,95272,95275],{"className":95273,"code":95274,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"hello\n",[21,95276,95274],{"__ignoreMap":65},[1647,95278,95280],{"id":95279},"rstrip",[21,95281,95222],{},[14,95283,95284,95286],{},[21,95285,95222],{}," removes whitespace only from the end.",[60,95288,95290],{"className":62,"code":95289,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"line = \"  hello\\n\"\nprint(line.rstrip())\n",[21,95291,95292,95306],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,95293,95294,95296,95298,95300,95302,95304],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,95295,1840],{"class":79},[69,95297,97],{"class":96},[69,95299,123],{"class":110},[69,95301,95250],{"class":114},[69,95303,9475],{"class":7964},[69,95305,1825],{"class":110},[69,95307,95308,95310,95312,95314,95316,95318],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,95309,2161],{"class":217},[69,95311,221],{"class":100},[69,95313,71],{"class":292},[69,95315,289],{"class":100},[69,95317,95279],{"class":292},[69,95319,3923],{"class":100},[14,95321,2781],{},[60,95323,95326],{"className":95324,"code":95325,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"  hello\n",[21,95327,95325],{"__ignoreMap":65},[1647,95329,95331],{"id":95330},"rstripn",[21,95332,95333],{},"rstrip('\\n')",[14,95335,95336],{},"If you only want to remove the newline character, use:",[60,95338,95340],{"className":62,"code":95339,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"line = \"  hello\\n\"\nprint(line.rstrip('\\n'))\n",[21,95341,95342,95356],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,95343,95344,95346,95348,95350,95352,95354],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,95345,1840],{"class":79},[69,95347,97],{"class":96},[69,95349,123],{"class":110},[69,95351,95250],{"class":114},[69,95353,9475],{"class":7964},[69,95355,1825],{"class":110},[69,95357,95358,95360,95362,95364,95366,95368,95370,95372,95374,95376],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,95359,2161],{"class":217},[69,95361,221],{"class":100},[69,95363,71],{"class":292},[69,95365,289],{"class":100},[69,95367,95279],{"class":292},[69,95369,221],{"class":100},[69,95371,15283],{"class":110},[69,95373,9475],{"class":7964},[69,95375,15283],{"class":110},[69,95377,2183],{"class":100},[14,95379,2781],{},[60,95381,95383],{"className":95382,"code":95325,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],[21,95384,95325],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,95386,1081],{},[29,95388,95389,95394,95399],{},[32,95390,95391,95393],{},[21,95392,25046],{}," if you want to clean both ends",[32,95395,95396,95398],{},[21,95397,95222],{}," if leading spaces should stay",[32,95400,95401,95403],{},[21,95402,95333],{}," if you only want to remove the line ending",[55,95405,95407,95408,95410],{"id":95406},"another-option-readline-in-a-loop","Another option: ",[21,95409,93428],{}," in a loop",[14,95412,95413,95414,289],{},"You can also read one line at a time with ",[21,95415,93428],{},[60,95417,95419],{"className":62,"code":95418,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:\n    line = file.readline()\n\n    while line:\n        print(line.strip())\n        line = file.readline()\n",[21,95420,95421,95451,95466,95470,95480,95494],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,95422,95423,95425,95427,95429,95431,95433,95435,95437,95439,95441,95443,95445,95447,95449],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,95424,214],{"class":75},[69,95426,218],{"class":217},[69,95428,221],{"class":100},[69,95430,15283],{"class":110},[69,95432,93109],{"class":114},[69,95434,15283],{"class":110},[69,95436,120],{"class":100},[69,95438,15292],{"class":110},[69,95440,13728],{"class":114},[69,95442,15283],{"class":110},[69,95444,265],{"class":100},[69,95446,268],{"class":75},[69,95448,272],{"class":271},[69,95450,275],{"class":100},[69,95452,95453,95456,95458,95460,95462,95464],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,95454,95455],{"class":79},"    line ",[69,95457,97],{"class":96},[69,95459,272],{"class":271},[69,95461,289],{"class":100},[69,95463,93478],{"class":292},[69,95465,1385],{"class":100},[69,95467,95468],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,95469,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,95471,95472,95475,95478],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,95473,95474],{"class":75},"    while",[69,95476,95477],{"class":79}," line",[69,95479,275],{"class":100},[69,95481,95482,95484,95486,95488,95490,95492],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,95483,7531],{"class":217},[69,95485,221],{"class":100},[69,95487,71],{"class":292},[69,95489,289],{"class":100},[69,95491,19855],{"class":292},[69,95493,3923],{"class":100},[69,95495,95496,95499,95501,95503,95505,95507],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,95497,95498],{"class":79},"        line ",[69,95500,97],{"class":96},[69,95502,272],{"class":271},[69,95504,289],{"class":100},[69,95506,93478],{"class":292},[69,95508,1385],{"class":100},[1647,95510,95512],{"id":95511},"when-this-is-useful","When this is useful",[14,95514,95515,95517],{},[21,95516,93428],{}," can help when you want more manual control over reading.",[14,95519,95520],{},"But for most beginners, this is less clear than:",[60,95522,95524],{"className":62,"code":95523,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for line in file:\n",[21,95525,95526],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,95527,95528,95530,95532,95534,95536],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,95529,3710],{"class":75},[69,95531,10143],{"class":79},[69,95533,771],{"class":75},[69,95535,272],{"class":271},[69,95537,275],{"class":100},[14,95539,95540,95541,95543],{},"So in most cases, the ",[21,95542,3710],{}," loop approach is the better choice.",[14,95545,95546,95547,289],{},"If you want a broader overview of file reading methods, see ",[579,95548,9938],{"href":9937},[55,95550,95552,95553],{"id":95551},"read-line-numbers-with-enumerate","Read line numbers with ",[21,95554,50392],{},[14,95556,95557],{},"Sometimes you want both the line content and the line number.",[14,95559,322,95560,95562],{},[21,95561,50392],{}," for that:",[60,95564,95566],{"className":62,"code":95565,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:\n    for line_number, line in enumerate(file, start=1):\n        print(f\"Line {line_number}: {line.strip()}\")\n",[21,95567,95568,95598,95627],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,95569,95570,95572,95574,95576,95578,95580,95582,95584,95586,95588,95590,95592,95594,95596],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,95571,214],{"class":75},[69,95573,218],{"class":217},[69,95575,221],{"class":100},[69,95577,15283],{"class":110},[69,95579,93109],{"class":114},[69,95581,15283],{"class":110},[69,95583,120],{"class":100},[69,95585,15292],{"class":110},[69,95587,13728],{"class":114},[69,95589,15283],{"class":110},[69,95591,265],{"class":100},[69,95593,268],{"class":75},[69,95595,272],{"class":271},[69,95597,275],{"class":100},[69,95599,95600,95602,95605,95607,95609,95611,95613,95615,95617,95619,95621,95623,95625],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,95601,765],{"class":75},[69,95603,95604],{"class":79}," line_number",[69,95606,120],{"class":100},[69,95608,10143],{"class":79},[69,95610,771],{"class":75},[69,95612,50479],{"class":217},[69,95614,221],{"class":100},[69,95616,298],{"class":271},[69,95618,120],{"class":100},[69,95620,74678],{"class":242},[69,95622,97],{"class":96},[69,95624,5940],{"class":157},[69,95626,7526],{"class":100},[69,95628,95629,95631,95633,95635,95638,95640,95643,95645,95647,95649,95651,95653,95655,95657,95659,95661],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,95630,7531],{"class":217},[69,95632,221],{"class":100},[69,95634,8013],{"class":7502},[69,95636,95637],{"class":114},"\"Line ",[69,95639,8018],{"class":157},[69,95641,95642],{"class":292},"line_number",[69,95644,8027],{"class":157},[69,95646,73790],{"class":114},[69,95648,8018],{"class":157},[69,95650,71],{"class":292},[69,95652,289],{"class":100},[69,95654,19855],{"class":292},[69,95656,13154],{"class":100},[69,95658,8027],{"class":157},[69,95660,111],{"class":114},[69,95662,301],{"class":100},[14,95664,2781],{},[60,95666,95669],{"className":95667,"code":95668,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"Line 1: apple\nLine 2: banana\nLine 3: cherry\n",[21,95670,95668],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,95672,19447],{},[29,95674,95675,95678,95681],{},[32,95676,95677],{},"debugging",[32,95679,95680],{},"showing errors in a specific line",[32,95682,95683],{},"displaying line numbers to the user",[14,95685,54644,95686,289],{},[579,95687,12752,95688,12755],{"href":50687},[21,95689,50392],{},[55,95691,95693],{"id":95692},"common-errors-and-checks","Common errors and checks",[14,95695,95696],{},"A few common problems can stop file reading from working.",[1647,95698,95699],{"id":34442},[21,95700,9933],{},[14,95702,95703],{},"This happens when the file path is wrong or the file does not exist.",[60,95705,95707],{"className":62,"code":95706,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open('missing.txt', 'r') as file:\n    for line in file:\n        print(line)\n",[21,95708,95709,95740,95752],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,95710,95711,95713,95715,95717,95719,95722,95724,95726,95728,95730,95732,95734,95736,95738],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,95712,214],{"class":75},[69,95714,218],{"class":217},[69,95716,221],{"class":100},[69,95718,15283],{"class":110},[69,95720,95721],{"class":114},"missing.txt",[69,95723,15283],{"class":110},[69,95725,120],{"class":100},[69,95727,15292],{"class":110},[69,95729,13728],{"class":114},[69,95731,15283],{"class":110},[69,95733,265],{"class":100},[69,95735,268],{"class":75},[69,95737,272],{"class":271},[69,95739,275],{"class":100},[69,95741,95742,95744,95746,95748,95750],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,95743,765],{"class":75},[69,95745,10143],{"class":79},[69,95747,771],{"class":75},[69,95749,272],{"class":271},[69,95751,275],{"class":100},[69,95753,95754,95756,95758,95760],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,95755,7531],{"class":217},[69,95757,221],{"class":100},[69,95759,71],{"class":292},[69,95761,301],{"class":100},[14,95763,95764],{},"To fix it:",[29,95766,95767,95770,95773],{},[32,95768,95769],{},"make sure the file name is correct",[32,95771,95772],{},"check that the file is in the expected folder",[32,95774,95775],{},"use the full path if needed",[14,95777,69682,95778,289],{},[579,95779,2892,95781],{"href":95780},"\u002Ferrors\u002Ffile-not-found-error-errno-2-no-such-file-or-directory-fix",[21,95782,43700],{},[1647,95784,95785],{"id":34369},[21,95786,10837],{},[14,95788,95789],{},"This happens when Python does not have permission to open the file.",[14,95791,95792],{},"Possible causes:",[29,95794,95795,95798,95801],{},[32,95796,95797],{},"the file is protected",[32,95799,95800],{},"the file is open in a restricted location",[32,95802,95803],{},"your program does not have access rights",[1647,95805,95807],{"id":95806},"check-the-current-folder","Check the current folder",[14,95809,95810,95811,95814],{},"If you use a relative path like ",[21,95812,95813],{},"'example.txt'",", Python looks in the current working directory.",[14,95816,95817],{},"You can check it with:",[60,95819,95820],{"className":62,"code":11010,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,95821,95822,95828],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,95823,95824,95826],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,95825,76],{"class":75},[69,95827,2229],{"class":79},[69,95829,95830,95832,95834,95836,95838,95840],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,95831,2161],{"class":217},[69,95833,221],{"class":100},[69,95835,2238],{"class":292},[69,95837,289],{"class":100},[69,95839,11031],{"class":292},[69,95841,3923],{"class":100},[1647,95843,72077],{"id":95844},"check-whether-a-file-exists",[60,95846,95848],{"className":62,"code":95847,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\nprint(os.path.exists('example.txt'))\n",[21,95849,95850,95856],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,95851,95852,95854],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,95853,76],{"class":75},[69,95855,2229],{"class":79},[69,95857,95858,95860,95862,95864,95866,95868,95870,95872,95874,95876,95878,95880],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,95859,2161],{"class":217},[69,95861,221],{"class":100},[69,95863,2238],{"class":292},[69,95865,289],{"class":100},[69,95867,2243],{"class":2216},[69,95869,289],{"class":100},[69,95871,2248],{"class":292},[69,95873,221],{"class":100},[69,95875,15283],{"class":110},[69,95877,93109],{"class":114},[69,95879,15283],{"class":110},[69,95881,2183],{"class":100},[14,95883,10999,95884,364,95886,289],{},[21,95885,11002],{},[21,95887,14886],{},[14,95889,95890],{},"See also:",[29,95892,95893,95897],{},[32,95894,95895],{},[579,95896,2285],{"href":2284},[32,95898,95899],{},[579,95900,7919,95901,12755],{"href":13639},[21,95902,13498],{},[1647,95904,95906],{"id":95905},"make-sure-the-file-is-opened-in-read-mode","Make sure the file is opened in read mode",[14,95908,322,95909,95912],{},[21,95910,95911],{},"'r'"," when reading:",[60,95914,95915],{"className":62,"code":94726,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,95916,95917,95947,95959],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,95918,95919,95921,95923,95925,95927,95929,95931,95933,95935,95937,95939,95941,95943,95945],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,95920,214],{"class":75},[69,95922,218],{"class":217},[69,95924,221],{"class":100},[69,95926,15283],{"class":110},[69,95928,93109],{"class":114},[69,95930,15283],{"class":110},[69,95932,120],{"class":100},[69,95934,15292],{"class":110},[69,95936,13728],{"class":114},[69,95938,15283],{"class":110},[69,95940,265],{"class":100},[69,95942,268],{"class":75},[69,95944,272],{"class":271},[69,95946,275],{"class":100},[69,95948,95949,95951,95953,95955,95957],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,95950,765],{"class":75},[69,95952,10143],{"class":79},[69,95954,771],{"class":75},[69,95956,272],{"class":271},[69,95958,275],{"class":100},[69,95960,95961,95963,95965,95967,95969,95971],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,95962,7531],{"class":217},[69,95964,221],{"class":100},[69,95966,71],{"class":292},[69,95968,289],{"class":100},[69,95970,19855],{"class":292},[69,95972,3923],{"class":100},[55,95974,3868],{"id":3867},[14,95976,95977],{},"These are some common causes of problems when reading a file line by line:",[29,95979,95980,95982,95987,95992,95995],{},[32,95981,10743],{},[32,95983,95984,95985],{},"Forgetting that each line usually ends with ",[21,95986,9475],{},[32,95988,1628,95989,95991],{},[21,95990,93299],{}," when line-by-line reading is better",[32,95993,95994],{},"Trying to open a file that does not exist",[32,95996,95997],{},"Printing raw lines and getting unexpected blank spacing",[14,95999,96000],{},"Helpful checks while debugging:",[60,96002,96004],{"className":62,"code":96003,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(line)\nprint(repr(line))\nimport os; print(os.getcwd())\nimport os; print(os.path.exists('example.txt'))\n",[21,96005,96006,96016,96030,96049],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,96007,96008,96010,96012,96014],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,96009,2161],{"class":217},[69,96011,221],{"class":100},[69,96013,71],{"class":292},[69,96015,301],{"class":100},[69,96017,96018,96020,96022,96024,96026,96028],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,96019,2161],{"class":217},[69,96021,221],{"class":100},[69,96023,18025],{"class":217},[69,96025,221],{"class":100},[69,96027,71],{"class":292},[69,96029,2183],{"class":100},[69,96031,96032,96034,96037,96039,96041,96043,96045,96047],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,96033,76],{"class":75},[69,96035,96036],{"class":79}," os; ",[69,96038,2161],{"class":217},[69,96040,221],{"class":100},[69,96042,2238],{"class":292},[69,96044,289],{"class":100},[69,96046,11031],{"class":292},[69,96048,3923],{"class":100},[69,96050,96051,96053,96055,96057,96059,96061,96063,96065,96067,96069,96071,96073,96075,96077],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,96052,76],{"class":75},[69,96054,96036],{"class":79},[69,96056,2161],{"class":217},[69,96058,221],{"class":100},[69,96060,2238],{"class":292},[69,96062,289],{"class":100},[69,96064,2243],{"class":2216},[69,96066,289],{"class":100},[69,96068,2248],{"class":292},[69,96070,221],{"class":100},[69,96072,15283],{"class":110},[69,96074,93109],{"class":114},[69,96076,15283],{"class":110},[69,96078,2183],{"class":100},[14,96080,96081,96084,96085,289],{},[21,96082,96083],{},"repr(line)"," is especially useful because it shows hidden characters like ",[21,96086,9475],{},[55,96088,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,96090,96092],{"id":96091},"what-is-the-easiest-way-to-read-a-file-line-by-line-in-python","What is the easiest way to read a file line by line in Python?",[14,96094,322,96095,94583,96098,289],{},[21,96096,96097],{},"with open(...) as file",[21,96099,94911],{},[1647,96101,96103],{"id":96102},"why-do-i-see-extra-blank-lines-when-printing-lines","Why do I see extra blank lines when printing lines?",[14,96105,96106,96107,96109],{},"Each line often already ends with a newline character, and ",[21,96108,23684],{}," adds another one.",[1647,96111,2392,96113,364,96115,96117],{"id":96112},"should-i-use-read-or-readlines-instead",[21,96114,93299],{},[21,96116,93564],{}," instead?",[14,96119,9549,96120,96122],{},[21,96121,3710],{}," loop over the file for most line-by-line tasks. It is simpler and uses less memory for large files.",[1647,96124,96126],{"id":96125},"how-do-i-get-line-numbers-too","How do I get line numbers too?",[14,96128,322,96129,96132],{},[21,96130,96131],{},"enumerate(file, start=1)"," inside the loop.",[55,96134,2414],{"id":2413},[29,96136,96137,96143,96147,96151,96157,96163,96167],{},[32,96138,96139],{},[579,96140,12752,96141,12755],{"href":581},[21,96142,576],{},[32,96144,96145],{},[579,96146,9938],{"href":9937},[32,96148,96149],{},[579,96150,9530],{"href":9529},[32,96152,96153],{},[579,96154,2892,96155],{"href":95780},[21,96156,43700],{},[32,96158,96159],{},[579,96160,12752,96161,12755],{"href":50687},[21,96162,50392],{},[32,96164,96165],{},[579,96166,2285],{"href":2284},[32,96168,96169],{},[579,96170,7919,96171,12755],{"href":13639},[21,96172,13498],{},[2450,96174,96175],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sMMDD, html code.shiki .sMMDD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .s_hVV, html code.shiki .s_hVV{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s99_P, html code.shiki .s99_P{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .skxfh, html code.shiki .skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":96177},[96178,96179,96180,96185,96186,96192,96196,96198,96205,96206,96213],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":94800,"depth":83,"text":94801},{"id":94826,"depth":83,"text":96181,"children":96182},"Recommended way: use open() with a for loop",[96183,96184],{"id":6458,"depth":90,"text":6459},{"id":94915,"depth":90,"text":94916},{"id":95007,"depth":83,"text":95008},{"id":95217,"depth":83,"text":96187,"children":96188},"When to use strip() vs rstrip()",[96189,96190,96191],{"id":19855,"depth":90,"text":25046},{"id":95279,"depth":90,"text":95222},{"id":95330,"depth":90,"text":95333},{"id":95406,"depth":83,"text":96193,"children":96194},"Another option: readline() in a loop",[96195],{"id":95511,"depth":90,"text":95512},{"id":95551,"depth":83,"text":96197},"Read line numbers with enumerate()",{"id":95692,"depth":83,"text":95693,"children":96199},[96200,96201,96202,96203,96204],{"id":34442,"depth":90,"text":9933},{"id":34369,"depth":90,"text":10837},{"id":95806,"depth":90,"text":95807},{"id":95844,"depth":90,"text":72077},{"id":95905,"depth":90,"text":95906},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":96207},[96208,96209,96210,96212],{"id":96091,"depth":90,"text":96092},{"id":96102,"depth":90,"text":96103},{"id":96112,"depth":90,"text":96211},"Should I use read() or readlines() instead?",{"id":96125,"depth":90,"text":96126},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to read a file line by line in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-read-a-file-line-by-line-in-python",{"title":94696,"description":96214},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-read-a-file-line-by-line-in-python","5veKIIBkLTm5uxHvdJi6UUw9X1VXoSnL2XLXMgT6sDo",{"id":96221,"title":96222,"body":96223,"description":98256,"extension":2479,"meta":98257,"navigation":86,"path":98258,"seo":98259,"stem":98260,"__hash__":98261},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-remove-a-key-from-a-dictionary-in-python.md","How to Remove a Key from a Dictionary in Python",{"type":7,"value":96224,"toc":98222},[96225,96228,96237,96239,96259,96263,96265,96379,96383,96428,96433,96435,96457,96463,96468,96470,96478,96480,96571,96575,96615,96617,96621,96689,96696,96702,96708,96710,96721,96723,96832,96836,96880,96885,96897,96905,96908,96916,96985,96991,96996,96999,97001,97105,97109,97156,97159,97172,97177,97266,97270,97273,97284,97286,97403,97407,97460,97463,97474,97479,97483,97485,97502,97505,97692,97696,97731,97733,97735,97741,97745,97792,97798,97803,97852,97858,97861,97956,97960,98001,98004,98009,98013,98023,98029,98115,98119,98128,98136,98138,98142,98149,98156,98164,98171,98176,98180,98185,98187,98219],[10,96226,96222],{"id":96227},"how-to-remove-a-key-from-a-dictionary-in-python",[14,96229,96230,96231,50,96234,289],{},"If you want to remove a key from a Python dictionary, the main tools are ",[21,96232,96233],{},"del",[21,96235,96236],{},"pop()",[14,96238,11225],{},[29,96240,96241,96244,96250,96256],{},[32,96242,96243],{},"How to remove one key from a dictionary",[32,96245,31002,96246,49373,96248],{},[21,96247,96233],{},[21,96249,96236],{},[32,96251,96252,96253,96255],{},"How to avoid ",[21,96254,2816],{}," if the key may not exist",[32,96257,96258],{},"What happens to the removed value",[14,96260,4019,96261,289],{},[579,96262,4023],{"href":4275},[55,96264,58],{"id":57},[60,96266,96268],{"className":62,"code":96267,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\n# Remove a key and get its value\nremoved_value = person.pop(\"age\")\n\nprint(person)\nprint(removed_value)\n",[21,96269,96270,96322,96326,96331,96354,96358,96368],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,96271,96272,96274,96276,96278,96280,96282,96284,96286,96288,96290,96292,96294,96296,96298,96300,96302,96304,96306,96308,96310,96312,96314,96316,96318,96320],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,96273,2536],{"class":79},[69,96275,97],{"class":96},[69,96277,1914],{"class":100},[69,96279,111],{"class":110},[69,96281,115],{"class":114},[69,96283,111],{"class":110},[69,96285,1174],{"class":100},[69,96287,123],{"class":110},[69,96289,2553],{"class":114},[69,96291,111],{"class":110},[69,96293,120],{"class":100},[69,96295,123],{"class":110},[69,96297,126],{"class":114},[69,96299,111],{"class":110},[69,96301,1174],{"class":100},[69,96303,186],{"class":157},[69,96305,120],{"class":100},[69,96307,123],{"class":110},[69,96309,135],{"class":114},[69,96311,111],{"class":110},[69,96313,1174],{"class":100},[69,96315,123],{"class":110},[69,96317,53547],{"class":114},[69,96319,111],{"class":110},[69,96321,1260],{"class":100},[69,96323,96324],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,96325,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,96327,96328],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,96329,96330],{"class":2596},"# Remove a key and get its value\n",[69,96332,96333,96336,96338,96340,96342,96344,96346,96348,96350,96352],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,96334,96335],{"class":79},"removed_value ",[69,96337,97],{"class":96},[69,96339,3213],{"class":79},[69,96341,289],{"class":100},[69,96343,58498],{"class":292},[69,96345,221],{"class":100},[69,96347,111],{"class":110},[69,96349,126],{"class":114},[69,96351,111],{"class":110},[69,96353,301],{"class":100},[69,96355,96356],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,96357,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,96359,96360,96362,96364,96366],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,96361,2161],{"class":217},[69,96363,221],{"class":100},[69,96365,2582],{"class":292},[69,96367,301],{"class":100},[69,96369,96370,96372,96374,96377],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,96371,2161],{"class":217},[69,96373,221],{"class":100},[69,96375,96376],{"class":292},"removed_value",[69,96378,301],{"class":100},[14,96380,96381],{},[2498,96382,2781],{},[60,96384,96386],{"className":62,"code":96385,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'name': 'Ana', 'city': 'Lima'}\n25\n",[21,96387,96388,96424],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,96389,96390,96392,96394,96396,96398,96400,96402,96404,96406,96408,96410,96412,96414,96416,96418,96420,96422],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,96391,8018],{"class":100},[69,96393,15283],{"class":110},[69,96395,115],{"class":114},[69,96397,15283],{"class":110},[69,96399,1174],{"class":100},[69,96401,15292],{"class":110},[69,96403,2553],{"class":114},[69,96405,15283],{"class":110},[69,96407,120],{"class":100},[69,96409,15292],{"class":110},[69,96411,135],{"class":114},[69,96413,15283],{"class":110},[69,96415,1174],{"class":100},[69,96417,15292],{"class":110},[69,96419,53547],{"class":114},[69,96421,15283],{"class":110},[69,96423,1260],{"class":100},[69,96425,96426],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,96427,2796],{"class":157},[14,96429,322,96430,96432],{},[21,96431,96236],{}," when you want to remove a key and also get the removed value.",[55,96434,2666],{"id":2665},[29,96436,96437,96440,96449,96454],{},[32,96438,96439],{},"Remove one key from a dictionary",[32,96441,14839,96442,5914,96444,14844,96446],{},[21,96443,96233],{},[21,96445,96236],{},[21,96447,96448],{},"pop(key, default)",[32,96450,14833,96451,96453],{},[21,96452,2816],{}," when the key may not exist",[32,96455,96456],{},"Understand what happens to the removed value",[55,96458,322,96460,96462],{"id":96459},"use-del-when-you-only-want-to-remove-the-key",[21,96461,96233],{}," when you only want to remove the key",[14,96464,9337,96465,96467],{},[21,96466,96233],{}," statement removes a key-value pair from a dictionary.",[14,96469,79960],{},[29,96471,96472,96475],{},[32,96473,96474],{},"You only want to delete the key",[32,96476,96477],{},"You do not need the old value",[14,96479,370],{},[60,96481,96483],{"className":62,"code":96482,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\ndel person[\"age\"]\n\nprint(person)\n",[21,96484,96485,96537,96541,96557,96561],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,96486,96487,96489,96491,96493,96495,96497,96499,96501,96503,96505,96507,96509,96511,96513,96515,96517,96519,96521,96523,96525,96527,96529,96531,96533,96535],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,96488,2536],{"class":79},[69,96490,97],{"class":96},[69,96492,1914],{"class":100},[69,96494,111],{"class":110},[69,96496,115],{"class":114},[69,96498,111],{"class":110},[69,96500,1174],{"class":100},[69,96502,123],{"class":110},[69,96504,2553],{"class":114},[69,96506,111],{"class":110},[69,96508,120],{"class":100},[69,96510,123],{"class":110},[69,96512,126],{"class":114},[69,96514,111],{"class":110},[69,96516,1174],{"class":100},[69,96518,186],{"class":157},[69,96520,120],{"class":100},[69,96522,123],{"class":110},[69,96524,135],{"class":114},[69,96526,111],{"class":110},[69,96528,1174],{"class":100},[69,96530,123],{"class":110},[69,96532,53547],{"class":114},[69,96534,111],{"class":110},[69,96536,1260],{"class":100},[69,96538,96539],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,96540,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,96542,96543,96545,96547,96549,96551,96553,96555],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,96544,96233],{"class":75},[69,96546,3213],{"class":79},[69,96548,1345],{"class":100},[69,96550,111],{"class":110},[69,96552,126],{"class":114},[69,96554,111],{"class":110},[69,96556,198],{"class":100},[69,96558,96559],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,96560,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,96562,96563,96565,96567,96569],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,96564,2161],{"class":217},[69,96566,221],{"class":100},[69,96568,2582],{"class":292},[69,96570,301],{"class":100},[14,96572,96573],{},[2498,96574,2781],{},[60,96576,96577],{"className":62,"code":74526,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,96578,96579],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,96580,96581,96583,96585,96587,96589,96591,96593,96595,96597,96599,96601,96603,96605,96607,96609,96611,96613],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,96582,8018],{"class":100},[69,96584,15283],{"class":110},[69,96586,115],{"class":114},[69,96588,15283],{"class":110},[69,96590,1174],{"class":100},[69,96592,15292],{"class":110},[69,96594,2553],{"class":114},[69,96596,15283],{"class":110},[69,96598,120],{"class":100},[69,96600,15292],{"class":110},[69,96602,135],{"class":114},[69,96604,15283],{"class":110},[69,96606,1174],{"class":100},[69,96608,15292],{"class":110},[69,96610,53547],{"class":114},[69,96612,15283],{"class":110},[69,96614,1260],{"class":100},[1647,96616,76549],{"id":76548},[14,96618,2813,96619,289],{},[21,96620,2816],{},[60,96622,96624],{"className":62,"code":96623,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\ndel person[\"age\"]  # KeyError\n",[21,96625,96626,96666,96670],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,96627,96628,96630,96632,96634,96636,96638,96640,96642,96644,96646,96648,96650,96652,96654,96656,96658,96660,96662,96664],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,96629,2536],{"class":79},[69,96631,97],{"class":96},[69,96633,1914],{"class":100},[69,96635,111],{"class":110},[69,96637,115],{"class":114},[69,96639,111],{"class":110},[69,96641,1174],{"class":100},[69,96643,123],{"class":110},[69,96645,2553],{"class":114},[69,96647,111],{"class":110},[69,96649,120],{"class":100},[69,96651,123],{"class":110},[69,96653,135],{"class":114},[69,96655,111],{"class":110},[69,96657,1174],{"class":100},[69,96659,123],{"class":110},[69,96661,53547],{"class":114},[69,96663,111],{"class":110},[69,96665,1260],{"class":100},[69,96667,96668],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,96669,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,96671,96672,96674,96676,96678,96680,96682,96684,96686],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,96673,96233],{"class":75},[69,96675,3213],{"class":79},[69,96677,1345],{"class":100},[69,96679,111],{"class":110},[69,96681,126],{"class":114},[69,96683,111],{"class":110},[69,96685,4229],{"class":100},[69,96687,96688],{"class":2596},"  # KeyError\n",[14,96690,96691,96692,289],{},"If you often see this error, read ",[579,96693,2892,96694,2895],{"href":5671},[21,96695,2816],{},[55,96697,322,96699,96701],{"id":96698},"use-pop-when-you-want-the-removed-value",[21,96700,96236],{}," when you want the removed value",[14,96703,9337,96704,96707],{},[21,96705,96706],{},"pop(key)"," method removes the key and returns its value.",[14,96709,3795],{},[29,96711,96712,96715,96718],{},[32,96713,96714],{},"Save the value in a variable",[32,96716,96717],{},"Print the removed value",[32,96719,96720],{},"Use the value later in your code",[14,96722,370],{},[60,96724,96726],{"className":62,"code":96725,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nremoved_age = person.pop(\"age\")\n\nprint(person)\nprint(removed_age)\n",[21,96727,96728,96780,96784,96807,96811,96821],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,96729,96730,96732,96734,96736,96738,96740,96742,96744,96746,96748,96750,96752,96754,96756,96758,96760,96762,96764,96766,96768,96770,96772,96774,96776,96778],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,96731,2536],{"class":79},[69,96733,97],{"class":96},[69,96735,1914],{"class":100},[69,96737,111],{"class":110},[69,96739,115],{"class":114},[69,96741,111],{"class":110},[69,96743,1174],{"class":100},[69,96745,123],{"class":110},[69,96747,2553],{"class":114},[69,96749,111],{"class":110},[69,96751,120],{"class":100},[69,96753,123],{"class":110},[69,96755,126],{"class":114},[69,96757,111],{"class":110},[69,96759,1174],{"class":100},[69,96761,186],{"class":157},[69,96763,120],{"class":100},[69,96765,123],{"class":110},[69,96767,135],{"class":114},[69,96769,111],{"class":110},[69,96771,1174],{"class":100},[69,96773,123],{"class":110},[69,96775,53547],{"class":114},[69,96777,111],{"class":110},[69,96779,1260],{"class":100},[69,96781,96782],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,96783,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,96785,96786,96789,96791,96793,96795,96797,96799,96801,96803,96805],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,96787,96788],{"class":79},"removed_age ",[69,96790,97],{"class":96},[69,96792,3213],{"class":79},[69,96794,289],{"class":100},[69,96796,58498],{"class":292},[69,96798,221],{"class":100},[69,96800,111],{"class":110},[69,96802,126],{"class":114},[69,96804,111],{"class":110},[69,96806,301],{"class":100},[69,96808,96809],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,96810,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,96812,96813,96815,96817,96819],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,96814,2161],{"class":217},[69,96816,221],{"class":100},[69,96818,2582],{"class":292},[69,96820,301],{"class":100},[69,96822,96823,96825,96827,96830],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,96824,2161],{"class":217},[69,96826,221],{"class":100},[69,96828,96829],{"class":292},"removed_age",[69,96831,301],{"class":100},[14,96833,96834],{},[2498,96835,2781],{},[60,96837,96838],{"className":62,"code":96385,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,96839,96840,96876],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,96841,96842,96844,96846,96848,96850,96852,96854,96856,96858,96860,96862,96864,96866,96868,96870,96872,96874],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,96843,8018],{"class":100},[69,96845,15283],{"class":110},[69,96847,115],{"class":114},[69,96849,15283],{"class":110},[69,96851,1174],{"class":100},[69,96853,15292],{"class":110},[69,96855,2553],{"class":114},[69,96857,15283],{"class":110},[69,96859,120],{"class":100},[69,96861,15292],{"class":110},[69,96863,135],{"class":114},[69,96865,15283],{"class":110},[69,96867,1174],{"class":100},[69,96869,15292],{"class":110},[69,96871,53547],{"class":114},[69,96873,15283],{"class":110},[69,96875,1260],{"class":100},[69,96877,96878],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,96879,2796],{"class":157},[14,96881,96882,96883,1174],{},"This is different from ",[21,96884,96233],{},[29,96886,96887,96892],{},[32,96888,96889,96891],{},[21,96890,96233],{}," removes the key only",[32,96893,96894,96896],{},[21,96895,96236],{}," removes the key and gives you the old value",[14,96898,96899,96900,289],{},"To learn more, see the ",[579,96901,3138,96903,3141],{"href":96902},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-dictionary-pop-method\u002F",[21,96904,96236],{},[1647,96906,76549],{"id":96907},"important-1",[14,96909,96910,96911,96913,96914,289],{},"If the key does not exist, ",[21,96912,96706],{}," also raises ",[21,96915,2816],{},[60,96917,96919],{"className":62,"code":96918,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nperson.pop(\"age\")  # KeyError\n",[21,96920,96921,96961,96965],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,96922,96923,96925,96927,96929,96931,96933,96935,96937,96939,96941,96943,96945,96947,96949,96951,96953,96955,96957,96959],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,96924,2536],{"class":79},[69,96926,97],{"class":96},[69,96928,1914],{"class":100},[69,96930,111],{"class":110},[69,96932,115],{"class":114},[69,96934,111],{"class":110},[69,96936,1174],{"class":100},[69,96938,123],{"class":110},[69,96940,2553],{"class":114},[69,96942,111],{"class":110},[69,96944,120],{"class":100},[69,96946,123],{"class":110},[69,96948,135],{"class":114},[69,96950,111],{"class":110},[69,96952,1174],{"class":100},[69,96954,123],{"class":110},[69,96956,53547],{"class":114},[69,96958,111],{"class":110},[69,96960,1260],{"class":100},[69,96962,96963],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,96964,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,96966,96967,96969,96971,96973,96975,96977,96979,96981,96983],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,96968,2582],{"class":79},[69,96970,289],{"class":100},[69,96972,58498],{"class":292},[69,96974,221],{"class":100},[69,96976,111],{"class":110},[69,96978,126],{"class":114},[69,96980,111],{"class":110},[69,96982,265],{"class":100},[69,96984,96688],{"class":2596},[55,96986,322,96988,96990],{"id":96987},"use-popkey-default-to-avoid-errors",[21,96989,96448],{}," to avoid errors",[14,96992,96993,96994,289],{},"If you are not sure whether a key exists, use ",[21,96995,96448],{},[14,96997,96998],{},"The second argument is a fallback value. Python returns it if the key is missing, instead of raising an error.",[14,97000,370],{},[60,97002,97004],{"className":62,"code":97003,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nremoved_age = person.pop(\"age\", \"not found\")\n\nprint(person)\nprint(removed_age)\n",[21,97005,97006,97046,97050,97081,97085,97095],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,97007,97008,97010,97012,97014,97016,97018,97020,97022,97024,97026,97028,97030,97032,97034,97036,97038,97040,97042,97044],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,97009,2536],{"class":79},[69,97011,97],{"class":96},[69,97013,1914],{"class":100},[69,97015,111],{"class":110},[69,97017,115],{"class":114},[69,97019,111],{"class":110},[69,97021,1174],{"class":100},[69,97023,123],{"class":110},[69,97025,2553],{"class":114},[69,97027,111],{"class":110},[69,97029,120],{"class":100},[69,97031,123],{"class":110},[69,97033,135],{"class":114},[69,97035,111],{"class":110},[69,97037,1174],{"class":100},[69,97039,123],{"class":110},[69,97041,53547],{"class":114},[69,97043,111],{"class":110},[69,97045,1260],{"class":100},[69,97047,97048],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,97049,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,97051,97052,97054,97056,97058,97060,97062,97064,97066,97068,97070,97072,97074,97077,97079],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,97053,96788],{"class":79},[69,97055,97],{"class":96},[69,97057,3213],{"class":79},[69,97059,289],{"class":100},[69,97061,58498],{"class":292},[69,97063,221],{"class":100},[69,97065,111],{"class":110},[69,97067,126],{"class":114},[69,97069,111],{"class":110},[69,97071,120],{"class":100},[69,97073,123],{"class":110},[69,97075,97076],{"class":114},"not found",[69,97078,111],{"class":110},[69,97080,301],{"class":100},[69,97082,97083],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,97084,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,97086,97087,97089,97091,97093],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,97088,2161],{"class":217},[69,97090,221],{"class":100},[69,97092,2582],{"class":292},[69,97094,301],{"class":100},[69,97096,97097,97099,97101,97103],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,97098,2161],{"class":217},[69,97100,221],{"class":100},[69,97102,96829],{"class":292},[69,97104,301],{"class":100},[14,97106,97107],{},[2498,97108,2781],{},[60,97110,97112],{"className":62,"code":97111,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'name': 'Ana', 'city': 'Lima'}\nnot found\n",[21,97113,97114,97150],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,97115,97116,97118,97120,97122,97124,97126,97128,97130,97132,97134,97136,97138,97140,97142,97144,97146,97148],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,97117,8018],{"class":100},[69,97119,15283],{"class":110},[69,97121,115],{"class":114},[69,97123,15283],{"class":110},[69,97125,1174],{"class":100},[69,97127,15292],{"class":110},[69,97129,2553],{"class":114},[69,97131,15283],{"class":110},[69,97133,120],{"class":100},[69,97135,15292],{"class":110},[69,97137,135],{"class":114},[69,97139,15283],{"class":110},[69,97141,1174],{"class":100},[69,97143,15292],{"class":110},[69,97145,53547],{"class":114},[69,97147,15283],{"class":110},[69,97149,1260],{"class":100},[69,97151,97152,97154],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,97153,3315],{"class":96},[69,97155,3318],{"class":79},[14,97157,97158],{},"This is a safe option when:",[29,97160,97161,97164,97169],{},[32,97162,97163],{},"The key may or may not exist",[32,97165,97166,97167],{},"You want to avoid ",[21,97168,2816],{},[32,97170,97171],{},"You want simple code",[14,97173,17622,97174,97176],{},[21,97175,3022],{}," as the default:",[60,97178,97180],{"className":62,"code":97179,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nremoved_age = person.pop(\"age\", None)\n\nprint(removed_age)\n",[21,97181,97182,97222,97226,97252,97256],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,97183,97184,97186,97188,97190,97192,97194,97196,97198,97200,97202,97204,97206,97208,97210,97212,97214,97216,97218,97220],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,97185,2536],{"class":79},[69,97187,97],{"class":96},[69,97189,1914],{"class":100},[69,97191,111],{"class":110},[69,97193,115],{"class":114},[69,97195,111],{"class":110},[69,97197,1174],{"class":100},[69,97199,123],{"class":110},[69,97201,2553],{"class":114},[69,97203,111],{"class":110},[69,97205,120],{"class":100},[69,97207,123],{"class":110},[69,97209,135],{"class":114},[69,97211,111],{"class":110},[69,97213,1174],{"class":100},[69,97215,123],{"class":110},[69,97217,53547],{"class":114},[69,97219,111],{"class":110},[69,97221,1260],{"class":100},[69,97223,97224],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,97225,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,97227,97228,97230,97232,97234,97236,97238,97240,97242,97244,97246,97248,97250],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,97229,96788],{"class":79},[69,97231,97],{"class":96},[69,97233,3213],{"class":79},[69,97235,289],{"class":100},[69,97237,58498],{"class":292},[69,97239,221],{"class":100},[69,97241,111],{"class":110},[69,97243,126],{"class":114},[69,97245,111],{"class":110},[69,97247,120],{"class":100},[69,97249,15620],{"class":3012},[69,97251,301],{"class":100},[69,97253,97254],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,97255,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,97257,97258,97260,97262,97264],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,97259,2161],{"class":217},[69,97261,221],{"class":100},[69,97263,96829],{"class":292},[69,97265,301],{"class":100},[55,97267,97269],{"id":97268},"check-before-removing-a-key","Check before removing a key",[14,97271,97272],{},"Another beginner-friendly option is to check first.",[14,97274,322,97275,97278,97279,364,97281,97283],{},[21,97276,97277],{},"if key in my_dict"," before ",[21,97280,96233],{},[21,97282,96236],{}," when you want clear logic or want to run different code if the key is missing.",[14,97285,370],{},[60,97287,97289],{"className":62,"code":97288,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\nif \"age\" in person:\n    del person[\"age\"]\nelse:\n    print(\"The key was not found.\")\n\nprint(person)\n",[21,97290,97291,97331,97335,97351,97368,97374,97389,97393],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,97292,97293,97295,97297,97299,97301,97303,97305,97307,97309,97311,97313,97315,97317,97319,97321,97323,97325,97327,97329],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,97294,2536],{"class":79},[69,97296,97],{"class":96},[69,97298,1914],{"class":100},[69,97300,111],{"class":110},[69,97302,115],{"class":114},[69,97304,111],{"class":110},[69,97306,1174],{"class":100},[69,97308,123],{"class":110},[69,97310,2553],{"class":114},[69,97312,111],{"class":110},[69,97314,120],{"class":100},[69,97316,123],{"class":110},[69,97318,135],{"class":114},[69,97320,111],{"class":110},[69,97322,1174],{"class":100},[69,97324,123],{"class":110},[69,97326,53547],{"class":114},[69,97328,111],{"class":110},[69,97330,1260],{"class":100},[69,97332,97333],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,97334,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,97336,97337,97339,97341,97343,97345,97347,97349],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,97338,3201],{"class":75},[69,97340,123],{"class":110},[69,97342,126],{"class":114},[69,97344,111],{"class":110},[69,97346,3210],{"class":96},[69,97348,3213],{"class":79},[69,97350,275],{"class":100},[69,97352,97353,97356,97358,97360,97362,97364,97366],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,97354,97355],{"class":75},"    del",[69,97357,3213],{"class":79},[69,97359,1345],{"class":100},[69,97361,111],{"class":110},[69,97363,126],{"class":114},[69,97365,111],{"class":110},[69,97367,198],{"class":100},[69,97369,97370,97372],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,97371,3277],{"class":75},[69,97373,275],{"class":100},[69,97375,97376,97378,97380,97382,97385,97387],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,97377,3220],{"class":217},[69,97379,221],{"class":100},[69,97381,111],{"class":110},[69,97383,97384],{"class":114},"The key was not found.",[69,97386,111],{"class":110},[69,97388,301],{"class":100},[69,97390,97391],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,97392,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,97394,97395,97397,97399,97401],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,97396,2161],{"class":217},[69,97398,221],{"class":100},[69,97400,2582],{"class":292},[69,97402,301],{"class":100},[14,97404,97405],{},[2498,97406,2781],{},[60,97408,97410],{"className":62,"code":97409,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"The key was not found.\n{'name': 'Ana', 'city': 'Lima'}\n",[21,97411,97412,97424],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,97413,97414,97417,97419,97422],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,97415,97416],{"class":79},"The key was ",[69,97418,3315],{"class":96},[69,97420,97421],{"class":79}," found",[69,97423,8106],{"class":100},[69,97425,97426,97428,97430,97432,97434,97436,97438,97440,97442,97444,97446,97448,97450,97452,97454,97456,97458],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,97427,8018],{"class":100},[69,97429,15283],{"class":110},[69,97431,115],{"class":114},[69,97433,15283],{"class":110},[69,97435,1174],{"class":100},[69,97437,15292],{"class":110},[69,97439,2553],{"class":114},[69,97441,15283],{"class":110},[69,97443,120],{"class":100},[69,97445,15292],{"class":110},[69,97447,135],{"class":114},[69,97449,15283],{"class":110},[69,97451,1174],{"class":100},[69,97453,15292],{"class":110},[69,97455,53547],{"class":114},[69,97457,15283],{"class":110},[69,97459,1260],{"class":100},[14,97461,97462],{},"This approach is useful when you want to:",[29,97464,97465,97468,97471],{},[32,97466,97467],{},"Avoid errors",[32,97469,97470],{},"Show a message",[32,97472,97473],{},"Run other code if the key does not exist",[14,97475,97476,97477,289],{},"If you need help with this check, see ",[579,97478,3345],{"href":16598},[55,97480,97482],{"id":97481},"pick-the-right-method","Pick the right method",[14,97484,3822],{},[29,97486,97487,97492,97497],{},[32,97488,322,97489,97491],{},[21,97490,96233],{}," for simple removal",[32,97493,322,97494,97496],{},[21,97495,96236],{}," to remove a key and return its value",[32,97498,322,97499,97501],{},[21,97500,96448],{}," when the key may be missing",[14,97503,97504],{},"A quick comparison:",[60,97506,97508],{"className":62,"code":97507,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"person = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\n# 1. Simple removal\ndel person[\"city\"]\n\n# 2. Remove and return value\nage = person.pop(\"age\")\n\n# 3. Safe removal if key may be missing\ncountry = person.pop(\"country\", \"not found\")\n\nprint(person)\nprint(age)\nprint(country)\n",[21,97509,97510,97562,97566,97571,97587,97591,97596,97618,97622,97627,97658,97662,97672,97682],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,97511,97512,97514,97516,97518,97520,97522,97524,97526,97528,97530,97532,97534,97536,97538,97540,97542,97544,97546,97548,97550,97552,97554,97556,97558,97560],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,97513,2536],{"class":79},[69,97515,97],{"class":96},[69,97517,1914],{"class":100},[69,97519,111],{"class":110},[69,97521,115],{"class":114},[69,97523,111],{"class":110},[69,97525,1174],{"class":100},[69,97527,123],{"class":110},[69,97529,2553],{"class":114},[69,97531,111],{"class":110},[69,97533,120],{"class":100},[69,97535,123],{"class":110},[69,97537,126],{"class":114},[69,97539,111],{"class":110},[69,97541,1174],{"class":100},[69,97543,186],{"class":157},[69,97545,120],{"class":100},[69,97547,123],{"class":110},[69,97549,135],{"class":114},[69,97551,111],{"class":110},[69,97553,1174],{"class":100},[69,97555,123],{"class":110},[69,97557,53547],{"class":114},[69,97559,111],{"class":110},[69,97561,1260],{"class":100},[69,97563,97564],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,97565,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,97567,97568],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,97569,97570],{"class":2596},"# 1. Simple removal\n",[69,97572,97573,97575,97577,97579,97581,97583,97585],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,97574,96233],{"class":75},[69,97576,3213],{"class":79},[69,97578,1345],{"class":100},[69,97580,111],{"class":110},[69,97582,135],{"class":114},[69,97584,111],{"class":110},[69,97586,198],{"class":100},[69,97588,97589],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,97590,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,97592,97593],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,97594,97595],{"class":2596},"# 2. Remove and return value\n",[69,97597,97598,97600,97602,97604,97606,97608,97610,97612,97614,97616],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,97599,1830],{"class":79},[69,97601,97],{"class":96},[69,97603,3213],{"class":79},[69,97605,289],{"class":100},[69,97607,58498],{"class":292},[69,97609,221],{"class":100},[69,97611,111],{"class":110},[69,97613,126],{"class":114},[69,97615,111],{"class":110},[69,97617,301],{"class":100},[69,97619,97620],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,97621,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,97623,97624],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,97625,97626],{"class":2596},"# 3. Safe removal if key may be missing\n",[69,97628,97629,97632,97634,97636,97638,97640,97642,97644,97646,97648,97650,97652,97654,97656],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,97630,97631],{"class":79},"country ",[69,97633,97],{"class":96},[69,97635,3213],{"class":79},[69,97637,289],{"class":100},[69,97639,58498],{"class":292},[69,97641,221],{"class":100},[69,97643,111],{"class":110},[69,97645,1947],{"class":114},[69,97647,111],{"class":110},[69,97649,120],{"class":100},[69,97651,123],{"class":110},[69,97653,97076],{"class":114},[69,97655,111],{"class":110},[69,97657,301],{"class":100},[69,97659,97660],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,97661,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,97663,97664,97666,97668,97670],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,97665,2161],{"class":217},[69,97667,221],{"class":100},[69,97669,2582],{"class":292},[69,97671,301],{"class":100},[69,97673,97674,97676,97678,97680],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,97675,2161],{"class":217},[69,97677,221],{"class":100},[69,97679,126],{"class":292},[69,97681,301],{"class":100},[69,97683,97684,97686,97688,97690],{"class":71,"line":50892},[69,97685,2161],{"class":217},[69,97687,221],{"class":100},[69,97689,1947],{"class":292},[69,97691,301],{"class":100},[14,97693,97694],{},[2498,97695,2781],{},[60,97697,97699],{"className":62,"code":97698,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'name': 'Ana'}\n25\nnot found\n",[21,97700,97701,97721,97725],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,97702,97703,97705,97707,97709,97711,97713,97715,97717,97719],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,97704,8018],{"class":100},[69,97706,15283],{"class":110},[69,97708,115],{"class":114},[69,97710,15283],{"class":110},[69,97712,1174],{"class":100},[69,97714,15292],{"class":110},[69,97716,2553],{"class":114},[69,97718,15283],{"class":110},[69,97720,1260],{"class":100},[69,97722,97723],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,97724,2796],{"class":157},[69,97726,97727,97729],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,97728,3315],{"class":96},[69,97730,3318],{"class":79},[55,97732,3868],{"id":3867},[14,97734,45999],{},[1647,97736,1628,97738,97740],{"id":97737},"using-del-with-a-key-that-is-not-in-the-dictionary",[21,97739,96233],{}," with a key that is not in the dictionary",[14,97742,41442,97743,289],{},[21,97744,2816],{},[60,97746,97748],{"className":62,"code":97747,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"data = {\"name\": \"Ana\"}\ndel data[\"age\"]  # KeyError\n",[21,97749,97750,97774],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,97751,97752,97754,97756,97758,97760,97762,97764,97766,97768,97770,97772],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,97753,3362],{"class":79},[69,97755,97],{"class":96},[69,97757,1914],{"class":100},[69,97759,111],{"class":110},[69,97761,115],{"class":114},[69,97763,111],{"class":110},[69,97765,1174],{"class":100},[69,97767,123],{"class":110},[69,97769,2553],{"class":114},[69,97771,111],{"class":110},[69,97773,1260],{"class":100},[69,97775,97776,97778,97780,97782,97784,97786,97788,97790],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,97777,96233],{"class":75},[69,97779,3539],{"class":79},[69,97781,1345],{"class":100},[69,97783,111],{"class":110},[69,97785,126],{"class":114},[69,97787,111],{"class":110},[69,97789,4229],{"class":100},[69,97791,96688],{"class":2596},[1647,97793,1628,97795,97797],{"id":97794},"using-popkey-without-checking-whether-the-key-exists",[21,97796,96706],{}," without checking whether the key exists",[14,97799,97800,97801,289],{},"This also causes a ",[21,97802,2816],{},[60,97804,97806],{"className":62,"code":97805,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"data = {\"name\": \"Ana\"}\ndata.pop(\"age\")  # KeyError\n",[21,97807,97808,97832],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,97809,97810,97812,97814,97816,97818,97820,97822,97824,97826,97828,97830],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,97811,3362],{"class":79},[69,97813,97],{"class":96},[69,97815,1914],{"class":100},[69,97817,111],{"class":110},[69,97819,115],{"class":114},[69,97821,111],{"class":110},[69,97823,1174],{"class":100},[69,97825,123],{"class":110},[69,97827,2553],{"class":114},[69,97829,111],{"class":110},[69,97831,1260],{"class":100},[69,97833,97834,97836,97838,97840,97842,97844,97846,97848,97850],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,97835,3436],{"class":79},[69,97837,289],{"class":100},[69,97839,58498],{"class":292},[69,97841,221],{"class":100},[69,97843,111],{"class":110},[69,97845,126],{"class":114},[69,97847,111],{"class":110},[69,97849,265],{"class":100},[69,97851,96688],{"class":2596},[1647,97853,97855,97856],{"id":97854},"confusing-removing-a-key-with-setting-its-value-to-none","Confusing removing a key with setting its value to ",[21,97857,3022],{},[14,97859,97860],{},"These are not the same.",[60,97862,97864],{"className":62,"code":97863,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"data = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25}\n\ndata[\"age\"] = None\n\nprint(data)\nprint(\"age\" in data)\n",[21,97865,97866,97902,97906,97924,97928,97938],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,97867,97868,97870,97872,97874,97876,97878,97880,97882,97884,97886,97888,97890,97892,97894,97896,97898,97900],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,97869,3362],{"class":79},[69,97871,97],{"class":96},[69,97873,1914],{"class":100},[69,97875,111],{"class":110},[69,97877,115],{"class":114},[69,97879,111],{"class":110},[69,97881,1174],{"class":100},[69,97883,123],{"class":110},[69,97885,2553],{"class":114},[69,97887,111],{"class":110},[69,97889,120],{"class":100},[69,97891,123],{"class":110},[69,97893,126],{"class":114},[69,97895,111],{"class":110},[69,97897,1174],{"class":100},[69,97899,186],{"class":157},[69,97901,1260],{"class":100},[69,97903,97904],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,97905,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,97907,97908,97910,97912,97914,97916,97918,97920,97922],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,97909,3436],{"class":79},[69,97911,1345],{"class":100},[69,97913,111],{"class":110},[69,97915,126],{"class":114},[69,97917,111],{"class":110},[69,97919,4229],{"class":100},[69,97921,4232],{"class":96},[69,97923,21943],{"class":3012},[69,97925,97926],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,97927,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,97929,97930,97932,97934,97936],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,97931,2161],{"class":217},[69,97933,221],{"class":100},[69,97935,3436],{"class":292},[69,97937,301],{"class":100},[69,97939,97940,97942,97944,97946,97948,97950,97952,97954],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,97941,2161],{"class":217},[69,97943,221],{"class":100},[69,97945,111],{"class":110},[69,97947,126],{"class":114},[69,97949,111],{"class":110},[69,97951,3210],{"class":75},[69,97953,3539],{"class":292},[69,97955,301],{"class":100},[14,97957,97958],{},[2498,97959,2781],{},[60,97961,97963],{"className":62,"code":97962,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'name': 'Ana', 'age': None}\nTrue\n",[21,97964,97965,97997],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,97966,97967,97969,97971,97973,97975,97977,97979,97981,97983,97985,97987,97989,97991,97993,97995],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,97968,8018],{"class":100},[69,97970,15283],{"class":110},[69,97972,115],{"class":114},[69,97974,15283],{"class":110},[69,97976,1174],{"class":100},[69,97978,15292],{"class":110},[69,97980,2553],{"class":114},[69,97982,15283],{"class":110},[69,97984,120],{"class":100},[69,97986,15292],{"class":110},[69,97988,126],{"class":114},[69,97990,15283],{"class":110},[69,97992,1174],{"class":100},[69,97994,15620],{"class":3012},[69,97996,1260],{"class":100},[69,97998,97999],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,98000,15810],{"class":3012},[14,98002,98003],{},"The key still exists. Only the value changed.",[14,98005,98006,98007,289],{},"If you want to read values safely, see ",[579,98008,5668],{"href":57897},[1647,98010,98012],{"id":98011},"trying-to-remove-multiple-keys-with-code-meant-for-one-key","Trying to remove multiple keys with code meant for one key",[14,98014,98015,98016,50,98019,98022],{},"Methods like ",[21,98017,98018],{},"del my_dict[\"key\"]",[21,98020,98021],{},"my_dict.pop(\"key\")"," remove one key at a time.",[14,98024,98025,98026,1174],{},"If you need to remove everything, use ",[21,98027,98028],{},"clear()",[60,98030,98032],{"className":62,"code":98031,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"data = {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 25, \"city\": \"Lima\"}\n\ndata.clear()\n\nprint(data)\n",[21,98033,98034,98086,98090,98101,98105],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,98035,98036,98038,98040,98042,98044,98046,98048,98050,98052,98054,98056,98058,98060,98062,98064,98066,98068,98070,98072,98074,98076,98078,98080,98082,98084],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,98037,3362],{"class":79},[69,98039,97],{"class":96},[69,98041,1914],{"class":100},[69,98043,111],{"class":110},[69,98045,115],{"class":114},[69,98047,111],{"class":110},[69,98049,1174],{"class":100},[69,98051,123],{"class":110},[69,98053,2553],{"class":114},[69,98055,111],{"class":110},[69,98057,120],{"class":100},[69,98059,123],{"class":110},[69,98061,126],{"class":114},[69,98063,111],{"class":110},[69,98065,1174],{"class":100},[69,98067,186],{"class":157},[69,98069,120],{"class":100},[69,98071,123],{"class":110},[69,98073,135],{"class":114},[69,98075,111],{"class":110},[69,98077,1174],{"class":100},[69,98079,123],{"class":110},[69,98081,53547],{"class":114},[69,98083,111],{"class":110},[69,98085,1260],{"class":100},[69,98087,98088],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,98089,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,98091,98092,98094,98096,98099],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,98093,3436],{"class":79},[69,98095,289],{"class":100},[69,98097,98098],{"class":292},"clear",[69,98100,1385],{"class":100},[69,98102,98103],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,98104,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,98106,98107,98109,98111,98113],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,98108,2161],{"class":217},[69,98110,221],{"class":100},[69,98112,3436],{"class":292},[69,98114,301],{"class":100},[14,98116,98117],{},[2498,98118,2781],{},[60,98120,98122],{"className":62,"code":98121,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{}\n",[21,98123,98124],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,98125,98126],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,98127,98121],{"class":100},[14,98129,98130,98131,289],{},"See the ",[579,98132,3138,98134,3141],{"href":98133},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-dictionary-clear-method\u002F",[21,98135,98028],{},[55,98137,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,98139,98141],{"id":98140},"how-do-i-remove-a-key-without-getting-an-error","How do I remove a key without getting an error?",[14,98143,322,98144,98146,98147,4276],{},[21,98145,96448],{}," or check with ",[21,98148,97277],{},[1647,98150,2372,98152,50,98154,1414],{"id":98151},"what-is-the-difference-between-del-and-pop",[21,98153,96233],{},[21,98155,96236],{},[14,98157,98158,98160,98161,98163],{},[21,98159,96233],{}," removes the key only. ",[21,98162,96236],{}," removes the key and returns its value.",[1647,98165,98167,98168,98170],{"id":98166},"does-setting-a-key-to-none-remove-it","Does setting a key to ",[21,98169,3022],{}," remove it?",[14,98172,98173,98174,289],{},"No. The key still exists. Only its value changes to ",[21,98175,3022],{},[1647,98177,98179],{"id":98178},"how-do-i-remove-all-keys-from-a-dictionary","How do I remove all keys from a dictionary?",[14,98181,322,98182,98184],{},[21,98183,98028],{}," to remove every key-value pair.",[55,98186,2414],{"id":2413},[29,98188,98189,98195,98201,98205,98209,98215],{},[32,98190,98191],{},[579,98192,3138,98193,3141],{"href":96902},[21,98194,96236],{},[32,98196,98197],{},[579,98198,3138,98199,3141],{"href":98133},[21,98200,98028],{},[32,98202,98203],{},[579,98204,5834],{"href":57897},[32,98206,98207],{},[579,98208,4103],{"href":16598},[32,98210,98211],{},[579,98212,4119,98213,2895],{"href":5671},[21,98214,2816],{},[32,98216,98217],{},[579,98218,4023],{"href":4275},[2450,98220,98221],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":98223},[98224,98225,98226,98230,98234,98236,98237,98238,98247,98255],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":96459,"depth":83,"text":98227,"children":98228},"Use del when you only want to remove the key",[98229],{"id":76548,"depth":90,"text":76549},{"id":96698,"depth":83,"text":98231,"children":98232},"Use pop() when you want the removed value",[98233],{"id":96907,"depth":90,"text":76549},{"id":96987,"depth":83,"text":98235},"Use pop(key, default) to avoid errors",{"id":97268,"depth":83,"text":97269},{"id":97481,"depth":83,"text":97482},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":98239},[98240,98242,98244,98246],{"id":97737,"depth":90,"text":98241},"Using del with a key that is not in the dictionary",{"id":97794,"depth":90,"text":98243},"Using pop(key) without checking whether the key exists",{"id":97854,"depth":90,"text":98245},"Confusing removing a key with setting its value to None",{"id":98011,"depth":90,"text":98012},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":98248},[98249,98250,98252,98254],{"id":98140,"depth":90,"text":98141},{"id":98151,"depth":90,"text":98251},"What is the difference between del and pop()?",{"id":98166,"depth":90,"text":98253},"Does setting a key to None remove it?",{"id":98178,"depth":90,"text":98179},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to remove a key from a dictionary in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-remove-a-key-from-a-dictionary-in-python",{"title":96222,"description":98256},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-remove-a-key-from-a-dictionary-in-python","ceKPBXXHdstdk5jsdjuo2atoh4RyT4B-ORUgeF56Jfk",{"id":98263,"title":98264,"body":98265,"description":100489,"extension":2479,"meta":100490,"navigation":86,"path":100491,"seo":100492,"stem":100493,"__hash__":100494},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-remove-an-item-from-a-list-in-python.md","How to Remove an Item from a List in Python",{"type":7,"value":98266,"toc":100446},[98267,98270,98273,98293,98296,98298,98453,98455,98504,98506,98532,98534,98537,98556,98561,98567,98573,98575,98596,98598,98663,98665,98690,98696,98749,98751,98771,98777,98783,98789,98792,98875,98877,98906,98913,98919,98925,98927,98947,98949,99036,99038,99075,99079,99156,99158,99187,99190,99197,99203,99208,99210,99232,99238,99297,99299,99324,99328,99387,99389,99406,99415,99419,99421,99434,99436,99511,99513,99534,99539,99543,99546,99548,99633,99635,99652,99658,99661,99668,99672,99675,99682,99737,99739,99772,99775,99864,99866,99898,99902,99912,99951,99956,99959,100060,100062,100083,100087,100091,100094,100123,100126,100200,100202,100205,100233,100236,100303,100306,100317,100322,100324,100332,100340,100344,100352,100356,100359,100389,100394,100400,100405,100410,100412,100443],[10,98268,98264],{"id":98269},"how-to-remove-an-item-from-a-list-in-python",[14,98271,98272],{},"If you want to remove an item from a Python list, the best method depends on what you know:",[29,98274,98275,98280,98284],{},[32,98276,7919,98277,98279],{},[2498,98278,20383],{}," of the item",[32,98281,7919,98282,98279],{},[2498,98283,17187],{},[32,98285,98286,98287,364,98290],{},"whether you want to remove ",[2498,98288,98289],{},"one match",[2498,98291,98292],{},"all matches",[14,98294,98295],{},"On this page, you will learn the main ways to delete items from a list and how to avoid common mistakes.",[55,98297,58],{"id":57},[60,98299,98301],{"className":62,"code":98300,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\nitems.remove(\"banana\")\nprint(items)\n\nnumbers = [10, 20, 30]\nremoved = numbers.pop(1)\nprint(numbers)\nprint(removed)\n\ndel numbers[0]\nprint(numbers)\n",[21,98302,98303,98335,98353,98363,98367,98387,98406,98416,98427,98431,98443],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,98304,98305,98307,98309,98311,98313,98315,98317,98319,98321,98323,98325,98327,98329,98331,98333],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,98306,6605],{"class":79},[69,98308,97],{"class":96},[69,98310,636],{"class":100},[69,98312,111],{"class":110},[69,98314,6037],{"class":114},[69,98316,111],{"class":110},[69,98318,120],{"class":100},[69,98320,123],{"class":110},[69,98322,6046],{"class":114},[69,98324,111],{"class":110},[69,98326,120],{"class":100},[69,98328,123],{"class":110},[69,98330,6066],{"class":114},[69,98332,111],{"class":110},[69,98334,198],{"class":100},[69,98336,98337,98339,98341,98343,98345,98347,98349,98351],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,98338,3727],{"class":79},[69,98340,289],{"class":100},[69,98342,43152],{"class":292},[69,98344,221],{"class":100},[69,98346,111],{"class":110},[69,98348,6046],{"class":114},[69,98350,111],{"class":110},[69,98352,301],{"class":100},[69,98354,98355,98357,98359,98361],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,98356,2161],{"class":217},[69,98358,221],{"class":100},[69,98360,3727],{"class":292},[69,98362,301],{"class":100},[69,98364,98365],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,98366,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,98368,98369,98371,98373,98375,98377,98379,98381,98383,98385],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,98370,5933],{"class":79},[69,98372,97],{"class":96},[69,98374,636],{"class":100},[69,98376,18507],{"class":157},[69,98378,120],{"class":100},[69,98380,4671],{"class":157},[69,98382,120],{"class":100},[69,98384,158],{"class":157},[69,98386,198],{"class":100},[69,98388,98389,98392,98394,98396,98398,98400,98402,98404],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,98390,98391],{"class":79},"removed ",[69,98393,97],{"class":96},[69,98395,18540],{"class":79},[69,98397,289],{"class":100},[69,98399,58498],{"class":292},[69,98401,221],{"class":100},[69,98403,5940],{"class":157},[69,98405,301],{"class":100},[69,98407,98408,98410,98412,98414],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,98409,2161],{"class":217},[69,98411,221],{"class":100},[69,98413,5956],{"class":292},[69,98415,301],{"class":100},[69,98417,98418,98420,98422,98425],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,98419,2161],{"class":217},[69,98421,221],{"class":100},[69,98423,98424],{"class":292},"removed",[69,98426,301],{"class":100},[69,98428,98429],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,98430,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,98432,98433,98435,98437,98439,98441],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,98434,96233],{"class":75},[69,98436,18540],{"class":79},[69,98438,1345],{"class":100},[69,98440,2200],{"class":157},[69,98442,198],{"class":100},[69,98444,98445,98447,98449,98451],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,98446,2161],{"class":217},[69,98448,221],{"class":100},[69,98450,5956],{"class":292},[69,98452,301],{"class":100},[14,98454,2781],{},[60,98456,98458],{"className":62,"code":98457,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['apple', 'orange']\n[10, 30]\n20\n[30]\n",[21,98459,98460,98480,98492,98496],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,98461,98462,98464,98466,98468,98470,98472,98474,98476,98478],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,98463,1345],{"class":100},[69,98465,15283],{"class":110},[69,98467,6037],{"class":114},[69,98469,15283],{"class":110},[69,98471,120],{"class":100},[69,98473,15292],{"class":110},[69,98475,6066],{"class":114},[69,98477,15283],{"class":110},[69,98479,198],{"class":100},[69,98481,98482,98484,98486,98488,98490],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,98483,1345],{"class":100},[69,98485,18507],{"class":157},[69,98487,120],{"class":100},[69,98489,158],{"class":157},[69,98491,198],{"class":100},[69,98493,98494],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,98495,73127],{"class":157},[69,98497,98498,98500,98502],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,98499,1345],{"class":100},[69,98501,91800],{"class":157},[69,98503,198],{"class":100},[14,98505,1081],{},[29,98507,98508,98516,98523],{},[32,98509,98510,98513,98514],{},[21,98511,98512],{},"remove()"," to delete by ",[2498,98515,20383],{},[32,98517,98518,98513,98520,98522],{},[21,98519,96236],{},[2498,98521,17362],{}," and get the removed item back",[32,98524,98525,98513,98527,364,98529],{},[21,98526,96233],{},[2498,98528,17362],{},[2498,98530,98531],{},"slice",[55,98533,2666],{"id":2665},[14,98535,98536],{},"This page will help you:",[29,98538,98539,98542,98545,98548],{},[32,98540,98541],{},"Remove one item from a list",[32,98543,98544],{},"Choose the correct method for your situation",[32,98546,98547],{},"Avoid common errors like removing a value that is not in the list",[32,98549,2677,98550,5914,98552,14844,98554],{},[21,98551,98512],{},[21,98553,96236],{},[21,98555,96233],{},[14,98557,98558,98559,289],{},"If you are new to lists, see ",[579,98560,6736],{"href":18656},[55,98562,322,98564,98566],{"id":98563},"use-remove-when-you-know-the-value",[21,98565,98512],{}," when you know the value",[14,98568,322,98569,98572],{},[21,98570,98571],{},"remove(value)"," when you know the item itself.",[14,98574,4842],{},[29,98576,98577,98585,98588,98593],{},[32,98578,98579,98581,98582],{},[21,98580,98571],{}," deletes the ",[2498,98583,98584],{},"first matching item",[32,98586,98587],{},"It changes the original list",[32,98589,55911,98590,98592],{},[2498,98591,3315],{}," return the updated list",[32,98594,98595],{},"Use it when you know the item, not its position",[14,98597,370],{},[60,98599,98601],{"className":62,"code":98600,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\nfruits.remove(\"banana\")\nprint(fruits)\n",[21,98602,98603,98635,98653],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,98604,98605,98607,98609,98611,98613,98615,98617,98619,98621,98623,98625,98627,98629,98631,98633],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,98606,6028],{"class":79},[69,98608,97],{"class":96},[69,98610,636],{"class":100},[69,98612,111],{"class":110},[69,98614,6037],{"class":114},[69,98616,111],{"class":110},[69,98618,120],{"class":100},[69,98620,123],{"class":110},[69,98622,6046],{"class":114},[69,98624,111],{"class":110},[69,98626,120],{"class":100},[69,98628,123],{"class":110},[69,98630,6066],{"class":114},[69,98632,111],{"class":110},[69,98634,198],{"class":100},[69,98636,98637,98639,98641,98643,98645,98647,98649,98651],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,98638,6055],{"class":79},[69,98640,289],{"class":100},[69,98642,43152],{"class":292},[69,98644,221],{"class":100},[69,98646,111],{"class":110},[69,98648,6046],{"class":114},[69,98650,111],{"class":110},[69,98652,301],{"class":100},[69,98654,98655,98657,98659,98661],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,98656,2161],{"class":217},[69,98658,221],{"class":100},[69,98660,6055],{"class":292},[69,98662,301],{"class":100},[14,98664,2781],{},[60,98666,98668],{"className":62,"code":98667,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['apple', 'orange']\n",[21,98669,98670],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,98671,98672,98674,98676,98678,98680,98682,98684,98686,98688],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,98673,1345],{"class":100},[69,98675,15283],{"class":110},[69,98677,6037],{"class":114},[69,98679,15283],{"class":110},[69,98681,120],{"class":100},[69,98683,15292],{"class":110},[69,98685,6066],{"class":114},[69,98687,15283],{"class":110},[69,98689,198],{"class":100},[1647,98691,98693,98695],{"id":98692},"remove-only-removes-the-first-match",[21,98694,98512],{}," only removes the first match",[60,98697,98699],{"className":62,"code":98698,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 2, 3]\nnumbers.remove(2)\nprint(numbers)\n",[21,98700,98701,98725,98739],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,98702,98703,98705,98707,98709,98711,98713,98715,98717,98719,98721,98723],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,98704,5933],{"class":79},[69,98706,97],{"class":96},[69,98708,636],{"class":100},[69,98710,5940],{"class":157},[69,98712,120],{"class":100},[69,98714,5762],{"class":157},[69,98716,120],{"class":100},[69,98718,5762],{"class":157},[69,98720,120],{"class":100},[69,98722,5949],{"class":157},[69,98724,198],{"class":100},[69,98726,98727,98729,98731,98733,98735,98737],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,98728,5956],{"class":79},[69,98730,289],{"class":100},[69,98732,43152],{"class":292},[69,98734,221],{"class":100},[69,98736,19224],{"class":157},[69,98738,301],{"class":100},[69,98740,98741,98743,98745,98747],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,98742,2161],{"class":217},[69,98744,221],{"class":100},[69,98746,5956],{"class":292},[69,98748,301],{"class":100},[14,98750,2781],{},[60,98752,98753],{"className":62,"code":48947,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,98754,98755],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,98756,98757,98759,98761,98763,98765,98767,98769],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,98758,1345],{"class":100},[69,98760,5940],{"class":157},[69,98762,120],{"class":100},[69,98764,5762],{"class":157},[69,98766,120],{"class":100},[69,98768,5949],{"class":157},[69,98770,198],{"class":100},[14,98772,98773,98774,98776],{},"Only the first ",[21,98775,19224],{}," is removed.",[14,98778,83195,98779,289],{},[579,98780,98782],{"href":98781},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-list-remove-method","Python list remove() method",[1647,98784,98786,98788],{"id":98785},"remove-changes-the-list-in-place",[21,98787,98512],{}," changes the list in place",[14,98790,98791],{},"A common beginner mistake is this:",[60,98793,98795],{"className":62,"code":98794,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\nresult = fruits.remove(\"banana\")\n\nprint(result)\nprint(fruits)\n",[21,98796,98797,98829,98851,98855,98865],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,98798,98799,98801,98803,98805,98807,98809,98811,98813,98815,98817,98819,98821,98823,98825,98827],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,98800,6028],{"class":79},[69,98802,97],{"class":96},[69,98804,636],{"class":100},[69,98806,111],{"class":110},[69,98808,6037],{"class":114},[69,98810,111],{"class":110},[69,98812,120],{"class":100},[69,98814,123],{"class":110},[69,98816,6046],{"class":114},[69,98818,111],{"class":110},[69,98820,120],{"class":100},[69,98822,123],{"class":110},[69,98824,6066],{"class":114},[69,98826,111],{"class":110},[69,98828,198],{"class":100},[69,98830,98831,98833,98835,98837,98839,98841,98843,98845,98847,98849],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,98832,8506],{"class":79},[69,98834,97],{"class":96},[69,98836,19039],{"class":79},[69,98838,289],{"class":100},[69,98840,43152],{"class":292},[69,98842,221],{"class":100},[69,98844,111],{"class":110},[69,98846,6046],{"class":114},[69,98848,111],{"class":110},[69,98850,301],{"class":100},[69,98852,98853],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,98854,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,98856,98857,98859,98861,98863],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,98858,2161],{"class":217},[69,98860,221],{"class":100},[69,98862,8530],{"class":292},[69,98864,301],{"class":100},[69,98866,98867,98869,98871,98873],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,98868,2161],{"class":217},[69,98870,221],{"class":100},[69,98872,6055],{"class":292},[69,98874,301],{"class":100},[14,98876,2781],{},[60,98878,98880],{"className":62,"code":98879,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"None\n['apple', 'orange']\n",[21,98881,98882,98886],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,98883,98884],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,98885,3013],{"class":3012},[69,98887,98888,98890,98892,98894,98896,98898,98900,98902,98904],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,98889,1345],{"class":100},[69,98891,15283],{"class":110},[69,98893,6037],{"class":114},[69,98895,15283],{"class":110},[69,98897,120],{"class":100},[69,98899,15292],{"class":110},[69,98901,6066],{"class":114},[69,98903,15283],{"class":110},[69,98905,198],{"class":100},[14,98907,98908,3019,98910,98912],{},[21,98909,98512],{},[21,98911,3022],{},". It does not create a new list.",[55,98914,322,98916,98918],{"id":98915},"use-pop-when-you-know-the-index",[21,98917,96236],{}," when you know the index",[14,98920,322,98921,98924],{},[21,98922,98923],{},"pop(index)"," when you know the position of the item.",[14,98926,4842],{},[29,98928,98929,98934,98939,98944],{},[32,98930,98931,98933],{},[21,98932,98923],{}," removes the item at a position",[32,98935,98936,98938],{},[21,98937,96236],{}," with no index removes the last item",[32,98940,98941,98943],{},[21,98942,96236],{}," returns the removed value",[32,98945,98946],{},"It is useful when you need the deleted item later",[14,98948,370],{},[60,98950,98952],{"className":62,"code":98951,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"letters = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"]\nremoved = letters.pop(2)\n\nprint(letters)\nprint(removed)\n",[21,98953,98954,98994,99012,99016,99026],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,98955,98956,98958,98960,98962,98964,98966,98968,98970,98972,98974,98976,98978,98980,98982,98984,98986,98988,98990,98992],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,98957,6382],{"class":79},[69,98959,97],{"class":96},[69,98961,636],{"class":100},[69,98963,111],{"class":110},[69,98965,579],{"class":114},[69,98967,111],{"class":110},[69,98969,120],{"class":100},[69,98971,123],{"class":110},[69,98973,5755],{"class":114},[69,98975,111],{"class":110},[69,98977,120],{"class":100},[69,98979,123],{"class":110},[69,98981,6399],{"class":114},[69,98983,111],{"class":110},[69,98985,120],{"class":100},[69,98987,123],{"class":110},[69,98989,6408],{"class":114},[69,98991,111],{"class":110},[69,98993,198],{"class":100},[69,98995,98996,98998,99000,99002,99004,99006,99008,99010],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,98997,98391],{"class":79},[69,98999,97],{"class":96},[69,99001,51254],{"class":79},[69,99003,289],{"class":100},[69,99005,58498],{"class":292},[69,99007,221],{"class":100},[69,99009,19224],{"class":157},[69,99011,301],{"class":100},[69,99013,99014],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,99015,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,99017,99018,99020,99022,99024],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,99019,2161],{"class":217},[69,99021,221],{"class":100},[69,99023,6417],{"class":292},[69,99025,301],{"class":100},[69,99027,99028,99030,99032,99034],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,99029,2161],{"class":217},[69,99031,221],{"class":100},[69,99033,98424],{"class":292},[69,99035,301],{"class":100},[14,99037,2781],{},[60,99039,99041],{"className":62,"code":99040,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['a', 'b', 'd']\nc\n",[21,99042,99043,99071],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,99044,99045,99047,99049,99051,99053,99055,99057,99059,99061,99063,99065,99067,99069],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,99046,1345],{"class":100},[69,99048,15283],{"class":110},[69,99050,579],{"class":114},[69,99052,15283],{"class":110},[69,99054,120],{"class":100},[69,99056,15292],{"class":110},[69,99058,5755],{"class":114},[69,99060,15283],{"class":110},[69,99062,120],{"class":100},[69,99064,15292],{"class":110},[69,99066,6408],{"class":114},[69,99068,15283],{"class":110},[69,99070,198],{"class":100},[69,99072,99073],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,99074,70041],{"class":79},[1647,99076,99078],{"id":99077},"remove-the-last-item","Remove the last item",[60,99080,99082],{"className":62,"code":99081,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"colors = [\"red\", \"green\", \"blue\"]\nlast_color = colors.pop()\n\nprint(colors)\nprint(last_color)\n",[21,99083,99084,99116,99131,99135,99145],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,99085,99086,99088,99090,99092,99094,99096,99098,99100,99102,99104,99106,99108,99110,99112,99114],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,99087,6490],{"class":79},[69,99089,97],{"class":96},[69,99091,636],{"class":100},[69,99093,111],{"class":110},[69,99095,6499],{"class":114},[69,99097,111],{"class":110},[69,99099,120],{"class":100},[69,99101,123],{"class":110},[69,99103,6532],{"class":114},[69,99105,111],{"class":110},[69,99107,120],{"class":100},[69,99109,123],{"class":110},[69,99111,6508],{"class":114},[69,99113,111],{"class":110},[69,99115,198],{"class":100},[69,99117,99118,99121,99123,99125,99127,99129],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,99119,99120],{"class":79},"last_color ",[69,99122,97],{"class":96},[69,99124,18633],{"class":79},[69,99126,289],{"class":100},[69,99128,58498],{"class":292},[69,99130,1385],{"class":100},[69,99132,99133],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,99134,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,99136,99137,99139,99141,99143],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,99138,2161],{"class":217},[69,99140,221],{"class":100},[69,99142,6517],{"class":292},[69,99144,301],{"class":100},[69,99146,99147,99149,99151,99154],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,99148,2161],{"class":217},[69,99150,221],{"class":100},[69,99152,99153],{"class":292},"last_color",[69,99155,301],{"class":100},[14,99157,2781],{},[60,99159,99161],{"className":62,"code":99160,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['red', 'green']\nblue\n",[21,99162,99163,99183],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,99164,99165,99167,99169,99171,99173,99175,99177,99179,99181],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,99166,1345],{"class":100},[69,99168,15283],{"class":110},[69,99170,6499],{"class":114},[69,99172,15283],{"class":110},[69,99174,120],{"class":100},[69,99176,15292],{"class":110},[69,99178,6532],{"class":114},[69,99180,15283],{"class":110},[69,99182,198],{"class":100},[69,99184,99185],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,99186,41713],{"class":79},[14,99188,99189],{},"Use this when you want to remove the last item and keep its value.",[14,99191,99192,99193,289],{},"For more details, see the ",[579,99194,99196],{"href":99195},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-list-pop-method","Python list pop() method",[55,99198,322,99200,99202],{"id":99199},"use-del-for-index-or-slice-removal",[21,99201,96233],{}," for index or slice removal",[14,99204,322,99205,99207],{},[21,99206,96233],{}," when you want to delete by position and do not need the removed item.",[14,99209,4842],{},[29,99211,99212,99218,99224,99229],{},[32,99213,99214,99217],{},[21,99215,99216],{},"del my_list[index]"," removes one item by position",[32,99219,99220,99223],{},[21,99221,99222],{},"del my_list[start:end]"," removes multiple items",[32,99225,99226,99228],{},[21,99227,96233],{}," does not return the removed item",[32,99230,99231],{},"It is good for deleting by location without needing a return value",[1647,99233,99235,99236],{"id":99234},"remove-one-item-with-del","Remove one item with ",[21,99237,96233],{},[60,99239,99241],{"className":62,"code":99240,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"pen\", \"pencil\", \"eraser\"]\ndel items[1]\nprint(items)\n",[21,99242,99243,99275,99287],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,99244,99245,99247,99249,99251,99253,99255,99257,99259,99261,99263,99265,99267,99269,99271,99273],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,99246,6605],{"class":79},[69,99248,97],{"class":96},[69,99250,636],{"class":100},[69,99252,111],{"class":110},[69,99254,18691],{"class":114},[69,99256,111],{"class":110},[69,99258,120],{"class":100},[69,99260,123],{"class":110},[69,99262,18700],{"class":114},[69,99264,111],{"class":110},[69,99266,120],{"class":100},[69,99268,123],{"class":110},[69,99270,18709],{"class":114},[69,99272,111],{"class":110},[69,99274,198],{"class":100},[69,99276,99277,99279,99281,99283,99285],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,99278,96233],{"class":75},[69,99280,18409],{"class":79},[69,99282,1345],{"class":100},[69,99284,5940],{"class":157},[69,99286,198],{"class":100},[69,99288,99289,99291,99293,99295],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,99290,2161],{"class":217},[69,99292,221],{"class":100},[69,99294,3727],{"class":292},[69,99296,301],{"class":100},[14,99298,2781],{},[60,99300,99302],{"className":62,"code":99301,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['pen', 'eraser']\n",[21,99303,99304],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,99305,99306,99308,99310,99312,99314,99316,99318,99320,99322],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,99307,1345],{"class":100},[69,99309,15283],{"class":110},[69,99311,18691],{"class":114},[69,99313,15283],{"class":110},[69,99315,120],{"class":100},[69,99317,15292],{"class":110},[69,99319,18709],{"class":114},[69,99321,15283],{"class":110},[69,99323,198],{"class":100},[1647,99325,99327],{"id":99326},"remove-multiple-items-with-a-slice","Remove multiple items with a slice",[60,99329,99331],{"className":62,"code":99330,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]\ndel numbers[1:4]\nprint(numbers)\n",[21,99332,99333,99361,99377],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,99334,99335,99337,99339,99341,99343,99345,99347,99349,99351,99353,99355,99357,99359],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,99336,5933],{"class":79},[69,99338,97],{"class":96},[69,99340,636],{"class":100},[69,99342,18507],{"class":157},[69,99344,120],{"class":100},[69,99346,4671],{"class":157},[69,99348,120],{"class":100},[69,99350,158],{"class":157},[69,99352,120],{"class":100},[69,99354,18520],{"class":157},[69,99356,120],{"class":100},[69,99358,26230],{"class":157},[69,99360,198],{"class":100},[69,99362,99363,99365,99367,99369,99371,99373,99375],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,99364,96233],{"class":75},[69,99366,18540],{"class":79},[69,99368,1345],{"class":100},[69,99370,5940],{"class":157},[69,99372,1174],{"class":100},[69,99374,5966],{"class":157},[69,99376,198],{"class":100},[69,99378,99379,99381,99383,99385],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,99380,2161],{"class":217},[69,99382,221],{"class":100},[69,99384,5956],{"class":292},[69,99386,301],{"class":100},[14,99388,2781],{},[60,99390,99392],{"className":62,"code":99391,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[10, 50]\n",[21,99393,99394],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,99395,99396,99398,99400,99402,99404],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,99397,1345],{"class":100},[69,99399,18507],{"class":157},[69,99401,120],{"class":100},[69,99403,26230],{"class":157},[69,99405,198],{"class":100},[14,99407,99408,99409,5914,99411,14844,99413,289],{},"This removes the items at indexes ",[21,99410,5940],{},[21,99412,19224],{},[21,99414,7162],{},[55,99416,99418],{"id":99417},"how-to-remove-all-matching-items","How to remove all matching items",[14,99420,49901],{},[29,99422,99423,99428,99431],{},[32,99424,99425,99427],{},[21,99426,98512],{}," only deletes the first match",[32,99429,99430],{},"If the same value appears many times, use another approach",[32,99432,99433],{},"A list comprehension is often the simplest option",[14,99435,370],{},[60,99437,99439],{"className":62,"code":99438,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 4]\nnumbers = [x for x in numbers if x != 2]\nprint(numbers)\n",[21,99440,99441,99473,99501],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,99442,99443,99445,99447,99449,99451,99453,99455,99457,99459,99461,99463,99465,99467,99469,99471],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,99444,5933],{"class":79},[69,99446,97],{"class":96},[69,99448,636],{"class":100},[69,99450,5940],{"class":157},[69,99452,120],{"class":100},[69,99454,5762],{"class":157},[69,99456,120],{"class":100},[69,99458,5762],{"class":157},[69,99460,120],{"class":100},[69,99462,5949],{"class":157},[69,99464,120],{"class":100},[69,99466,5762],{"class":157},[69,99468,120],{"class":100},[69,99470,7167],{"class":157},[69,99472,198],{"class":100},[69,99474,99475,99477,99479,99481,99483,99485,99487,99489,99491,99493,99495,99497,99499],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,99476,5933],{"class":79},[69,99478,97],{"class":96},[69,99480,636],{"class":100},[69,99482,41165],{"class":79},[69,99484,3710],{"class":75},[69,99486,41235],{"class":79},[69,99488,771],{"class":75},[69,99490,46574],{"class":79},[69,99492,3201],{"class":75},[69,99494,41235],{"class":79},[69,99496,74839],{"class":96},[69,99498,5762],{"class":157},[69,99500,198],{"class":100},[69,99502,99503,99505,99507,99509],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,99504,2161],{"class":217},[69,99506,221],{"class":100},[69,99508,5956],{"class":292},[69,99510,301],{"class":100},[14,99512,2781],{},[60,99514,99516],{"className":62,"code":99515,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[1, 3, 4]\n",[21,99517,99518],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,99519,99520,99522,99524,99526,99528,99530,99532],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,99521,1345],{"class":100},[69,99523,5940],{"class":157},[69,99525,120],{"class":100},[69,99527,5949],{"class":157},[69,99529,120],{"class":100},[69,99531,7167],{"class":157},[69,99533,198],{"class":100},[14,99535,99536,99537,289],{},"This creates a new list that keeps only values that are not ",[21,99538,19224],{},[1647,99540,99542],{"id":99541},"be-careful-when-removing-inside-a-loop","Be careful when removing inside a loop",[14,99544,99545],{},"Changing a list while looping over it can cause confusing results.",[14,99547,74289],{},[60,99549,99551],{"className":62,"code":99550,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [2, 2, 2, 3]\n\nfor x in numbers:\n    if x == 2:\n        numbers.remove(x)\n\nprint(numbers)\n",[21,99552,99553,99577,99581,99593,99605,99619,99623],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,99554,99555,99557,99559,99561,99563,99565,99567,99569,99571,99573,99575],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,99556,5933],{"class":79},[69,99558,97],{"class":96},[69,99560,636],{"class":100},[69,99562,19224],{"class":157},[69,99564,120],{"class":100},[69,99566,5762],{"class":157},[69,99568,120],{"class":100},[69,99570,5762],{"class":157},[69,99572,120],{"class":100},[69,99574,5949],{"class":157},[69,99576,198],{"class":100},[69,99578,99579],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,99580,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,99582,99583,99585,99587,99589,99591],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,99584,3710],{"class":75},[69,99586,41235],{"class":79},[69,99588,771],{"class":75},[69,99590,18540],{"class":79},[69,99592,275],{"class":100},[69,99594,99595,99597,99599,99601,99603],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,99596,19705],{"class":75},[69,99598,41235],{"class":79},[69,99600,17712],{"class":96},[69,99602,5762],{"class":157},[69,99604,275],{"class":100},[69,99606,99607,99609,99611,99613,99615,99617],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,99608,49055],{"class":79},[69,99610,289],{"class":100},[69,99612,43152],{"class":292},[69,99614,221],{"class":100},[69,99616,40205],{"class":292},[69,99618,301],{"class":100},[69,99620,99621],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,99622,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,99624,99625,99627,99629,99631],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,99626,2161],{"class":217},[69,99628,221],{"class":100},[69,99630,5956],{"class":292},[69,99632,301],{"class":100},[14,99634,2781],{},[60,99636,99638],{"className":62,"code":99637,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[2, 3]\n",[21,99639,99640],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,99641,99642,99644,99646,99648,99650],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,99643,1345],{"class":100},[69,99645,19224],{"class":157},[69,99647,120],{"class":100},[69,99649,5949],{"class":157},[69,99651,198],{"class":100},[14,99653,99654,99655,99657],{},"This does not remove every ",[21,99656,19224],{}," because the list changes while the loop is running.",[14,99659,99660],{},"For this task, a list comprehension is usually safer and easier to read.",[14,99662,99663,99664,289],{},"If you also want to clean repeated values, see ",[579,99665,99667],{"href":99666},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-remove-duplicates-from-a-list-in-python\u002F","how to remove duplicates from a list in Python",[55,99669,99671],{"id":99670},"what-happens-if-the-item-is-not-found","What happens if the item is not found",[14,99673,99674],{},"Some list removal methods raise errors if the value or index does not exist.",[1647,99676,99678,29501,99680],{"id":99677},"remove-raises-valueerror",[21,99679,98512],{},[21,99681,11209],{},[60,99683,99685],{"className":62,"code":99684,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\nitems.remove(\"grape\")\n",[21,99686,99687,99719],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,99688,99689,99691,99693,99695,99697,99699,99701,99703,99705,99707,99709,99711,99713,99715,99717],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,99690,6605],{"class":79},[69,99692,97],{"class":96},[69,99694,636],{"class":100},[69,99696,111],{"class":110},[69,99698,6037],{"class":114},[69,99700,111],{"class":110},[69,99702,120],{"class":100},[69,99704,123],{"class":110},[69,99706,6046],{"class":114},[69,99708,111],{"class":110},[69,99710,120],{"class":100},[69,99712,123],{"class":110},[69,99714,6066],{"class":114},[69,99716,111],{"class":110},[69,99718,198],{"class":100},[69,99720,99721,99723,99725,99727,99729,99731,99733,99735],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,99722,3727],{"class":79},[69,99724,289],{"class":100},[69,99726,43152],{"class":292},[69,99728,221],{"class":100},[69,99730,111],{"class":110},[69,99732,29866],{"class":114},[69,99734,111],{"class":110},[69,99736,301],{"class":100},[14,99738,17471],{},[60,99740,99742],{"className":62,"code":99741,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list\n",[21,99743,99744],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,99745,99746,99748,99750,99752,99754,99756,99758,99760,99763,99765,99767,99769],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,99747,11209],{"class":1859},[69,99749,1174],{"class":100},[69,99751,22306],{"class":1859},[69,99753,289],{"class":100},[69,99755,43152],{"class":292},[69,99757,221],{"class":100},[69,99759,40205],{"class":292},[69,99761,99762],{"class":100},"):",[69,99764,41235],{"class":79},[69,99766,3315],{"class":96},[69,99768,3210],{"class":96},[69,99770,99771],{"class":1859}," list\n",[14,99773,99774],{},"You can avoid this by checking first:",[60,99776,99778],{"className":62,"code":99777,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\n\nif \"grape\" in items:\n    items.remove(\"grape\")\n\nprint(items)\n",[21,99779,99780,99812,99816,99832,99850,99854],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,99781,99782,99784,99786,99788,99790,99792,99794,99796,99798,99800,99802,99804,99806,99808,99810],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,99783,6605],{"class":79},[69,99785,97],{"class":96},[69,99787,636],{"class":100},[69,99789,111],{"class":110},[69,99791,6037],{"class":114},[69,99793,111],{"class":110},[69,99795,120],{"class":100},[69,99797,123],{"class":110},[69,99799,6046],{"class":114},[69,99801,111],{"class":110},[69,99803,120],{"class":100},[69,99805,123],{"class":110},[69,99807,6066],{"class":114},[69,99809,111],{"class":110},[69,99811,198],{"class":100},[69,99813,99814],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,99815,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,99817,99818,99820,99822,99824,99826,99828,99830],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,99819,3201],{"class":75},[69,99821,123],{"class":110},[69,99823,29866],{"class":114},[69,99825,111],{"class":110},[69,99827,3210],{"class":96},[69,99829,18409],{"class":79},[69,99831,275],{"class":100},[69,99833,99834,99836,99838,99840,99842,99844,99846,99848],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,99835,76738],{"class":79},[69,99837,289],{"class":100},[69,99839,43152],{"class":292},[69,99841,221],{"class":100},[69,99843,111],{"class":110},[69,99845,29866],{"class":114},[69,99847,111],{"class":110},[69,99849,301],{"class":100},[69,99851,99852],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,99853,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,99855,99856,99858,99860,99862],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,99857,2161],{"class":217},[69,99859,221],{"class":100},[69,99861,3727],{"class":292},[69,99863,301],{"class":100},[14,99865,2781],{},[60,99867,99868],{"className":62,"code":47686,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,99869,99870],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,99871,99872,99874,99876,99878,99880,99882,99884,99886,99888,99890,99892,99894,99896],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,99873,1345],{"class":100},[69,99875,15283],{"class":110},[69,99877,6037],{"class":114},[69,99879,15283],{"class":110},[69,99881,120],{"class":100},[69,99883,15292],{"class":110},[69,99885,6046],{"class":114},[69,99887,15283],{"class":110},[69,99889,120],{"class":100},[69,99891,15292],{"class":110},[69,99893,6066],{"class":114},[69,99895,15283],{"class":110},[69,99897,198],{"class":100},[14,99899,69682,99900,289],{},[579,99901,12506],{"href":12505},[1647,99903,99905,50,99907,99909,99910],{"id":99904},"pop-and-del-can-raise-indexerror",[21,99906,96236],{},[21,99908,96233],{}," can raise ",[21,99911,40426],{},[60,99913,99915],{"className":62,"code":99914,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [10, 20, 30]\nnumbers.pop(5)\n",[21,99916,99917,99937],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,99918,99919,99921,99923,99925,99927,99929,99931,99933,99935],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,99920,5933],{"class":79},[69,99922,97],{"class":96},[69,99924,636],{"class":100},[69,99926,18507],{"class":157},[69,99928,120],{"class":100},[69,99930,4671],{"class":157},[69,99932,120],{"class":100},[69,99934,158],{"class":157},[69,99936,198],{"class":100},[69,99938,99939,99941,99943,99945,99947,99949],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,99940,5956],{"class":79},[69,99942,289],{"class":100},[69,99944,58498],{"class":292},[69,99946,221],{"class":100},[69,99948,6670],{"class":157},[69,99950,301],{"class":100},[14,99952,99953,99954,34489],{},"This causes an error because index ",[21,99955,6670],{},[14,99957,99958],{},"Safe example:",[60,99960,99962],{"className":62,"code":99961,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [10, 20, 30]\nindex = 1\n\nif 0 \u003C= index \u003C len(numbers):\n    removed = numbers.pop(index)\n    print(removed)\n\nprint(numbers)\n",[21,99963,99964,99984,99992,99996,100017,100036,100046,100050],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,99965,99966,99968,99970,99972,99974,99976,99978,99980,99982],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,99967,5933],{"class":79},[69,99969,97],{"class":96},[69,99971,636],{"class":100},[69,99973,18507],{"class":157},[69,99975,120],{"class":100},[69,99977,4671],{"class":157},[69,99979,120],{"class":100},[69,99981,158],{"class":157},[69,99983,198],{"class":100},[69,99985,99986,99988,99990],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,99987,76479],{"class":79},[69,99989,97],{"class":96},[69,99991,41517],{"class":157},[69,99993,99994],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,99995,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,99997,99998,100000,100002,100005,100007,100009,100011,100013,100015],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,99999,3201],{"class":75},[69,100001,6711],{"class":157},[69,100003,100004],{"class":96}," \u003C=",[69,100006,76194],{"class":79},[69,100008,21097],{"class":96},[69,100010,45278],{"class":217},[69,100012,221],{"class":100},[69,100014,5956],{"class":292},[69,100016,7526],{"class":100},[69,100018,100019,100022,100024,100026,100028,100030,100032,100034],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,100020,100021],{"class":79},"    removed ",[69,100023,97],{"class":96},[69,100025,18540],{"class":79},[69,100027,289],{"class":100},[69,100029,58498],{"class":292},[69,100031,221],{"class":100},[69,100033,17362],{"class":292},[69,100035,301],{"class":100},[69,100037,100038,100040,100042,100044],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,100039,3220],{"class":217},[69,100041,221],{"class":100},[69,100043,98424],{"class":292},[69,100045,301],{"class":100},[69,100047,100048],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,100049,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,100051,100052,100054,100056,100058],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,100053,2161],{"class":217},[69,100055,221],{"class":100},[69,100057,5956],{"class":292},[69,100059,301],{"class":100},[14,100061,2781],{},[60,100063,100065],{"className":62,"code":100064,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"20\n[10, 30]\n",[21,100066,100067,100071],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,100068,100069],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,100070,73127],{"class":157},[69,100072,100073,100075,100077,100079,100081],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,100074,1345],{"class":100},[69,100076,18507],{"class":157},[69,100078,120],{"class":100},[69,100080,158],{"class":157},[69,100082,198],{"class":100},[14,100084,34363,100085,289],{},[579,100086,40468],{"href":40465},[55,100088,100090],{"id":100089},"which-method-should-you-use","Which method should you use?",[14,100092,100093],{},"Use this quick guide:",[29,100095,100096,100104,100111,100118],{},[32,100097,322,100098,100100,100101],{},[21,100099,98512],{}," for ",[2498,100102,100103],{},"value-based removal",[32,100105,322,100106,100100,100108],{},[21,100107,96236],{},[2498,100109,100110],{},"index-based removal when you also need the removed item",[32,100112,322,100113,100100,100115],{},[21,100114,96233],{},[2498,100116,100117],{},"index or slice removal when you do not need a return value",[32,100119,9549,100120,100122],{},[2498,100121,46509],{}," to remove all matches",[14,100124,100125],{},"Here is the same idea in table form:",[21755,100127,100128,100145],{},[21758,100129,100130],{},[21761,100131,100132,100135,100138,100142],{},[21764,100133,100134],{},"Method",[21764,100136,100137],{},"Removes by",[21764,100139,100141],{"align":100140},"right","Returns removed item?",[21764,100143,100144],{"align":100140},"Removes all matches?",[21770,100146,100147,100161,100175,100187],{},[21761,100148,100149,100153,100156,100159],{},[21775,100150,100151],{},[21,100152,98571],{},[21775,100154,100155],{},"Value",[21775,100157,100158],{"align":100140},"No",[21775,100160,100158],{"align":100140},[21761,100162,100163,100167,100170,100173],{},[21775,100164,100165],{},[21,100166,98923],{},[21775,100168,100169],{},"Index",[21775,100171,100172],{"align":100140},"Yes",[21775,100174,100158],{"align":100140},[21761,100176,100177,100181,100183,100185],{},[21775,100178,100179],{},[21,100180,99216],{},[21775,100182,100169],{},[21775,100184,100158],{"align":100140},[21775,100186,100158],{"align":100140},[21761,100188,100189,100192,100195,100197],{},[21775,100190,100191],{},"List comprehension",[21775,100193,100194],{},"Condition\u002Fvalue",[21775,100196,100158],{"align":100140},[21775,100198,100199],{"align":100140},"Yes, if written that way",[55,100201,3868],{"id":3867},[14,100203,100204],{},"These are some common problems beginners run into:",[29,100206,100207,100212,100217,100222,100225],{},[32,100208,1628,100209,100211],{},[21,100210,98512],{}," when the value is not in the list",[32,100213,1628,100214,100216],{},[21,100215,96236],{}," with an index that is too large",[32,100218,5316,100219,100221],{},[21,100220,98512],{}," to delete all matching items",[32,100223,100224],{},"Changing a list while looping over it",[32,100226,100227,100228,100230,100231],{},"Assigning the result of ",[21,100229,98512],{}," to a variable and getting ",[21,100232,3022],{},[14,100234,100235],{},"If something is not working, these simple checks can help:",[60,100237,100239],{"className":62,"code":100238,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(my_list)\nprint(len(my_list))\nprint(value in my_list)\nprint(index)\nprint(type(my_list))\n",[21,100240,100241,100251,100265,100279,100289],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,100242,100243,100245,100247,100249],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,100244,2161],{"class":217},[69,100246,221],{"class":100},[69,100248,6948],{"class":292},[69,100250,301],{"class":100},[69,100252,100253,100255,100257,100259,100261,100263],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,100254,2161],{"class":217},[69,100256,221],{"class":100},[69,100258,7286],{"class":217},[69,100260,221],{"class":100},[69,100262,6948],{"class":292},[69,100264,2183],{"class":100},[69,100266,100267,100269,100271,100273,100275,100277],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,100268,2161],{"class":217},[69,100270,221],{"class":100},[69,100272,20408],{"class":292},[69,100274,771],{"class":75},[69,100276,6925],{"class":292},[69,100278,301],{"class":100},[69,100280,100281,100283,100285,100287],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,100282,2161],{"class":217},[69,100284,221],{"class":100},[69,100286,17362],{"class":292},[69,100288,301],{"class":100},[69,100290,100291,100293,100295,100297,100299,100301],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,100292,2161],{"class":217},[69,100294,221],{"class":100},[69,100296,2176],{"class":1859},[69,100298,221],{"class":100},[69,100300,6948],{"class":292},[69,100302,2183],{"class":100},[14,100304,100305],{},"These can help you answer questions like:",[29,100307,100308,100311,100314],{},[32,100309,100310],{},"Is the value really in the list?",[32,100312,100313],{},"Is the index valid?",[32,100315,100316],{},"Is the variable actually a list?",[14,100318,100319,100320,289],{},"If you need to search before removing, see ",[579,100321,18929],{"href":18928},[55,100323,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,100325,2372,100327,50,100329,100331],{"id":100326},"what-is-the-difference-between-remove-and-pop-in-python",[21,100328,98512],{},[21,100330,96236],{}," in Python?",[14,100333,100334,100336,100337,100339],{},[21,100335,98512],{}," deletes by value. ",[21,100338,96236],{}," deletes by index and returns the removed item.",[1647,100341,100343],{"id":100342},"how-do-i-remove-the-last-item-from-a-list","How do I remove the last item from a list?",[14,100345,322,100346,100348,100349,289],{},[21,100347,96236],{}," with no argument, or use ",[21,100350,100351],{},"del my_list[-1]",[1647,100353,100355],{"id":100354},"how-do-i-remove-all-occurrences-of-a-value-from-a-list","How do I remove all occurrences of a value from a list?",[14,100357,100358],{},"Use a list comprehension such as:",[60,100360,100362],{"className":62,"code":100361,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[x for x in my_list if x != value]\n",[21,100363,100364],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,100365,100366,100368,100370,100372,100374,100376,100379,100381,100383,100385,100387],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,100367,1345],{"class":100},[69,100369,41165],{"class":79},[69,100371,3710],{"class":75},[69,100373,41235],{"class":79},[69,100375,771],{"class":75},[69,100377,100378],{"class":79}," my_list ",[69,100380,3201],{"class":75},[69,100382,41235],{"class":79},[69,100384,74839],{"class":96},[69,100386,3753],{"class":79},[69,100388,198],{"class":100},[1647,100390,18230,100392,18233],{"id":100391},"why-does-remove-give-an-error",[21,100393,98512],{},[14,100395,100396,100397,100399],{},"It raises ",[21,100398,11209],{}," when the value is not present in the list.",[1647,100401,11052,100403,84795],{"id":100402},"does-remove-return-a-new-list",[21,100404,98512],{},[14,100406,100407,100408,289],{},"No. It changes the existing list in place and returns ",[21,100409,3022],{},[55,100411,2414],{"id":2413},[29,100413,100414,100418,100422,100426,100430,100435,100439],{},[32,100415,100416],{},[579,100417,98782],{"href":98781},[32,100419,100420],{},[579,100421,99196],{"href":99195},[32,100423,100424],{},[579,100425,31520],{"href":31519},[32,100427,100428],{},[579,100429,20586],{"href":18928},[32,100431,100432],{},[579,100433,100434],{"href":99666},"How to remove duplicates from a list in Python",[32,100436,100437],{},[579,100438,12506],{"href":12505},[32,100440,100441],{},[579,100442,40468],{"href":40465},[2450,100444,100445],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":100447},[100448,100449,100450,100457,100461,100467,100470,100476,100477,100478,100488],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":98563,"depth":83,"text":100451,"children":100452},"Use remove() when you know the value",[100453,100455],{"id":98692,"depth":90,"text":100454},"remove() only removes the first match",{"id":98785,"depth":90,"text":100456},"remove() changes the list in place",{"id":98915,"depth":83,"text":100458,"children":100459},"Use pop() when you know the index",[100460],{"id":99077,"depth":90,"text":99078},{"id":99199,"depth":83,"text":100462,"children":100463},"Use del for index or slice removal",[100464,100466],{"id":99234,"depth":90,"text":100465},"Remove one item with del",{"id":99326,"depth":90,"text":99327},{"id":99417,"depth":83,"text":99418,"children":100468},[100469],{"id":99541,"depth":90,"text":99542},{"id":99670,"depth":83,"text":99671,"children":100471},[100472,100474],{"id":99677,"depth":90,"text":100473},"remove() raises ValueError",{"id":99904,"depth":90,"text":100475},"pop() and del can raise IndexError",{"id":100089,"depth":83,"text":100090},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":100479},[100480,100482,100483,100484,100486],{"id":100326,"depth":90,"text":100481},"What is the difference between remove() and pop() in Python?",{"id":100342,"depth":90,"text":100343},{"id":100354,"depth":90,"text":100355},{"id":100391,"depth":90,"text":100485},"Why does remove() give an error?",{"id":100402,"depth":90,"text":100487},"Does remove() return a new list?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to remove an item from a list in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-remove-an-item-from-a-list-in-python",{"title":98264,"description":100489},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-remove-an-item-from-a-list-in-python","GXUthRX4kEGVzk3U01K_AwTp_Q41CgchaM6_WWLVrbU",{"id":100496,"title":100497,"body":100498,"description":102639,"extension":2479,"meta":102640,"navigation":86,"path":102641,"seo":102642,"stem":102643,"__hash__":102644},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-remove-duplicates-from-a-list-in-python.md","How to Remove Duplicates from a List in Python",{"type":7,"value":100499,"toc":102605},[100500,100503,100506,100509,100528,100533,100535,100607,100609,100633,100636,100640,100643,100645,100682,100685,100696,100699,100723,100726,100739,100742,100748,100751,100824,100826,100850,100852,100872,100875,100883,100886,100977,100979,101012,101025,101031,101036,101039,101108,101110,101134,101137,101148,101151,101156,101158,101245,101248,101254,101258,101261,101366,101368,101392,101396,101416,101419,101426,101430,101433,101448,101455,101459,101470,101478,101485,101491,101494,101553,101556,101559,101666,101668,101696,101700,101703,101886,101888,101955,101962,101964,101967,101982,101985,102010,102016,102018,102021,102027,102029,102090,102093,102096,102123,102129,102132,102134,102183,102186,102190,102193,102250,102252,102277,102280,102341,102345,102351,102354,102357,102418,102424,102426,102429,102516,102519,102533,102535,102539,102545,102549,102555,102559,102565,102569,102574,102576,102602],[10,100501,100497],{"id":100502},"how-to-remove-duplicates-from-a-list-in-python",[14,100504,100505],{},"Removing duplicates from a list means keeping only one copy of each value.",[14,100507,100508],{},"In Python, there are a few simple ways to do this:",[29,100510,100511,100520,100525],{},[32,100512,322,100513,100516,100517],{},[21,100514,100515],{},"dict.fromkeys()"," to remove duplicates ",[2498,100518,100519],{},"and keep the original order",[32,100521,322,100522,100524],{},[21,100523,54381],{}," if you only care about unique values",[32,100526,100527],{},"Use a loop if you want to understand the logic or need more control",[14,100529,29770,100530,100532],{},[21,100531,100515],{}," is a good default choice.",[55,100534,11252],{"id":11251},[60,100536,100538],{"className":62,"code":100537,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4]\nunique_items = list(dict.fromkeys(items))\nprint(unique_items)\n",[21,100539,100540,100572,100596],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,100541,100542,100544,100546,100548,100550,100552,100554,100556,100558,100560,100562,100564,100566,100568,100570],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,100543,6605],{"class":79},[69,100545,97],{"class":96},[69,100547,636],{"class":100},[69,100549,5940],{"class":157},[69,100551,120],{"class":100},[69,100553,5762],{"class":157},[69,100555,120],{"class":100},[69,100557,5762],{"class":157},[69,100559,120],{"class":100},[69,100561,5949],{"class":157},[69,100563,120],{"class":100},[69,100565,5748],{"class":157},[69,100567,120],{"class":100},[69,100569,7167],{"class":157},[69,100571,198],{"class":100},[69,100573,100574,100577,100579,100581,100583,100585,100587,100590,100592,100594],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,100575,100576],{"class":79},"unique_items ",[69,100578,97],{"class":96},[69,100580,22306],{"class":1859},[69,100582,221],{"class":100},[69,100584,21779],{"class":1859},[69,100586,289],{"class":100},[69,100588,100589],{"class":292},"fromkeys",[69,100591,221],{"class":100},[69,100593,3727],{"class":292},[69,100595,2183],{"class":100},[69,100597,100598,100600,100602,100605],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,100599,2161],{"class":217},[69,100601,221],{"class":100},[69,100603,100604],{"class":292},"unique_items",[69,100606,301],{"class":100},[14,100608,2781],{},[60,100610,100611],{"className":62,"code":84493,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,100612,100613],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,100614,100615,100617,100619,100621,100623,100625,100627,100629,100631],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,100616,1345],{"class":100},[69,100618,5940],{"class":157},[69,100620,120],{"class":100},[69,100622,5762],{"class":157},[69,100624,120],{"class":100},[69,100626,5949],{"class":157},[69,100628,120],{"class":100},[69,100630,7167],{"class":157},[69,100632,198],{"class":100},[14,100634,100635],{},"This removes duplicates and keeps the original order.",[55,100637,100639],{"id":100638},"what-removing-duplicates-means","What removing duplicates means",[14,100641,100642],{},"A duplicate is a value that appears more than once in a list.",[14,100644,11201],{},[60,100646,100648],{"className":62,"code":100647,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4]\n",[21,100649,100650],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,100651,100652,100654,100656,100658,100660,100662,100664,100666,100668,100670,100672,100674,100676,100678,100680],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,100653,6605],{"class":79},[69,100655,97],{"class":96},[69,100657,636],{"class":100},[69,100659,5940],{"class":157},[69,100661,120],{"class":100},[69,100663,5762],{"class":157},[69,100665,120],{"class":100},[69,100667,5762],{"class":157},[69,100669,120],{"class":100},[69,100671,5949],{"class":157},[69,100673,120],{"class":100},[69,100675,5748],{"class":157},[69,100677,120],{"class":100},[69,100679,7167],{"class":157},[69,100681,198],{"class":100},[14,100683,100684],{},"In this list:",[29,100686,100687,100692],{},[32,100688,100689,100691],{},[21,100690,19224],{}," appears more than once",[32,100693,100694,100691],{},[21,100695,5940],{},[14,100697,100698],{},"If you remove duplicates, you keep one copy of each value:",[60,100700,100701],{"className":62,"code":84493,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,100702,100703],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,100704,100705,100707,100709,100711,100713,100715,100717,100719,100721],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,100706,1345],{"class":100},[69,100708,5940],{"class":157},[69,100710,120],{"class":100},[69,100712,5762],{"class":157},[69,100714,120],{"class":100},[69,100716,5949],{"class":157},[69,100718,120],{"class":100},[69,100720,7167],{"class":157},[69,100722,198],{"class":100},[14,100724,100725],{},"The important thing to remember is this:",[29,100727,100728,100734],{},[32,100729,100730,100731],{},"Some methods ",[2498,100732,100733],{},"keep the original order",[32,100735,100730,100736],{},[2498,100737,100738],{},"do not keep the original order",[14,100740,100741],{},"If order matters, choose your method carefully.",[55,100743,322,100745,100747],{"id":100744},"use-dictfromkeys-to-keep-order",[21,100746,100515],{}," to keep order",[14,100749,100750],{},"This is one of the easiest ways to remove duplicates while keeping the original order.",[60,100752,100754],{"className":62,"code":100753,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4]\nunique_items = list(dict.fromkeys(items))\n\nprint(unique_items)\n",[21,100755,100756,100788,100810,100814],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,100757,100758,100760,100762,100764,100766,100768,100770,100772,100774,100776,100778,100780,100782,100784,100786],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,100759,6605],{"class":79},[69,100761,97],{"class":96},[69,100763,636],{"class":100},[69,100765,5940],{"class":157},[69,100767,120],{"class":100},[69,100769,5762],{"class":157},[69,100771,120],{"class":100},[69,100773,5762],{"class":157},[69,100775,120],{"class":100},[69,100777,5949],{"class":157},[69,100779,120],{"class":100},[69,100781,5748],{"class":157},[69,100783,120],{"class":100},[69,100785,7167],{"class":157},[69,100787,198],{"class":100},[69,100789,100790,100792,100794,100796,100798,100800,100802,100804,100806,100808],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,100791,100576],{"class":79},[69,100793,97],{"class":96},[69,100795,22306],{"class":1859},[69,100797,221],{"class":100},[69,100799,21779],{"class":1859},[69,100801,289],{"class":100},[69,100803,100589],{"class":292},[69,100805,221],{"class":100},[69,100807,3727],{"class":292},[69,100809,2183],{"class":100},[69,100811,100812],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,100813,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,100815,100816,100818,100820,100822],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,100817,2161],{"class":217},[69,100819,221],{"class":100},[69,100821,100604],{"class":292},[69,100823,301],{"class":100},[14,100825,2781],{},[60,100827,100828],{"className":62,"code":84493,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,100829,100830],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,100831,100832,100834,100836,100838,100840,100842,100844,100846,100848],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,100833,1345],{"class":100},[69,100835,5940],{"class":157},[69,100837,120],{"class":100},[69,100839,5762],{"class":157},[69,100841,120],{"class":100},[69,100843,5949],{"class":157},[69,100845,120],{"class":100},[69,100847,7167],{"class":157},[69,100849,198],{"class":100},[1647,100851,6459],{"id":6458},[29,100853,100854,100860,100863,100866],{},[32,100855,100856,100859],{},[21,100857,100858],{},"dict.fromkeys(items)"," creates a dictionary using the list values as keys",[32,100861,100862],{},"Dictionary keys must be unique",[32,100864,100865],{},"Duplicate values are removed automatically",[32,100867,100868,100871],{},[21,100869,100870],{},"list(...)"," turns the keys back into a list",[14,100873,100874],{},"This works well for:",[29,100876,100877,100879,100881],{},[32,100878,59093],{},[32,100880,5956],{},[32,100882,59096],{},[14,100884,100885],{},"Example with strings:",[60,100887,100889],{"className":62,"code":100888,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"names = [\"Ana\", \"Bob\", \"Ana\", \"Cara\", \"Bob\"]\nunique_names = list(dict.fromkeys(names))\n\nprint(unique_names)\n",[21,100890,100891,100939,100962,100966],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,100892,100893,100895,100897,100899,100901,100903,100905,100907,100909,100911,100913,100915,100917,100919,100921,100923,100925,100927,100929,100931,100933,100935,100937],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,100894,631],{"class":79},[69,100896,97],{"class":96},[69,100898,636],{"class":100},[69,100900,111],{"class":110},[69,100902,2553],{"class":114},[69,100904,111],{"class":110},[69,100906,120],{"class":100},[69,100908,123],{"class":110},[69,100910,179],{"class":114},[69,100912,111],{"class":110},[69,100914,120],{"class":100},[69,100916,123],{"class":110},[69,100918,2553],{"class":114},[69,100920,111],{"class":110},[69,100922,120],{"class":100},[69,100924,123],{"class":110},[69,100926,657],{"class":114},[69,100928,111],{"class":110},[69,100930,120],{"class":100},[69,100932,123],{"class":110},[69,100934,179],{"class":114},[69,100936,111],{"class":110},[69,100938,198],{"class":100},[69,100940,100941,100944,100946,100948,100950,100952,100954,100956,100958,100960],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,100942,100943],{"class":79},"unique_names ",[69,100945,97],{"class":96},[69,100947,22306],{"class":1859},[69,100949,221],{"class":100},[69,100951,21779],{"class":1859},[69,100953,289],{"class":100},[69,100955,100589],{"class":292},[69,100957,221],{"class":100},[69,100959,7070],{"class":292},[69,100961,2183],{"class":100},[69,100963,100964],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,100965,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,100967,100968,100970,100972,100975],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,100969,2161],{"class":217},[69,100971,221],{"class":100},[69,100973,100974],{"class":292},"unique_names",[69,100976,301],{"class":100},[14,100978,2781],{},[60,100980,100982],{"className":62,"code":100981,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['Ana', 'Bob', 'Cara']\n",[21,100983,100984],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,100985,100986,100988,100990,100992,100994,100996,100998,101000,101002,101004,101006,101008,101010],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,100987,1345],{"class":100},[69,100989,15283],{"class":110},[69,100991,2553],{"class":114},[69,100993,15283],{"class":110},[69,100995,120],{"class":100},[69,100997,15292],{"class":110},[69,100999,179],{"class":114},[69,101001,15283],{"class":110},[69,101003,120],{"class":100},[69,101005,15292],{"class":110},[69,101007,657],{"class":114},[69,101009,15283],{"class":110},[69,101011,198],{"class":100},[14,101013,101014,101015,40230,101019,289],{},"If you want to understand sets better, see ",[579,101016,101018],{"href":101017},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-sets-explained","Python sets explained",[579,101020,101022,101024],{"href":101021},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-set-function-explained",[21,101023,54381],{}," function reference",[55,101026,322,101028,101030],{"id":101027},"use-set-when-order-does-not-matter",[21,101029,54381],{}," when order does not matter",[14,101032,36773,101033,101035],{},[21,101034,22098],{}," stores only unique values.",[14,101037,101038],{},"That means you can remove duplicates like this:",[60,101040,101042],{"className":62,"code":101041,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4]\nunique_items = list(set(items))\n\nprint(unique_items)\n",[21,101043,101044,101076,101094,101098],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,101045,101046,101048,101050,101052,101054,101056,101058,101060,101062,101064,101066,101068,101070,101072,101074],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,101047,6605],{"class":79},[69,101049,97],{"class":96},[69,101051,636],{"class":100},[69,101053,5940],{"class":157},[69,101055,120],{"class":100},[69,101057,5762],{"class":157},[69,101059,120],{"class":100},[69,101061,5762],{"class":157},[69,101063,120],{"class":100},[69,101065,5949],{"class":157},[69,101067,120],{"class":100},[69,101069,5748],{"class":157},[69,101071,120],{"class":100},[69,101073,7167],{"class":157},[69,101075,198],{"class":100},[69,101077,101078,101080,101082,101084,101086,101088,101090,101092],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,101079,100576],{"class":79},[69,101081,97],{"class":96},[69,101083,22306],{"class":1859},[69,101085,221],{"class":100},[69,101087,22098],{"class":1859},[69,101089,221],{"class":100},[69,101091,3727],{"class":292},[69,101093,2183],{"class":100},[69,101095,101096],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,101097,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,101099,101100,101102,101104,101106],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,101101,2161],{"class":217},[69,101103,221],{"class":100},[69,101105,100604],{"class":292},[69,101107,301],{"class":100},[14,101109,28059],{},[60,101111,101112],{"className":62,"code":84493,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,101113,101114],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,101115,101116,101118,101120,101122,101124,101126,101128,101130,101132],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,101117,1345],{"class":100},[69,101119,5940],{"class":157},[69,101121,120],{"class":100},[69,101123,5762],{"class":157},[69,101125,120],{"class":100},[69,101127,5949],{"class":157},[69,101129,120],{"class":100},[69,101131,7167],{"class":157},[69,101133,198],{"class":100},[14,101135,101136],{},"This method is:",[29,101138,101139,101142,101145],{},[32,101140,101141],{},"short",[32,101143,101144],{},"common",[32,101146,101147],{},"often fast",[14,101149,101150],{},"But there is one important warning:",[29,101152,101153],{},[32,101154,101155],{},"The final order may not match the original list",[14,101157,11201],{},[60,101159,101161],{"className":62,"code":101160,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"letters = [\"b\", \"a\", \"c\", \"a\", \"b\"]\nunique_letters = list(set(letters))\n\nprint(unique_letters)\n",[21,101162,101163,101211,101230,101234],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,101164,101165,101167,101169,101171,101173,101175,101177,101179,101181,101183,101185,101187,101189,101191,101193,101195,101197,101199,101201,101203,101205,101207,101209],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,101166,6382],{"class":79},[69,101168,97],{"class":96},[69,101170,636],{"class":100},[69,101172,111],{"class":110},[69,101174,5755],{"class":114},[69,101176,111],{"class":110},[69,101178,120],{"class":100},[69,101180,123],{"class":110},[69,101182,579],{"class":114},[69,101184,111],{"class":110},[69,101186,120],{"class":100},[69,101188,123],{"class":110},[69,101190,6399],{"class":114},[69,101192,111],{"class":110},[69,101194,120],{"class":100},[69,101196,123],{"class":110},[69,101198,579],{"class":114},[69,101200,111],{"class":110},[69,101202,120],{"class":100},[69,101204,123],{"class":110},[69,101206,5755],{"class":114},[69,101208,111],{"class":110},[69,101210,198],{"class":100},[69,101212,101213,101216,101218,101220,101222,101224,101226,101228],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,101214,101215],{"class":79},"unique_letters ",[69,101217,97],{"class":96},[69,101219,22306],{"class":1859},[69,101221,221],{"class":100},[69,101223,22098],{"class":1859},[69,101225,221],{"class":100},[69,101227,6417],{"class":292},[69,101229,2183],{"class":100},[69,101231,101232],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,101233,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,101235,101236,101238,101240,101243],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,101237,2161],{"class":217},[69,101239,221],{"class":100},[69,101241,101242],{"class":292},"unique_letters",[69,101244,301],{"class":100},[14,101246,101247],{},"The output may be in a different order than the original list.",[14,101249,101250,101251,101253],{},"Use this only when order does ",[2498,101252,3315],{}," matter.",[55,101255,101257],{"id":101256},"use-a-loop-to-understand-the-logic","Use a loop to understand the logic",[14,101259,101260],{},"A loop is easy to read and helps you understand what duplicate removal is doing.",[60,101262,101264],{"className":62,"code":101263,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4]\nunique_items = []\n\nfor item in items:\n    if item not in unique_items:\n        unique_items.append(item)\n\nprint(unique_items)\n",[21,101265,101266,101298,101306,101310,101322,101337,101352,101356],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,101267,101268,101270,101272,101274,101276,101278,101280,101282,101284,101286,101288,101290,101292,101294,101296],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,101269,6605],{"class":79},[69,101271,97],{"class":96},[69,101273,636],{"class":100},[69,101275,5940],{"class":157},[69,101277,120],{"class":100},[69,101279,5762],{"class":157},[69,101281,120],{"class":100},[69,101283,5762],{"class":157},[69,101285,120],{"class":100},[69,101287,5949],{"class":157},[69,101289,120],{"class":100},[69,101291,5748],{"class":157},[69,101293,120],{"class":100},[69,101295,7167],{"class":157},[69,101297,198],{"class":100},[69,101299,101300,101302,101304],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,101301,100576],{"class":79},[69,101303,97],{"class":96},[69,101305,50459],{"class":100},[69,101307,101308],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,101309,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,101311,101312,101314,101316,101318,101320],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,101313,3710],{"class":75},[69,101315,19694],{"class":79},[69,101317,771],{"class":75},[69,101319,18409],{"class":79},[69,101321,275],{"class":100},[69,101323,101324,101326,101328,101330,101332,101335],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,101325,19705],{"class":75},[69,101327,19694],{"class":79},[69,101329,3315],{"class":96},[69,101331,3210],{"class":96},[69,101333,101334],{"class":79}," unique_items",[69,101336,275],{"class":100},[69,101338,101339,101342,101344,101346,101348,101350],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,101340,101341],{"class":79},"        unique_items",[69,101343,289],{"class":100},[69,101345,5961],{"class":292},[69,101347,221],{"class":100},[69,101349,20427],{"class":292},[69,101351,301],{"class":100},[69,101353,101354],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,101355,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,101357,101358,101360,101362,101364],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,101359,2161],{"class":217},[69,101361,221],{"class":100},[69,101363,100604],{"class":292},[69,101365,301],{"class":100},[14,101367,2781],{},[60,101369,101370],{"className":62,"code":84493,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,101371,101372],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,101373,101374,101376,101378,101380,101382,101384,101386,101388,101390],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,101375,1345],{"class":100},[69,101377,5940],{"class":157},[69,101379,120],{"class":100},[69,101381,5762],{"class":157},[69,101383,120],{"class":100},[69,101385,5949],{"class":157},[69,101387,120],{"class":100},[69,101389,7167],{"class":157},[69,101391,198],{"class":100},[1647,101393,101395],{"id":101394},"what-the-code-does","What the code does",[29,101397,101398,101403,101406,101411],{},[32,101399,101400,101401],{},"Start with an empty list called ",[21,101402,100604],{},[32,101404,101405],{},"Loop through each item in the original list",[32,101407,101408,101409],{},"Check whether the item is already in ",[21,101410,100604],{},[32,101412,101413,101414],{},"If not, add it with ",[21,101415,5126],{},[14,101417,101418],{},"This keeps the original order and is beginner-friendly.",[14,101420,101421,101422,289],{},"If you want a quick refresher on adding values to lists, see ",[579,101423,6115,101424,3141],{"href":84008},[21,101425,5126],{},[1647,101427,101429],{"id":101428},"when-to-use-this-method","When to use this method",[14,101431,101432],{},"Use a loop when:",[29,101434,101435,101438,101445],{},[32,101436,101437],{},"you want to understand the logic clearly",[32,101439,101440,101441,364,101443],{},"your list contains values that do not work well with ",[21,101442,54381],{},[21,101444,100515],{},[32,101446,101447],{},"you need custom rules for what counts as a duplicate",[14,101449,101450,101451,101454],{},"This approach is usually slower for large lists because ",[21,101452,101453],{},"item not in unique_items"," checks the list again each time. For small beginner examples, that is often fine.",[55,101456,101458],{"id":101457},"handle-lists-with-unhashable-items","Handle lists with unhashable items",[14,101460,101461,50,101463,101465,101466,101469],{},[21,101462,54381],{},[21,101464,100515],{}," work best with ",[2498,101467,101468],{},"hashable"," values such as:",[29,101471,101472,101474,101476],{},[32,101473,59093],{},[32,101475,5956],{},[32,101477,59096],{},[14,101479,101480,101481,101484],{},"Some values are ",[2498,101482,101483],{},"unhashable",", including:",[29,101486,101487,101489],{},[32,101488,18817],{},[32,101490,59099],{},[14,101492,101493],{},"That means this will fail:",[60,101495,101497],{"className":62,"code":101496,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [[1, 2], [1, 2], [3, 4]]\nunique_items = list(set(items))\n",[21,101498,101499,101535],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,101500,101501,101503,101505,101507,101509,101511,101513,101515,101517,101519,101521,101523,101525,101527,101529,101531,101533],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,101502,6605],{"class":79},[69,101504,97],{"class":96},[69,101506,20273],{"class":100},[69,101508,5940],{"class":157},[69,101510,120],{"class":100},[69,101512,5762],{"class":157},[69,101514,20282],{"class":100},[69,101516,636],{"class":100},[69,101518,5940],{"class":157},[69,101520,120],{"class":100},[69,101522,5762],{"class":157},[69,101524,20282],{"class":100},[69,101526,636],{"class":100},[69,101528,7162],{"class":157},[69,101530,120],{"class":100},[69,101532,7167],{"class":157},[69,101534,20293],{"class":100},[69,101536,101537,101539,101541,101543,101545,101547,101549,101551],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,101538,100576],{"class":79},[69,101540,97],{"class":96},[69,101542,22306],{"class":1859},[69,101544,221],{"class":100},[69,101546,22098],{"class":1859},[69,101548,221],{"class":100},[69,101550,3727],{"class":292},[69,101552,2183],{"class":100},[14,101554,101555],{},"You will get an error because lists cannot be used as set values.",[14,101557,101558],{},"In cases like this, use a loop:",[60,101560,101562],{"className":62,"code":101561,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [[1, 2], [1, 2], [3, 4]]\nunique_items = []\n\nfor item in items:\n    if item not in unique_items:\n        unique_items.append(item)\n\nprint(unique_items)\n",[21,101563,101564,101600,101608,101612,101624,101638,101652,101656],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,101565,101566,101568,101570,101572,101574,101576,101578,101580,101582,101584,101586,101588,101590,101592,101594,101596,101598],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,101567,6605],{"class":79},[69,101569,97],{"class":96},[69,101571,20273],{"class":100},[69,101573,5940],{"class":157},[69,101575,120],{"class":100},[69,101577,5762],{"class":157},[69,101579,20282],{"class":100},[69,101581,636],{"class":100},[69,101583,5940],{"class":157},[69,101585,120],{"class":100},[69,101587,5762],{"class":157},[69,101589,20282],{"class":100},[69,101591,636],{"class":100},[69,101593,7162],{"class":157},[69,101595,120],{"class":100},[69,101597,7167],{"class":157},[69,101599,20293],{"class":100},[69,101601,101602,101604,101606],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,101603,100576],{"class":79},[69,101605,97],{"class":96},[69,101607,50459],{"class":100},[69,101609,101610],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,101611,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,101613,101614,101616,101618,101620,101622],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,101615,3710],{"class":75},[69,101617,19694],{"class":79},[69,101619,771],{"class":75},[69,101621,18409],{"class":79},[69,101623,275],{"class":100},[69,101625,101626,101628,101630,101632,101634,101636],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,101627,19705],{"class":75},[69,101629,19694],{"class":79},[69,101631,3315],{"class":96},[69,101633,3210],{"class":96},[69,101635,101334],{"class":79},[69,101637,275],{"class":100},[69,101639,101640,101642,101644,101646,101648,101650],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,101641,101341],{"class":79},[69,101643,289],{"class":100},[69,101645,5961],{"class":292},[69,101647,221],{"class":100},[69,101649,20427],{"class":292},[69,101651,301],{"class":100},[69,101653,101654],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,101655,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,101657,101658,101660,101662,101664],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,101659,2161],{"class":217},[69,101661,221],{"class":100},[69,101663,100604],{"class":292},[69,101665,301],{"class":100},[14,101667,2781],{},[60,101669,101671],{"className":62,"code":101670,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[[1, 2], [3, 4]]\n",[21,101672,101673],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,101674,101675,101678,101680,101682,101684,101686,101688,101690,101692,101694],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,101676,101677],{"class":100},"[[",[69,101679,5940],{"class":157},[69,101681,120],{"class":100},[69,101683,5762],{"class":157},[69,101685,20282],{"class":100},[69,101687,636],{"class":100},[69,101689,7162],{"class":157},[69,101691,120],{"class":100},[69,101693,7167],{"class":157},[69,101695,20293],{"class":100},[1647,101697,101699],{"id":101698},"example-with-dictionaries","Example with dictionaries",[14,101701,101702],{},"A list of dictionaries usually needs a custom rule.",[60,101704,101706],{"className":62,"code":101705,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\n    {\"id\": 1, \"name\": \"Ana\"},\n    {\"id\": 2, \"name\": \"Bob\"},\n    {\"id\": 1, \"name\": \"Ana\"}\n]\n\nunique_items = []\n\nfor item in items:\n    if item not in unique_items:\n        unique_items.append(item)\n\nprint(unique_items)\n",[21,101707,101708,101716,101748,101780,101812,101816,101820,101828,101832,101844,101858,101872,101876],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,101709,101710,101712,101714],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,101711,6605],{"class":79},[69,101713,97],{"class":96},[69,101715,101],{"class":100},[69,101717,101718,101720,101722,101724,101726,101728,101730,101732,101734,101736,101738,101740,101742,101744,101746],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,101719,1165],{"class":100},[69,101721,111],{"class":110},[69,101723,31387],{"class":114},[69,101725,111],{"class":110},[69,101727,1174],{"class":100},[69,101729,5748],{"class":157},[69,101731,120],{"class":100},[69,101733,123],{"class":110},[69,101735,115],{"class":114},[69,101737,111],{"class":110},[69,101739,1174],{"class":100},[69,101741,123],{"class":110},[69,101743,2553],{"class":114},[69,101745,111],{"class":110},[69,101747,1211],{"class":100},[69,101749,101750,101752,101754,101756,101758,101760,101762,101764,101766,101768,101770,101772,101774,101776,101778],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,101751,1165],{"class":100},[69,101753,111],{"class":110},[69,101755,31387],{"class":114},[69,101757,111],{"class":110},[69,101759,1174],{"class":100},[69,101761,5762],{"class":157},[69,101763,120],{"class":100},[69,101765,123],{"class":110},[69,101767,115],{"class":114},[69,101769,111],{"class":110},[69,101771,1174],{"class":100},[69,101773,123],{"class":110},[69,101775,179],{"class":114},[69,101777,111],{"class":110},[69,101779,1211],{"class":100},[69,101781,101782,101784,101786,101788,101790,101792,101794,101796,101798,101800,101802,101804,101806,101808,101810],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,101783,1165],{"class":100},[69,101785,111],{"class":110},[69,101787,31387],{"class":114},[69,101789,111],{"class":110},[69,101791,1174],{"class":100},[69,101793,5748],{"class":157},[69,101795,120],{"class":100},[69,101797,123],{"class":110},[69,101799,115],{"class":114},[69,101801,111],{"class":110},[69,101803,1174],{"class":100},[69,101805,123],{"class":110},[69,101807,2553],{"class":114},[69,101809,111],{"class":110},[69,101811,1260],{"class":100},[69,101813,101814],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,101815,198],{"class":100},[69,101817,101818],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,101819,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,101821,101822,101824,101826],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,101823,100576],{"class":79},[69,101825,97],{"class":96},[69,101827,50459],{"class":100},[69,101829,101830],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,101831,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,101833,101834,101836,101838,101840,101842],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,101835,3710],{"class":75},[69,101837,19694],{"class":79},[69,101839,771],{"class":75},[69,101841,18409],{"class":79},[69,101843,275],{"class":100},[69,101845,101846,101848,101850,101852,101854,101856],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,101847,19705],{"class":75},[69,101849,19694],{"class":79},[69,101851,3315],{"class":96},[69,101853,3210],{"class":96},[69,101855,101334],{"class":79},[69,101857,275],{"class":100},[69,101859,101860,101862,101864,101866,101868,101870],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,101861,101341],{"class":79},[69,101863,289],{"class":100},[69,101865,5961],{"class":292},[69,101867,221],{"class":100},[69,101869,20427],{"class":292},[69,101871,301],{"class":100},[69,101873,101874],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,101875,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,101877,101878,101880,101882,101884],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,101879,2161],{"class":217},[69,101881,221],{"class":100},[69,101883,100604],{"class":292},[69,101885,301],{"class":100},[14,101887,2781],{},[60,101889,101891],{"className":62,"code":101890,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[{'id': 1, 'name': 'Ana'}, {'id': 2, 'name': 'Bob'}]\n",[21,101892,101893],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,101894,101895,101897,101899,101901,101903,101905,101907,101909,101911,101913,101915,101917,101919,101921,101923,101925,101927,101929,101931,101933,101935,101937,101939,101941,101943,101945,101947,101949,101951,101953],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,101896,48055],{"class":100},[69,101898,15283],{"class":110},[69,101900,31387],{"class":114},[69,101902,15283],{"class":110},[69,101904,1174],{"class":100},[69,101906,5748],{"class":157},[69,101908,120],{"class":100},[69,101910,15292],{"class":110},[69,101912,115],{"class":114},[69,101914,15283],{"class":110},[69,101916,1174],{"class":100},[69,101918,15292],{"class":110},[69,101920,2553],{"class":114},[69,101922,15283],{"class":110},[69,101924,48084],{"class":100},[69,101926,1914],{"class":100},[69,101928,15283],{"class":110},[69,101930,31387],{"class":114},[69,101932,15283],{"class":110},[69,101934,1174],{"class":100},[69,101936,5762],{"class":157},[69,101938,120],{"class":100},[69,101940,15292],{"class":110},[69,101942,115],{"class":114},[69,101944,15283],{"class":110},[69,101946,1174],{"class":100},[69,101948,15292],{"class":110},[69,101950,179],{"class":114},[69,101952,15283],{"class":110},[69,101954,48115],{"class":100},[14,101956,101957,101958,101961],{},"Sometimes you do not want to compare whole dictionaries. You may only want to treat items as duplicates if the ",[21,101959,101960],{},"\"id\""," matches. In that case, you need a custom check.",[55,101963,6572],{"id":6571},[14,101965,101966],{},"Here is a simple guide:",[29,101968,101969,101974,101979],{},[32,101970,322,101971,101973],{},[21,101972,100515],{}," if you want to keep order",[32,101975,322,101976,101978],{},[21,101977,54381],{}," if order does not matter",[32,101980,101981],{},"Use a loop if you want beginner-friendly logic or need custom checks",[14,101983,101984],{},"In short:",[29,101986,101987,101996,102004],{},[32,101988,101989,101992,101993],{},[2498,101990,101991],{},"Best simple default:"," ",[21,101994,101995],{},"list(dict.fromkeys(items))",[32,101997,101998,101992,102001],{},[2498,101999,102000],{},"Shortest option:",[21,102002,102003],{},"list(set(items))",[32,102005,102006,102009],{},[2498,102007,102008],{},"Most flexible option:"," a loop",[14,102011,102012,102013,102015],{},"If you are also checking values before adding them, ",[579,102014,49803],{"href":49271}," may help.",[55,102017,3868],{"id":3867},[14,102019,102020],{},"Here are some common problems when removing duplicates from a list.",[1647,102022,1628,102024,102026],{"id":102023},"using-set-and-expecting-the-original-order-to-stay-the-same",[21,102025,54381],{}," and expecting the original order to stay the same",[14,102028,84203],{},[60,102030,102032],{"className":62,"code":102031,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [3, 1, 2, 1, 3]\nunique_items = list(set(items))\nprint(unique_items)\n",[21,102033,102034,102062,102080],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,102035,102036,102038,102040,102042,102044,102046,102048,102050,102052,102054,102056,102058,102060],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,102037,6605],{"class":79},[69,102039,97],{"class":96},[69,102041,636],{"class":100},[69,102043,7162],{"class":157},[69,102045,120],{"class":100},[69,102047,5748],{"class":157},[69,102049,120],{"class":100},[69,102051,5762],{"class":157},[69,102053,120],{"class":100},[69,102055,5748],{"class":157},[69,102057,120],{"class":100},[69,102059,5949],{"class":157},[69,102061,198],{"class":100},[69,102063,102064,102066,102068,102070,102072,102074,102076,102078],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,102065,100576],{"class":79},[69,102067,97],{"class":96},[69,102069,22306],{"class":1859},[69,102071,221],{"class":100},[69,102073,22098],{"class":1859},[69,102075,221],{"class":100},[69,102077,3727],{"class":292},[69,102079,2183],{"class":100},[69,102081,102082,102084,102086,102088],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,102083,2161],{"class":217},[69,102085,221],{"class":100},[69,102087,100604],{"class":292},[69,102089,301],{"class":100},[14,102091,102092],{},"The values will be unique, but the order may change.",[14,102094,102095],{},"If you need order, use:",[60,102097,102099],{"className":62,"code":102098,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"unique_items = list(dict.fromkeys(items))\n",[21,102100,102101],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,102102,102103,102105,102107,102109,102111,102113,102115,102117,102119,102121],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,102104,100576],{"class":79},[69,102106,97],{"class":96},[69,102108,22306],{"class":1859},[69,102110,221],{"class":100},[69,102112,21779],{"class":1859},[69,102114,289],{"class":100},[69,102116,100589],{"class":292},[69,102118,221],{"class":100},[69,102120,3727],{"class":292},[69,102122,2183],{"class":100},[1647,102124,27401,102126,102128],{"id":102125},"trying-set-on-a-list-that-contains-other-lists-or-dictionaries",[21,102127,54381],{}," on a list that contains other lists or dictionaries",[14,102130,102131],{},"This will usually fail because lists and dictionaries are unhashable.",[14,102133,91006],{},[60,102135,102137],{"className":62,"code":102136,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [[1, 2], [1, 2]]\nunique_items = list(set(items))\n",[21,102138,102139,102165],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,102140,102141,102143,102145,102147,102149,102151,102153,102155,102157,102159,102161,102163],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,102142,6605],{"class":79},[69,102144,97],{"class":96},[69,102146,20273],{"class":100},[69,102148,5940],{"class":157},[69,102150,120],{"class":100},[69,102152,5762],{"class":157},[69,102154,20282],{"class":100},[69,102156,636],{"class":100},[69,102158,5940],{"class":157},[69,102160,120],{"class":100},[69,102162,5762],{"class":157},[69,102164,20293],{"class":100},[69,102166,102167,102169,102171,102173,102175,102177,102179,102181],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,102168,100576],{"class":79},[69,102170,97],{"class":96},[69,102172,22306],{"class":1859},[69,102174,221],{"class":100},[69,102176,22098],{"class":1859},[69,102178,221],{"class":100},[69,102180,3727],{"class":292},[69,102182,2183],{"class":100},[14,102184,102185],{},"Use a loop instead.",[1647,102187,102189],{"id":102188},"removing-duplicates-without-assigning-the-result","Removing duplicates without assigning the result",[14,102191,102192],{},"This does not change the original list by itself:",[60,102194,102196],{"className":62,"code":102195,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [1, 2, 2, 3]\nlist(dict.fromkeys(items))\nprint(items)\n",[21,102197,102198,102222,102240],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,102199,102200,102202,102204,102206,102208,102210,102212,102214,102216,102218,102220],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,102201,6605],{"class":79},[69,102203,97],{"class":96},[69,102205,636],{"class":100},[69,102207,5940],{"class":157},[69,102209,120],{"class":100},[69,102211,5762],{"class":157},[69,102213,120],{"class":100},[69,102215,5762],{"class":157},[69,102217,120],{"class":100},[69,102219,5949],{"class":157},[69,102221,198],{"class":100},[69,102223,102224,102226,102228,102230,102232,102234,102236,102238],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,102225,14459],{"class":1859},[69,102227,221],{"class":100},[69,102229,21779],{"class":1859},[69,102231,289],{"class":100},[69,102233,100589],{"class":292},[69,102235,221],{"class":100},[69,102237,3727],{"class":292},[69,102239,2183],{"class":100},[69,102241,102242,102244,102246,102248],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,102243,2161],{"class":217},[69,102245,221],{"class":100},[69,102247,3727],{"class":292},[69,102249,301],{"class":100},[14,102251,2781],{},[60,102253,102255],{"className":62,"code":102254,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[1, 2, 2, 3]\n",[21,102256,102257],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,102258,102259,102261,102263,102265,102267,102269,102271,102273,102275],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,102260,1345],{"class":100},[69,102262,5940],{"class":157},[69,102264,120],{"class":100},[69,102266,5762],{"class":157},[69,102268,120],{"class":100},[69,102270,5762],{"class":157},[69,102272,120],{"class":100},[69,102274,5949],{"class":157},[69,102276,198],{"class":100},[14,102278,102279],{},"You need to store the result:",[60,102281,102283],{"className":62,"code":102282,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [1, 2, 2, 3]\nunique_items = list(dict.fromkeys(items))\nprint(unique_items)\n",[21,102284,102285,102309,102331],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,102286,102287,102289,102291,102293,102295,102297,102299,102301,102303,102305,102307],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,102288,6605],{"class":79},[69,102290,97],{"class":96},[69,102292,636],{"class":100},[69,102294,5940],{"class":157},[69,102296,120],{"class":100},[69,102298,5762],{"class":157},[69,102300,120],{"class":100},[69,102302,5762],{"class":157},[69,102304,120],{"class":100},[69,102306,5949],{"class":157},[69,102308,198],{"class":100},[69,102310,102311,102313,102315,102317,102319,102321,102323,102325,102327,102329],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,102312,100576],{"class":79},[69,102314,97],{"class":96},[69,102316,22306],{"class":1859},[69,102318,221],{"class":100},[69,102320,21779],{"class":1859},[69,102322,289],{"class":100},[69,102324,100589],{"class":292},[69,102326,221],{"class":100},[69,102328,3727],{"class":292},[69,102330,2183],{"class":100},[69,102332,102333,102335,102337,102339],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,102334,2161],{"class":217},[69,102336,221],{"class":100},[69,102338,100604],{"class":292},[69,102340,301],{"class":100},[1647,102342,102344],{"id":102343},"thinking-duplicate-removal-changes-the-original-list-automatically","Thinking duplicate removal changes the original list automatically",[14,102346,102347,102348,102350],{},"Most duplicate-removal approaches create a ",[2498,102349,82023],{}," list.",[14,102352,102353],{},"If you want to keep the result, assign it to a variable.",[14,102355,102356],{},"You can also replace the original variable:",[60,102358,102360],{"className":62,"code":102359,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [1, 2, 2, 3]\nitems = list(dict.fromkeys(items))\nprint(items)\n",[21,102361,102362,102386,102408],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,102363,102364,102366,102368,102370,102372,102374,102376,102378,102380,102382,102384],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,102365,6605],{"class":79},[69,102367,97],{"class":96},[69,102369,636],{"class":100},[69,102371,5940],{"class":157},[69,102373,120],{"class":100},[69,102375,5762],{"class":157},[69,102377,120],{"class":100},[69,102379,5762],{"class":157},[69,102381,120],{"class":100},[69,102383,5949],{"class":157},[69,102385,198],{"class":100},[69,102387,102388,102390,102392,102394,102396,102398,102400,102402,102404,102406],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,102389,6605],{"class":79},[69,102391,97],{"class":96},[69,102393,22306],{"class":1859},[69,102395,221],{"class":100},[69,102397,21779],{"class":1859},[69,102399,289],{"class":100},[69,102401,100589],{"class":292},[69,102403,221],{"class":100},[69,102405,3727],{"class":292},[69,102407,2183],{"class":100},[69,102409,102410,102412,102414,102416],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,102411,2161],{"class":217},[69,102413,221],{"class":100},[69,102415,3727],{"class":292},[69,102417,301],{"class":100},[14,102419,102420,102421,289],{},"If you want to preserve the original list before changing it, see ",[579,102422,102423],{"href":83538},"how to copy a list in Python",[1647,102425,16352],{"id":16351},[14,102427,102428],{},"If your result is not what you expected, these checks can help:",[60,102430,102432],{"className":62,"code":102431,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(items)\nprint(type(items))\nprint(unique_items)\nprint(len(items), len(unique_items))\nfor item in items:\n    print(repr(item))\n",[21,102433,102434,102444,102458,102468,102490,102502],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,102435,102436,102438,102440,102442],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,102437,2161],{"class":217},[69,102439,221],{"class":100},[69,102441,3727],{"class":292},[69,102443,301],{"class":100},[69,102445,102446,102448,102450,102452,102454,102456],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,102447,2161],{"class":217},[69,102449,221],{"class":100},[69,102451,2176],{"class":1859},[69,102453,221],{"class":100},[69,102455,3727],{"class":292},[69,102457,2183],{"class":100},[69,102459,102460,102462,102464,102466],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,102461,2161],{"class":217},[69,102463,221],{"class":100},[69,102465,100604],{"class":292},[69,102467,301],{"class":100},[69,102469,102470,102472,102474,102476,102478,102480,102482,102484,102486,102488],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,102471,2161],{"class":217},[69,102473,221],{"class":100},[69,102475,7286],{"class":217},[69,102477,221],{"class":100},[69,102479,3727],{"class":292},[69,102481,57147],{"class":100},[69,102483,45278],{"class":217},[69,102485,221],{"class":100},[69,102487,100604],{"class":292},[69,102489,2183],{"class":100},[69,102491,102492,102494,102496,102498,102500],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,102493,3710],{"class":75},[69,102495,19694],{"class":79},[69,102497,771],{"class":75},[69,102499,18409],{"class":79},[69,102501,275],{"class":100},[69,102503,102504,102506,102508,102510,102512,102514],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,102505,3220],{"class":217},[69,102507,221],{"class":100},[69,102509,18025],{"class":217},[69,102511,221],{"class":100},[69,102513,20427],{"class":292},[69,102515,2183],{"class":100},[14,102517,102518],{},"These help you:",[29,102520,102521,102524,102527,102530],{},[32,102522,102523],{},"confirm the input list",[32,102525,102526],{},"check the data type",[32,102528,102529],{},"compare the original and new lists",[32,102531,102532],{},"see whether values only look the same but are actually different",[55,102534,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,102536,102538],{"id":102537},"how-do-i-remove-duplicates-and-keep-the-original-order","How do I remove duplicates and keep the original order?",[14,102540,322,102541,102544],{},[21,102542,102543],{},"list(dict.fromkeys(your_list))",". It is short and keeps order in modern Python.",[1647,102546,102548],{"id":102547},"what-is-the-shortest-way-to-remove-duplicates","What is the shortest way to remove duplicates?",[14,102550,322,102551,102554],{},[21,102552,102553],{},"list(set(your_list))",", but only if you do not care about order.",[1647,102556,102558],{"id":102557},"why-did-my-list-change-order-after-removing-duplicates","Why did my list change order after removing duplicates?",[14,102560,102561,102562,102564],{},"You probably used ",[21,102563,54381],{},". Sets do not keep list order.",[1647,102566,102568],{"id":102567},"can-i-remove-duplicates-from-a-list-of-dictionaries","Can I remove duplicates from a list of dictionaries?",[14,102570,51424,102571,102573],{},[21,102572,54381],{}," in most cases. Use a loop and define your own rule for duplicates.",[55,102575,2414],{"id":2413},[29,102577,102578,102584,102588,102592,102596],{},[32,102579,102580],{},[579,102581,102582,12755],{"href":101021},[21,102583,54381],{},[32,102585,102586],{},[579,102587,101018],{"href":101017},[32,102589,102590],{},[579,102591,49272],{"href":49271},[32,102593,102594],{},[579,102595,84838],{"href":83538},[32,102597,102598],{},[579,102599,6115,102600,3141],{"href":84008},[21,102601,5126],{},[2450,102603,102604],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":102606},[102607,102608,102609,102613,102615,102619,102622,102623,102632,102638],{"id":11251,"depth":83,"text":11252},{"id":100638,"depth":83,"text":100639},{"id":100744,"depth":83,"text":102610,"children":102611},"Use dict.fromkeys() to keep order",[102612],{"id":6458,"depth":90,"text":6459},{"id":101027,"depth":83,"text":102614},"Use set() when order does not matter",{"id":101256,"depth":83,"text":101257,"children":102616},[102617,102618],{"id":101394,"depth":90,"text":101395},{"id":101428,"depth":90,"text":101429},{"id":101457,"depth":83,"text":101458,"children":102620},[102621],{"id":101698,"depth":90,"text":101699},{"id":6571,"depth":83,"text":6572},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":102624},[102625,102627,102629,102630,102631],{"id":102023,"depth":90,"text":102626},"Using set() and expecting the original order to stay the same",{"id":102125,"depth":90,"text":102628},"Trying set() on a list that contains other lists or dictionaries",{"id":102188,"depth":90,"text":102189},{"id":102343,"depth":90,"text":102344},{"id":16351,"depth":90,"text":16352},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":102633},[102634,102635,102636,102637],{"id":102537,"depth":90,"text":102538},{"id":102547,"depth":90,"text":102548},{"id":102557,"depth":90,"text":102558},{"id":102567,"depth":90,"text":102568},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to remove duplicates from a list in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-remove-duplicates-from-a-list-in-python",{"title":100497,"description":102639},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-remove-duplicates-from-a-list-in-python","gJOXqg2CiWkeKNs5aBdG_5Kv8SB6EXOlzkHPSb7jr9Q",{"id":102646,"title":102647,"body":102648,"description":104310,"extension":2479,"meta":104311,"navigation":86,"path":104312,"seo":104313,"stem":104314,"__hash__":104315},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-remove-whitespace-from-a-string-in-python.md","How to Remove Whitespace from a String in Python",{"type":7,"value":102649,"toc":104283},[102650,102653,102656,102658,102672,102674,102736,102741,102747,102749,102763,102769,102778,102783,102786,102831,102833,102842,102850,102852,102865,102867,102917,102919,102934,102942,102948,102954,103010,103012,103021,103024,103030,103033,103046,103048,103116,103118,103141,103144,103155,103164,103167,103190,103193,103208,103210,103277,103279,103293,103296,103299,103383,103385,103433,103436,103439,103458,103462,103465,103483,103486,103587,103589,103629,103632,103636,103639,103643,103646,103652,103654,103700,103702,103715,103718,103721,103770,103772,103785,103791,103794,103825,103827,103835,103841,103847,103853,103906,103908,103929,103936,103938,103941,103959,103961,103964,104069,104071,104103,104105,104109,104114,104118,104123,104127,104133,104191,104193,104202,104206,104209,104240,104242,104280],[10,102651,102647],{"id":102652},"how-to-remove-whitespace-from-a-string-in-python",[14,102654,102655],{},"If you need to clean up text in Python, there are a few common ways to remove whitespace from a string.",[14,102657,27],{},[29,102659,102660,102663,102666,102669],{},[32,102661,102662],{},"Remove spaces at the beginning and end",[32,102664,102665],{},"Remove all normal spaces",[32,102667,102668],{},"Remove tabs and newline characters too",[32,102670,102671],{},"Choose the right method for the result you want",[55,102673,11252],{"id":11251},[60,102675,102677],{"className":62,"code":102676,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"  hello world  \"\nprint(text.strip())           # hello world\nprint(text.replace(\" \", \"\"))  # helloworld\n",[21,102678,102679,102692,102709],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,102680,102681,102683,102685,102687,102690],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,102682,16655],{"class":79},[69,102684,97],{"class":96},[69,102686,123],{"class":110},[69,102688,102689],{"class":114},"  hello world  ",[69,102691,1825],{"class":110},[69,102693,102694,102696,102698,102700,102702,102704,102706],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,102695,2161],{"class":217},[69,102697,221],{"class":100},[69,102699,568],{"class":292},[69,102701,289],{"class":100},[69,102703,19855],{"class":292},[69,102705,13327],{"class":100},[69,102707,102708],{"class":2596},"           # hello world\n",[69,102710,102711,102713,102715,102717,102719,102721,102723,102725,102727,102729,102731,102733],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,102712,2161],{"class":217},[69,102714,221],{"class":100},[69,102716,568],{"class":292},[69,102718,289],{"class":100},[69,102720,25154],{"class":292},[69,102722,221],{"class":100},[69,102724,111],{"class":110},[69,102726,123],{"class":110},[69,102728,120],{"class":100},[69,102730,25167],{"class":110},[69,102732,2621],{"class":100},[69,102734,102735],{"class":2596},"  # helloworld\n",[14,102737,322,102738,102740],{},[21,102739,25046],{}," to remove whitespace at the start and end.",[14,102742,322,102743,102746],{},[21,102744,102745],{},"replace()"," to remove normal space characters everywhere.",[55,102748,2666],{"id":2665},[29,102750,102751,102754,102757,102760],{},[32,102752,102753],{},"Remove spaces at the beginning and end of a string",[32,102755,102756],{},"Remove all normal spaces from a string",[32,102758,102759],{},"Remove tabs and newline characters when needed",[32,102761,102762],{},"Choose the right method for your goal",[55,102764,322,102766,102768],{"id":102765},"use-strip-to-remove-whitespace-from-both-ends",[21,102767,25046],{}," to remove whitespace from both ends",[14,102770,9337,102771,102773,102774,102777],{},[21,102772,25046],{}," method removes whitespace from the ",[2498,102775,102776],{},"start and end"," of a string.",[14,102779,55911,102780,102782],{},[2498,102781,3315],{}," remove spaces in the middle.",[14,102784,102785],{},"This is useful when you want to clean input from a user or text read from a file.",[60,102787,102789],{"className":62,"code":102788,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"  hello world  \"\ncleaned = text.strip()\n\nprint(cleaned)\n",[21,102790,102791,102803,102817,102821],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,102792,102793,102795,102797,102799,102801],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,102794,16655],{"class":79},[69,102796,97],{"class":96},[69,102798,123],{"class":110},[69,102800,102689],{"class":114},[69,102802,1825],{"class":110},[69,102804,102805,102807,102809,102811,102813,102815],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,102806,25070],{"class":79},[69,102808,97],{"class":96},[69,102810,16694],{"class":79},[69,102812,289],{"class":100},[69,102814,19855],{"class":292},[69,102816,1385],{"class":100},[69,102818,102819],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,102820,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,102822,102823,102825,102827,102829],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,102824,2161],{"class":217},[69,102826,221],{"class":100},[69,102828,25097],{"class":292},[69,102830,301],{"class":100},[14,102832,2781],{},[60,102834,102836],{"className":62,"code":102835,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"hello world\n",[21,102837,102838],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,102839,102840],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,102841,102835],{"class":79},[14,102843,102844,102845,50,102847,102849],{},"Notice that the space between ",[21,102846,11564],{},[21,102848,16676],{}," stays there.",[14,102851,39181],{},[29,102853,102854,102860],{},[32,102855,102856,102859],{},[21,102857,102858],{},"lstrip()"," to remove whitespace from the left side only",[32,102861,102862,102864],{},[21,102863,95222],{}," to remove whitespace from the right side only",[14,102866,370],{},[60,102868,102870],{"className":62,"code":102869,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"  hello world  \"\n\nprint(text.lstrip())\nprint(text.rstrip())\n",[21,102871,102872,102884,102888,102903],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,102873,102874,102876,102878,102880,102882],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,102875,16655],{"class":79},[69,102877,97],{"class":96},[69,102879,123],{"class":110},[69,102881,102689],{"class":114},[69,102883,1825],{"class":110},[69,102885,102886],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,102887,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,102889,102890,102892,102894,102896,102898,102901],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,102891,2161],{"class":217},[69,102893,221],{"class":100},[69,102895,568],{"class":292},[69,102897,289],{"class":100},[69,102899,102900],{"class":292},"lstrip",[69,102902,3923],{"class":100},[69,102904,102905,102907,102909,102911,102913,102915],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,102906,2161],{"class":217},[69,102908,221],{"class":100},[69,102910,568],{"class":292},[69,102912,289],{"class":100},[69,102914,95279],{"class":292},[69,102916,3923],{"class":100},[14,102918,2781],{},[60,102920,102922],{"className":62,"code":102921,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"hello world  \n  hello world\n",[21,102923,102924,102929],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,102925,102926],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,102927,102928],{"class":79},"hello world  \n",[69,102930,102931],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,102932,102933],{"class":79},"  hello world\n",[14,102935,4738,102936,289],{},[579,102937,102939,102941],{"href":102938},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-string-strip-method\u002F",[21,102940,25046],{}," string method",[55,102943,322,102945,102947],{"id":102944},"use-replace-to-remove-all-space-characters",[21,102946,102745],{}," to remove all space characters",[14,102949,102950,102951,289],{},"If you want to remove all normal spaces from a string, use ",[21,102952,102953],{},"replace(\" \", \"\")",[60,102955,102957],{"className":62,"code":102956,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"h e l l o   w o r l d\"\ncleaned = text.replace(\" \", \"\")\n\nprint(cleaned)\n",[21,102958,102959,102972,102996,103000],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,102960,102961,102963,102965,102967,102970],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,102962,16655],{"class":79},[69,102964,97],{"class":96},[69,102966,123],{"class":110},[69,102968,102969],{"class":114},"h e l l o   w o r l d",[69,102971,1825],{"class":110},[69,102973,102974,102976,102978,102980,102982,102984,102986,102988,102990,102992,102994],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,102975,25070],{"class":79},[69,102977,97],{"class":96},[69,102979,16694],{"class":79},[69,102981,289],{"class":100},[69,102983,25154],{"class":292},[69,102985,221],{"class":100},[69,102987,111],{"class":110},[69,102989,123],{"class":110},[69,102991,120],{"class":100},[69,102993,25167],{"class":110},[69,102995,301],{"class":100},[69,102997,102998],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,102999,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,103001,103002,103004,103006,103008],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,103003,2161],{"class":217},[69,103005,221],{"class":100},[69,103007,25097],{"class":292},[69,103009,301],{"class":100},[14,103011,2781],{},[60,103013,103015],{"className":62,"code":103014,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"helloworld\n",[21,103016,103017],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103018,103019],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103020,103014],{"class":79},[14,103022,103023],{},"This works well when you want to remove visible space characters everywhere in the text.",[14,103025,103026,103027,289],{},"Important: this removes only the normal space character ",[21,103028,103029],{},"\" \"",[14,103031,103032],{},"It does not remove:",[29,103034,103035,103041],{},[32,103036,103037,103038,265],{},"tabs (",[21,103039,103040],{},"\\t",[32,103042,103043,103044,265],{},"newline characters (",[21,103045,9475],{},[14,103047,370],{},[60,103049,103051],{"className":62,"code":103050,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"hello\\tworld\\npython code\"\ncleaned = text.replace(\" \", \"\")\n\nprint(repr(cleaned))\n",[21,103052,103053,103074,103098,103102],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103054,103055,103057,103059,103061,103063,103065,103067,103069,103072],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103056,16655],{"class":79},[69,103058,97],{"class":96},[69,103060,123],{"class":110},[69,103062,11564],{"class":114},[69,103064,103040],{"class":7964},[69,103066,16676],{"class":114},[69,103068,9475],{"class":7964},[69,103070,103071],{"class":114},"python code",[69,103073,1825],{"class":110},[69,103075,103076,103078,103080,103082,103084,103086,103088,103090,103092,103094,103096],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,103077,25070],{"class":79},[69,103079,97],{"class":96},[69,103081,16694],{"class":79},[69,103083,289],{"class":100},[69,103085,25154],{"class":292},[69,103087,221],{"class":100},[69,103089,111],{"class":110},[69,103091,123],{"class":110},[69,103093,120],{"class":100},[69,103095,25167],{"class":110},[69,103097,301],{"class":100},[69,103099,103100],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,103101,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,103103,103104,103106,103108,103110,103112,103114],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,103105,2161],{"class":217},[69,103107,221],{"class":100},[69,103109,18025],{"class":217},[69,103111,221],{"class":100},[69,103113,25097],{"class":292},[69,103115,2183],{"class":100},[14,103117,2781],{},[60,103119,103121],{"className":62,"code":103120,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"'hello\\tworld\\npythoncode'\n",[21,103122,103123],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103124,103125,103127,103129,103132,103134,103136,103139],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103126,15283],{"class":18043},[69,103128,11564],{"class":18046},[69,103130,103040],{"class":103131},"sfi6f",[69,103133,16676],{"class":18046},[69,103135,9475],{"class":103131},[69,103137,103138],{"class":18046},"pythoncode",[69,103140,18049],{"class":18043},[14,103142,103143],{},"The tab and newline are still there.",[14,103145,96899,103146,103151,103152,289],{},[579,103147,103149,102941],{"href":103148},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-string-replace-method\u002F",[21,103150,102745],{}," or this guide on ",[579,103153,103154],{"href":18282},"how to replace text in a string in Python",[55,103156,322,103158,50,103161,103163],{"id":103157},"use-split-and-join-to-remove-all-kinds-of-whitespace",[21,103159,103160],{},"split()",[21,103162,23472],{}," to remove all kinds of whitespace",[14,103165,103166],{},"If your text may contain spaces, tabs, or newlines, a useful pattern is:",[60,103168,103170],{"className":62,"code":103169,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"\"\".join(text.split())\n",[21,103171,103172],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103173,103174,103176,103178,103180,103182,103184,103186,103188],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103175,248],{"class":18043},[69,103177,289],{"class":100},[69,103179,23522],{"class":292},[69,103181,221],{"class":100},[69,103183,568],{"class":292},[69,103185,289],{"class":100},[69,103187,92483],{"class":292},[69,103189,3923],{"class":100},[14,103191,103192],{},"Here is how it works:",[29,103194,103195,103200,103203],{},[32,103196,103197,103199],{},[21,103198,103160],{}," with no argument splits the string on any whitespace",[32,103201,103202],{},"Whitespace includes spaces, tabs, and newlines",[32,103204,103205,103207],{},[21,103206,23472],{}," puts the pieces back together with no separator",[14,103209,370],{},[60,103211,103213],{"className":62,"code":103212,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"  hello\\tworld \\n python  \"\ncleaned = \"\".join(text.split())\n\nprint(repr(cleaned))\n",[21,103214,103215,103237,103259,103263],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103216,103217,103219,103221,103223,103225,103227,103230,103232,103235],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103218,16655],{"class":79},[69,103220,97],{"class":96},[69,103222,123],{"class":110},[69,103224,95250],{"class":114},[69,103226,103040],{"class":7964},[69,103228,103229],{"class":114},"world ",[69,103231,9475],{"class":7964},[69,103233,103234],{"class":114}," python  ",[69,103236,1825],{"class":110},[69,103238,103239,103241,103243,103245,103247,103249,103251,103253,103255,103257],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,103240,25070],{"class":79},[69,103242,97],{"class":96},[69,103244,25167],{"class":110},[69,103246,289],{"class":100},[69,103248,23522],{"class":292},[69,103250,221],{"class":100},[69,103252,568],{"class":292},[69,103254,289],{"class":100},[69,103256,92483],{"class":292},[69,103258,3923],{"class":100},[69,103260,103261],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,103262,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,103264,103265,103267,103269,103271,103273,103275],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,103266,2161],{"class":217},[69,103268,221],{"class":100},[69,103270,18025],{"class":217},[69,103272,221],{"class":100},[69,103274,25097],{"class":292},[69,103276,2183],{"class":100},[14,103278,2781],{},[60,103280,103282],{"className":62,"code":103281,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"'helloworldpython'\n",[21,103283,103284],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103285,103286,103288,103291],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103287,15283],{"class":18043},[69,103289,103290],{"class":18046},"helloworldpython",[69,103292,18049],{"class":18043},[14,103294,103295],{},"This removes all whitespace characters, not just normal spaces.",[14,103297,103298],{},"Here is another example:",[60,103300,103302],{"className":62,"code":103301,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"one   two\\tthree\\nfour\"\nparts = text.split()\ncleaned = \"\".join(parts)\n\nprint(parts)\nprint(cleaned)\n",[21,103303,103304,103327,103341,103359,103363,103373],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103305,103306,103308,103310,103312,103315,103317,103320,103322,103325],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103307,16655],{"class":79},[69,103309,97],{"class":96},[69,103311,123],{"class":110},[69,103313,103314],{"class":114},"one   two",[69,103316,103040],{"class":7964},[69,103318,103319],{"class":114},"three",[69,103321,9475],{"class":7964},[69,103323,103324],{"class":114},"four",[69,103326,1825],{"class":110},[69,103328,103329,103331,103333,103335,103337,103339],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,103330,69376],{"class":79},[69,103332,97],{"class":96},[69,103334,16694],{"class":79},[69,103336,289],{"class":100},[69,103338,92483],{"class":292},[69,103340,1385],{"class":100},[69,103342,103343,103345,103347,103349,103351,103353,103355,103357],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,103344,25070],{"class":79},[69,103346,97],{"class":96},[69,103348,25167],{"class":110},[69,103350,289],{"class":100},[69,103352,23522],{"class":292},[69,103354,221],{"class":100},[69,103356,69427],{"class":292},[69,103358,301],{"class":100},[69,103360,103361],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,103362,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,103364,103365,103367,103369,103371],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,103366,2161],{"class":217},[69,103368,221],{"class":100},[69,103370,69427],{"class":292},[69,103372,301],{"class":100},[69,103374,103375,103377,103379,103381],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,103376,2161],{"class":217},[69,103378,221],{"class":100},[69,103380,25097],{"class":292},[69,103382,301],{"class":100},[14,103384,2781],{},[60,103386,103388],{"className":62,"code":103387,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['one', 'two', 'three', 'four']\nonetwothreefour\n",[21,103389,103390,103428],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103391,103392,103394,103396,103399,103401,103403,103405,103408,103410,103412,103414,103416,103418,103420,103422,103424,103426],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103393,1345],{"class":100},[69,103395,15283],{"class":110},[69,103397,103398],{"class":114},"one",[69,103400,15283],{"class":110},[69,103402,120],{"class":100},[69,103404,15292],{"class":110},[69,103406,103407],{"class":114},"two",[69,103409,15283],{"class":110},[69,103411,120],{"class":100},[69,103413,15292],{"class":110},[69,103415,103319],{"class":114},[69,103417,15283],{"class":110},[69,103419,120],{"class":100},[69,103421,15292],{"class":110},[69,103423,103324],{"class":114},[69,103425,15283],{"class":110},[69,103427,198],{"class":100},[69,103429,103430],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,103431,103432],{"class":79},"onetwothreefour\n",[14,103434,103435],{},"This approach is helpful for messy text copied from forms, files, or multiple lines.",[14,103437,103438],{},"If you are new to these methods, see:",[29,103440,103441,103448,103454],{},[32,103442,103443],{},[579,103444,103446,102941],{"href":103445},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-string-split-method\u002F",[21,103447,103160],{},[32,103449,103450],{},[579,103451,103452,102941],{"href":68780},[21,103453,23472],{},[32,103455,103456],{},[579,103457,18289],{"href":18288},[55,103459,103461],{"id":103460},"pick-the-right-approach","Pick the right approach",[14,103463,103464],{},"Use the method that matches your goal:",[29,103466,103467,103472,103477],{},[32,103468,322,103469,103471],{},[21,103470,25046],{}," when you only want to trim the start and end",[32,103473,322,103474,103476],{},[21,103475,102953],{}," when you want to remove normal spaces only",[32,103478,322,103479,103482],{},[21,103480,103481],{},"\"\".join(text.split())"," when the text may contain tabs or line breaks too",[14,103484,103485],{},"Example comparison:",[60,103487,103489],{"className":62,"code":103488,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"  hello\\tworld \\n \"\n\nprint(repr(text.strip()))\nprint(repr(text.replace(\" \", \"\")))\nprint(repr(\"\".join(text.split())))\n",[21,103490,103491,103510,103514,103532,103560],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103492,103493,103495,103497,103499,103501,103503,103505,103507],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103494,16655],{"class":79},[69,103496,97],{"class":96},[69,103498,123],{"class":110},[69,103500,95250],{"class":114},[69,103502,103040],{"class":7964},[69,103504,103229],{"class":114},[69,103506,9475],{"class":7964},[69,103508,103509],{"class":110}," \"\n",[69,103511,103512],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,103513,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,103515,103516,103518,103520,103522,103524,103526,103528,103530],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,103517,2161],{"class":217},[69,103519,221],{"class":100},[69,103521,18025],{"class":217},[69,103523,221],{"class":100},[69,103525,568],{"class":292},[69,103527,289],{"class":100},[69,103529,19855],{"class":292},[69,103531,14479],{"class":100},[69,103533,103534,103536,103538,103540,103542,103544,103546,103548,103550,103552,103554,103556,103558],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,103535,2161],{"class":217},[69,103537,221],{"class":100},[69,103539,18025],{"class":217},[69,103541,221],{"class":100},[69,103543,568],{"class":292},[69,103545,289],{"class":100},[69,103547,25154],{"class":292},[69,103549,221],{"class":100},[69,103551,111],{"class":110},[69,103553,123],{"class":110},[69,103555,120],{"class":100},[69,103557,25167],{"class":110},[69,103559,24144],{"class":100},[69,103561,103562,103564,103566,103568,103570,103572,103574,103576,103578,103580,103582,103584],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,103563,2161],{"class":217},[69,103565,221],{"class":100},[69,103567,18025],{"class":217},[69,103569,221],{"class":100},[69,103571,248],{"class":110},[69,103573,289],{"class":100},[69,103575,23522],{"class":292},[69,103577,221],{"class":100},[69,103579,568],{"class":292},[69,103581,289],{"class":100},[69,103583,92483],{"class":292},[69,103585,103586],{"class":100},"())))\n",[14,103588,2781],{},[60,103590,103592],{"className":62,"code":103591,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"'hello\\tworld'\n'hello\\tworld\\n'\n'helloworld'\n",[21,103593,103594,103606,103620],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103595,103596,103598,103600,103602,103604],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103597,15283],{"class":18043},[69,103599,11564],{"class":18046},[69,103601,103040],{"class":103131},[69,103603,16676],{"class":18046},[69,103605,18049],{"class":18043},[69,103607,103608,103610,103612,103614,103616,103618],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,103609,15283],{"class":18043},[69,103611,11564],{"class":18046},[69,103613,103040],{"class":103131},[69,103615,16676],{"class":18046},[69,103617,9475],{"class":103131},[69,103619,18049],{"class":18043},[69,103621,103622,103624,103627],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,103623,15283],{"class":18043},[69,103625,103626],{"class":18046},"helloworld",[69,103628,18049],{"class":18043},[14,103630,103631],{},"Each method gives a different result.",[55,103633,103635],{"id":103634},"things-beginners-often-get-wrong","Things beginners often get wrong",[14,103637,103638],{},"A few common problems cause confusion here.",[1647,103640,103642],{"id":103641},"strings-are-immutable","Strings are immutable",[14,103644,103645],{},"In Python, strings cannot be changed in place.",[14,103647,103648,103649,289],{},"String methods return a ",[2498,103650,103651],{},"new string",[14,103653,60688],{},[60,103655,103657],{"className":62,"code":103656,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"  hello  \"\ntext.strip()\n\nprint(repr(text))\n",[21,103658,103659,103672,103682,103686],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103660,103661,103663,103665,103667,103670],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103662,16655],{"class":79},[69,103664,97],{"class":96},[69,103666,123],{"class":110},[69,103668,103669],{"class":114},"  hello  ",[69,103671,1825],{"class":110},[69,103673,103674,103676,103678,103680],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,103675,568],{"class":79},[69,103677,289],{"class":100},[69,103679,19855],{"class":292},[69,103681,1385],{"class":100},[69,103683,103684],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,103685,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,103687,103688,103690,103692,103694,103696,103698],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,103689,2161],{"class":217},[69,103691,221],{"class":100},[69,103693,18025],{"class":217},[69,103695,221],{"class":100},[69,103697,568],{"class":292},[69,103699,2183],{"class":100},[14,103701,2781],{},[60,103703,103705],{"className":62,"code":103704,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"'  hello  '\n",[21,103706,103707],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103708,103709,103711,103713],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103710,15283],{"class":18043},[69,103712,103669],{"class":18046},[69,103714,18049],{"class":18043},[14,103716,103717],{},"The original value did not change.",[14,103719,103720],{},"You need to save the result:",[60,103722,103724],{"className":62,"code":103723,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"  hello  \"\ntext = text.strip()\n\nprint(repr(text))\n",[21,103725,103726,103738,103752,103756],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103727,103728,103730,103732,103734,103736],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103729,16655],{"class":79},[69,103731,97],{"class":96},[69,103733,123],{"class":110},[69,103735,103669],{"class":114},[69,103737,1825],{"class":110},[69,103739,103740,103742,103744,103746,103748,103750],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,103741,16655],{"class":79},[69,103743,97],{"class":96},[69,103745,16694],{"class":79},[69,103747,289],{"class":100},[69,103749,19855],{"class":292},[69,103751,1385],{"class":100},[69,103753,103754],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,103755,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,103757,103758,103760,103762,103764,103766,103768],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,103759,2161],{"class":217},[69,103761,221],{"class":100},[69,103763,18025],{"class":217},[69,103765,221],{"class":100},[69,103767,568],{"class":292},[69,103769,2183],{"class":100},[14,103771,2781],{},[60,103773,103775],{"className":62,"code":103774,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"'hello'\n",[21,103776,103777],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103778,103779,103781,103783],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103780,15283],{"class":18043},[69,103782,11564],{"class":18046},[69,103784,18049],{"class":18043},[1647,103786,103788,103790],{"id":103787},"strip-does-not-remove-spaces-in-the-middle",[21,103789,25046],{}," does not remove spaces in the middle",[14,103792,103793],{},"This code:",[60,103795,103797],{"className":62,"code":103796,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"  hello world  \"\nprint(text.strip())\n",[21,103798,103799,103811],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103800,103801,103803,103805,103807,103809],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103802,16655],{"class":79},[69,103804,97],{"class":96},[69,103806,123],{"class":110},[69,103808,102689],{"class":114},[69,103810,1825],{"class":110},[69,103812,103813,103815,103817,103819,103821,103823],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,103814,2161],{"class":217},[69,103816,221],{"class":100},[69,103818,568],{"class":292},[69,103820,289],{"class":100},[69,103822,19855],{"class":292},[69,103824,3923],{"class":100},[14,103826,2781],{},[60,103828,103829],{"className":62,"code":102835,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,103830,103831],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103832,103833],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103834,102835],{"class":79},[14,103836,103837,103838,103840],{},"The middle space is still there, because ",[21,103839,25046],{}," only affects the ends.",[1647,103842,103844,103846],{"id":103843},"replace-does-not-remove-every-kind-of-whitespace",[21,103845,102953],{}," does not remove every kind of whitespace",[14,103848,103849,103850,103852],{},"If the string contains tabs or newlines, ",[21,103851,102953],{}," is not enough.",[60,103854,103856],{"className":62,"code":103855,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"hello\\tworld\\npython\"\nprint(repr(text.replace(\" \", \"\")))\n",[21,103857,103858,103878],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103859,103860,103862,103864,103866,103868,103870,103872,103874,103876],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103861,16655],{"class":79},[69,103863,97],{"class":96},[69,103865,123],{"class":110},[69,103867,11564],{"class":114},[69,103869,103040],{"class":7964},[69,103871,16676],{"class":114},[69,103873,9475],{"class":7964},[69,103875,64],{"class":114},[69,103877,1825],{"class":110},[69,103879,103880,103882,103884,103886,103888,103890,103892,103894,103896,103898,103900,103902,103904],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,103881,2161],{"class":217},[69,103883,221],{"class":100},[69,103885,18025],{"class":217},[69,103887,221],{"class":100},[69,103889,568],{"class":292},[69,103891,289],{"class":100},[69,103893,25154],{"class":292},[69,103895,221],{"class":100},[69,103897,111],{"class":110},[69,103899,123],{"class":110},[69,103901,120],{"class":100},[69,103903,25167],{"class":110},[69,103905,24144],{"class":100},[14,103907,2781],{},[60,103909,103911],{"className":62,"code":103910,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"'hello\\tworld\\npython'\n",[21,103912,103913],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103914,103915,103917,103919,103921,103923,103925,103927],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103916,15283],{"class":18043},[69,103918,11564],{"class":18046},[69,103920,103040],{"class":103131},[69,103922,16676],{"class":18046},[69,103924,9475],{"class":103131},[69,103926,64],{"class":18046},[69,103928,18049],{"class":18043},[14,103930,322,103931,50,103933,103935],{},[21,103932,103160],{},[21,103934,23472],{}," if you need to remove all whitespace types.",[55,103937,12722],{"id":12721},[14,103939,103940],{},"If your code is not giving the result you expect, these are common reasons:",[29,103942,103943,103948,103953,103956],{},[32,103944,1628,103945,103947],{},[21,103946,25046],{}," and expecting middle spaces to disappear",[32,103949,1628,103950,103952],{},[21,103951,102953],{}," when the string contains tabs or newlines",[32,103954,103955],{},"Forgetting to save the result in a new variable or back to the same variable",[32,103957,103958],{},"Not checking what kind of whitespace is actually in the string",[55,103960,2148],{"id":2147},[14,103962,103963],{},"These quick checks help you see what is really in the string:",[60,103965,103967],{"className":62,"code":103966,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(repr(text))\nprint(text.strip())\nprint(text.replace(\" \", \"\"))\nprint(\"\".join(text.split()))\nprint(len(text), len(text.strip()))\n",[21,103968,103969,103983,103997,104021,104043],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,103970,103971,103973,103975,103977,103979,103981],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,103972,2161],{"class":217},[69,103974,221],{"class":100},[69,103976,18025],{"class":217},[69,103978,221],{"class":100},[69,103980,568],{"class":292},[69,103982,2183],{"class":100},[69,103984,103985,103987,103989,103991,103993,103995],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,103986,2161],{"class":217},[69,103988,221],{"class":100},[69,103990,568],{"class":292},[69,103992,289],{"class":100},[69,103994,19855],{"class":292},[69,103996,3923],{"class":100},[69,103998,103999,104001,104003,104005,104007,104009,104011,104013,104015,104017,104019],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,104000,2161],{"class":217},[69,104002,221],{"class":100},[69,104004,568],{"class":292},[69,104006,289],{"class":100},[69,104008,25154],{"class":292},[69,104010,221],{"class":100},[69,104012,111],{"class":110},[69,104014,123],{"class":110},[69,104016,120],{"class":100},[69,104018,25167],{"class":110},[69,104020,2183],{"class":100},[69,104022,104023,104025,104027,104029,104031,104033,104035,104037,104039,104041],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,104024,2161],{"class":217},[69,104026,221],{"class":100},[69,104028,248],{"class":110},[69,104030,289],{"class":100},[69,104032,23522],{"class":292},[69,104034,221],{"class":100},[69,104036,568],{"class":292},[69,104038,289],{"class":100},[69,104040,92483],{"class":292},[69,104042,14479],{"class":100},[69,104044,104045,104047,104049,104051,104053,104055,104057,104059,104061,104063,104065,104067],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,104046,2161],{"class":217},[69,104048,221],{"class":100},[69,104050,7286],{"class":217},[69,104052,221],{"class":100},[69,104054,568],{"class":292},[69,104056,57147],{"class":100},[69,104058,45278],{"class":217},[69,104060,221],{"class":100},[69,104062,568],{"class":292},[69,104064,289],{"class":100},[69,104066,19855],{"class":292},[69,104068,14479],{"class":100},[14,104070,25701],{},[29,104072,104073,104083,104088,104093,104098],{},[32,104074,104075,104078,104079,50,104081],{},[21,104076,104077],{},"repr(text)"," shows hidden characters like ",[21,104080,103040],{},[21,104082,9475],{},[32,104084,104085,104087],{},[21,104086,25046],{}," lets you test trimming the ends",[32,104089,104090,104092],{},[21,104091,102953],{}," shows what happens when only spaces are removed",[32,104094,104095,104097],{},[21,104096,103481],{}," shows the result when all whitespace is removed",[32,104099,104100,104102],{},[21,104101,20599],{}," helps you compare before and after",[55,104104,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,104106,104108],{"id":104107},"how-do-i-remove-spaces-only-from-the-start-and-end-of-a-string","How do I remove spaces only from the start and end of a string?",[14,104110,322,104111,104113],{},[21,104112,25046],{},". It removes whitespace from both ends of the string.",[1647,104115,104117],{"id":104116},"how-do-i-remove-all-spaces-from-a-string-in-python","How do I remove all spaces from a string in Python?",[14,104119,322,104120,104122],{},[21,104121,102953],{}," to remove normal spaces everywhere.",[1647,104124,104126],{"id":104125},"how-do-i-remove-tabs-and-newline-characters-too","How do I remove tabs and newline characters too?",[14,104128,322,104129,104132],{},[21,104130,104131],{},"\"\" .join(text.split())"," to remove all whitespace characters:",[60,104134,104136],{"className":62,"code":104135,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"a\\tb\\nc d\"\ncleaned = \"\".join(text.split())\nprint(cleaned)\n",[21,104137,104138,104159,104181],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,104139,104140,104142,104144,104146,104148,104150,104152,104154,104157],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,104141,16655],{"class":79},[69,104143,97],{"class":96},[69,104145,123],{"class":110},[69,104147,579],{"class":114},[69,104149,103040],{"class":7964},[69,104151,5755],{"class":114},[69,104153,9475],{"class":7964},[69,104155,104156],{"class":114},"c d",[69,104158,1825],{"class":110},[69,104160,104161,104163,104165,104167,104169,104171,104173,104175,104177,104179],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,104162,25070],{"class":79},[69,104164,97],{"class":96},[69,104166,25167],{"class":110},[69,104168,289],{"class":100},[69,104170,23522],{"class":292},[69,104172,221],{"class":100},[69,104174,568],{"class":292},[69,104176,289],{"class":100},[69,104178,92483],{"class":292},[69,104180,3923],{"class":100},[69,104182,104183,104185,104187,104189],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,104184,2161],{"class":217},[69,104186,221],{"class":100},[69,104188,25097],{"class":292},[69,104190,301],{"class":100},[14,104192,2781],{},[60,104194,104196],{"className":62,"code":104195,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"abcd\n",[21,104197,104198],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,104199,104200],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,104201,104195],{"class":79},[1647,104203,104205],{"id":104204},"why-did-my-original-string-not-change","Why did my original string not change?",[14,104207,104208],{},"String methods return a new string. Assign the result back to a variable.",[60,104210,104212],{"className":62,"code":104211,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"  hello  \"\ntext = text.strip()\n",[21,104213,104214,104226],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,104215,104216,104218,104220,104222,104224],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,104217,16655],{"class":79},[69,104219,97],{"class":96},[69,104221,123],{"class":110},[69,104223,103669],{"class":114},[69,104225,1825],{"class":110},[69,104227,104228,104230,104232,104234,104236,104238],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,104229,16655],{"class":79},[69,104231,97],{"class":96},[69,104233,16694],{"class":79},[69,104235,289],{"class":100},[69,104237,19855],{"class":292},[69,104239,1385],{"class":100},[55,104241,2414],{"id":2413},[29,104243,104244,104248,104254,104260,104266,104272,104276],{},[32,104245,104246],{},[579,104247,24271],{"href":23461},[32,104249,104250],{},[579,104251,104252,102941],{"href":102938},[21,104253,25046],{},[32,104255,104256],{},[579,104257,104258,102941],{"href":103148},[21,104259,102745],{},[32,104261,104262],{},[579,104263,104264,102941],{"href":103445},[21,104265,103160],{},[32,104267,104268],{},[579,104269,104270,102941],{"href":68780},[21,104271,23472],{},[32,104273,104274],{},[579,104275,18289],{"href":18288},[32,104277,104278],{},[579,104279,18283],{"href":18282},[2450,104281,104282],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .s_hVV, html code.shiki .s_hVV{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s2W-s, html code.shiki .s2W-s{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sithA, html code.shiki .sithA{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sfi6f, html code.shiki .sfi6f{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":104284},[104285,104286,104287,104289,104291,104293,104294,104301,104302,104303,104309],{"id":11251,"depth":83,"text":11252},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":102765,"depth":83,"text":104288},"Use strip() to remove whitespace from both ends",{"id":102944,"depth":83,"text":104290},"Use replace() to remove all space characters",{"id":103157,"depth":83,"text":104292},"Use split() and join() to remove all kinds of whitespace",{"id":103460,"depth":83,"text":103461},{"id":103634,"depth":83,"text":103635,"children":104295},[104296,104297,104299],{"id":103641,"depth":90,"text":103642},{"id":103787,"depth":90,"text":104298},"strip() does not remove spaces in the middle",{"id":103843,"depth":90,"text":104300},"replace(\" \", \"\") does not remove every kind of whitespace",{"id":12721,"depth":83,"text":12722},{"id":2147,"depth":83,"text":2148},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":104304},[104305,104306,104307,104308],{"id":104107,"depth":90,"text":104108},{"id":104116,"depth":90,"text":104117},{"id":104125,"depth":90,"text":104126},{"id":104204,"depth":90,"text":104205},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to remove whitespace from a string in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-remove-whitespace-from-a-string-in-python",{"title":102647,"description":104310},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-remove-whitespace-from-a-string-in-python","HMCPQRi9-n2RYnWIK5BzH-a1g7iRUzUkSLtch0SK8YM",{"id":104317,"title":104318,"body":104319,"description":105313,"extension":2479,"meta":105314,"navigation":86,"path":105315,"seo":105316,"stem":105317,"__hash__":105318},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-rename-a-file-in-python.md","How to Rename a File in Python",{"type":7,"value":104320,"toc":105290},[104321,104324,104330,104332,104348,104350,104433,104436,104439,104441,104454,104458,104463,104475,104516,104518,104532,104535,104540,104544,104547,104550,104560,104640,104644,104647,104662,104666,104669,104672,104800,104803,104814,104819,104823,104826,104831,104947,104950,104963,104969,104973,104976,104993,104995,105012,105016,105019,105043,105046,105083,105086,105110,105113,105150,105153,105159,105163,105169,105189,105198,105201,105204,105214,105217,105219,105223,105226,105230,105233,105237,105240,105247,105251,105256,105258,105287],[10,104322,104318],{"id":104323},"how-to-rename-a-file-in-python",[14,104325,104326,104327,289],{},"If you want to rename a file in Python, the simplest built-in option is ",[21,104328,104329],{},"os.rename()",[14,104331,27],{},[29,104333,104334,104337,104342,104345],{},[32,104335,104336],{},"Rename one existing file",[32,104338,104339,104340,27838],{},"Use Python’s built-in ",[21,104341,104329],{},[32,104343,104344],{},"Understand what the old path and new path mean",[32,104346,104347],{},"Avoid common path and file existence mistakes",[55,104349,58],{"id":57},[60,104351,104353],{"className":62,"code":104352,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nold_name = \"old_file.txt\"\nnew_name = \"new_file.txt\"\n\nos.rename(old_name, new_name)\nprint(\"File renamed\")\n",[21,104354,104355,104361,104365,104379,104393,104397,104418],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,104356,104357,104359],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,104358,76],{"class":75},[69,104360,2229],{"class":79},[69,104362,104363],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,104364,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,104366,104367,104370,104372,104374,104377],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,104368,104369],{"class":79},"old_name ",[69,104371,97],{"class":96},[69,104373,123],{"class":110},[69,104375,104376],{"class":114},"old_file.txt",[69,104378,1825],{"class":110},[69,104380,104381,104384,104386,104388,104391],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,104382,104383],{"class":79},"new_name ",[69,104385,97],{"class":96},[69,104387,123],{"class":110},[69,104389,104390],{"class":114},"new_file.txt",[69,104392,1825],{"class":110},[69,104394,104395],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,104396,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,104398,104399,104401,104403,104406,104408,104411,104413,104416],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,104400,2238],{"class":79},[69,104402,289],{"class":100},[69,104404,104405],{"class":292},"rename",[69,104407,221],{"class":100},[69,104409,104410],{"class":292},"old_name",[69,104412,120],{"class":100},[69,104414,104415],{"class":292}," new_name",[69,104417,301],{"class":100},[69,104419,104420,104422,104424,104426,104429,104431],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,104421,2161],{"class":217},[69,104423,221],{"class":100},[69,104425,111],{"class":110},[69,104427,104428],{"class":114},"File renamed",[69,104430,111],{"class":110},[69,104432,301],{"class":100},[14,104434,104435],{},"This works when the file exists and both paths are correct.",[14,104437,104438],{},"If the file is in a different folder, use full paths instead of just the file names.",[55,104440,2666],{"id":2665},[29,104442,104443,104445,104450,104452],{},[32,104444,104336],{},[32,104446,104447,104448,27838],{},"Use Python's built-in ",[21,104449,104329],{},[32,104451,104344],{},[32,104453,104347],{},[55,104455,104457],{"id":104456},"basic-way-to-rename-a-file","Basic way to rename a file",[14,104459,104460,104461,1174],{},"To rename a file with ",[21,104462,104329],{},[9539,104464,104465,104469,104472],{},[32,104466,338,104467,43],{},[21,104468,2238],{},[32,104470,104471],{},"Pass the current file name as the first argument",[32,104473,104474],{},"Pass the new file name as the second argument",[60,104476,104478],{"className":62,"code":104477,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nos.rename(\"old_file.txt\", \"new_file.txt\")\n",[21,104479,104480,104486,104490],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,104481,104482,104484],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,104483,76],{"class":75},[69,104485,2229],{"class":79},[69,104487,104488],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,104489,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,104491,104492,104494,104496,104498,104500,104502,104504,104506,104508,104510,104512,104514],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,104493,2238],{"class":79},[69,104495,289],{"class":100},[69,104497,104405],{"class":292},[69,104499,221],{"class":100},[69,104501,111],{"class":110},[69,104503,104376],{"class":114},[69,104505,111],{"class":110},[69,104507,120],{"class":100},[69,104509,123],{"class":110},[69,104511,104390],{"class":114},[69,104513,111],{"class":110},[69,104515,301],{"class":100},[14,104517,4389],{},[29,104519,104520,104526],{},[32,104521,104522,104525],{},[21,104523,104524],{},"\"old_file.txt\""," is the current name of the file",[32,104527,104528,104531],{},[21,104529,104530],{},"\"new_file.txt\""," is the new name you want to give it",[14,104533,104534],{},"Run this code from the folder where the file exists, or use full paths.",[14,104536,104537,104538,289],{},"If you are not sure whether the file is really there, see ",[579,104539,2285],{"href":2284},[55,104541,104543],{"id":104542},"example-with-file-names-in-the-current-folder","Example with file names in the current folder",[14,104545,104546],{},"This is the easiest example for beginners.",[14,104548,104549],{},"It works when:",[29,104551,104552,104555],{},[32,104553,104554],{},"Your Python script is in the same folder as the file",[32,104556,104557,104558],{},"The file is already named ",[21,104559,104376],{},[60,104561,104563],{"className":62,"code":104562,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nold_name = \"old_file.txt\"\nnew_name = \"new_file.txt\"\n\nos.rename(old_name, new_name)\n\nprint(\"Renamed successfully\")\n",[21,104564,104565,104571,104575,104587,104599,104603,104621,104625],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,104566,104567,104569],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,104568,76],{"class":75},[69,104570,2229],{"class":79},[69,104572,104573],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,104574,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,104576,104577,104579,104581,104583,104585],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,104578,104369],{"class":79},[69,104580,97],{"class":96},[69,104582,123],{"class":110},[69,104584,104376],{"class":114},[69,104586,1825],{"class":110},[69,104588,104589,104591,104593,104595,104597],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,104590,104383],{"class":79},[69,104592,97],{"class":96},[69,104594,123],{"class":110},[69,104596,104390],{"class":114},[69,104598,1825],{"class":110},[69,104600,104601],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,104602,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,104604,104605,104607,104609,104611,104613,104615,104617,104619],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,104606,2238],{"class":79},[69,104608,289],{"class":100},[69,104610,104405],{"class":292},[69,104612,221],{"class":100},[69,104614,104410],{"class":292},[69,104616,120],{"class":100},[69,104618,104415],{"class":292},[69,104620,301],{"class":100},[69,104622,104623],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,104624,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,104626,104627,104629,104631,104633,104636,104638],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,104628,2161],{"class":217},[69,104630,221],{"class":100},[69,104632,111],{"class":110},[69,104634,104635],{"class":114},"Renamed successfully",[69,104637,111],{"class":110},[69,104639,301],{"class":100},[1647,104641,104643],{"id":104642},"expected-result","Expected result",[14,104645,104646],{},"After the code runs:",[29,104648,104649,104654,104659],{},[32,104650,104651,104653],{},[21,104652,104376],{}," no longer appears in the folder",[32,104655,104656,104658],{},[21,104657,104390],{}," appears in the same folder",[32,104660,104661],{},"The file contents stay the same",[55,104663,104665],{"id":104664},"example-with-full-file-paths","Example with full file paths",[14,104667,104668],{},"Use full paths when the file is in another folder.",[14,104670,104671],{},"This helps avoid confusion about the current working directory.",[60,104673,104675],{"className":62,"code":104674,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nold_name = r\"C:\\Users\\YourName\\Documents\\old_file.txt\"\nnew_name = r\"C:\\Users\\YourName\\Documents\\new_file.txt\"\n\nos.rename(old_name, new_name)\n\nprint(\"Renamed successfully\")\n",[21,104676,104677,104683,104687,104725,104760,104764,104782,104786],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,104678,104679,104681],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,104680,76],{"class":75},[69,104682,2229],{"class":79},[69,104684,104685],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,104686,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,104688,104689,104691,104693,104695,104697,104699,104701,104703,104705,104707,104710,104713,104716,104719,104721,104723],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,104690,104369],{"class":79},[69,104692,97],{"class":96},[69,104694,14532],{"class":7502},[69,104696,111],{"class":110},[69,104698,14508],{"class":14537},[69,104700,94072],{"class":14540},[69,104702,94075],{"class":14537},[69,104704,94078],{"class":14540},[69,104706,94081],{"class":14537},[69,104708,104709],{"class":14546},"\\D",[69,104711,104712],{"class":14537},"ocuments",[69,104714,104715],{"class":14540},"\\o",[69,104717,104718],{"class":14537},"ld_file",[69,104720,289],{"class":14546},[69,104722,14555],{"class":14537},[69,104724,1825],{"class":110},[69,104726,104727,104729,104731,104733,104735,104737,104739,104741,104743,104745,104747,104749,104751,104754,104756,104758],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,104728,104383],{"class":79},[69,104730,97],{"class":96},[69,104732,14532],{"class":7502},[69,104734,111],{"class":110},[69,104736,14508],{"class":14537},[69,104738,94072],{"class":14540},[69,104740,94075],{"class":14537},[69,104742,94078],{"class":14540},[69,104744,94081],{"class":14537},[69,104746,104709],{"class":14546},[69,104748,104712],{"class":14537},[69,104750,9475],{"class":14540},[69,104752,104753],{"class":14537},"ew_file",[69,104755,289],{"class":14546},[69,104757,14555],{"class":14537},[69,104759,1825],{"class":110},[69,104761,104762],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,104763,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,104765,104766,104768,104770,104772,104774,104776,104778,104780],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,104767,2238],{"class":79},[69,104769,289],{"class":100},[69,104771,104405],{"class":292},[69,104773,221],{"class":100},[69,104775,104410],{"class":292},[69,104777,120],{"class":100},[69,104779,104415],{"class":292},[69,104781,301],{"class":100},[69,104783,104784],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,104785,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,104787,104788,104790,104792,104794,104796,104798],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,104789,2161],{"class":217},[69,104791,221],{"class":100},[69,104793,111],{"class":110},[69,104795,104635],{"class":114},[69,104797,111],{"class":110},[69,104799,301],{"class":100},[14,104801,104802],{},"Why this is useful:",[29,104804,104805,104808,104811],{},[32,104806,104807],{},"You tell Python exactly where the file is",[32,104809,104810],{},"You do not depend on where the script is running",[32,104812,104813],{},"Path errors are less common",[14,104815,104816,104817,289],{},"If file paths are confusing, read ",[579,104818,10830],{"href":10829},[55,104820,104822],{"id":104821},"check-that-the-file-exists-before-renaming","Check that the file exists before renaming",[14,104824,104825],{},"A common error is trying to rename a file that is not there.",[14,104827,104828,104829,1174],{},"You can check first with ",[21,104830,13498],{},[60,104832,104834],{"className":62,"code":104833,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\n\nold_name = \"old_file.txt\"\nnew_name = \"new_file.txt\"\n\nif os.path.exists(old_name):\n    os.rename(old_name, new_name)\n    print(\"File renamed\")\nelse:\n    print(\"The file does not exist\")\n",[21,104835,104836,104842,104846,104858,104870,104874,104894,104912,104926,104932],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,104837,104838,104840],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,104839,76],{"class":75},[69,104841,2229],{"class":79},[69,104843,104844],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,104845,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,104847,104848,104850,104852,104854,104856],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,104849,104369],{"class":79},[69,104851,97],{"class":96},[69,104853,123],{"class":110},[69,104855,104376],{"class":114},[69,104857,1825],{"class":110},[69,104859,104860,104862,104864,104866,104868],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,104861,104383],{"class":79},[69,104863,97],{"class":96},[69,104865,123],{"class":110},[69,104867,104390],{"class":114},[69,104869,1825],{"class":110},[69,104871,104872],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,104873,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,104875,104876,104878,104880,104882,104884,104886,104888,104890,104892],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,104877,3201],{"class":75},[69,104879,13563],{"class":79},[69,104881,289],{"class":100},[69,104883,2243],{"class":2216},[69,104885,289],{"class":100},[69,104887,2248],{"class":292},[69,104889,221],{"class":100},[69,104891,104410],{"class":292},[69,104893,7526],{"class":100},[69,104895,104896,104898,104900,104902,104904,104906,104908,104910],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,104897,43147],{"class":79},[69,104899,289],{"class":100},[69,104901,104405],{"class":292},[69,104903,221],{"class":100},[69,104905,104410],{"class":292},[69,104907,120],{"class":100},[69,104909,104415],{"class":292},[69,104911,301],{"class":100},[69,104913,104914,104916,104918,104920,104922,104924],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,104915,3220],{"class":217},[69,104917,221],{"class":100},[69,104919,111],{"class":110},[69,104921,104428],{"class":114},[69,104923,111],{"class":110},[69,104925,301],{"class":100},[69,104927,104928,104930],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,104929,3277],{"class":75},[69,104931,275],{"class":100},[69,104933,104934,104936,104938,104940,104943,104945],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,104935,3220],{"class":217},[69,104937,221],{"class":100},[69,104939,111],{"class":110},[69,104941,104942],{"class":114},"The file does not exist",[69,104944,111],{"class":110},[69,104946,301],{"class":100},[14,104948,104949],{},"This is helpful because:",[29,104951,104952,104957,104960],{},[32,104953,104954,104955],{},"It can prevent a ",[21,104956,9933],{},[32,104958,104959],{},"It gives you a clearer message",[32,104961,104962],{},"It makes your code safer",[14,104964,104965,104966,289],{},"If you get this error anyway, see ",[579,104967,104968],{"href":2441},"how to fix FileNotFoundError: No such file or directory",[55,104970,104972],{"id":104971},"common-problems-when-renaming-files","Common problems when renaming files",[14,104974,104975],{},"Here are the most common reasons file renaming fails:",[29,104977,104978,104981,104984,104987,104990],{},[32,104979,104980],{},"The old file name is wrong",[32,104982,104983],{},"The file is in a different folder",[32,104985,104986],{},"The new file name already exists",[32,104988,104989],{},"You do not have permission to change the file",[32,104991,104992],{},"You passed a folder path instead of a file path",[1647,104994,12722],{"id":12721},[29,104996,104997,105000,105003,105006,105009],{},[32,104998,104999],{},"Misspelled old file name",[32,105001,105002],{},"Wrong folder or working directory",[32,105004,105005],{},"Using a path to a directory instead of a file",[32,105007,105008],{},"Trying to rename a file without permission",[32,105010,105011],{},"Using relative paths without knowing where the script is running",[1647,105013,105015],{"id":105014},"debugging-commands","Debugging commands",[14,105017,105018],{},"These quick checks can help:",[60,105020,105021],{"className":62,"code":11010,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,105022,105023,105029],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105024,105025,105027],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,105026,76],{"class":75},[69,105028,2229],{"class":79},[69,105030,105031,105033,105035,105037,105039,105041],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,105032,2161],{"class":217},[69,105034,221],{"class":100},[69,105036,2238],{"class":292},[69,105038,289],{"class":100},[69,105040,11031],{"class":292},[69,105042,3923],{"class":100},[14,105044,105045],{},"Shows the current working directory.",[60,105047,105049],{"className":62,"code":105048,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\nprint(os.path.exists('old_file.txt'))\n",[21,105050,105051,105057],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105052,105053,105055],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,105054,76],{"class":75},[69,105056,2229],{"class":79},[69,105058,105059,105061,105063,105065,105067,105069,105071,105073,105075,105077,105079,105081],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,105060,2161],{"class":217},[69,105062,221],{"class":100},[69,105064,2238],{"class":292},[69,105066,289],{"class":100},[69,105068,2243],{"class":2216},[69,105070,289],{"class":100},[69,105072,2248],{"class":292},[69,105074,221],{"class":100},[69,105076,15283],{"class":110},[69,105078,104376],{"class":114},[69,105080,15283],{"class":110},[69,105082,2183],{"class":100},[14,105084,105085],{},"Checks whether the path exists.",[60,105087,105088],{"className":62,"code":44594,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,105089,105090,105096],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105091,105092,105094],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,105093,76],{"class":75},[69,105095,2229],{"class":79},[69,105097,105098,105100,105102,105104,105106,105108],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,105099,2161],{"class":217},[69,105101,221],{"class":100},[69,105103,2238],{"class":292},[69,105105,289],{"class":100},[69,105107,44615],{"class":292},[69,105109,3923],{"class":100},[14,105111,105112],{},"Shows files and folders in the current directory.",[60,105114,105116],{"className":62,"code":105115,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import os\nprint(os.path.isfile('old_file.txt'))\n",[21,105117,105118,105124],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105119,105120,105122],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,105121,76],{"class":75},[69,105123,2229],{"class":79},[69,105125,105126,105128,105130,105132,105134,105136,105138,105140,105142,105144,105146,105148],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,105127,2161],{"class":217},[69,105129,221],{"class":100},[69,105131,2238],{"class":292},[69,105133,289],{"class":100},[69,105135,2243],{"class":2216},[69,105137,289],{"class":100},[69,105139,13590],{"class":292},[69,105141,221],{"class":100},[69,105143,15283],{"class":110},[69,105145,104376],{"class":114},[69,105147,15283],{"class":110},[69,105149,2183],{"class":100},[14,105151,105152],{},"Checks whether the path is a file.",[14,105154,105155,105156,289],{},"If Python says permission is denied, read ",[579,105157,105158],{"href":2447},"how to fix PermissionError: Errno 13 permission denied",[55,105160,105162],{"id":105161},"when-to-use-osrename-vs-pathlib","When to use os.rename() vs pathlib",[14,105164,105165,105166,105168],{},"For a beginner, ",[21,105167,104329],{}," is a good place to start because it is simple and direct.",[29,105170,105171,105176,105181,105186],{},[32,105172,322,105173,105175],{},[21,105174,104329],{}," for the simplest example",[32,105177,105178,105180],{},[21,105179,13232],{}," is also a valid option",[32,105182,105183,105185],{},[21,105184,13232],{}," often reads more clearly",[32,105187,105188],{},"This page stays focused on the basic built-in solution",[14,105190,93908,105191,105193,105194,289],{},[21,105192,104329],{}," in more detail, see ",[579,105195,105197],{"href":105196},"\u002Fstandard-library\u002Fos.chdir-function-explained","the os.rename() function explained",[55,105199,104643],{"id":105200},"expected-result-1",[14,105202,105203],{},"When the rename works:",[29,105205,105206,105209,105212],{},[32,105207,105208],{},"The old file name no longer appears",[32,105210,105211],{},"The new file name appears in the same folder unless you changed the path",[32,105213,104661],{},[14,105215,105216],{},"Also, if the new path points to another folder, the file may be moved and renamed in one step.",[55,105218,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,105220,105222],{"id":105221},"does-renaming-a-file-change-its-contents","Does renaming a file change its contents?",[14,105224,105225],{},"No. It changes the file name or path, not the data inside the file.",[1647,105227,105229],{"id":105228},"can-i-move-a-file-by-renaming-it","Can I move a file by renaming it?",[14,105231,105232],{},"Yes. If you give a new path in another folder, Python can move and rename it in one step in many cases.",[1647,105234,105236],{"id":105235},"what-if-python-says-the-file-does-not-exist","What if Python says the file does not exist?",[14,105238,105239],{},"Check the file name, extension, and folder path.",[14,105241,105242,105243,105246],{},"Also print ",[21,105244,105245],{},"os.getcwd()"," to see where your script is running.",[1647,105248,105250],{"id":105249},"what-function-renames-a-file-in-python","What function renames a file in Python?",[14,105252,105253,105254,289],{},"A common built-in option is ",[21,105255,104329],{},[55,105257,2414],{"id":2413},[29,105259,105260,105265,105269,105273,105277,105282],{},[32,105261,105262],{},[579,105263,105264],{"href":105196},"os.rename() function explained",[32,105266,105267],{},[579,105268,2436],{"href":2284},[32,105270,105271],{},[579,105272,11115],{"href":10829},[32,105274,105275],{},[579,105276,2442],{"href":2441},[32,105278,105279],{},[579,105280,105281],{"href":2447},"Fix PermissionError: Errno 13 permission denied",[32,105283,105284],{},[579,105285,105286],{"href":44863},"How to delete a file in Python",[2450,105288,105289],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sQRbd, html code.shiki .sQRbd{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#DBEDFF}html pre.shiki code .sjYin, html code.shiki .sjYin{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-weight:inherit;--shiki-default:#22863A;--shiki-default-font-weight:bold;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;--shiki-dark-font-weight:bold}html pre.shiki code .stzsN, html code.shiki .stzsN{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .skxfh, html code.shiki .skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":105291},[105292,105293,105294,105295,105298,105299,105300,105304,105305,105306,105312],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":104456,"depth":83,"text":104457},{"id":104542,"depth":83,"text":104543,"children":105296},[105297],{"id":104642,"depth":90,"text":104643},{"id":104664,"depth":83,"text":104665},{"id":104821,"depth":83,"text":104822},{"id":104971,"depth":83,"text":104972,"children":105301},[105302,105303],{"id":12721,"depth":90,"text":12722},{"id":105014,"depth":90,"text":105015},{"id":105161,"depth":83,"text":105162},{"id":105200,"depth":83,"text":104643},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":105307},[105308,105309,105310,105311],{"id":105221,"depth":90,"text":105222},{"id":105228,"depth":90,"text":105229},{"id":105235,"depth":90,"text":105236},{"id":105249,"depth":90,"text":105250},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to rename a file in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-rename-a-file-in-python",{"title":104318,"description":105313},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-rename-a-file-in-python","cY9S2bMmuBs21xyTkCj13EE-c_fgijlKPi0ApAszdig",{"id":105320,"title":105321,"body":105322,"description":107697,"extension":2479,"meta":107698,"navigation":86,"path":107699,"seo":107700,"stem":107701,"__hash__":107702},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-replace-text-in-a-string-in-python.md","How to Replace Text in a String in Python",{"type":7,"value":105323,"toc":107668},[105324,105327,105333,105336,105350,105353,105355,105415,105417,105426,105432,105434,105436,105450,105456,105459,105484,105499,105501,105565,105567,105576,105578,105595,105599,105603,105609,105672,105674,105683,105686,105689,105702,105705,105763,105765,105774,105777,105839,105841,105862,105866,105869,105897,105907,105909,105976,105978,105990,105993,106060,106062,106071,106074,106078,106085,106091,106148,106150,106159,106162,106165,106226,106228,106236,106239,106300,106302,106310,106320,106324,106329,106338,106400,106402,106415,106421,106424,106438,106443,106475,106477,106490,106493,106500,106506,106511,106513,106538,106540,106598,106600,106613,106618,106621,106623,106684,106686,106700,106706,106719,106721,106727,106731,106788,106790,106799,106802,106863,106869,106872,106875,106885,106889,106937,106939,106947,106957,106961,107010,107012,107021,107024,107028,107031,107081,107083,107092,107097,107148,107150,107159,107161,107164,107259,107261,107295,107297,107410,107412,107453,107455,107461,107464,107468,107471,107498,107502,107505,107515,107519,107525,107528,107621,107623,107632,107634,107665],[10,105325,105321],{"id":105326},"how-to-replace-text-in-a-string-in-python",[14,105328,105329,105330,289],{},"If you want to change part of a string in Python, the simplest tool is ",[21,105331,105332],{},"str.replace()",[14,105334,105335],{},"It works well for common tasks like:",[29,105337,105338,105341,105344,105347],{},[32,105339,105340],{},"changing one word to another",[32,105342,105343],{},"removing part of a string",[32,105345,105346],{},"replacing all matches",[32,105348,105349],{},"replacing only the first few matches",[14,105351,105352],{},"For most beginner cases, this is the right method to use.",[55,105354,58],{"id":57},[60,105356,105358],{"className":62,"code":105357,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Hello world\"\nnew_text = text.replace(\"world\", \"Python\")\nprint(new_text)\n",[21,105359,105360,105373,105404],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105361,105362,105364,105366,105368,105371],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,105363,16655],{"class":79},[69,105365,97],{"class":96},[69,105367,123],{"class":110},[69,105369,105370],{"class":114},"Hello world",[69,105372,1825],{"class":110},[69,105374,105375,105378,105380,105382,105384,105386,105388,105390,105392,105394,105396,105398,105400,105402],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,105376,105377],{"class":79},"new_text ",[69,105379,97],{"class":96},[69,105381,16694],{"class":79},[69,105383,289],{"class":100},[69,105385,25154],{"class":292},[69,105387,221],{"class":100},[69,105389,111],{"class":110},[69,105391,16676],{"class":114},[69,105393,111],{"class":110},[69,105395,120],{"class":100},[69,105397,123],{"class":110},[69,105399,17238],{"class":114},[69,105401,111],{"class":110},[69,105403,301],{"class":100},[69,105405,105406,105408,105410,105413],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,105407,2161],{"class":217},[69,105409,221],{"class":100},[69,105411,105412],{"class":292},"new_text",[69,105414,301],{"class":100},[14,105416,2781],{},[60,105418,105420],{"className":62,"code":105419,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Hello Python\n",[21,105421,105422],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105423,105424],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,105425,105419],{"class":79},[14,105427,322,105428,105431],{},[21,105429,105430],{},"str.replace(old, new)"," to replace text in a string. It returns a new string and does not change the original.",[55,105433,2666],{"id":2665},[14,105435,27],{},[29,105437,105438,105441,105444,105447],{},[32,105439,105440],{},"Replace one word or phrase inside a string",[32,105442,105443],{},"Replace all matching parts of a string",[32,105445,105446],{},"Replace only the first few matches when needed",[32,105448,105449],{},"Understand that strings are immutable in Python",[55,105451,322,105453,105455],{"id":105452},"use-strreplace-for-most-text-replacement",[21,105454,105332],{}," for most text replacement",[14,105457,105458],{},"The basic syntax is:",[60,105460,105462],{"className":62,"code":105461,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text.replace(old, new)\n",[21,105463,105464],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105465,105466,105468,105470,105472,105474,105477,105479,105482],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,105467,568],{"class":79},[69,105469,289],{"class":100},[69,105471,25154],{"class":292},[69,105473,221],{"class":100},[69,105475,105476],{"class":292},"old",[69,105478,120],{"class":100},[69,105480,105481],{"class":292}," new",[69,105483,301],{"class":100},[29,105485,105486,105491,105496],{},[32,105487,105488,105490],{},[21,105489,105476],{}," is the text to find",[32,105492,105493,105495],{},[21,105494,82023],{}," is the text to insert instead",[32,105497,105498],{},"the method returns a new string",[14,105500,65351],{},[60,105502,105504],{"className":62,"code":105503,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"I like cats\"\nnew_text = text.replace(\"cats\", \"dogs\")\n\nprint(new_text)\n",[21,105505,105506,105519,105551,105555],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105507,105508,105510,105512,105514,105517],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,105509,16655],{"class":79},[69,105511,97],{"class":96},[69,105513,123],{"class":110},[69,105515,105516],{"class":114},"I like cats",[69,105518,1825],{"class":110},[69,105520,105521,105523,105525,105527,105529,105531,105533,105535,105538,105540,105542,105544,105547,105549],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,105522,105377],{"class":79},[69,105524,97],{"class":96},[69,105526,16694],{"class":79},[69,105528,289],{"class":100},[69,105530,25154],{"class":292},[69,105532,221],{"class":100},[69,105534,111],{"class":110},[69,105536,105537],{"class":114},"cats",[69,105539,111],{"class":110},[69,105541,120],{"class":100},[69,105543,123],{"class":110},[69,105545,105546],{"class":114},"dogs",[69,105548,111],{"class":110},[69,105550,301],{"class":100},[69,105552,105553],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,105554,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,105556,105557,105559,105561,105563],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,105558,2161],{"class":217},[69,105560,221],{"class":100},[69,105562,105412],{"class":292},[69,105564,301],{"class":100},[14,105566,2781],{},[60,105568,105570],{"className":62,"code":105569,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"I like dogs\n",[21,105571,105572],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105573,105574],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,105575,105569],{"class":79},[14,105577,4389],{},[29,105579,105580,105586,105592],{},[32,105581,105582,105583],{},"Python looks for ",[21,105584,105585],{},"\"cats\"",[32,105587,105588,105589],{},"it replaces it with ",[21,105590,105591],{},"\"dogs\"",[32,105593,105594],{},"it gives back a new string",[14,105596,51831,105597,289],{},[579,105598,23462],{"href":51834},[55,105600,105602],{"id":105601},"replace-all-matches","Replace all matches",[14,105604,105605,105606,105608],{},"By default, ",[21,105607,102745],{}," changes every matching occurrence.",[60,105610,105612],{"className":62,"code":105611,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"red blue red green red\"\nnew_text = text.replace(\"red\", \"yellow\")\n\nprint(new_text)\n",[21,105613,105614,105627,105658,105662],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105615,105616,105618,105620,105622,105625],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,105617,16655],{"class":79},[69,105619,97],{"class":96},[69,105621,123],{"class":110},[69,105623,105624],{"class":114},"red blue red green red",[69,105626,1825],{"class":110},[69,105628,105629,105631,105633,105635,105637,105639,105641,105643,105645,105647,105649,105651,105654,105656],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,105630,105377],{"class":79},[69,105632,97],{"class":96},[69,105634,16694],{"class":79},[69,105636,289],{"class":100},[69,105638,25154],{"class":292},[69,105640,221],{"class":100},[69,105642,111],{"class":110},[69,105644,6499],{"class":114},[69,105646,111],{"class":110},[69,105648,120],{"class":100},[69,105650,123],{"class":110},[69,105652,105653],{"class":114},"yellow",[69,105655,111],{"class":110},[69,105657,301],{"class":100},[69,105659,105660],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,105661,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,105663,105664,105666,105668,105670],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,105665,2161],{"class":217},[69,105667,221],{"class":100},[69,105669,105412],{"class":292},[69,105671,301],{"class":100},[14,105673,2781],{},[60,105675,105677],{"className":62,"code":105676,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"yellow blue yellow green yellow\n",[21,105678,105679],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105680,105681],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,105682,105676],{"class":79},[14,105684,105685],{},"This is useful for simple cleanup and updates.",[14,105687,105688],{},"You can replace:",[29,105690,105691,105693,105696,105699],{},[32,105692,68747],{},[32,105694,105695],{},"spaces",[32,105697,105698],{},"symbols",[32,105700,105701],{},"short phrases",[14,105703,105704],{},"Example with spaces:",[60,105706,105708],{"className":62,"code":105707,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"apple    banana    orange\"\nnew_text = text.replace(\"    \", \" \")\n\nprint(new_text)\n",[21,105709,105710,105723,105749,105753],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105711,105712,105714,105716,105718,105721],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,105713,16655],{"class":79},[69,105715,97],{"class":96},[69,105717,123],{"class":110},[69,105719,105720],{"class":114},"apple    banana    orange",[69,105722,1825],{"class":110},[69,105724,105725,105727,105729,105731,105733,105735,105737,105739,105741,105743,105745,105747],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,105726,105377],{"class":79},[69,105728,97],{"class":96},[69,105730,16694],{"class":79},[69,105732,289],{"class":100},[69,105734,25154],{"class":292},[69,105736,221],{"class":100},[69,105738,111],{"class":110},[69,105740,3372],{"class":110},[69,105742,120],{"class":100},[69,105744,123],{"class":110},[69,105746,123],{"class":110},[69,105748,301],{"class":100},[69,105750,105751],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,105752,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,105754,105755,105757,105759,105761],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,105756,2161],{"class":217},[69,105758,221],{"class":100},[69,105760,105412],{"class":292},[69,105762,301],{"class":100},[14,105764,2781],{},[60,105766,105768],{"className":62,"code":105767,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"apple banana orange\n",[21,105769,105770],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105771,105772],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,105773,105767],{"class":79},[14,105775,105776],{},"Example with symbols:",[60,105778,105780],{"className":62,"code":105779,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"2024\u002F01\u002F15\"\nnew_text = text.replace(\"\u002F\", \"-\")\n\nprint(new_text)\n",[21,105781,105782,105795,105825,105829],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105783,105784,105786,105788,105790,105793],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,105785,16655],{"class":79},[69,105787,97],{"class":96},[69,105789,123],{"class":110},[69,105791,105792],{"class":114},"2024\u002F01\u002F15",[69,105794,1825],{"class":110},[69,105796,105797,105799,105801,105803,105805,105807,105809,105811,105813,105815,105817,105819,105821,105823],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,105798,105377],{"class":79},[69,105800,97],{"class":96},[69,105802,16694],{"class":79},[69,105804,289],{"class":100},[69,105806,25154],{"class":292},[69,105808,221],{"class":100},[69,105810,111],{"class":110},[69,105812,38681],{"class":114},[69,105814,111],{"class":110},[69,105816,120],{"class":100},[69,105818,123],{"class":110},[69,105820,7305],{"class":114},[69,105822,111],{"class":110},[69,105824,301],{"class":100},[69,105826,105827],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,105828,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,105830,105831,105833,105835,105837],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,105832,2161],{"class":217},[69,105834,221],{"class":100},[69,105836,105412],{"class":292},[69,105838,301],{"class":100},[14,105840,2781],{},[60,105842,105844],{"className":62,"code":105843,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"2024-01-15\n",[21,105845,105846],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105847,105848,105851,105853,105855,105857,105859],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,105849,105850],{"class":157},"2024",[69,105852,7305],{"class":96},[69,105854,2200],{"class":157},[69,105856,5940],{"class":69457},[69,105858,7305],{"class":96},[69,105860,105861],{"class":157},"15\n",[55,105863,105865],{"id":105864},"replace-only-a-limited-number-of-matches","Replace only a limited number of matches",[14,105867,105868],{},"If you only want to replace some matches, use the third argument:",[60,105870,105872],{"className":62,"code":105871,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text.replace(old, new, count)\n",[21,105873,105874],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105875,105876,105878,105880,105882,105884,105886,105888,105890,105892,105895],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,105877,568],{"class":79},[69,105879,289],{"class":100},[69,105881,25154],{"class":292},[69,105883,221],{"class":100},[69,105885,105476],{"class":292},[69,105887,120],{"class":100},[69,105889,105481],{"class":292},[69,105891,120],{"class":100},[69,105893,105894],{"class":292}," count",[69,105896,301],{"class":100},[29,105898,105899,105904],{},[32,105900,105901,105903],{},[21,105902,57977],{}," tells Python how many matches to replace",[32,105905,105906],{},"replacement happens from left to right",[14,105908,370],{},[60,105910,105912],{"className":62,"code":105911,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"one two one two one\"\nnew_text = text.replace(\"one\", \"ONE\", 1)\n\nprint(new_text)\n",[21,105913,105914,105927,105962,105966],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105915,105916,105918,105920,105922,105925],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,105917,16655],{"class":79},[69,105919,97],{"class":96},[69,105921,123],{"class":110},[69,105923,105924],{"class":114},"one two one two one",[69,105926,1825],{"class":110},[69,105928,105929,105931,105933,105935,105937,105939,105941,105943,105945,105947,105949,105951,105954,105956,105958,105960],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,105930,105377],{"class":79},[69,105932,97],{"class":96},[69,105934,16694],{"class":79},[69,105936,289],{"class":100},[69,105938,25154],{"class":292},[69,105940,221],{"class":100},[69,105942,111],{"class":110},[69,105944,103398],{"class":114},[69,105946,111],{"class":110},[69,105948,120],{"class":100},[69,105950,123],{"class":110},[69,105952,105953],{"class":114},"ONE",[69,105955,111],{"class":110},[69,105957,120],{"class":100},[69,105959,5748],{"class":157},[69,105961,301],{"class":100},[69,105963,105964],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,105965,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,105967,105968,105970,105972,105974],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,105969,2161],{"class":217},[69,105971,221],{"class":100},[69,105973,105412],{"class":292},[69,105975,301],{"class":100},[14,105977,2781],{},[60,105979,105981],{"className":62,"code":105980,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"ONE two one two one\n",[21,105982,105983],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105984,105985,105987],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,105986,105953],{"class":7964},[69,105988,105989],{"class":79}," two one two one\n",[14,105991,105992],{},"Replace the first two matches:",[60,105994,105996],{"className":62,"code":105995,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"cat cat cat\"\nnew_text = text.replace(\"cat\", \"dog\", 2)\n\nprint(new_text)\n",[21,105997,105998,106011,106046,106050],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,105999,106000,106002,106004,106006,106009],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106001,16655],{"class":79},[69,106003,97],{"class":96},[69,106005,123],{"class":110},[69,106007,106008],{"class":114},"cat cat cat",[69,106010,1825],{"class":110},[69,106012,106013,106015,106017,106019,106021,106023,106025,106027,106030,106032,106034,106036,106038,106040,106042,106044],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,106014,105377],{"class":79},[69,106016,97],{"class":96},[69,106018,16694],{"class":79},[69,106020,289],{"class":100},[69,106022,25154],{"class":292},[69,106024,221],{"class":100},[69,106026,111],{"class":110},[69,106028,106029],{"class":114},"cat",[69,106031,111],{"class":110},[69,106033,120],{"class":100},[69,106035,123],{"class":110},[69,106037,65430],{"class":114},[69,106039,111],{"class":110},[69,106041,120],{"class":100},[69,106043,5762],{"class":157},[69,106045,301],{"class":100},[69,106047,106048],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,106049,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,106051,106052,106054,106056,106058],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,106053,2161],{"class":217},[69,106055,221],{"class":100},[69,106057,105412],{"class":292},[69,106059,301],{"class":100},[14,106061,2781],{},[60,106063,106065],{"className":62,"code":106064,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"dog dog cat\n",[21,106066,106067],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106068,106069],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106070,106064],{"class":79},[14,106072,106073],{},"This is helpful when you only want to change the first occurrence instead of every match.",[55,106075,106077],{"id":106076},"strings-do-not-change-in-place","Strings do not change in place",[14,106079,106080,106081,106084],{},"Strings are ",[2498,106082,106083],{},"immutable"," in Python. That means they cannot be edited directly.",[14,106086,106087,106088,106090],{},"So this does ",[2498,106089,3315],{}," change the original string unless you save the result:",[60,106092,106094],{"className":62,"code":106093,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Hello world\"\ntext.replace(\"world\", \"Python\")\n\nprint(text)\n",[21,106095,106096,106108,106134,106138],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106097,106098,106100,106102,106104,106106],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106099,16655],{"class":79},[69,106101,97],{"class":96},[69,106103,123],{"class":110},[69,106105,105370],{"class":114},[69,106107,1825],{"class":110},[69,106109,106110,106112,106114,106116,106118,106120,106122,106124,106126,106128,106130,106132],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,106111,568],{"class":79},[69,106113,289],{"class":100},[69,106115,25154],{"class":292},[69,106117,221],{"class":100},[69,106119,111],{"class":110},[69,106121,16676],{"class":114},[69,106123,111],{"class":110},[69,106125,120],{"class":100},[69,106127,123],{"class":110},[69,106129,17238],{"class":114},[69,106131,111],{"class":110},[69,106133,301],{"class":100},[69,106135,106136],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,106137,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,106139,106140,106142,106144,106146],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,106141,2161],{"class":217},[69,106143,221],{"class":100},[69,106145,568],{"class":292},[69,106147,301],{"class":100},[14,106149,2781],{},[60,106151,106153],{"className":62,"code":106152,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Hello world\n",[21,106154,106155],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106156,106157],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106158,106152],{"class":79},[14,106160,106161],{},"The result was created, but it was not stored anywhere.",[14,106163,106164],{},"To keep the change, save it to a variable:",[60,106166,106168],{"className":62,"code":106167,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Hello world\"\nnew_text = text.replace(\"world\", \"Python\")\n\nprint(new_text)\n",[21,106169,106170,106182,106212,106216],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106171,106172,106174,106176,106178,106180],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106173,16655],{"class":79},[69,106175,97],{"class":96},[69,106177,123],{"class":110},[69,106179,105370],{"class":114},[69,106181,1825],{"class":110},[69,106183,106184,106186,106188,106190,106192,106194,106196,106198,106200,106202,106204,106206,106208,106210],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,106185,105377],{"class":79},[69,106187,97],{"class":96},[69,106189,16694],{"class":79},[69,106191,289],{"class":100},[69,106193,25154],{"class":292},[69,106195,221],{"class":100},[69,106197,111],{"class":110},[69,106199,16676],{"class":114},[69,106201,111],{"class":110},[69,106203,120],{"class":100},[69,106205,123],{"class":110},[69,106207,17238],{"class":114},[69,106209,111],{"class":110},[69,106211,301],{"class":100},[69,106213,106214],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,106215,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,106217,106218,106220,106222,106224],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,106219,2161],{"class":217},[69,106221,221],{"class":100},[69,106223,105412],{"class":292},[69,106225,301],{"class":100},[14,106227,2781],{},[60,106229,106230],{"className":62,"code":105419,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,106231,106232],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106233,106234],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106235,105419],{"class":79},[14,106237,106238],{},"You can also assign it back to the same variable:",[60,106240,106242],{"className":62,"code":106241,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Hello world\"\ntext = text.replace(\"world\", \"Python\")\n\nprint(text)\n",[21,106243,106244,106256,106286,106290],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106245,106246,106248,106250,106252,106254],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106247,16655],{"class":79},[69,106249,97],{"class":96},[69,106251,123],{"class":110},[69,106253,105370],{"class":114},[69,106255,1825],{"class":110},[69,106257,106258,106260,106262,106264,106266,106268,106270,106272,106274,106276,106278,106280,106282,106284],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,106259,16655],{"class":79},[69,106261,97],{"class":96},[69,106263,16694],{"class":79},[69,106265,289],{"class":100},[69,106267,25154],{"class":292},[69,106269,221],{"class":100},[69,106271,111],{"class":110},[69,106273,16676],{"class":114},[69,106275,111],{"class":110},[69,106277,120],{"class":100},[69,106279,123],{"class":110},[69,106281,17238],{"class":114},[69,106283,111],{"class":110},[69,106285,301],{"class":100},[69,106287,106288],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,106289,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,106291,106292,106294,106296,106298],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,106293,2161],{"class":217},[69,106295,221],{"class":100},[69,106297,568],{"class":292},[69,106299,301],{"class":100},[14,106301,2781],{},[60,106303,106304],{"className":62,"code":105419,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,106305,106306],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106307,106308],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106309,105419],{"class":79},[14,106311,106312,106313,50,106316,289],{},"This idea is important in many string tasks, including ",[579,106314,106315],{"href":18288},"splitting a string in Python",[579,106317,106319],{"href":106318},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-join-strings-in-python\u002F","joining strings in Python",[55,106321,106323],{"id":106322},"case-matters-when-replacing-text","Case matters when replacing text",[14,106325,106326,106328],{},[21,106327,102745],{}," is case-sensitive.",[14,106330,15572,106331,50,106334,106337],{},[21,106332,106333],{},"\"Cat\"",[21,106335,106336],{},"\"cat\""," are different.",[60,106339,106341],{"className":62,"code":106340,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Cat cat CAT\"\nnew_text = text.replace(\"cat\", \"dog\")\n\nprint(new_text)\n",[21,106342,106343,106356,106386,106390],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106344,106345,106347,106349,106351,106354],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106346,16655],{"class":79},[69,106348,97],{"class":96},[69,106350,123],{"class":110},[69,106352,106353],{"class":114},"Cat cat CAT",[69,106355,1825],{"class":110},[69,106357,106358,106360,106362,106364,106366,106368,106370,106372,106374,106376,106378,106380,106382,106384],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,106359,105377],{"class":79},[69,106361,97],{"class":96},[69,106363,16694],{"class":79},[69,106365,289],{"class":100},[69,106367,25154],{"class":292},[69,106369,221],{"class":100},[69,106371,111],{"class":110},[69,106373,106029],{"class":114},[69,106375,111],{"class":110},[69,106377,120],{"class":100},[69,106379,123],{"class":110},[69,106381,65430],{"class":114},[69,106383,111],{"class":110},[69,106385,301],{"class":100},[69,106387,106388],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,106389,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,106391,106392,106394,106396,106398],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,106393,2161],{"class":217},[69,106395,221],{"class":100},[69,106397,105412],{"class":292},[69,106399,301],{"class":100},[14,106401,2781],{},[60,106403,106405],{"className":62,"code":106404,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Cat dog CAT\n",[21,106406,106407],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106408,106409,106412],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106410,106411],{"class":79},"Cat dog ",[69,106413,106414],{"class":7964},"CAT\n",[14,106416,106417,106418,106420],{},"Only the lowercase ",[21,106419,106336],{}," was replaced.",[14,106422,106423],{},"If nothing gets replaced, check:",[29,106425,106426,106429,106432,106435],{},[32,106427,106428],{},"uppercase and lowercase letters",[32,106430,106431],{},"spelling",[32,106433,106434],{},"spaces before or after the text",[32,106436,106437],{},"punctuation",[14,106439,1628,106440,106442],{},[21,106441,10952],{}," can help you see hidden spaces:",[60,106444,106446],{"className":62,"code":106445,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"hello \"\nprint(repr(text))\n",[21,106447,106448,106461],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106449,106450,106452,106454,106456,106459],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106451,16655],{"class":79},[69,106453,97],{"class":96},[69,106455,123],{"class":110},[69,106457,106458],{"class":114},"hello ",[69,106460,1825],{"class":110},[69,106462,106463,106465,106467,106469,106471,106473],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,106464,2161],{"class":217},[69,106466,221],{"class":100},[69,106468,18025],{"class":217},[69,106470,221],{"class":100},[69,106472,568],{"class":292},[69,106474,2183],{"class":100},[14,106476,2781],{},[60,106478,106480],{"className":62,"code":106479,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"'hello '\n",[21,106481,106482],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106483,106484,106486,106488],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106485,15283],{"class":18043},[69,106487,106458],{"class":18046},[69,106489,18049],{"class":18043},[14,106491,106492],{},"That trailing space may stop a match from working.",[14,106494,106495,106496,289],{},"If your goal is cleanup, you may also want to learn ",[579,106497,106499],{"href":106498},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-remove-whitespace-from-a-string-in-python\u002F","how to remove whitespace from a string in Python",[55,106501,14079,106503,106505],{"id":106502},"when-replace-is-enough-and-when-it-is-not",[21,106504,102745],{}," is enough and when it is not",[14,106507,322,106508,106510],{},[21,106509,102745],{}," when you want to replace an exact piece of text.",[14,106512,35874],{},[29,106514,106515,106523,106532,106535],{},[32,106516,106517,106518,14590,106520],{},"replacing ",[21,106519,106336],{},[21,106521,106522],{},"\"dog\"",[32,106524,106525,106526,25609,106529],{},"changing ",[21,106527,106528],{},"\"\u002F\"",[21,106530,106531],{},"\"-\"",[32,106533,106534],{},"removing a known word or symbol",[32,106536,106537],{},"replacing a short fixed phrase",[14,106539,370],{},[60,106541,106543],{"className":62,"code":106542,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Price: $10\"\nnew_text = text.replace(\"$\", \"\")\n\nprint(new_text)\n",[21,106544,106545,106558,106584,106588],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106546,106547,106549,106551,106553,106556],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106548,16655],{"class":79},[69,106550,97],{"class":96},[69,106552,123],{"class":110},[69,106554,106555],{"class":114},"Price: $10",[69,106557,1825],{"class":110},[69,106559,106560,106562,106564,106566,106568,106570,106572,106574,106576,106578,106580,106582],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,106561,105377],{"class":79},[69,106563,97],{"class":96},[69,106565,16694],{"class":79},[69,106567,289],{"class":100},[69,106569,25154],{"class":292},[69,106571,221],{"class":100},[69,106573,111],{"class":110},[69,106575,25251],{"class":114},[69,106577,111],{"class":110},[69,106579,120],{"class":100},[69,106581,25167],{"class":110},[69,106583,301],{"class":100},[69,106585,106586],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,106587,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,106589,106590,106592,106594,106596],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,106591,2161],{"class":217},[69,106593,221],{"class":100},[69,106595,105412],{"class":292},[69,106597,301],{"class":100},[14,106599,2781],{},[60,106601,106603],{"className":62,"code":106602,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Price: 10\n",[21,106604,106605],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106606,106607,106609,106611],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106608,28376],{"class":79},[69,106610,1174],{"class":100},[69,106612,28664],{"class":157},[14,106614,106615,106617],{},[21,106616,102745],{}," is enough for many everyday string tasks.",[14,106619,106620],{},"But it only matches exact text. If the text is different from what you search for, nothing will change.",[14,106622,11201],{},[60,106624,106626],{"className":62,"code":106625,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Hello, world!\"\nnew_text = text.replace(\"world\", \"Python\")\n\nprint(new_text)\n",[21,106627,106628,106640,106670,106674],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106629,106630,106632,106634,106636,106638],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106631,16655],{"class":79},[69,106633,97],{"class":96},[69,106635,123],{"class":110},[69,106637,16662],{"class":114},[69,106639,1825],{"class":110},[69,106641,106642,106644,106646,106648,106650,106652,106654,106656,106658,106660,106662,106664,106666,106668],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,106643,105377],{"class":79},[69,106645,97],{"class":96},[69,106647,16694],{"class":79},[69,106649,289],{"class":100},[69,106651,25154],{"class":292},[69,106653,221],{"class":100},[69,106655,111],{"class":110},[69,106657,16676],{"class":114},[69,106659,111],{"class":110},[69,106661,120],{"class":100},[69,106663,123],{"class":110},[69,106665,17238],{"class":114},[69,106667,111],{"class":110},[69,106669,301],{"class":100},[69,106671,106672],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,106673,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,106675,106676,106678,106680,106682],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,106677,2161],{"class":217},[69,106679,221],{"class":100},[69,106681,105412],{"class":292},[69,106683,301],{"class":100},[14,106685,2781],{},[60,106687,106689],{"className":62,"code":106688,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Hello, Python!\n",[21,106690,106691],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106692,106693,106695,106697],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106694,7659],{"class":79},[69,106696,120],{"class":100},[69,106698,106699],{"class":79}," Python!\n",[14,106701,94292,106702,106705],{},[21,106703,106704],{},"\"world\""," is an exact match inside the string.",[14,106707,106708,106709,106714,106715,289],{},"If you want full method details, see the ",[579,106710,52467,106712,30024],{"href":106711},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-string-replace-method",[21,106713,102745],{},". If you need to check whether text exists before replacing it, see ",[579,106716,106718],{"href":106717},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-check-if-a-string-contains-a-substring-in-python\u002F","how to check if a string contains a substring in Python",[55,106720,3868],{"id":3867},[14,106722,106723,106724,106726],{},"Here are the most common reasons ",[21,106725,102745],{}," does not work as expected.",[1647,106728,106730],{"id":106729},"forgetting-to-store-the-returned-string","Forgetting to store the returned string",[60,106732,106734],{"className":62,"code":106733,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"apple pie\"\ntext.replace(\"apple\", \"cherry\")\n\nprint(text)\n",[21,106735,106736,106748,106774,106778],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106737,106738,106740,106742,106744,106746],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106739,16655],{"class":79},[69,106741,97],{"class":96},[69,106743,123],{"class":110},[69,106745,19102],{"class":114},[69,106747,1825],{"class":110},[69,106749,106750,106752,106754,106756,106758,106760,106762,106764,106766,106768,106770,106772],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,106751,568],{"class":79},[69,106753,289],{"class":100},[69,106755,25154],{"class":292},[69,106757,221],{"class":100},[69,106759,111],{"class":110},[69,106761,6037],{"class":114},[69,106763,111],{"class":110},[69,106765,120],{"class":100},[69,106767,123],{"class":110},[69,106769,75585],{"class":114},[69,106771,111],{"class":110},[69,106773,301],{"class":100},[69,106775,106776],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,106777,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,106779,106780,106782,106784,106786],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,106781,2161],{"class":217},[69,106783,221],{"class":100},[69,106785,568],{"class":292},[69,106787,301],{"class":100},[14,106789,2781],{},[60,106791,106793],{"className":62,"code":106792,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"apple pie\n",[21,106794,106795],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106796,106797],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106798,106792],{"class":79},[14,106800,106801],{},"Fix it by saving the result:",[60,106803,106805],{"className":62,"code":106804,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"apple pie\"\ntext = text.replace(\"apple\", \"cherry\")\n\nprint(text)\n",[21,106806,106807,106819,106849,106853],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106808,106809,106811,106813,106815,106817],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106810,16655],{"class":79},[69,106812,97],{"class":96},[69,106814,123],{"class":110},[69,106816,19102],{"class":114},[69,106818,1825],{"class":110},[69,106820,106821,106823,106825,106827,106829,106831,106833,106835,106837,106839,106841,106843,106845,106847],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,106822,16655],{"class":79},[69,106824,97],{"class":96},[69,106826,16694],{"class":79},[69,106828,289],{"class":100},[69,106830,25154],{"class":292},[69,106832,221],{"class":100},[69,106834,111],{"class":110},[69,106836,6037],{"class":114},[69,106838,111],{"class":110},[69,106840,120],{"class":100},[69,106842,123],{"class":110},[69,106844,75585],{"class":114},[69,106846,111],{"class":110},[69,106848,301],{"class":100},[69,106850,106851],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,106852,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,106854,106855,106857,106859,106861],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,106856,2161],{"class":217},[69,106858,221],{"class":100},[69,106860,568],{"class":292},[69,106862,301],{"class":100},[1647,106864,5316,106866,106868],{"id":106865},"expecting-replace-to-change-the-original-string-directly",[21,106867,102745],{}," to change the original string directly",[14,106870,106871],{},"Strings cannot be changed in place.",[14,106873,106874],{},"Always remember:",[29,106876,106877,106882],{},[32,106878,106879,106881],{},[21,106880,102745],{}," returns a new string",[32,106883,106884],{},"it does not edit the existing string object",[1647,106886,106888],{"id":106887},"using-the-wrong-letter-case","Using the wrong letter case",[60,106890,106892],{"className":62,"code":106891,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Python\"\nprint(text.replace(\"python\", \"Java\"))\n",[21,106893,106894,106906],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106895,106896,106898,106900,106902,106904],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106897,16655],{"class":79},[69,106899,97],{"class":96},[69,106901,123],{"class":110},[69,106903,17238],{"class":114},[69,106905,1825],{"class":110},[69,106907,106908,106910,106912,106914,106916,106918,106920,106922,106924,106926,106928,106930,106933,106935],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,106909,2161],{"class":217},[69,106911,221],{"class":100},[69,106913,568],{"class":292},[69,106915,289],{"class":100},[69,106917,25154],{"class":292},[69,106919,221],{"class":100},[69,106921,111],{"class":110},[69,106923,64],{"class":114},[69,106925,111],{"class":110},[69,106927,120],{"class":100},[69,106929,123],{"class":110},[69,106931,106932],{"class":114},"Java",[69,106934,111],{"class":110},[69,106936,2183],{"class":100},[14,106938,2781],{},[60,106940,106941],{"className":62,"code":69952,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,106942,106943],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106944,106945],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106946,69952],{"class":79},[14,106948,106949,106950,106953,106954,289],{},"Nothing changed because ",[21,106951,106952],{},"\"python\""," does not exactly match ",[21,106955,106956],{},"\"Python\"",[1647,106958,106960],{"id":106959},"misspelling-the-old-text","Misspelling the old text",[60,106962,106964],{"className":62,"code":106963,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"I love programming\"\nprint(text.replace(\"programing\", \"Python\"))\n",[21,106965,106966,106979],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,106967,106968,106970,106972,106974,106977],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,106969,16655],{"class":79},[69,106971,97],{"class":96},[69,106973,123],{"class":110},[69,106975,106976],{"class":114},"I love programming",[69,106978,1825],{"class":110},[69,106980,106981,106983,106985,106987,106989,106991,106993,106995,106998,107000,107002,107004,107006,107008],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,106982,2161],{"class":217},[69,106984,221],{"class":100},[69,106986,568],{"class":292},[69,106988,289],{"class":100},[69,106990,25154],{"class":292},[69,106992,221],{"class":100},[69,106994,111],{"class":110},[69,106996,106997],{"class":114},"programing",[69,106999,111],{"class":110},[69,107001,120],{"class":100},[69,107003,123],{"class":110},[69,107005,17238],{"class":114},[69,107007,111],{"class":110},[69,107009,2183],{"class":100},[14,107011,2781],{},[60,107013,107015],{"className":62,"code":107014,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"I love programming\n",[21,107016,107017],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,107018,107019],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,107020,107014],{"class":79},[14,107022,107023],{},"The old text must match exactly.",[1647,107025,107027],{"id":107026},"expecting-only-the-first-match-to-change","Expecting only the first match to change",[14,107029,107030],{},"By default, all matches are replaced:",[60,107032,107034],{"className":62,"code":107033,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"ha ha ha\"\nprint(text.replace(\"ha\", \"ho\"))\n",[21,107035,107036,107049],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,107037,107038,107040,107042,107044,107047],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,107039,16655],{"class":79},[69,107041,97],{"class":96},[69,107043,123],{"class":110},[69,107045,107046],{"class":114},"ha ha ha",[69,107048,1825],{"class":110},[69,107050,107051,107053,107055,107057,107059,107061,107063,107065,107068,107070,107072,107074,107077,107079],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,107052,2161],{"class":217},[69,107054,221],{"class":100},[69,107056,568],{"class":292},[69,107058,289],{"class":100},[69,107060,25154],{"class":292},[69,107062,221],{"class":100},[69,107064,111],{"class":110},[69,107066,107067],{"class":114},"ha",[69,107069,111],{"class":110},[69,107071,120],{"class":100},[69,107073,123],{"class":110},[69,107075,107076],{"class":114},"ho",[69,107078,111],{"class":110},[69,107080,2183],{"class":100},[14,107082,2781],{},[60,107084,107086],{"className":62,"code":107085,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"ho ho ho\n",[21,107087,107088],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,107089,107090],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,107091,107085],{"class":79},[14,107093,107094,107095,1174],{},"If you only want the first match, use ",[21,107096,57977],{},[60,107098,107100],{"className":62,"code":107099,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"ha ha ha\"\nprint(text.replace(\"ha\", \"ho\", 1))\n",[21,107101,107102,107114],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,107103,107104,107106,107108,107110,107112],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,107105,16655],{"class":79},[69,107107,97],{"class":96},[69,107109,123],{"class":110},[69,107111,107046],{"class":114},[69,107113,1825],{"class":110},[69,107115,107116,107118,107120,107122,107124,107126,107128,107130,107132,107134,107136,107138,107140,107142,107144,107146],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,107117,2161],{"class":217},[69,107119,221],{"class":100},[69,107121,568],{"class":292},[69,107123,289],{"class":100},[69,107125,25154],{"class":292},[69,107127,221],{"class":100},[69,107129,111],{"class":110},[69,107131,107067],{"class":114},[69,107133,111],{"class":110},[69,107135,120],{"class":100},[69,107137,123],{"class":110},[69,107139,107076],{"class":114},[69,107141,111],{"class":110},[69,107143,120],{"class":100},[69,107145,5748],{"class":157},[69,107147,2183],{"class":100},[14,107149,2781],{},[60,107151,107153],{"className":62,"code":107152,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"ho ha ha\n",[21,107154,107155],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,107156,107157],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,107158,107152],{"class":79},[55,107160,16352],{"id":16351},[14,107162,107163],{},"If your replacement is not working, these quick checks can help:",[60,107165,107167],{"className":62,"code":107166,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(text)\nprint(repr(text))\nprint(text.replace('old', 'new'))\nprint(text.count('old'))\nprint(type(text))\n",[21,107168,107169,107179,107193,107223,107245],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,107170,107171,107173,107175,107177],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,107172,2161],{"class":217},[69,107174,221],{"class":100},[69,107176,568],{"class":292},[69,107178,301],{"class":100},[69,107180,107181,107183,107185,107187,107189,107191],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,107182,2161],{"class":217},[69,107184,221],{"class":100},[69,107186,18025],{"class":217},[69,107188,221],{"class":100},[69,107190,568],{"class":292},[69,107192,2183],{"class":100},[69,107194,107195,107197,107199,107201,107203,107205,107207,107209,107211,107213,107215,107217,107219,107221],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,107196,2161],{"class":217},[69,107198,221],{"class":100},[69,107200,568],{"class":292},[69,107202,289],{"class":100},[69,107204,25154],{"class":292},[69,107206,221],{"class":100},[69,107208,15283],{"class":110},[69,107210,105476],{"class":114},[69,107212,15283],{"class":110},[69,107214,120],{"class":100},[69,107216,15292],{"class":110},[69,107218,82023],{"class":114},[69,107220,15283],{"class":110},[69,107222,2183],{"class":100},[69,107224,107225,107227,107229,107231,107233,107235,107237,107239,107241,107243],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,107226,2161],{"class":217},[69,107228,221],{"class":100},[69,107230,568],{"class":292},[69,107232,289],{"class":100},[69,107234,57977],{"class":292},[69,107236,221],{"class":100},[69,107238,15283],{"class":110},[69,107240,105476],{"class":114},[69,107242,15283],{"class":110},[69,107244,2183],{"class":100},[69,107246,107247,107249,107251,107253,107255,107257],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,107248,2161],{"class":217},[69,107250,221],{"class":100},[69,107252,2176],{"class":1859},[69,107254,221],{"class":100},[69,107256,568],{"class":292},[69,107258,2183],{"class":100},[14,107260,70882],{},[29,107262,107263,107268,107274,107280,107286],{},[32,107264,107265,42826],{},[21,107266,107267],{},"print(text)",[32,107269,107270,107273],{},[21,107271,107272],{},"print(repr(text))"," shows hidden spaces or escape characters",[32,107275,107276,107279],{},[21,107277,107278],{},"print(text.replace('old', 'new'))"," lets you test the replacement directly",[32,107281,107282,107285],{},[21,107283,107284],{},"print(text.count('old'))"," shows how many matches exist",[32,107287,107288,107291,107292,107294],{},[21,107289,107290],{},"print(type(text))"," confirms that ",[21,107293,568],{}," is actually a string",[14,107296,370],{},[60,107298,107300],{"className":62,"code":107299,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"cat cat dog\"\n\nprint(text)\nprint(repr(text))\nprint(text.replace(\"cat\", \"bird\"))\nprint(text.count(\"cat\"))\nprint(type(text))\n",[21,107301,107302,107315,107319,107329,107343,107374,107396],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,107303,107304,107306,107308,107310,107313],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,107305,16655],{"class":79},[69,107307,97],{"class":96},[69,107309,123],{"class":110},[69,107311,107312],{"class":114},"cat cat dog",[69,107314,1825],{"class":110},[69,107316,107317],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,107318,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,107320,107321,107323,107325,107327],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,107322,2161],{"class":217},[69,107324,221],{"class":100},[69,107326,568],{"class":292},[69,107328,301],{"class":100},[69,107330,107331,107333,107335,107337,107339,107341],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,107332,2161],{"class":217},[69,107334,221],{"class":100},[69,107336,18025],{"class":217},[69,107338,221],{"class":100},[69,107340,568],{"class":292},[69,107342,2183],{"class":100},[69,107344,107345,107347,107349,107351,107353,107355,107357,107359,107361,107363,107365,107367,107370,107372],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,107346,2161],{"class":217},[69,107348,221],{"class":100},[69,107350,568],{"class":292},[69,107352,289],{"class":100},[69,107354,25154],{"class":292},[69,107356,221],{"class":100},[69,107358,111],{"class":110},[69,107360,106029],{"class":114},[69,107362,111],{"class":110},[69,107364,120],{"class":100},[69,107366,123],{"class":110},[69,107368,107369],{"class":114},"bird",[69,107371,111],{"class":110},[69,107373,2183],{"class":100},[69,107375,107376,107378,107380,107382,107384,107386,107388,107390,107392,107394],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,107377,2161],{"class":217},[69,107379,221],{"class":100},[69,107381,568],{"class":292},[69,107383,289],{"class":100},[69,107385,57977],{"class":292},[69,107387,221],{"class":100},[69,107389,111],{"class":110},[69,107391,106029],{"class":114},[69,107393,111],{"class":110},[69,107395,2183],{"class":100},[69,107397,107398,107400,107402,107404,107406,107408],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,107399,2161],{"class":217},[69,107401,221],{"class":100},[69,107403,2176],{"class":1859},[69,107405,221],{"class":100},[69,107407,568],{"class":292},[69,107409,2183],{"class":100},[14,107411,2781],{},[60,107413,107415],{"className":62,"code":107414,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"cat cat dog\n'cat cat dog'\nbird bird dog\n2\n\u003Cclass 'str'>\n",[21,107416,107417,107422,107430,107435,107439],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,107418,107419],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,107420,107421],{"class":79},"cat cat dog\n",[69,107423,107424,107426,107428],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,107425,15283],{"class":18043},[69,107427,107312],{"class":18046},[69,107429,18049],{"class":18043},[69,107431,107432],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,107433,107434],{"class":79},"bird bird dog\n",[69,107436,107437],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,107438,38884],{"class":157},[69,107440,107441,107443,107445,107447,107449,107451],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,107442,21097],{"class":96},[69,107444,7503],{"class":7502},[69,107446,15292],{"class":110},[69,107448,10723],{"class":114},[69,107450,15283],{"class":110},[69,107452,21108],{"class":96},[55,107454,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,107456,11052,107458,107460],{"id":107457},"does-replace-change-the-original-string",[21,107459,102745],{}," change the original string?",[14,107462,107463],{},"No. It returns a new string. You must save the result.",[1647,107465,107467],{"id":107466},"how-do-i-replace-only-the-first-match","How do I replace only the first match?",[14,107469,107470],{},"Use the third argument:",[60,107472,107474],{"className":62,"code":107473,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text.replace(old, new, 1)\n",[21,107475,107476],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,107477,107478,107480,107482,107484,107486,107488,107490,107492,107494,107496],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,107479,568],{"class":79},[69,107481,289],{"class":100},[69,107483,25154],{"class":292},[69,107485,221],{"class":100},[69,107487,105476],{"class":292},[69,107489,120],{"class":100},[69,107491,105481],{"class":292},[69,107493,120],{"class":100},[69,107495,5748],{"class":157},[69,107497,301],{"class":100},[1647,107499,107501],{"id":107500},"why-did-nothing-get-replaced","Why did nothing get replaced?",[14,107503,107504],{},"The exact text may not match. Check:",[29,107506,107507,107509,107511,107513],{},[32,107508,106431],{},[32,107510,105695],{},[32,107512,106437],{},[32,107514,106428],{},[1647,107516,107518],{"id":107517},"can-i-replace-multiple-different-words-at-once","Can I replace multiple different words at once?",[14,107520,107521,107522,107524],{},"Not in one basic ",[21,107523,102745],{}," call.",[14,107526,107527],{},"For simple cases, use multiple calls:",[60,107529,107531],{"className":62,"code":107530,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"red blue green\"\ntext = text.replace(\"red\", \"yellow\")\ntext = text.replace(\"blue\", \"purple\")\n\nprint(text)\n",[21,107532,107533,107546,107576,107607,107611],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,107534,107535,107537,107539,107541,107544],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,107536,16655],{"class":79},[69,107538,97],{"class":96},[69,107540,123],{"class":110},[69,107542,107543],{"class":114},"red blue green",[69,107545,1825],{"class":110},[69,107547,107548,107550,107552,107554,107556,107558,107560,107562,107564,107566,107568,107570,107572,107574],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,107549,16655],{"class":79},[69,107551,97],{"class":96},[69,107553,16694],{"class":79},[69,107555,289],{"class":100},[69,107557,25154],{"class":292},[69,107559,221],{"class":100},[69,107561,111],{"class":110},[69,107563,6499],{"class":114},[69,107565,111],{"class":110},[69,107567,120],{"class":100},[69,107569,123],{"class":110},[69,107571,105653],{"class":114},[69,107573,111],{"class":110},[69,107575,301],{"class":100},[69,107577,107578,107580,107582,107584,107586,107588,107590,107592,107594,107596,107598,107600,107603,107605],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,107579,16655],{"class":79},[69,107581,97],{"class":96},[69,107583,16694],{"class":79},[69,107585,289],{"class":100},[69,107587,25154],{"class":292},[69,107589,221],{"class":100},[69,107591,111],{"class":110},[69,107593,6508],{"class":114},[69,107595,111],{"class":110},[69,107597,120],{"class":100},[69,107599,123],{"class":110},[69,107601,107602],{"class":114},"purple",[69,107604,111],{"class":110},[69,107606,301],{"class":100},[69,107608,107609],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,107610,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,107612,107613,107615,107617,107619],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,107614,2161],{"class":217},[69,107616,221],{"class":100},[69,107618,568],{"class":292},[69,107620,301],{"class":100},[14,107622,2781],{},[60,107624,107626],{"className":62,"code":107625,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"yellow purple green\n",[21,107627,107628],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,107629,107630],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,107631,107625],{"class":79},[55,107633,2414],{"id":2413},[29,107635,107636,107642,107646,107650,107655,107660],{},[32,107637,107638],{},[579,107639,52467,107640,30024],{"href":106711},[21,107641,102745],{},[32,107643,107644],{},[579,107645,23462],{"href":51834},[32,107647,107648],{},[579,107649,18289],{"href":18288},[32,107651,107652],{},[579,107653,107654],{"href":106318},"How to join strings in Python",[32,107656,107657],{},[579,107658,107659],{"href":106498},"How to remove whitespace from a string in Python",[32,107661,107662],{},[579,107663,107664],{"href":106717},"How to check if a string contains a substring in Python",[2450,107666,107667],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sx12J, html code.shiki .sx12J{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-light-font-style:inherit;--shiki-default:#B31D28;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#FDAEB7;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .s_hVV, html code.shiki .s_hVV{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s2W-s, html code.shiki .s2W-s{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sithA, html code.shiki .sithA{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":107669},[107670,107671,107672,107674,107675,107676,107677,107678,107680,107688,107689,107696],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":105452,"depth":83,"text":107673},"Use str.replace() for most text replacement",{"id":105601,"depth":83,"text":105602},{"id":105864,"depth":83,"text":105865},{"id":106076,"depth":83,"text":106077},{"id":106322,"depth":83,"text":106323},{"id":106502,"depth":83,"text":107679},"When replace() is enough and when it is not",{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":107681},[107682,107683,107685,107686,107687],{"id":106729,"depth":90,"text":106730},{"id":106865,"depth":90,"text":107684},"Expecting replace() to change the original string directly",{"id":106887,"depth":90,"text":106888},{"id":106959,"depth":90,"text":106960},{"id":107026,"depth":90,"text":107027},{"id":16351,"depth":83,"text":16352},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":107690},[107691,107693,107694,107695],{"id":107457,"depth":90,"text":107692},"Does replace() change the original string?",{"id":107466,"depth":90,"text":107467},{"id":107500,"depth":90,"text":107501},{"id":107517,"depth":90,"text":107518},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to replace text in a string in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-replace-text-in-a-string-in-python",{"title":105321,"description":107697},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-replace-text-in-a-string-in-python","OF7C0Zcr99oqW9RXozvE2G0PPTU_Z2_1RH4qaMBh76o",{"id":107704,"title":107705,"body":107706,"description":109720,"extension":2479,"meta":109721,"navigation":86,"path":109722,"seo":109723,"stem":109724,"__hash__":109725},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-return-multiple-values-from-a-function-in-python.md","How to Return Multiple Values from a Function in Python",{"type":7,"value":107707,"toc":109691},[107708,107711,107714,107717,107719,107789,107791,107805,107808,107810,107812,107826,107831,107835,107841,107903,107905,107937,107944,107947,107958,107960,108008,108010,108028,108033,108037,108040,108108,108110,108122,108125,108198,108200,108212,108215,108217,108220,108222,108289,108292,108330,108336,108339,108343,108346,108422,108424,108438,108441,108469,108472,108479,108483,108486,108490,108493,108553,108555,108576,108579,108583,108586,108727,108729,108747,108750,108761,108764,108842,108962,108965,108969,108972,108976,109023,109028,109032,109079,109085,109102,109105,109144,109149,109152,109166,109170,109173,109223,109226,109249,109252,109255,109346,109348,109360,109364,109367,109414,109417,109419,109422,109438,109441,109509,109512,109578,109586,109588,109591,109609,109616,109618,109622,109625,109629,109632,109636,109639,109643,109646,109650,109653,109655,109688],[10,107709,107705],{"id":107710},"how-to-return-multiple-values-from-a-function-in-python",[14,107712,107713],{},"If you want one Python function to give back more than one result, the most common solution is simple: return the values separated by commas.",[14,107715,107716],{},"In practice, Python usually packs those values into a tuple. You can then unpack that tuple into separate variables.",[55,107718,58],{"id":57},[60,107720,107722],{"className":62,"code":107721,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_name_and_age():\n    return \"Alice\", 25\n\nname, age = get_name_and_age()\n\nprint(name)\nprint(age)\n",[21,107723,107724,107733,107747,107751,107765,107769,107779],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,107725,107726,107728,107731],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,107727,7847],{"class":7502},[69,107729,107730],{"class":7517}," get_name_and_age",[69,107732,3730],{"class":100},[69,107734,107735,107737,107739,107741,107743,107745],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,107736,42494],{"class":75},[69,107738,123],{"class":110},[69,107740,150],{"class":114},[69,107742,111],{"class":110},[69,107744,120],{"class":100},[69,107746,3414],{"class":157},[69,107748,107749],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,107750,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,107752,107753,107755,107757,107759,107761,107763],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,107754,115],{"class":79},[69,107756,120],{"class":100},[69,107758,27277],{"class":79},[69,107760,97],{"class":96},[69,107762,107730],{"class":292},[69,107764,1385],{"class":100},[69,107766,107767],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,107768,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,107770,107771,107773,107775,107777],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,107772,2161],{"class":217},[69,107774,221],{"class":100},[69,107776,115],{"class":292},[69,107778,301],{"class":100},[69,107780,107781,107783,107785,107787],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,107782,2161],{"class":217},[69,107784,221],{"class":100},[69,107786,126],{"class":292},[69,107788,301],{"class":100},[14,107790,2781],{},[60,107792,107794],{"className":62,"code":107793,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Alice\n25\n",[21,107795,107796,107801],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,107797,107798],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,107799,107800],{"class":79},"Alice\n",[69,107802,107803],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,107804,2796],{"class":157},[14,107806,107807],{},"In Python, returning multiple values usually means returning a tuple. You can unpack the result into separate variables.",[55,107809,2666],{"id":2665},[14,107811,27],{},[29,107813,107814,107817,107820,107823],{},[32,107815,107816],{},"Return two or more values from one function",[32,107818,107819],{},"Store the returned values in separate variables",[32,107821,107822],{},"Understand that Python usually returns a tuple",[32,107824,107825],{},"Choose between a tuple, list, or dictionary based on clarity",[14,107827,107828,107829,4276],{},"If you are new to functions, see ",[579,107830,35420],{"href":35419},[55,107832,107834],{"id":107833},"the-simplest-way-return-values-separated-by-commas","The simplest way: return values separated by commas",[14,107836,107837,107838,107840],{},"The easiest way to return multiple values is to put them after ",[21,107839,8547],{},", separated by commas.",[60,107842,107844],{"className":62,"code":107843,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_coordinates():\n    return 10, 20\n\nresult = get_coordinates()\nprint(result)\nprint(type(result))\n",[21,107845,107846,107855,107865,107869,107879,107889],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,107847,107848,107850,107853],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,107849,7847],{"class":7502},[69,107851,107852],{"class":7517}," get_coordinates",[69,107854,3730],{"class":100},[69,107856,107857,107859,107861,107863],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,107858,42494],{"class":75},[69,107860,4798],{"class":157},[69,107862,120],{"class":100},[69,107864,40812],{"class":157},[69,107866,107867],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,107868,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,107870,107871,107873,107875,107877],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,107872,8506],{"class":79},[69,107874,97],{"class":96},[69,107876,107852],{"class":292},[69,107878,1385],{"class":100},[69,107880,107881,107883,107885,107887],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,107882,2161],{"class":217},[69,107884,221],{"class":100},[69,107886,8530],{"class":292},[69,107888,301],{"class":100},[69,107890,107891,107893,107895,107897,107899,107901],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,107892,2161],{"class":217},[69,107894,221],{"class":100},[69,107896,2176],{"class":1859},[69,107898,221],{"class":100},[69,107900,8530],{"class":292},[69,107902,2183],{"class":100},[14,107904,2781],{},[60,107906,107908],{"className":62,"code":107907,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"(10, 20)\n\u003Cclass 'tuple'>\n",[21,107909,107910,107922],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,107911,107912,107914,107916,107918,107920],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,107913,221],{"class":100},[69,107915,18507],{"class":157},[69,107917,120],{"class":100},[69,107919,4671],{"class":157},[69,107921,301],{"class":100},[69,107923,107924,107926,107928,107930,107933,107935],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,107925,21097],{"class":96},[69,107927,7503],{"class":7502},[69,107929,15292],{"class":110},[69,107931,107932],{"class":114},"tuple",[69,107934,15283],{"class":110},[69,107936,21108],{"class":96},[14,107938,107939,107940,107943],{},"Even though you wrote ",[21,107941,107942],{},"return 10, 20",", Python created one tuple containing both values.",[14,107945,107946],{},"This works well when:",[29,107948,107949,107952,107955],{},[32,107950,107951],{},"You have a small number of returned values",[32,107953,107954],{},"The meaning of each value is clear",[32,107956,107957],{},"The order is easy to remember",[14,107959,103298],{},[60,107961,107963],{"className":62,"code":107962,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_min_and_max():\n    return 3, 9\n\nvalues = get_min_and_max()\nprint(values)\n",[21,107964,107965,107974,107984,107988,107998],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,107966,107967,107969,107972],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,107968,7847],{"class":7502},[69,107970,107971],{"class":7517}," get_min_and_max",[69,107973,3730],{"class":100},[69,107975,107976,107978,107980,107982],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,107977,42494],{"class":75},[69,107979,5949],{"class":157},[69,107981,120],{"class":100},[69,107983,23987],{"class":157},[69,107985,107986],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,107987,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,107989,107990,107992,107994,107996],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,107991,19207],{"class":79},[69,107993,97],{"class":96},[69,107995,107971],{"class":292},[69,107997,1385],{"class":100},[69,107999,108000,108002,108004,108006],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,108001,2161],{"class":217},[69,108003,221],{"class":100},[69,108005,16093],{"class":292},[69,108007,301],{"class":100},[14,108009,2781],{},[60,108011,108013],{"className":62,"code":108012,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"(3, 9)\n",[21,108014,108015],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,108016,108017,108019,108021,108023,108026],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,108018,221],{"class":100},[69,108020,7162],{"class":157},[69,108022,120],{"class":100},[69,108024,108025],{"class":157}," 9",[69,108027,301],{"class":100},[14,108029,108030,108031,289],{},"If you want to understand function return values more clearly, read ",[579,108032,36488],{"href":36487},[55,108034,108036],{"id":108035},"how-to-unpack-the-returned-values","How to unpack the returned values",[14,108038,108039],{},"Unpacking means storing each returned item in its own variable.",[60,108041,108042],{"className":62,"code":107721,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,108043,108044,108052,108066,108070,108084,108088,108098],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,108045,108046,108048,108050],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,108047,7847],{"class":7502},[69,108049,107730],{"class":7517},[69,108051,3730],{"class":100},[69,108053,108054,108056,108058,108060,108062,108064],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,108055,42494],{"class":75},[69,108057,123],{"class":110},[69,108059,150],{"class":114},[69,108061,111],{"class":110},[69,108063,120],{"class":100},[69,108065,3414],{"class":157},[69,108067,108068],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,108069,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,108071,108072,108074,108076,108078,108080,108082],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,108073,115],{"class":79},[69,108075,120],{"class":100},[69,108077,27277],{"class":79},[69,108079,97],{"class":96},[69,108081,107730],{"class":292},[69,108083,1385],{"class":100},[69,108085,108086],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,108087,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,108089,108090,108092,108094,108096],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,108091,2161],{"class":217},[69,108093,221],{"class":100},[69,108095,115],{"class":292},[69,108097,301],{"class":100},[69,108099,108100,108102,108104,108106],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,108101,2161],{"class":217},[69,108103,221],{"class":100},[69,108105,126],{"class":292},[69,108107,301],{"class":100},[14,108109,2781],{},[60,108111,108112],{"className":62,"code":107793,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,108113,108114,108118],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,108115,108116],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,108117,107800],{"class":79},[69,108119,108120],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,108121,2796],{"class":157},[14,108123,108124],{},"This is often easier to read than using a single variable:",[60,108126,108128],{"className":62,"code":108127,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_name_and_age():\n    return \"Alice\", 25\n\nresult = get_name_and_age()\n\nprint(result[0])\nprint(result[1])\n",[21,108129,108130,108138,108152,108156,108166,108170,108184],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,108131,108132,108134,108136],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,108133,7847],{"class":7502},[69,108135,107730],{"class":7517},[69,108137,3730],{"class":100},[69,108139,108140,108142,108144,108146,108148,108150],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,108141,42494],{"class":75},[69,108143,123],{"class":110},[69,108145,150],{"class":114},[69,108147,111],{"class":110},[69,108149,120],{"class":100},[69,108151,3414],{"class":157},[69,108153,108154],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,108155,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,108157,108158,108160,108162,108164],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,108159,8506],{"class":79},[69,108161,97],{"class":96},[69,108163,107730],{"class":292},[69,108165,1385],{"class":100},[69,108167,108168],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,108169,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,108171,108172,108174,108176,108178,108180,108182],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,108173,2161],{"class":217},[69,108175,221],{"class":100},[69,108177,8530],{"class":292},[69,108179,1345],{"class":100},[69,108181,2200],{"class":157},[69,108183,494],{"class":100},[69,108185,108186,108188,108190,108192,108194,108196],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,108187,2161],{"class":217},[69,108189,221],{"class":100},[69,108191,8530],{"class":292},[69,108193,1345],{"class":100},[69,108195,5940],{"class":157},[69,108197,494],{"class":100},[14,108199,2781],{},[60,108201,108202],{"className":62,"code":107793,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,108203,108204,108208],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,108205,108206],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,108207,107800],{"class":79},[69,108209,108210],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,108211,2796],{"class":157},[14,108213,108214],{},"Unpacking is usually better for beginners because the variable names make the result clearer.",[1647,108216,12071],{"id":12070},[14,108218,108219],{},"The number of variables must match the number of returned values.",[14,108221,26392],{},[60,108223,108225],{"className":62,"code":108224,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_dimensions():\n    return 1920, 1080\n\nwidth, height = get_dimensions()\nprint(width)\nprint(height)\n",[21,108226,108227,108236,108248,108252,108268,108278],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,108228,108229,108231,108234],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,108230,7847],{"class":7502},[69,108232,108233],{"class":7517}," get_dimensions",[69,108235,3730],{"class":100},[69,108237,108238,108240,108243,108245],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,108239,42494],{"class":75},[69,108241,108242],{"class":157}," 1920",[69,108244,120],{"class":100},[69,108246,108247],{"class":157}," 1080\n",[69,108249,108250],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,108251,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,108253,108254,108257,108259,108262,108264,108266],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,108255,108256],{"class":79},"width",[69,108258,120],{"class":100},[69,108260,108261],{"class":79}," height ",[69,108263,97],{"class":96},[69,108265,108233],{"class":292},[69,108267,1385],{"class":100},[69,108269,108270,108272,108274,108276],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,108271,2161],{"class":217},[69,108273,221],{"class":100},[69,108275,108256],{"class":292},[69,108277,301],{"class":100},[69,108279,108280,108282,108284,108287],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,108281,2161],{"class":217},[69,108283,221],{"class":100},[69,108285,108286],{"class":292},"height",[69,108288,301],{"class":100},[14,108290,108291],{},"This does not work:",[60,108293,108295],{"className":62,"code":108294,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_dimensions():\n    return 1920, 1080\n\nwidth = get_dimensions()\n",[21,108296,108297,108305,108315,108319],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,108298,108299,108301,108303],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,108300,7847],{"class":7502},[69,108302,108233],{"class":7517},[69,108304,3730],{"class":100},[69,108306,108307,108309,108311,108313],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,108308,42494],{"class":75},[69,108310,108242],{"class":157},[69,108312,120],{"class":100},[69,108314,108247],{"class":157},[69,108316,108317],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,108318,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,108320,108321,108324,108326,108328],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,108322,108323],{"class":79},"width ",[69,108325,97],{"class":96},[69,108327,108233],{"class":292},[69,108329,1385],{"class":100},[14,108331,108332,108333,108335],{},"The code above is valid Python, but ",[21,108334,108256],{}," will contain the whole tuple, not just the first value.",[14,108337,108338],{},"If you actually want separate values, you must unpack them.",[55,108340,108342],{"id":108341},"returning-a-tuple-explicitly","Returning a tuple explicitly",[14,108344,108345],{},"You can also write the tuple with parentheses.",[60,108347,108349],{"className":62,"code":108348,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_status():\n    return (\"success\", 200)\n\nmessage, code = get_status()\n\nprint(message)\nprint(code)\n",[21,108350,108351,108360,108379,108383,108398,108402,108412],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,108352,108353,108355,108358],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,108354,7847],{"class":7502},[69,108356,108357],{"class":7517}," get_status",[69,108359,3730],{"class":100},[69,108361,108362,108364,108366,108368,108371,108373,108375,108377],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,108363,42494],{"class":75},[69,108365,11302],{"class":100},[69,108367,111],{"class":110},[69,108369,108370],{"class":114},"success",[69,108372,111],{"class":110},[69,108374,120],{"class":100},[69,108376,60789],{"class":157},[69,108378,301],{"class":100},[69,108380,108381],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,108382,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,108384,108385,108387,108389,108392,108394,108396],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,108386,23767],{"class":79},[69,108388,120],{"class":100},[69,108390,108391],{"class":79}," code ",[69,108393,97],{"class":96},[69,108395,108357],{"class":292},[69,108397,1385],{"class":100},[69,108399,108400],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,108401,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,108403,108404,108406,108408,108410],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,108405,2161],{"class":217},[69,108407,221],{"class":100},[69,108409,23767],{"class":292},[69,108411,301],{"class":100},[69,108413,108414,108416,108418,108420],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,108415,2161],{"class":217},[69,108417,221],{"class":100},[69,108419,21],{"class":292},[69,108421,301],{"class":100},[14,108423,2781],{},[60,108425,108427],{"className":62,"code":108426,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"success\n200\n",[21,108428,108429,108434],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,108430,108431],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,108432,108433],{"class":79},"success\n",[69,108435,108436],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,108437,78195],{"class":157},[14,108439,108440],{},"This behaves the same as:",[60,108442,108444],{"className":62,"code":108443,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_status():\n    return \"success\", 200\n",[21,108445,108446,108454],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,108447,108448,108450,108452],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,108449,7847],{"class":7502},[69,108451,108357],{"class":7517},[69,108453,3730],{"class":100},[69,108455,108456,108458,108460,108462,108464,108466],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,108457,42494],{"class":75},[69,108459,123],{"class":110},[69,108461,108370],{"class":114},[69,108463,111],{"class":110},[69,108465,120],{"class":100},[69,108467,108468],{"class":157}," 200\n",[14,108470,108471],{},"In most cases, parentheses are optional. Many programmers still use them because they make it more obvious that the function returns a tuple.",[14,108473,108474,108475,289],{},"If tuples are new to you, see ",[579,108476,108478],{"href":108477},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwhat-is-a-tuple-in-python","what is a tuple in Python",[55,108480,108482],{"id":108481},"when-to-return-a-list-or-dictionary-instead","When to return a list or dictionary instead",[14,108484,108485],{},"A tuple is not always the clearest choice.",[1647,108487,108489],{"id":108488},"return-a-list-when-you-have-similar-items","Return a list when you have similar items",[14,108491,108492],{},"Use a list when the function returns a collection of values of the same kind.",[60,108494,108496],{"className":62,"code":108495,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_scores():\n    return [85, 90, 78]\n\nscores = get_scores()\nprint(scores)\n",[21,108497,108498,108507,108527,108531,108542],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,108499,108500,108502,108505],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,108501,7847],{"class":7502},[69,108503,108504],{"class":7517}," get_scores",[69,108506,3730],{"class":100},[69,108508,108509,108511,108513,108516,108518,108520,108522,108525],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,108510,42494],{"class":75},[69,108512,636],{"class":100},[69,108514,108515],{"class":157},"85",[69,108517,120],{"class":100},[69,108519,74942],{"class":157},[69,108521,120],{"class":100},[69,108523,108524],{"class":157}," 78",[69,108526,198],{"class":100},[69,108528,108529],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,108530,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,108532,108533,108536,108538,108540],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,108534,108535],{"class":79},"scores ",[69,108537,97],{"class":96},[69,108539,108504],{"class":292},[69,108541,1385],{"class":100},[69,108543,108544,108546,108548,108551],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,108545,2161],{"class":217},[69,108547,221],{"class":100},[69,108549,108550],{"class":292},"scores",[69,108552,301],{"class":100},[14,108554,2781],{},[60,108556,108558],{"className":62,"code":108557,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[85, 90, 78]\n",[21,108559,108560],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,108561,108562,108564,108566,108568,108570,108572,108574],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,108563,1345],{"class":100},[69,108565,108515],{"class":157},[69,108567,120],{"class":100},[69,108569,74942],{"class":157},[69,108571,120],{"class":100},[69,108573,108524],{"class":157},[69,108575,198],{"class":100},[14,108577,108578],{},"A list makes sense here because the result is one group of similar items.",[1647,108580,108582],{"id":108581},"return-a-dictionary-when-names-matter","Return a dictionary when names matter",[14,108584,108585],{},"Use a dictionary when each returned value needs a label.",[60,108587,108589],{"className":62,"code":108588,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_user():\n    return {\n        \"name\": \"Alice\",\n        \"age\": 25,\n        \"country\": \"Canada\"\n    }\n\nuser = get_user()\nprint(user[\"name\"])\nprint(user[\"age\"])\nprint(user[\"country\"])\n",[21,108590,108591,108600,108606,108624,108638,108655,108659,108663,108673,108691,108709],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,108592,108593,108595,108598],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,108594,7847],{"class":7502},[69,108596,108597],{"class":7517}," get_user",[69,108599,3730],{"class":100},[69,108601,108602,108604],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,108603,42494],{"class":75},[69,108605,3367],{"class":100},[69,108607,108608,108610,108612,108614,108616,108618,108620,108622],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,108609,3386],{"class":110},[69,108611,115],{"class":114},[69,108613,111],{"class":110},[69,108615,1174],{"class":100},[69,108617,123],{"class":110},[69,108619,150],{"class":114},[69,108621,111],{"class":110},[69,108623,3401],{"class":100},[69,108625,108626,108628,108630,108632,108634,108636],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,108627,3386],{"class":110},[69,108629,126],{"class":114},[69,108631,111],{"class":110},[69,108633,1174],{"class":100},[69,108635,186],{"class":157},[69,108637,3401],{"class":100},[69,108639,108640,108642,108644,108646,108648,108650,108653],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,108641,3386],{"class":110},[69,108643,1947],{"class":114},[69,108645,111],{"class":110},[69,108647,1174],{"class":100},[69,108649,123],{"class":110},[69,108651,108652],{"class":114},"Canada",[69,108654,1825],{"class":110},[69,108656,108657],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,108658,3419],{"class":100},[69,108660,108661],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,108662,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,108664,108665,108667,108669,108671],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,108666,3534],{"class":79},[69,108668,97],{"class":96},[69,108670,108597],{"class":292},[69,108672,1385],{"class":100},[69,108674,108675,108677,108679,108681,108683,108685,108687,108689],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,108676,2161],{"class":217},[69,108678,221],{"class":100},[69,108680,3375],{"class":292},[69,108682,1345],{"class":100},[69,108684,111],{"class":110},[69,108686,115],{"class":114},[69,108688,111],{"class":110},[69,108690,494],{"class":100},[69,108692,108693,108695,108697,108699,108701,108703,108705,108707],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,108694,2161],{"class":217},[69,108696,221],{"class":100},[69,108698,3375],{"class":292},[69,108700,1345],{"class":100},[69,108702,111],{"class":110},[69,108704,126],{"class":114},[69,108706,111],{"class":110},[69,108708,494],{"class":100},[69,108710,108711,108713,108715,108717,108719,108721,108723,108725],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,108712,2161],{"class":217},[69,108714,221],{"class":100},[69,108716,3375],{"class":292},[69,108718,1345],{"class":100},[69,108720,111],{"class":110},[69,108722,1947],{"class":114},[69,108724,111],{"class":110},[69,108726,494],{"class":100},[14,108728,2781],{},[60,108730,108732],{"className":62,"code":108731,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Alice\n25\nCanada\n",[21,108733,108734,108738,108742],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,108735,108736],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,108737,107800],{"class":79},[69,108739,108740],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,108741,2796],{"class":157},[69,108743,108744],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,108745,108746],{"class":79},"Canada\n",[14,108748,108749],{},"A dictionary is often easier to read when:",[29,108751,108752,108755,108758],{},[32,108753,108754],{},"You return many values",[32,108756,108757],{},"The order is hard to remember",[32,108759,108760],{},"The meaning of each value matters more than position",[14,108762,108763],{},"Compare these two styles:",[60,108765,108767],{"className":62,"code":108766,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_user_tuple():\n    return \"Alice\", 25, \"Canada\"\n\nname, age, country = get_user_tuple()\nprint(name, age, country)\n",[21,108768,108769,108778,108800,108804,108823],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,108770,108771,108773,108776],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,108772,7847],{"class":7502},[69,108774,108775],{"class":7517}," get_user_tuple",[69,108777,3730],{"class":100},[69,108779,108780,108782,108784,108786,108788,108790,108792,108794,108796,108798],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,108781,42494],{"class":75},[69,108783,123],{"class":110},[69,108785,150],{"class":114},[69,108787,111],{"class":110},[69,108789,120],{"class":100},[69,108791,186],{"class":157},[69,108793,120],{"class":100},[69,108795,123],{"class":110},[69,108797,108652],{"class":114},[69,108799,1825],{"class":110},[69,108801,108802],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,108803,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,108805,108806,108808,108810,108812,108814,108817,108819,108821],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,108807,115],{"class":79},[69,108809,120],{"class":100},[69,108811,7957],{"class":79},[69,108813,120],{"class":100},[69,108815,108816],{"class":79}," country ",[69,108818,97],{"class":96},[69,108820,108775],{"class":292},[69,108822,1385],{"class":100},[69,108824,108825,108827,108829,108831,108833,108835,108837,108840],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,108826,2161],{"class":217},[69,108828,221],{"class":100},[69,108830,115],{"class":292},[69,108832,120],{"class":100},[69,108834,7957],{"class":292},[69,108836,120],{"class":100},[69,108838,108839],{"class":292}," country",[69,108841,301],{"class":100},[60,108843,108845],{"className":62,"code":108844,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_user_dict():\n    return {\"name\": \"Alice\", \"age\": 25, \"country\": \"Canada\"}\n\nuser = get_user_dict()\nprint(user[\"name\"], user[\"age\"], user[\"country\"])\n",[21,108846,108847,108856,108906,108910,108920],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,108848,108849,108851,108854],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,108850,7847],{"class":7502},[69,108852,108853],{"class":7517}," get_user_dict",[69,108855,3730],{"class":100},[69,108857,108858,108860,108862,108864,108866,108868,108870,108872,108874,108876,108878,108880,108882,108884,108886,108888,108890,108892,108894,108896,108898,108900,108902,108904],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,108859,42494],{"class":75},[69,108861,1914],{"class":100},[69,108863,111],{"class":110},[69,108865,115],{"class":114},[69,108867,111],{"class":110},[69,108869,1174],{"class":100},[69,108871,123],{"class":110},[69,108873,150],{"class":114},[69,108875,111],{"class":110},[69,108877,120],{"class":100},[69,108879,123],{"class":110},[69,108881,126],{"class":114},[69,108883,111],{"class":110},[69,108885,1174],{"class":100},[69,108887,186],{"class":157},[69,108889,120],{"class":100},[69,108891,123],{"class":110},[69,108893,1947],{"class":114},[69,108895,111],{"class":110},[69,108897,1174],{"class":100},[69,108899,123],{"class":110},[69,108901,108652],{"class":114},[69,108903,111],{"class":110},[69,108905,1260],{"class":100},[69,108907,108908],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,108909,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,108911,108912,108914,108916,108918],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,108913,3534],{"class":79},[69,108915,97],{"class":96},[69,108917,108853],{"class":292},[69,108919,1385],{"class":100},[69,108921,108922,108924,108926,108928,108930,108932,108934,108936,108938,108940,108942,108944,108946,108948,108950,108952,108954,108956,108958,108960],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,108923,2161],{"class":217},[69,108925,221],{"class":100},[69,108927,3375],{"class":292},[69,108929,1345],{"class":100},[69,108931,111],{"class":110},[69,108933,115],{"class":114},[69,108935,111],{"class":110},[69,108937,20282],{"class":100},[69,108939,4955],{"class":292},[69,108941,1345],{"class":100},[69,108943,111],{"class":110},[69,108945,126],{"class":114},[69,108947,111],{"class":110},[69,108949,20282],{"class":100},[69,108951,4955],{"class":292},[69,108953,1345],{"class":100},[69,108955,111],{"class":110},[69,108957,1947],{"class":114},[69,108959,111],{"class":110},[69,108961,494],{"class":100},[14,108963,108964],{},"Both work. Choose the one that makes your code easier to understand.",[55,108966,108968],{"id":108967},"common-errors-when-returning-multiple-values","Common errors when returning multiple values",[14,108970,108971],{},"There are a few beginner mistakes to watch for.",[1647,108973,108975],{"id":108974},"unpacking-into-too-many-variables","Unpacking into too many variables",[60,108977,108979],{"className":62,"code":108978,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_point():\n    return 5, 10\n\nx, y, z = get_point()\n",[21,108980,108981,108990,109000,109004],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,108982,108983,108985,108988],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,108984,7847],{"class":7502},[69,108986,108987],{"class":7517}," get_point",[69,108989,3730],{"class":100},[69,108991,108992,108994,108996,108998],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,108993,42494],{"class":75},[69,108995,6172],{"class":157},[69,108997,120],{"class":100},[69,108999,28664],{"class":157},[69,109001,109002],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,109003,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,109005,109006,109008,109010,109012,109014,109017,109019,109021],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,109007,40205],{"class":79},[69,109009,120],{"class":100},[69,109011,41215],{"class":79},[69,109013,120],{"class":100},[69,109015,109016],{"class":79}," z ",[69,109018,97],{"class":96},[69,109020,108987],{"class":292},[69,109022,1385],{"class":100},[14,109024,10671,109025,109027],{},[21,109026,11209],{}," because the function returned only 2 values, but you tried to store them in 3 variables.",[1647,109029,109031],{"id":109030},"unpacking-into-too-few-variables","Unpacking into too few variables",[60,109033,109035],{"className":62,"code":109034,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_point():\n    return 5, 10\n\nx = get_point()\nprint(x)\n",[21,109036,109037,109045,109055,109059,109069],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,109038,109039,109041,109043],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,109040,7847],{"class":7502},[69,109042,108987],{"class":7517},[69,109044,3730],{"class":100},[69,109046,109047,109049,109051,109053],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,109048,42494],{"class":75},[69,109050,6172],{"class":157},[69,109052,120],{"class":100},[69,109054,28664],{"class":157},[69,109056,109057],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,109058,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,109060,109061,109063,109065,109067],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,109062,41165],{"class":79},[69,109064,97],{"class":96},[69,109066,108987],{"class":292},[69,109068,1385],{"class":100},[69,109070,109071,109073,109075,109077],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,109072,2161],{"class":217},[69,109074,221],{"class":100},[69,109076,40205],{"class":292},[69,109078,301],{"class":100},[14,109080,109081,109082,109084],{},"This does not raise an error, but ",[21,109083,40205],{}," becomes the whole tuple:",[60,109086,109088],{"className":62,"code":109087,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"(5, 10)\n",[21,109089,109090],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,109091,109092,109094,109096,109098,109100],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,109093,221],{"class":100},[69,109095,6670],{"class":157},[69,109097,120],{"class":100},[69,109099,4798],{"class":157},[69,109101,301],{"class":100},[14,109103,109104],{},"The real unpacking error happens when you do this:",[60,109106,109108],{"className":62,"code":109107,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_point():\n    return 5, 10\n\nx, = get_point()\n",[21,109109,109110,109118,109128,109132],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,109111,109112,109114,109116],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,109113,7847],{"class":7502},[69,109115,108987],{"class":7517},[69,109117,3730],{"class":100},[69,109119,109120,109122,109124,109126],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,109121,42494],{"class":75},[69,109123,6172],{"class":157},[69,109125,120],{"class":100},[69,109127,28664],{"class":157},[69,109129,109130],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,109131,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,109133,109134,109136,109138,109140,109142],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,109135,40205],{"class":79},[69,109137,120],{"class":100},[69,109139,4232],{"class":96},[69,109141,108987],{"class":292},[69,109143,1385],{"class":100},[14,109145,10671,109146,109148],{},[21,109147,11209],{}," because Python expected 1 value but got 2.",[14,109150,109151],{},"For fixes, see:",[29,109153,109154,109160],{},[32,109155,109156],{},[579,109157,109159],{"href":109158},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fvalueerror-too-many-values-to-unpack-fix","ValueError: too many values to unpack",[32,109161,109162],{},[579,109163,109165],{"href":109164},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fvalueerror-not-enough-values-to-unpack-fix","ValueError: not enough values to unpack",[1647,109167,109169],{"id":109168},"returning-different-numbers-of-values","Returning different numbers of values",[14,109171,109172],{},"Be careful not to return 1 value in one case and 2 values in another.",[60,109174,109176],{"className":62,"code":109175,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_data(found):\n    if found:\n        return \"Alice\", 25\n    return \"Not found\"\n",[21,109177,109178,109191,109199,109213],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,109179,109180,109182,109185,109187,109189],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,109181,7847],{"class":7502},[69,109183,109184],{"class":7517}," get_data",[69,109186,221],{"class":100},[69,109188,19746],{"class":7951},[69,109190,7526],{"class":100},[69,109192,109193,109195,109197],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,109194,19705],{"class":75},[69,109196,97421],{"class":79},[69,109198,275],{"class":100},[69,109200,109201,109203,109205,109207,109209,109211],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,109202,8479],{"class":75},[69,109204,123],{"class":110},[69,109206,150],{"class":114},[69,109208,111],{"class":110},[69,109210,120],{"class":100},[69,109212,3414],{"class":157},[69,109214,109215,109217,109219,109221],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,109216,42494],{"class":75},[69,109218,123],{"class":110},[69,109220,16728],{"class":114},[69,109222,1825],{"class":110},[14,109224,109225],{},"This can confuse the code that calls the function:",[60,109227,109229],{"className":62,"code":109228,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"name, age = get_data(False)\n",[21,109230,109231],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,109232,109233,109235,109237,109239,109241,109243,109245,109247],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,109234,115],{"class":79},[69,109236,120],{"class":100},[69,109238,27277],{"class":79},[69,109240,97],{"class":96},[69,109242,109184],{"class":292},[69,109244,221],{"class":100},[69,109246,14886],{"class":3012},[69,109248,301],{"class":100},[14,109250,109251],{},"That code will fail because the function did not always return the same kind of result.",[14,109253,109254],{},"A clearer version would be:",[60,109256,109258],{"className":62,"code":109257,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_data(found):\n    if found:\n        return \"Alice\", 25\n    return None, None\n\nname, age = get_data(False)\nprint(name)\nprint(age)\n",[21,109259,109260,109272,109280,109294,109304,109308,109326,109336],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,109261,109262,109264,109266,109268,109270],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,109263,7847],{"class":7502},[69,109265,109184],{"class":7517},[69,109267,221],{"class":100},[69,109269,19746],{"class":7951},[69,109271,7526],{"class":100},[69,109273,109274,109276,109278],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,109275,19705],{"class":75},[69,109277,97421],{"class":79},[69,109279,275],{"class":100},[69,109281,109282,109284,109286,109288,109290,109292],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,109283,8479],{"class":75},[69,109285,123],{"class":110},[69,109287,150],{"class":114},[69,109289,111],{"class":110},[69,109291,120],{"class":100},[69,109293,3414],{"class":157},[69,109295,109296,109298,109300,109302],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,109297,42494],{"class":75},[69,109299,15620],{"class":3012},[69,109301,120],{"class":100},[69,109303,21943],{"class":3012},[69,109305,109306],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,109307,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,109309,109310,109312,109314,109316,109318,109320,109322,109324],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,109311,115],{"class":79},[69,109313,120],{"class":100},[69,109315,27277],{"class":79},[69,109317,97],{"class":96},[69,109319,109184],{"class":292},[69,109321,221],{"class":100},[69,109323,14886],{"class":3012},[69,109325,301],{"class":100},[69,109327,109328,109330,109332,109334],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,109329,2161],{"class":217},[69,109331,221],{"class":100},[69,109333,115],{"class":292},[69,109335,301],{"class":100},[69,109337,109338,109340,109342,109344],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,109339,2161],{"class":217},[69,109341,221],{"class":100},[69,109343,126],{"class":292},[69,109345,301],{"class":100},[14,109347,2781],{},[60,109349,109350],{"className":62,"code":15678,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,109351,109352,109356],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,109353,109354],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,109355,3013],{"class":3012},[69,109357,109358],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,109359,3013],{"class":3012},[1647,109361,109363],{"id":109362},"forgetting-the-return-order","Forgetting the return order",[14,109365,109366],{},"If your function returns values in a fixed order, make sure that order stays consistent.",[60,109368,109370],{"className":62,"code":109369,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_size():\n    return 800, 600  # width, height\n\nwidth, height = get_size()\n",[21,109371,109372,109381,109396,109400],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,109373,109374,109376,109379],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,109375,7847],{"class":7502},[69,109377,109378],{"class":7517}," get_size",[69,109380,3730],{"class":100},[69,109382,109383,109385,109388,109390,109393],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,109384,42494],{"class":75},[69,109386,109387],{"class":157}," 800",[69,109389,120],{"class":100},[69,109391,109392],{"class":157}," 600",[69,109394,109395],{"class":2596},"  # width, height\n",[69,109397,109398],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,109399,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,109401,109402,109404,109406,109408,109410,109412],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,109403,108256],{"class":79},[69,109405,120],{"class":100},[69,109407,108261],{"class":79},[69,109409,97],{"class":96},[69,109411,109378],{"class":292},[69,109413,1385],{"class":100},[14,109415,109416],{},"If you later change the function to return height first, your code may still run but produce wrong results.",[55,109418,63487],{"id":63486},[14,109420,109421],{},"When returning multiple values from a function:",[29,109423,109424,109427,109430,109433,109435],{},[32,109425,109426],{},"Keep the return order consistent",[32,109428,109429],{},"Use tuple unpacking for short, simple results",[32,109431,109432],{},"Use dictionaries when names matter more than order",[32,109434,42572],{},[32,109436,109437],{},"Keep the returned structure the same in all code paths",[14,109439,109440],{},"Good example:",[60,109442,109444],{"className":62,"code":109443,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_product():\n    return \"Book\", 12.99\n\nproduct_name, price = get_product()\nprint(product_name)\nprint(price)\n",[21,109445,109446,109455,109470,109474,109489,109499],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,109447,109448,109450,109453],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,109449,7847],{"class":7502},[69,109451,109452],{"class":7517}," get_product",[69,109454,3730],{"class":100},[69,109456,109457,109459,109461,109463,109465,109467],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,109458,42494],{"class":75},[69,109460,123],{"class":110},[69,109462,4782],{"class":114},[69,109464,111],{"class":110},[69,109466,120],{"class":100},[69,109468,109469],{"class":157}," 12.99\n",[69,109471,109472],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,109473,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,109475,109476,109479,109481,109483,109485,109487],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,109477,109478],{"class":79},"product_name",[69,109480,120],{"class":100},[69,109482,41049],{"class":79},[69,109484,97],{"class":96},[69,109486,109452],{"class":292},[69,109488,1385],{"class":100},[69,109490,109491,109493,109495,109497],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,109492,2161],{"class":217},[69,109494,221],{"class":100},[69,109496,109478],{"class":292},[69,109498,301],{"class":100},[69,109500,109501,109503,109505,109507],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,109502,2161],{"class":217},[69,109504,221],{"class":100},[69,109506,4791],{"class":292},[69,109508,301],{"class":100},[14,109510,109511],{},"Less clear example:",[60,109513,109515],{"className":62,"code":109514,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def get_product():\n    return \"Book\", 12.99\n\nx, y = get_product()\nprint(x)\nprint(y)\n",[21,109516,109517,109525,109539,109543,109558,109568],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,109518,109519,109521,109523],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,109520,7847],{"class":7502},[69,109522,109452],{"class":7517},[69,109524,3730],{"class":100},[69,109526,109527,109529,109531,109533,109535,109537],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,109528,42494],{"class":75},[69,109530,123],{"class":110},[69,109532,4782],{"class":114},[69,109534,111],{"class":110},[69,109536,120],{"class":100},[69,109538,109469],{"class":157},[69,109540,109541],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,109542,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,109544,109545,109547,109549,109552,109554,109556],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,109546,40205],{"class":79},[69,109548,120],{"class":100},[69,109550,109551],{"class":79}," y ",[69,109553,97],{"class":96},[69,109555,109452],{"class":292},[69,109557,1385],{"class":100},[69,109559,109560,109562,109564,109566],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,109561,2161],{"class":217},[69,109563,221],{"class":100},[69,109565,40205],{"class":292},[69,109567,301],{"class":100},[69,109569,109570,109572,109574,109576],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,109571,2161],{"class":217},[69,109573,221],{"class":100},[69,109575,41284],{"class":292},[69,109577,301],{"class":100},[14,109579,109580,109581,50,109583,109585],{},"The second example works, but ",[21,109582,40205],{},[21,109584,41284],{}," do not tell the reader what the values mean.",[55,109587,3868],{"id":3867},[14,109589,109590],{},"These problems often cause confusion:",[29,109592,109593,109596,109599,109602],{},[32,109594,109595],{},"Trying to use multiple variables without unpacking the returned result",[32,109597,109598],{},"Returning a different number of values in different code paths",[32,109600,109601],{},"Confusing tuple return values with separate return statements",[32,109603,109604,109605,109608],{},"Using unclear value order such as ",[21,109606,109607],{},"return x, y"," without meaningful names",[14,109610,109611,109612,289],{},"If you want a refresher on what a return value is, read ",[579,109613,109615],{"href":109614},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwhat-is-a-return-value-in-python","what is a return value in Python",[55,109617,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,109619,109621],{"id":109620},"does-python-really-return-multiple-values","Does Python really return multiple values?",[14,109623,109624],{},"Usually, Python returns one tuple object that contains multiple values.",[1647,109626,109628],{"id":109627},"do-i-need-parentheses-when-returning-multiple-values","Do I need parentheses when returning multiple values?",[14,109630,109631],{},"No. Parentheses are optional in most return statements, but they can improve readability.",[1647,109633,109635],{"id":109634},"can-i-return-a-list-instead-of-a-tuple","Can I return a list instead of a tuple?",[14,109637,109638],{},"Yes. A list is useful when you want a collection of similar items that may be changed later.",[1647,109640,109642],{"id":109641},"why-do-i-get-too-many-values-to-unpack","Why do I get \"too many values to unpack\"?",[14,109644,109645],{},"Your function returned more items than the number of variables on the left side.",[1647,109647,109649],{"id":109648},"what-is-the-clearest-way-to-return-many-related-values","What is the clearest way to return many related values?",[14,109651,109652],{},"For more complex results, a dictionary is often easier to read because each value has a key.",[55,109654,2414],{"id":2413},[29,109656,109657,109661,109665,109670,109674,109678,109683],{},[32,109658,109659],{},[579,109660,35420],{"href":35419},[32,109662,109663],{},[579,109664,36581],{"href":36487},[32,109666,109667],{},[579,109668,109669],{"href":8554},"How to create a simple function in Python",[32,109671,109672],{},[579,109673,109159],{"href":109158},[32,109675,109676],{},[579,109677,109165],{"href":109164},[32,109679,109680],{},[579,109681,109682],{"href":109614},"What is a return value in Python",[32,109684,109685],{},[579,109686,109687],{"href":108477},"What is a tuple in Python",[2450,109689,109690],{},"html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sGLFI, html code.shiki .sGLFI{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki 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.sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":109692},[109693,109694,109695,109696,109699,109700,109704,109710,109711,109712,109719],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":107833,"depth":83,"text":107834},{"id":108035,"depth":83,"text":108036,"children":109697},[109698],{"id":12070,"depth":90,"text":12071},{"id":108341,"depth":83,"text":108342},{"id":108481,"depth":83,"text":108482,"children":109701},[109702,109703],{"id":108488,"depth":90,"text":108489},{"id":108581,"depth":90,"text":108582},{"id":108967,"depth":83,"text":108968,"children":109705},[109706,109707,109708,109709],{"id":108974,"depth":90,"text":108975},{"id":109030,"depth":90,"text":109031},{"id":109168,"depth":90,"text":109169},{"id":109362,"depth":90,"text":109363},{"id":63486,"depth":83,"text":63487},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":109713},[109714,109715,109716,109717,109718],{"id":109620,"depth":90,"text":109621},{"id":109627,"depth":90,"text":109628},{"id":109634,"depth":90,"text":109635},{"id":109641,"depth":90,"text":109642},{"id":109648,"depth":90,"text":109649},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to return multiple values from a function in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-return-multiple-values-from-a-function-in-python",{"title":107705,"description":109720},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-return-multiple-values-from-a-function-in-python","giWUa7VPTN812YN9HvRxnzj3NtT541Ki5NLdpNd5q3k",{"id":109727,"title":109728,"body":109729,"description":111290,"extension":2479,"meta":111291,"navigation":86,"path":111292,"seo":111293,"stem":111294,"__hash__":111295},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-reverse-a-list-in-python.md","How to Reverse a List in Python",{"type":7,"value":109730,"toc":111253},[109731,109734,109737,109740,109754,109764,109766,109887,109897,109899,109913,109918,109925,109927,109942,109944,109997,109999,110024,110028,110031,110098,110100,110129,110136,110143,110149,110156,110158,110227,110229,110274,110277,110285,110291,110298,110304,110312,110318,110322,110384,110386,110410,110414,110474,110476,110497,110500,110511,110513,110516,110533,110535,110558,110560,110567,110573,110636,110638,110663,110670,110723,110726,110746,110748,110805,110812,110861,110864,110869,110873,110876,110890,110892,110979,110981,111046,111049,111069,111082,111084,111088,111097,111104,111109,111116,111124,111128,111131,111133,111186,111188,111221,111223,111250],[10,109732,109728],{"id":109733},"how-to-reverse-a-list-in-python",[14,109735,109736],{},"If you want to reverse a list in Python, there are a few simple ways to do it.",[14,109738,109739],{},"The main choice is this:",[29,109741,109742,109748],{},[32,109743,109744,109745,1414],{},"Do you want to ",[2498,109746,109747],{},"change the original list",[32,109749,109750,109751,1414],{},"Or do you want to ",[2498,109752,109753],{},"make a new reversed copy",[14,109755,109756,109757,109760,109761,289],{},"This page shows the easiest beginner-friendly methods and explains the difference between ",[21,109758,109759],{},"reverse()",", slicing, and ",[21,109762,109763],{},"reversed()",[55,109765,58],{"id":57},[60,109767,109769],{"className":62,"code":109768,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]\n\n# Change the original list\nnumbers.reverse()\nprint(numbers)\n\n# Or make a reversed copy\nnumbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]\nreversed_numbers = numbers[::-1]\nprint(reversed_numbers)\n",[21,109770,109771,109795,109799,109804,109815,109825,109829,109834,109858,109876],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,109772,109773,109775,109777,109779,109781,109783,109785,109787,109789,109791,109793],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,109774,5933],{"class":79},[69,109776,97],{"class":96},[69,109778,636],{"class":100},[69,109780,5940],{"class":157},[69,109782,120],{"class":100},[69,109784,5762],{"class":157},[69,109786,120],{"class":100},[69,109788,5949],{"class":157},[69,109790,120],{"class":100},[69,109792,7167],{"class":157},[69,109794,198],{"class":100},[69,109796,109797],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,109798,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,109800,109801],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,109802,109803],{"class":2596},"# Change the original list\n",[69,109805,109806,109808,109810,109813],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,109807,5956],{"class":79},[69,109809,289],{"class":100},[69,109811,109812],{"class":292},"reverse",[69,109814,1385],{"class":100},[69,109816,109817,109819,109821,109823],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,109818,2161],{"class":217},[69,109820,221],{"class":100},[69,109822,5956],{"class":292},[69,109824,301],{"class":100},[69,109826,109827],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,109828,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,109830,109831],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,109832,109833],{"class":2596},"# Or make a reversed copy\n",[69,109835,109836,109838,109840,109842,109844,109846,109848,109850,109852,109854,109856],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,109837,5933],{"class":79},[69,109839,97],{"class":96},[69,109841,636],{"class":100},[69,109843,5940],{"class":157},[69,109845,120],{"class":100},[69,109847,5762],{"class":157},[69,109849,120],{"class":100},[69,109851,5949],{"class":157},[69,109853,120],{"class":100},[69,109855,7167],{"class":157},[69,109857,198],{"class":100},[69,109859,109860,109863,109865,109867,109870,109872,109874],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,109861,109862],{"class":79},"reversed_numbers ",[69,109864,97],{"class":96},[69,109866,18540],{"class":79},[69,109868,109869],{"class":100},"[::",[69,109871,7305],{"class":96},[69,109873,5940],{"class":157},[69,109875,198],{"class":100},[69,109877,109878,109880,109882,109885],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,109879,2161],{"class":217},[69,109881,221],{"class":100},[69,109883,109884],{"class":292},"reversed_numbers",[69,109886,301],{"class":100},[14,109888,322,109889,109892,109893,109896],{},[21,109890,109891],{},"list.reverse()"," to reverse the same list. Use slicing ",[21,109894,109895],{},"[::-1]"," if you want a new reversed list.",[55,109898,2666],{"id":2665},[29,109900,109901,109904,109907],{},[32,109902,109903],{},"Reverse a list in the simplest beginner-friendly ways",[32,109905,109906],{},"Choose between changing the original list or creating a new one",[32,109908,2677,109909,109760,109911],{},[21,109910,109759],{},[21,109912,109763],{},[55,109914,82757,109916],{"id":109915},"method-1-use-listreverse",[21,109917,109891],{},[14,109919,322,109920,10204,109922,289],{},[21,109921,109759],{},[2498,109923,109924],{},"modify the original list",[14,109926,4842],{},[29,109928,109929,109935,109937],{},[32,109930,109931,109932],{},"It reverses the list ",[2498,109933,109934],{},"in place",[32,109936,98587],{},[32,109938,55911,109939,109941],{},[2498,109940,3315],{}," return a new list",[1647,109943,11419],{"id":11418},[60,109945,109947],{"className":62,"code":109946,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]\nnumbers.reverse()\n\nprint(numbers)\n",[21,109948,109949,109973,109983,109987],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,109950,109951,109953,109955,109957,109959,109961,109963,109965,109967,109969,109971],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,109952,5933],{"class":79},[69,109954,97],{"class":96},[69,109956,636],{"class":100},[69,109958,5940],{"class":157},[69,109960,120],{"class":100},[69,109962,5762],{"class":157},[69,109964,120],{"class":100},[69,109966,5949],{"class":157},[69,109968,120],{"class":100},[69,109970,7167],{"class":157},[69,109972,198],{"class":100},[69,109974,109975,109977,109979,109981],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,109976,5956],{"class":79},[69,109978,289],{"class":100},[69,109980,109812],{"class":292},[69,109982,1385],{"class":100},[69,109984,109985],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,109986,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,109988,109989,109991,109993,109995],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,109990,2161],{"class":217},[69,109992,221],{"class":100},[69,109994,5956],{"class":292},[69,109996,301],{"class":100},[14,109998,2781],{},[60,110000,110002],{"className":62,"code":110001,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[4, 3, 2, 1]\n",[21,110003,110004],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,110005,110006,110008,110010,110012,110014,110016,110018,110020,110022],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,110007,1345],{"class":100},[69,110009,5966],{"class":157},[69,110011,120],{"class":100},[69,110013,5949],{"class":157},[69,110015,120],{"class":100},[69,110017,5762],{"class":157},[69,110019,120],{"class":100},[69,110021,5748],{"class":157},[69,110023,198],{"class":100},[1647,110025,110027],{"id":110026},"why-beginners-get-confused","Why beginners get confused",[14,110029,110030],{},"A very common mistake is writing this:",[60,110032,110034],{"className":62,"code":110033,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]\nresult = numbers.reverse()\n\nprint(result)\nprint(numbers)\n",[21,110035,110036,110060,110074,110078,110088],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,110037,110038,110040,110042,110044,110046,110048,110050,110052,110054,110056,110058],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,110039,5933],{"class":79},[69,110041,97],{"class":96},[69,110043,636],{"class":100},[69,110045,5940],{"class":157},[69,110047,120],{"class":100},[69,110049,5762],{"class":157},[69,110051,120],{"class":100},[69,110053,5949],{"class":157},[69,110055,120],{"class":100},[69,110057,7167],{"class":157},[69,110059,198],{"class":100},[69,110061,110062,110064,110066,110068,110070,110072],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,110063,8506],{"class":79},[69,110065,97],{"class":96},[69,110067,18540],{"class":79},[69,110069,289],{"class":100},[69,110071,109812],{"class":292},[69,110073,1385],{"class":100},[69,110075,110076],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,110077,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,110079,110080,110082,110084,110086],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,110081,2161],{"class":217},[69,110083,221],{"class":100},[69,110085,8530],{"class":292},[69,110087,301],{"class":100},[69,110089,110090,110092,110094,110096],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,110091,2161],{"class":217},[69,110093,221],{"class":100},[69,110095,5956],{"class":292},[69,110097,301],{"class":100},[14,110099,2781],{},[60,110101,110103],{"className":62,"code":110102,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"None\n[4, 3, 2, 1]\n",[21,110104,110105,110109],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,110106,110107],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,110108,3013],{"class":3012},[69,110110,110111,110113,110115,110117,110119,110121,110123,110125,110127],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,110112,1345],{"class":100},[69,110114,5966],{"class":157},[69,110116,120],{"class":100},[69,110118,5949],{"class":157},[69,110120,120],{"class":100},[69,110122,5762],{"class":157},[69,110124,120],{"class":100},[69,110126,5748],{"class":157},[69,110128,198],{"class":100},[14,110130,110131,3019,110133,110135],{},[21,110132,109759],{},[21,110134,3022],{}," because it changes the list directly.",[14,110137,83195,110138,289],{},[579,110139,110141,30024],{"href":110140},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-list-reverse-method",[21,110142,109891],{},[55,110144,110146,110147],{"id":110145},"method-2-use-slicing-with-1","Method 2: Use slicing with ",[21,110148,109895],{},[14,110150,110151,110152,110155],{},"Use slicing when you want a ",[2498,110153,110154],{},"reversed copy"," and want to keep the original list unchanged.",[1647,110157,11419],{"id":11668},[60,110159,110161],{"className":62,"code":110160,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]\nreversed_numbers = numbers[::-1]\n\nprint(numbers)\nprint(reversed_numbers)\n",[21,110162,110163,110187,110203,110207,110217],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,110164,110165,110167,110169,110171,110173,110175,110177,110179,110181,110183,110185],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,110166,5933],{"class":79},[69,110168,97],{"class":96},[69,110170,636],{"class":100},[69,110172,5940],{"class":157},[69,110174,120],{"class":100},[69,110176,5762],{"class":157},[69,110178,120],{"class":100},[69,110180,5949],{"class":157},[69,110182,120],{"class":100},[69,110184,7167],{"class":157},[69,110186,198],{"class":100},[69,110188,110189,110191,110193,110195,110197,110199,110201],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,110190,109862],{"class":79},[69,110192,97],{"class":96},[69,110194,18540],{"class":79},[69,110196,109869],{"class":100},[69,110198,7305],{"class":96},[69,110200,5940],{"class":157},[69,110202,198],{"class":100},[69,110204,110205],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,110206,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,110208,110209,110211,110213,110215],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,110210,2161],{"class":217},[69,110212,221],{"class":100},[69,110214,5956],{"class":292},[69,110216,301],{"class":100},[69,110218,110219,110221,110223,110225],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,110220,2161],{"class":217},[69,110222,221],{"class":100},[69,110224,109884],{"class":292},[69,110226,301],{"class":100},[14,110228,2781],{},[60,110230,110232],{"className":62,"code":110231,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[1, 2, 3, 4]\n[4, 3, 2, 1]\n",[21,110233,110234,110254],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,110235,110236,110238,110240,110242,110244,110246,110248,110250,110252],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,110237,1345],{"class":100},[69,110239,5940],{"class":157},[69,110241,120],{"class":100},[69,110243,5762],{"class":157},[69,110245,120],{"class":100},[69,110247,5949],{"class":157},[69,110249,120],{"class":100},[69,110251,7167],{"class":157},[69,110253,198],{"class":100},[69,110255,110256,110258,110260,110262,110264,110266,110268,110270,110272],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,110257,1345],{"class":100},[69,110259,5966],{"class":157},[69,110261,120],{"class":100},[69,110263,5949],{"class":157},[69,110265,120],{"class":100},[69,110267,5762],{"class":157},[69,110269,120],{"class":100},[69,110271,5748],{"class":157},[69,110273,198],{"class":100},[14,110275,110276],{},"This is useful when you need both versions:",[29,110278,110279,110282],{},[32,110280,110281],{},"the original list",[32,110283,110284],{},"the reversed list",[14,110286,110287,110288,110290],{},"Slicing with ",[21,110289,109895],{}," is short and very common in Python.",[14,110292,110293,110294,289],{},"If slicing feels unclear, read ",[579,110295,110297],{"href":110296},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-list-slicing-explained","Python list slicing explained",[55,110299,110301,110302],{"id":110300},"method-3-use-reversed","Method 3: Use ",[21,110303,109763],{},[14,110305,9337,110306,110308,110309,110311],{},[21,110307,109763],{}," function gives you the items in reverse order, but it does ",[2498,110310,3315],{}," return a list directly.",[14,110313,110314,110315,289],{},"It returns an ",[2498,110316,110317],{},"iterator",[1647,110319,110321],{"id":110320},"example-convert-it-to-a-list","Example: convert it to a list",[60,110323,110325],{"className":62,"code":110324,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]\nreversed_numbers = list(reversed(numbers))\n\nprint(reversed_numbers)\n",[21,110326,110327,110351,110370,110374],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,110328,110329,110331,110333,110335,110337,110339,110341,110343,110345,110347,110349],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,110330,5933],{"class":79},[69,110332,97],{"class":96},[69,110334,636],{"class":100},[69,110336,5940],{"class":157},[69,110338,120],{"class":100},[69,110340,5762],{"class":157},[69,110342,120],{"class":100},[69,110344,5949],{"class":157},[69,110346,120],{"class":100},[69,110348,7167],{"class":157},[69,110350,198],{"class":100},[69,110352,110353,110355,110357,110359,110361,110364,110366,110368],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,110354,109862],{"class":79},[69,110356,97],{"class":96},[69,110358,22306],{"class":1859},[69,110360,221],{"class":100},[69,110362,110363],{"class":217},"reversed",[69,110365,221],{"class":100},[69,110367,5956],{"class":292},[69,110369,2183],{"class":100},[69,110371,110372],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,110373,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,110375,110376,110378,110380,110382],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,110377,2161],{"class":217},[69,110379,221],{"class":100},[69,110381,109884],{"class":292},[69,110383,301],{"class":100},[14,110385,2781],{},[60,110387,110388],{"className":62,"code":110001,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,110389,110390],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,110391,110392,110394,110396,110398,110400,110402,110404,110406,110408],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,110393,1345],{"class":100},[69,110395,5966],{"class":157},[69,110397,120],{"class":100},[69,110399,5949],{"class":157},[69,110401,120],{"class":100},[69,110403,5762],{"class":157},[69,110405,120],{"class":100},[69,110407,5748],{"class":157},[69,110409,198],{"class":100},[1647,110411,110413],{"id":110412},"example-use-it-in-a-loop","Example: use it in a loop",[60,110415,110417],{"className":62,"code":110416,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]\n\nfor item in reversed(numbers):\n    print(item)\n",[21,110418,110419,110443,110447,110464],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,110420,110421,110423,110425,110427,110429,110431,110433,110435,110437,110439,110441],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,110422,5933],{"class":79},[69,110424,97],{"class":96},[69,110426,636],{"class":100},[69,110428,5940],{"class":157},[69,110430,120],{"class":100},[69,110432,5762],{"class":157},[69,110434,120],{"class":100},[69,110436,5949],{"class":157},[69,110438,120],{"class":100},[69,110440,7167],{"class":157},[69,110442,198],{"class":100},[69,110444,110445],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,110446,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,110448,110449,110451,110453,110455,110458,110460,110462],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,110450,3710],{"class":75},[69,110452,19694],{"class":79},[69,110454,771],{"class":75},[69,110456,110457],{"class":217}," reversed",[69,110459,221],{"class":100},[69,110461,5956],{"class":292},[69,110463,7526],{"class":100},[69,110465,110466,110468,110470,110472],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,110467,3220],{"class":217},[69,110469,221],{"class":100},[69,110471,20427],{"class":292},[69,110473,301],{"class":100},[14,110475,2781],{},[60,110477,110479],{"className":62,"code":110478,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"4\n3\n2\n1\n",[21,110480,110481,110485,110489,110493],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,110482,110483],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,110484,58065],{"class":157},[69,110486,110487],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,110488,39381],{"class":157},[69,110490,110491],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,110492,38884],{"class":157},[69,110494,110495],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,110496,17286],{"class":157},[14,110498,110499],{},"This method is useful when:",[29,110501,110502,110505,110508],{},[32,110503,110504],{},"you want to loop through items in reverse order",[32,110506,110507],{},"you want to pass reversed values into another operation",[32,110509,110510],{},"you do not need to change the original list",[55,110512,81966],{"id":81965},[14,110514,110515],{},"Choose based on what you need:",[29,110517,110518,110523,110528],{},[32,110519,322,110520,110522],{},[21,110521,109759],{}," to modify the existing list",[32,110524,322,110525,110527],{},[21,110526,109895],{}," to create a separate reversed list",[32,110529,322,110530,110532],{},[21,110531,109763],{}," when you need an iterator or want to loop in reverse order",[14,110534,3847],{},[29,110536,110537,110544,110551],{},[32,110538,110539,24831,110542],{},[2498,110540,110541],{},"Change the same list",[21,110543,109759],{},[32,110545,110546,24831,110549],{},[2498,110547,110548],{},"Make a new list",[21,110550,109895],{},[32,110552,110553,24831,110556],{},[2498,110554,110555],{},"Loop in reverse",[21,110557,109763],{},[55,110559,3868],{"id":3867},[1647,110561,110563,110564],{"id":110562},"_1-writing-new_list-my_listreverse","1. Writing ",[21,110565,110566],{},"new_list = my_list.reverse()",[14,110568,110569,110570,110572],{},"This gives you ",[21,110571,3022],{},", not the reversed list.",[60,110574,110576],{"className":62,"code":110575,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_list = [1, 2, 3]\nnew_list = my_list.reverse()\n\nprint(new_list)\nprint(my_list)\n",[21,110577,110578,110598,110612,110616,110626],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,110579,110580,110582,110584,110586,110588,110590,110592,110594,110596],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,110581,6900],{"class":79},[69,110583,97],{"class":96},[69,110585,636],{"class":100},[69,110587,5940],{"class":157},[69,110589,120],{"class":100},[69,110591,5762],{"class":157},[69,110593,120],{"class":100},[69,110595,5949],{"class":157},[69,110597,198],{"class":100},[69,110599,110600,110602,110604,110606,110608,110610],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,110601,30504],{"class":79},[69,110603,97],{"class":96},[69,110605,6925],{"class":79},[69,110607,289],{"class":100},[69,110609,109812],{"class":292},[69,110611,1385],{"class":100},[69,110613,110614],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,110615,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,110617,110618,110620,110622,110624],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,110619,2161],{"class":217},[69,110621,221],{"class":100},[69,110623,30632],{"class":292},[69,110625,301],{"class":100},[69,110627,110628,110630,110632,110634],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,110629,2161],{"class":217},[69,110631,221],{"class":100},[69,110633,6948],{"class":292},[69,110635,301],{"class":100},[14,110637,2781],{},[60,110639,110641],{"className":62,"code":110640,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"None\n[3, 2, 1]\n",[21,110642,110643,110647],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,110644,110645],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,110646,3013],{"class":3012},[69,110648,110649,110651,110653,110655,110657,110659,110661],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,110650,1345],{"class":100},[69,110652,7162],{"class":157},[69,110654,120],{"class":100},[69,110656,5762],{"class":157},[69,110658,120],{"class":100},[69,110660,5748],{"class":157},[69,110662,198],{"class":100},[1647,110664,110666,110667,110669],{"id":110665},"_2-expecting-reversed-to-print-like-a-normal-list","2. Expecting ",[21,110668,109763],{}," to print like a normal list",[60,110671,110673],{"className":62,"code":110672,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_list = [1, 2, 3]\nresult = reversed(my_list)\n\nprint(result)\n",[21,110674,110675,110695,110709,110713],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,110676,110677,110679,110681,110683,110685,110687,110689,110691,110693],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,110678,6900],{"class":79},[69,110680,97],{"class":96},[69,110682,636],{"class":100},[69,110684,5940],{"class":157},[69,110686,120],{"class":100},[69,110688,5762],{"class":157},[69,110690,120],{"class":100},[69,110692,5949],{"class":157},[69,110694,198],{"class":100},[69,110696,110697,110699,110701,110703,110705,110707],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,110698,8506],{"class":79},[69,110700,97],{"class":96},[69,110702,110457],{"class":217},[69,110704,221],{"class":100},[69,110706,6948],{"class":292},[69,110708,301],{"class":100},[69,110710,110711],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,110712,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,110714,110715,110717,110719,110721],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,110716,2161],{"class":217},[69,110718,221],{"class":100},[69,110720,8530],{"class":292},[69,110722,301],{"class":100},[14,110724,110725],{},"Output will look something like this:",[60,110727,110729],{"className":62,"code":110728,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"\u003Clist_reverseiterator object at ...>\n",[21,110730,110731],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,110732,110733,110735,110738,110740,110742,110744],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,110734,21097],{"class":96},[69,110736,110737],{"class":79},"list_reverseiterator ",[69,110739,21782],{"class":1859},[69,110741,37048],{"class":79},[69,110743,35814],{"class":7964},[69,110745,21108],{"class":96},[14,110747,48837],{},[60,110749,110751],{"className":62,"code":110750,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_list = [1, 2, 3]\nresult = list(reversed(my_list))\n\nprint(result)\n",[21,110752,110753,110773,110791,110795],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,110754,110755,110757,110759,110761,110763,110765,110767,110769,110771],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,110756,6900],{"class":79},[69,110758,97],{"class":96},[69,110760,636],{"class":100},[69,110762,5940],{"class":157},[69,110764,120],{"class":100},[69,110766,5762],{"class":157},[69,110768,120],{"class":100},[69,110770,5949],{"class":157},[69,110772,198],{"class":100},[69,110774,110775,110777,110779,110781,110783,110785,110787,110789],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,110776,8506],{"class":79},[69,110778,97],{"class":96},[69,110780,22306],{"class":1859},[69,110782,221],{"class":100},[69,110784,110363],{"class":217},[69,110786,221],{"class":100},[69,110788,6948],{"class":292},[69,110790,2183],{"class":100},[69,110792,110793],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,110794,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,110796,110797,110799,110801,110803],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,110798,2161],{"class":217},[69,110800,221],{"class":100},[69,110802,8530],{"class":292},[69,110804,301],{"class":100},[1647,110806,110808,110809,110811],{"id":110807},"_3-forgetting-that-reverse-changes-the-original-list","3. Forgetting that ",[21,110810,109759],{}," changes the original list",[60,110813,110815],{"className":62,"code":110814,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"my_list = [1, 2, 3]\nmy_list.reverse()\n\nprint(my_list)\n",[21,110816,110817,110837,110847,110851],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,110818,110819,110821,110823,110825,110827,110829,110831,110833,110835],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,110820,6900],{"class":79},[69,110822,97],{"class":96},[69,110824,636],{"class":100},[69,110826,5940],{"class":157},[69,110828,120],{"class":100},[69,110830,5762],{"class":157},[69,110832,120],{"class":100},[69,110834,5949],{"class":157},[69,110836,198],{"class":100},[69,110838,110839,110841,110843,110845],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,110840,6948],{"class":79},[69,110842,289],{"class":100},[69,110844,109812],{"class":292},[69,110846,1385],{"class":100},[69,110848,110849],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,110850,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,110852,110853,110855,110857,110859],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,110854,2161],{"class":217},[69,110856,221],{"class":100},[69,110858,6948],{"class":292},[69,110860,301],{"class":100},[14,110862,110863],{},"After this, the original order is gone unless you made a copy first.",[14,110865,110866,110867,289],{},"If you need the original too, see ",[579,110868,102423],{"href":83538},[55,110870,110872],{"id":110871},"extra-note-reversing-is-not-the-same-as-sorting","Extra note: reversing is not the same as sorting",[14,110874,110875],{},"Reversing and sorting are different operations.",[29,110877,110878,110884],{},[32,110879,110880,110883],{},[2498,110881,110882],{},"Reversing"," changes the order from end to start",[32,110885,110886,110889],{},[2498,110887,110888],{},"Sorting"," arranges items by value",[14,110891,370],{},[60,110893,110895],{"className":62,"code":110894,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [3, 1, 4, 2]\n\nprint(numbers[::-1])\nprint(sorted(numbers))\nprint(sorted(numbers, reverse=True))\n",[21,110896,110897,110921,110925,110941,110956],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,110898,110899,110901,110903,110905,110907,110909,110911,110913,110915,110917,110919],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,110900,5933],{"class":79},[69,110902,97],{"class":96},[69,110904,636],{"class":100},[69,110906,7162],{"class":157},[69,110908,120],{"class":100},[69,110910,5748],{"class":157},[69,110912,120],{"class":100},[69,110914,7167],{"class":157},[69,110916,120],{"class":100},[69,110918,5762],{"class":157},[69,110920,198],{"class":100},[69,110922,110923],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,110924,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,110926,110927,110929,110931,110933,110935,110937,110939],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,110928,2161],{"class":217},[69,110930,221],{"class":100},[69,110932,5956],{"class":292},[69,110934,109869],{"class":100},[69,110936,7305],{"class":96},[69,110938,5940],{"class":157},[69,110940,494],{"class":100},[69,110942,110943,110945,110947,110950,110952,110954],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,110944,2161],{"class":217},[69,110946,221],{"class":100},[69,110948,110949],{"class":217},"sorted",[69,110951,221],{"class":100},[69,110953,5956],{"class":292},[69,110955,2183],{"class":100},[69,110957,110958,110960,110962,110964,110966,110968,110970,110973,110975,110977],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,110959,2161],{"class":217},[69,110961,221],{"class":100},[69,110963,110949],{"class":217},[69,110965,221],{"class":100},[69,110967,5956],{"class":292},[69,110969,120],{"class":100},[69,110971,110972],{"class":242}," reverse",[69,110974,97],{"class":96},[69,110976,11002],{"class":3012},[69,110978,2183],{"class":100},[14,110980,2781],{},[60,110982,110984],{"className":62,"code":110983,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[2, 4, 1, 3]\n[1, 2, 3, 4]\n[4, 3, 2, 1]\n",[21,110985,110986,111006,111026],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,110987,110988,110990,110992,110994,110996,110998,111000,111002,111004],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,110989,1345],{"class":100},[69,110991,19224],{"class":157},[69,110993,120],{"class":100},[69,110995,7167],{"class":157},[69,110997,120],{"class":100},[69,110999,5748],{"class":157},[69,111001,120],{"class":100},[69,111003,5949],{"class":157},[69,111005,198],{"class":100},[69,111007,111008,111010,111012,111014,111016,111018,111020,111022,111024],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,111009,1345],{"class":100},[69,111011,5940],{"class":157},[69,111013,120],{"class":100},[69,111015,5762],{"class":157},[69,111017,120],{"class":100},[69,111019,5949],{"class":157},[69,111021,120],{"class":100},[69,111023,7167],{"class":157},[69,111025,198],{"class":100},[69,111027,111028,111030,111032,111034,111036,111038,111040,111042,111044],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,111029,1345],{"class":100},[69,111031,5966],{"class":157},[69,111033,120],{"class":100},[69,111035,5949],{"class":157},[69,111037,120],{"class":100},[69,111039,5762],{"class":157},[69,111041,120],{"class":100},[69,111043,5748],{"class":157},[69,111045,198],{"class":100},[14,111047,111048],{},"Notice:",[29,111050,111051,111057,111063],{},[32,111052,111053,111056],{},[21,111054,111055],{},"numbers[::-1]"," only flips the current order",[32,111058,111059,111062],{},[21,111060,111061],{},"sorted(numbers)"," puts values in ascending order",[32,111064,111065,111068],{},[21,111066,111067],{},"sorted(numbers, reverse=True)"," sorts values from largest to smallest",[14,111070,111071,111072,111076,111077,289],{},"If you want to sort instead of reverse, read ",[579,111073,111075],{"href":111074},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-sort-a-list-in-python\u002F","how to sort a list in Python"," or the ",[579,111078,111080,101024],{"href":111079},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-sorted-function-explained",[21,111081,54384],{},[55,111083,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,111085,111087],{"id":111086},"how-do-i-reverse-a-list-without-changing-the-original","How do I reverse a list without changing the original?",[14,111089,111090,111091,364,111093,111096],{},"Use slicing with ",[21,111092,109895],{},[21,111094,111095],{},"list(reversed(my_list))",". Both create a new reversed list.",[1647,111098,18230,111100,16517,111102,1414],{"id":111099},"why-does-listreverse-return-none",[21,111101,109891],{},[21,111103,3022],{},[14,111105,5105,111106,111108],{},[21,111107,109759],{}," changes the list in place instead of creating and returning a new list.",[1647,111110,2372,111112,50,111114,1414],{"id":111111},"what-is-the-difference-between-reverse-and-reversed",[21,111113,109759],{},[21,111115,109763],{},[14,111117,111118,111120,111121,111123],{},[21,111119,109759],{}," changes the original list. ",[21,111122,109763],{}," gives you an iterator over the items in reverse order.",[1647,111125,111127],{"id":111126},"can-i-reverse-a-list-of-strings-or-mixed-values","Can I reverse a list of strings or mixed values?",[14,111129,111130],{},"Yes. Reversing changes item order only. It does not depend on item type.",[14,111132,370],{},[60,111134,111136],{"className":62,"code":111135,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple\", 10, True, \"banana\"]\nprint(items[::-1])\n",[21,111137,111138,111170],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,111139,111140,111142,111144,111146,111148,111150,111152,111154,111156,111158,111160,111162,111164,111166,111168],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,111141,6605],{"class":79},[69,111143,97],{"class":96},[69,111145,636],{"class":100},[69,111147,111],{"class":110},[69,111149,6037],{"class":114},[69,111151,111],{"class":110},[69,111153,120],{"class":100},[69,111155,4798],{"class":157},[69,111157,120],{"class":100},[69,111159,20749],{"class":3012},[69,111161,120],{"class":100},[69,111163,123],{"class":110},[69,111165,6046],{"class":114},[69,111167,111],{"class":110},[69,111169,198],{"class":100},[69,111171,111172,111174,111176,111178,111180,111182,111184],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,111173,2161],{"class":217},[69,111175,221],{"class":100},[69,111177,3727],{"class":292},[69,111179,109869],{"class":100},[69,111181,7305],{"class":96},[69,111183,5940],{"class":157},[69,111185,494],{"class":100},[14,111187,2781],{},[60,111189,111191],{"className":62,"code":111190,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['banana', True, 10, 'apple']\n",[21,111192,111193],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,111194,111195,111197,111199,111201,111203,111205,111207,111209,111211,111213,111215,111217,111219],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,111196,1345],{"class":100},[69,111198,15283],{"class":110},[69,111200,6046],{"class":114},[69,111202,15283],{"class":110},[69,111204,120],{"class":100},[69,111206,20749],{"class":3012},[69,111208,120],{"class":100},[69,111210,4798],{"class":157},[69,111212,120],{"class":100},[69,111214,15292],{"class":110},[69,111216,6037],{"class":114},[69,111218,15283],{"class":110},[69,111220,198],{"class":100},[55,111222,2414],{"id":2413},[29,111224,111225,111231,111235,111240,111244],{},[32,111226,111227],{},[579,111228,111229,30024],{"href":110140},[21,111230,109891],{},[32,111232,111233],{},[579,111234,110297],{"href":110296},[32,111236,111237],{},[579,111238,111239],{"href":111074},"How to sort a list in Python",[32,111241,111242],{},[579,111243,84838],{"href":83538},[32,111245,111246],{},[579,111247,111248,12755],{"href":111079},[21,111249,54384],{},[2450,111251,111252],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .s_hVV, html code.shiki .s_hVV{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s99_P, html code.shiki .s99_P{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":111254},[111255,111256,111257,111262,111266,111271,111272,111280,111281,111289],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":109915,"depth":83,"text":111258,"children":111259},"Method 1: Use list.reverse()",[111260,111261],{"id":11418,"depth":90,"text":11419},{"id":110026,"depth":90,"text":110027},{"id":110145,"depth":83,"text":111263,"children":111264},"Method 2: Use slicing with [::-1]",[111265],{"id":11668,"depth":90,"text":11419},{"id":110300,"depth":83,"text":111267,"children":111268},"Method 3: Use reversed()",[111269,111270],{"id":110320,"depth":90,"text":110321},{"id":110412,"depth":90,"text":110413},{"id":81965,"depth":83,"text":81966},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":111273},[111274,111276,111278],{"id":110562,"depth":90,"text":111275},"1. Writing new_list = my_list.reverse()",{"id":110665,"depth":90,"text":111277},"2. Expecting reversed() to print like a normal list",{"id":110807,"depth":90,"text":111279},"3. Forgetting that reverse() changes the original list",{"id":110871,"depth":83,"text":110872},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":111282},[111283,111284,111286,111288],{"id":111086,"depth":90,"text":111087},{"id":111099,"depth":90,"text":111285},"Why does list.reverse() return None?",{"id":111111,"depth":90,"text":111287},"What is the difference between reverse() and reversed()?",{"id":111126,"depth":90,"text":111127},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to reverse a list in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-reverse-a-list-in-python",{"title":109728,"description":111290},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-reverse-a-list-in-python","9nB_q3Dv4PKU_A_aMBa9ZbaLEl2ddOmpkSvwFdYr7dA",{"id":111297,"title":111298,"body":111299,"description":112941,"extension":2479,"meta":112942,"navigation":86,"path":61918,"seo":112943,"stem":112944,"__hash__":112945},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-send-a-post-request-in-python.md","How to Send a POST Request in Python",{"type":7,"value":111300,"toc":112906},[111301,111304,111307,111309,111324,111326,111451,111460,111466,111478,111480,111482,111485,111488,111507,111511,111514,111516,111530,111533,111536,111540,111546,111549,111561,111564,111580,111583,111593,111600,111604,111607,111613,111744,111746,111771,111779,111784,111792,111806,111815,111819,111822,111826,111845,111848,111850,111883,111887,111890,111909,111911,111948,111952,111955,111974,111980,111985,111989,111992,112000,112138,112142,112154,112157,112161,112164,112166,112182,112189,112345,112352,112354,112357,112360,112377,112384,112581,112583,112601,112605,112608,112639,112641,112666,112713,112721,112723,112726,112758,112764,112766,112775,112780,112785,112790,112794,112800,112810,112814,112817,112820,112838,112843,112847,112851,112859,112865,112873,112875,112903],[10,111302,111298],{"id":111303},"how-to-send-a-post-request-in-python",[14,111305,111306],{},"If you want to send data to an API in Python, a POST request is one of the most common ways to do it.",[14,111308,7470],{},[29,111310,111311,111314,111317,111319,111322],{},[32,111312,111313],{},"Send a basic POST request in Python",[32,111315,111316],{},"Send JSON data to an API",[32,111318,62118],{},[32,111320,111321],{},"Read JSON or text responses",[32,111323,58006],{},[55,111325,58],{"id":57},[60,111327,111329],{"className":62,"code":111328,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nurl = \"https:\u002F\u002Fhttpbin.org\u002Fpost\"\npayload = {\"name\": \"Alice\", \"age\": 25}\n\nresponse = requests.post(url, json=payload)\nprint(response.status_code)\nprint(response.json())\n",[21,111330,111331,111337,111341,111354,111391,111395,111423,111437],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,111332,111333,111335],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,111334,76],{"class":75},[69,111336,39308],{"class":79},[69,111338,111339],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,111340,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,111342,111343,111345,111347,111349,111352],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,111344,60729],{"class":79},[69,111346,97],{"class":96},[69,111348,123],{"class":110},[69,111350,111351],{"class":114},"https:\u002F\u002Fhttpbin.org\u002Fpost",[69,111353,1825],{"class":110},[69,111355,111356,111359,111361,111363,111365,111367,111369,111371,111373,111375,111377,111379,111381,111383,111385,111387,111389],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,111357,111358],{"class":79},"payload ",[69,111360,97],{"class":96},[69,111362,1914],{"class":100},[69,111364,111],{"class":110},[69,111366,115],{"class":114},[69,111368,111],{"class":110},[69,111370,1174],{"class":100},[69,111372,123],{"class":110},[69,111374,150],{"class":114},[69,111376,111],{"class":110},[69,111378,120],{"class":100},[69,111380,123],{"class":110},[69,111382,126],{"class":114},[69,111384,111],{"class":110},[69,111386,1174],{"class":100},[69,111388,186],{"class":157},[69,111390,1260],{"class":100},[69,111392,111393],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,111394,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,111396,111397,111399,111401,111403,111405,111408,111410,111412,111414,111416,111418,111421],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,111398,60743],{"class":79},[69,111400,97],{"class":96},[69,111402,60748],{"class":79},[69,111404,289],{"class":100},[69,111406,111407],{"class":292},"post",[69,111409,221],{"class":100},[69,111411,60757],{"class":292},[69,111413,120],{"class":100},[69,111415,20761],{"class":242},[69,111417,97],{"class":96},[69,111419,111420],{"class":292},"payload",[69,111422,301],{"class":100},[69,111424,111425,111427,111429,111431,111433,111435],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,111426,2161],{"class":217},[69,111428,221],{"class":100},[69,111430,60854],{"class":292},[69,111432,289],{"class":100},[69,111434,60784],{"class":2216},[69,111436,301],{"class":100},[69,111438,111439,111441,111443,111445,111447,111449],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,111440,2161],{"class":217},[69,111442,221],{"class":100},[69,111444,60854],{"class":292},[69,111446,289],{"class":100},[69,111448,20659],{"class":292},[69,111450,3923],{"class":100},[14,111452,322,111453,14590,111456,111459],{},[21,111454,111455],{},"requests.post()",[21,111457,111458],{},"json="," when the API expects JSON data.",[14,111461,111462,111463,111465],{},"Install ",[21,111464,38736],{}," first if needed:",[60,111467,111468],{"className":22537,"code":38698,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,111469,111470],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,111471,111472,111474,111476],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,111473,38761],{"class":7506},[69,111475,64851],{"class":114},[69,111477,39308],{"class":114},[77938,111479],{},[55,111481,2666],{"id":2665},[14,111483,111484],{},"This page shows you the practical steps for sending a POST request in Python.",[14,111486,111487],{},"You will learn how to:",[29,111489,111490,111493,111498,111501,111504],{},[32,111491,111492],{},"Send data to a server",[32,111494,1872,111495,111497],{},[21,111496,38736],{}," library",[32,111499,111500],{},"Send JSON and form data",[32,111502,111503],{},"Read the server response",[32,111505,111506],{},"Handle common errors safely",[55,111508,111510],{"id":111509},"when-to-use-a-post-request","When to use a POST request",[14,111512,111513],{},"Use a POST request when you want to send data to a server.",[14,111515,11379],{},[29,111517,111518,111521,111524,111527],{},[32,111519,111520],{},"Creating a new user",[32,111522,111523],{},"Sending form data",[32,111525,111526],{},"Logging in",[32,111528,111529],{},"Submitting JSON to an API",[14,111531,111532],{},"POST is different from GET because POST sends data in the request body.",[14,111534,111535],{},"If you are new to working with APIs, you may also want to read how to make an API request in Python.",[55,111537,111539],{"id":111538},"install-and-import-the-requests-library","Install and import the requests library",[14,111541,111542,111543,111545],{},"Most beginners use the ",[21,111544,38736],{}," package because it is much simpler than built-in alternatives.",[14,111547,111548],{},"Install it with pip:",[60,111550,111551],{"className":22537,"code":38698,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,111552,111553],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,111554,111555,111557,111559],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,111556,38761],{"class":7506},[69,111558,64851],{"class":114},[69,111560,39308],{"class":114},[14,111562,111563],{},"If that does not work, try:",[60,111565,111566],{"className":22537,"code":65030,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,111567,111568],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,111569,111570,111572,111574,111576,111578],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,111571,64],{"class":7506},[69,111573,64845],{"class":14546},[69,111575,64848],{"class":114},[69,111577,64851],{"class":114},[69,111579,39308],{"class":114},[14,111581,111582],{},"Then import it at the top of your Python file:",[60,111584,111585],{"className":62,"code":65016,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,111586,111587],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,111588,111589,111591],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,111590,76],{"class":75},[69,111592,39308],{"class":79},[14,111594,111595,111596,289],{},"If Python says the module does not exist, see ",[579,111597,2892,111598],{"href":39833},[21,111599,39808],{},[55,111601,111603],{"id":111602},"send-a-simple-post-request-with-json","Send a simple POST request with JSON",[14,111605,111606],{},"This is the most common beginner example.",[14,111608,322,111609,111612],{},[21,111610,111611],{},"requests.post(url, json=data)"," and pass a Python dictionary.",[60,111614,111616],{"className":62,"code":111615,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nurl = \"https:\u002F\u002Fhttpbin.org\u002Fpost\"\ndata = {\n    \"name\": \"Alice\",\n    \"age\": 25\n}\n\nresponse = requests.post(url, json=data)\n\nprint(response.status_code)\nprint(response.json())\n",[21,111617,111618,111624,111628,111640,111648,111666,111678,111682,111686,111712,111716,111730],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,111619,111620,111622],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,111621,76],{"class":75},[69,111623,39308],{"class":79},[69,111625,111626],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,111627,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,111629,111630,111632,111634,111636,111638],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,111631,60729],{"class":79},[69,111633,97],{"class":96},[69,111635,123],{"class":110},[69,111637,111351],{"class":114},[69,111639,1825],{"class":110},[69,111641,111642,111644,111646],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,111643,3362],{"class":79},[69,111645,97],{"class":96},[69,111647,3367],{"class":100},[69,111649,111650,111652,111654,111656,111658,111660,111662,111664],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,111651,3372],{"class":110},[69,111653,115],{"class":114},[69,111655,111],{"class":110},[69,111657,1174],{"class":100},[69,111659,123],{"class":110},[69,111661,150],{"class":114},[69,111663,111],{"class":110},[69,111665,3401],{"class":100},[69,111667,111668,111670,111672,111674,111676],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,111669,3372],{"class":110},[69,111671,126],{"class":114},[69,111673,111],{"class":110},[69,111675,1174],{"class":100},[69,111677,3414],{"class":157},[69,111679,111680],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,111681,1260],{"class":100},[69,111683,111684],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,111685,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,111687,111688,111690,111692,111694,111696,111698,111700,111702,111704,111706,111708,111710],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,111689,60743],{"class":79},[69,111691,97],{"class":96},[69,111693,60748],{"class":79},[69,111695,289],{"class":100},[69,111697,111407],{"class":292},[69,111699,221],{"class":100},[69,111701,60757],{"class":292},[69,111703,120],{"class":100},[69,111705,20761],{"class":242},[69,111707,97],{"class":96},[69,111709,3436],{"class":292},[69,111711,301],{"class":100},[69,111713,111714],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,111715,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,111717,111718,111720,111722,111724,111726,111728],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,111719,2161],{"class":217},[69,111721,221],{"class":100},[69,111723,60854],{"class":292},[69,111725,289],{"class":100},[69,111727,60784],{"class":2216},[69,111729,301],{"class":100},[69,111731,111732,111734,111736,111738,111740,111742],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,111733,2161],{"class":217},[69,111735,221],{"class":100},[69,111737,60854],{"class":292},[69,111739,289],{"class":100},[69,111741,20659],{"class":292},[69,111743,3923],{"class":100},[1647,111745,9620],{"id":9619},[29,111747,111748,111753,111757,111766],{},[32,111749,111750,111752],{},[21,111751,60757],{}," is the API endpoint",[32,111754,111755,21117],{},[21,111756,3436],{},[32,111758,111759,111762,111763,111765],{},[21,111760,111761],{},"json=data"," tells ",[21,111764,38736],{}," to convert the dictionary to JSON",[32,111767,111768,111770],{},[21,111769,60854],{}," stores the server's reply",[14,111772,111773,111774,364,111776,289],{},"A successful response often has a status code like ",[21,111775,60897],{},[21,111777,111778],{},"201",[1647,111780,1410,111782,1414],{"id":111781},"why-use-json",[21,111783,111458],{},[14,111785,72746,111786,111788,111789,111791],{},[21,111787,111458],{},", the ",[21,111790,38736],{}," library:",[29,111793,111794,111797,111800],{},[32,111795,111796],{},"Converts your Python dictionary into JSON",[32,111798,111799],{},"Sends it in the request body",[32,111801,111802,111803,111805],{},"Usually adds the correct ",[21,111804,61493],{}," header for JSON",[14,111807,111808,111809,111076,111811,289],{},"If you need help understanding JSON data, see ",[579,111810,22555],{"href":22554},[579,111812,14649,111813,44797],{"href":22081},[21,111814,20659],{},[55,111816,111818],{"id":111817},"check-the-response","Check the response",[14,111820,111821],{},"After sending the request, you should always check the response.",[1647,111823,111825],{"id":111824},"get-the-status-code","Get the status code",[60,111827,111829],{"className":62,"code":111828,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(response.status_code)\n",[21,111830,111831],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,111832,111833,111835,111837,111839,111841,111843],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,111834,2161],{"class":217},[69,111836,221],{"class":100},[69,111838,60854],{"class":292},[69,111840,289],{"class":100},[69,111842,60784],{"class":2216},[69,111844,301],{"class":100},[14,111846,111847],{},"This helps you see whether the request worked.",[14,111849,29049],{},[29,111851,111852,111857,111862,111867,111873,111878],{},[32,111853,111854,111856],{},[21,111855,60897],{}," = OK",[32,111858,111859,111861],{},[21,111860,111778],{}," = Created",[32,111863,111864,111866],{},[21,111865,60902],{}," = Bad request",[32,111868,111869,111872],{},[21,111870,111871],{},"401"," = Unauthorized",[32,111874,111875,111877],{},[21,111876,61894],{}," = Not found",[32,111879,111880,111882],{},[21,111881,60908],{}," = Server error",[1647,111884,111886],{"id":111885},"read-json-from-the-response","Read JSON from the response",[14,111888,111889],{},"If the API returns JSON, use:",[60,111891,111893],{"className":62,"code":111892,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(response.json())\n",[21,111894,111895],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,111896,111897,111899,111901,111903,111905,111907],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,111898,2161],{"class":217},[69,111900,221],{"class":100},[69,111902,60854],{"class":292},[69,111904,289],{"class":100},[69,111906,20659],{"class":292},[69,111908,3923],{"class":100},[14,111910,370],{},[60,111912,111914],{"className":62,"code":111913,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"result = response.json()\nprint(result[\"json\"])\n",[21,111915,111916,111930],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,111917,111918,111920,111922,111924,111926,111928],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,111919,8506],{"class":79},[69,111921,97],{"class":96},[69,111923,60779],{"class":79},[69,111925,289],{"class":100},[69,111927,20659],{"class":292},[69,111929,1385],{"class":100},[69,111931,111932,111934,111936,111938,111940,111942,111944,111946],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,111933,2161],{"class":217},[69,111935,221],{"class":100},[69,111937,8530],{"class":292},[69,111939,1345],{"class":100},[69,111941,111],{"class":110},[69,111943,20659],{"class":114},[69,111945,111],{"class":110},[69,111947,494],{"class":100},[1647,111949,111951],{"id":111950},"read-plain-text-instead","Read plain text instead",[14,111953,111954],{},"If the server returns plain text or HTML, use:",[60,111956,111958],{"className":62,"code":111957,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(response.text)\n",[21,111959,111960],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,111961,111962,111964,111966,111968,111970,111972],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,111963,2161],{"class":217},[69,111965,221],{"class":100},[69,111967,60854],{"class":292},[69,111969,289],{"class":100},[69,111971,568],{"class":2216},[69,111973,301],{"class":100},[14,111975,111976,111977,111979],{},"This is useful when ",[21,111978,61062],{}," fails.",[14,111981,111982,111983,289],{},"If you want more help reading API replies, see ",[579,111984,78740],{"href":62552},[55,111986,111988],{"id":111987},"send-form-data-instead-of-json","Send form data instead of JSON",[14,111990,111991],{},"Some APIs or websites expect form-style data instead of JSON.",[14,111993,111994,111995,10347,111998,289],{},"In that case, use ",[21,111996,111997],{},"data=",[21,111999,111458],{},[60,112001,112003],{"className":62,"code":112002,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nurl = \"https:\u002F\u002Fhttpbin.org\u002Fpost\"\nform_data = {\n    \"username\": \"alice\",\n    \"password\": \"secret123\"\n}\n\nresponse = requests.post(url, data=form_data)\n\nprint(response.status_code)\nprint(response.text)\n",[21,112004,112005,112011,112015,112027,112036,112054,112071,112075,112079,112106,112110,112124],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,112006,112007,112009],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,112008,76],{"class":75},[69,112010,39308],{"class":79},[69,112012,112013],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,112014,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,112016,112017,112019,112021,112023,112025],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,112018,60729],{"class":79},[69,112020,97],{"class":96},[69,112022,123],{"class":110},[69,112024,111351],{"class":114},[69,112026,1825],{"class":110},[69,112028,112029,112032,112034],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,112030,112031],{"class":79},"form_data ",[69,112033,97],{"class":96},[69,112035,3367],{"class":100},[69,112037,112038,112040,112042,112044,112046,112048,112050,112052],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,112039,3372],{"class":110},[69,112041,38485],{"class":114},[69,112043,111],{"class":110},[69,112045,1174],{"class":100},[69,112047,123],{"class":110},[69,112049,19357],{"class":114},[69,112051,111],{"class":110},[69,112053,3401],{"class":100},[69,112055,112056,112058,112060,112062,112064,112066,112069],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,112057,3372],{"class":110},[69,112059,45283],{"class":114},[69,112061,111],{"class":110},[69,112063,1174],{"class":100},[69,112065,123],{"class":110},[69,112067,112068],{"class":114},"secret123",[69,112070,1825],{"class":110},[69,112072,112073],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,112074,1260],{"class":100},[69,112076,112077],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,112078,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,112080,112081,112083,112085,112087,112089,112091,112093,112095,112097,112099,112101,112104],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,112082,60743],{"class":79},[69,112084,97],{"class":96},[69,112086,60748],{"class":79},[69,112088,289],{"class":100},[69,112090,111407],{"class":292},[69,112092,221],{"class":100},[69,112094,60757],{"class":292},[69,112096,120],{"class":100},[69,112098,3539],{"class":242},[69,112100,97],{"class":96},[69,112102,112103],{"class":292},"form_data",[69,112105,301],{"class":100},[69,112107,112108],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,112109,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,112111,112112,112114,112116,112118,112120,112122],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,112113,2161],{"class":217},[69,112115,221],{"class":100},[69,112117,60854],{"class":292},[69,112119,289],{"class":100},[69,112121,60784],{"class":2216},[69,112123,301],{"class":100},[69,112125,112126,112128,112130,112132,112134,112136],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,112127,2161],{"class":217},[69,112129,221],{"class":100},[69,112131,60854],{"class":292},[69,112133,289],{"class":100},[69,112135,568],{"class":2216},[69,112137,301],{"class":100},[1647,112139,112141],{"id":112140},"important-difference","Important difference",[29,112143,112144,112149],{},[32,112145,322,112146,112148],{},[21,112147,111458],{}," for JSON data",[32,112150,322,112151,112153],{},[21,112152,111997],{}," for form data or raw body content",[14,112155,112156],{},"Do not mix them up unless the API documentation tells you to.",[55,112158,112160],{"id":112159},"add-headers-when-needed","Add headers when needed",[14,112162,112163],{},"Some APIs require headers.",[14,112165,11379],{},[29,112167,112168,112173,112177],{},[32,112169,112170],{},[21,112171,112172],{},"Authorization",[32,112174,112175],{},[21,112176,61493],{},[32,112178,112179],{},[21,112180,112181],{},"Accept",[14,112183,112184,112185,112188],{},"You can send headers with the ",[21,112186,112187],{},"headers="," argument.",[60,112190,112192],{"className":62,"code":112191,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nurl = \"https:\u002F\u002Fhttpbin.org\u002Fpost\"\ndata = {\"message\": \"Hello\"}\n\nheaders = {\n    \"Authorization\": \"Bearer your_token_here\"\n}\n\nresponse = requests.post(url, json=data, headers=headers)\n\nprint(response.status_code)\nprint(response.json())\n",[21,112193,112194,112200,112204,112216,112240,112244,112253,112270,112274,112278,112313,112317,112331],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,112195,112196,112198],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,112197,76],{"class":75},[69,112199,39308],{"class":79},[69,112201,112202],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,112203,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,112205,112206,112208,112210,112212,112214],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,112207,60729],{"class":79},[69,112209,97],{"class":96},[69,112211,123],{"class":110},[69,112213,111351],{"class":114},[69,112215,1825],{"class":110},[69,112217,112218,112220,112222,112224,112226,112228,112230,112232,112234,112236,112238],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,112219,3362],{"class":79},[69,112221,97],{"class":96},[69,112223,1914],{"class":100},[69,112225,111],{"class":110},[69,112227,23767],{"class":114},[69,112229,111],{"class":110},[69,112231,1174],{"class":100},[69,112233,123],{"class":110},[69,112235,7659],{"class":114},[69,112237,111],{"class":110},[69,112239,1260],{"class":100},[69,112241,112242],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,112243,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,112245,112246,112249,112251],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,112247,112248],{"class":79},"headers ",[69,112250,97],{"class":96},[69,112252,3367],{"class":100},[69,112254,112255,112257,112259,112261,112263,112265,112268],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,112256,3372],{"class":110},[69,112258,112172],{"class":114},[69,112260,111],{"class":110},[69,112262,1174],{"class":100},[69,112264,123],{"class":110},[69,112266,112267],{"class":114},"Bearer your_token_here",[69,112269,1825],{"class":110},[69,112271,112272],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,112273,1260],{"class":100},[69,112275,112276],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,112277,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,112279,112280,112282,112284,112286,112288,112290,112292,112294,112296,112298,112300,112302,112304,112307,112309,112311],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,112281,60743],{"class":79},[69,112283,97],{"class":96},[69,112285,60748],{"class":79},[69,112287,289],{"class":100},[69,112289,111407],{"class":292},[69,112291,221],{"class":100},[69,112293,60757],{"class":292},[69,112295,120],{"class":100},[69,112297,20761],{"class":242},[69,112299,97],{"class":96},[69,112301,3436],{"class":292},[69,112303,120],{"class":100},[69,112305,112306],{"class":242}," headers",[69,112308,97],{"class":96},[69,112310,61556],{"class":292},[69,112312,301],{"class":100},[69,112314,112315],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,112316,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,112318,112319,112321,112323,112325,112327,112329],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,112320,2161],{"class":217},[69,112322,221],{"class":100},[69,112324,60854],{"class":292},[69,112326,289],{"class":100},[69,112328,60784],{"class":2216},[69,112330,301],{"class":100},[69,112332,112333,112335,112337,112339,112341,112343],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,112334,2161],{"class":217},[69,112336,221],{"class":100},[69,112338,60854],{"class":292},[69,112340,289],{"class":100},[69,112342,20659],{"class":292},[69,112344,3923],{"class":100},[14,112346,6205,112347,5914,112349,112351],{},[21,112348,111458],{},[21,112350,38736],{}," usually sets the JSON content type for you.",[55,112353,61615],{"id":61614},[14,112355,112356],{},"Network requests do not always work.",[14,112358,112359],{},"They can fail because of:",[29,112361,112362,112365,112368,112371,112374],{},[32,112363,112364],{},"A bad URL",[32,112366,112367],{},"No internet connection",[32,112369,112370],{},"A timeout",[32,112372,112373],{},"Server errors",[32,112375,112376],{},"Missing authentication",[14,112378,112379,112380,50,112382,289],{},"A simple beginner-friendly pattern is to use ",[21,112381,11233],{},[21,112383,11221],{},[60,112385,112387],{"className":62,"code":112386,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import requests\n\nurl = \"https:\u002F\u002Fhttpbin.org\u002Fpost\"\ndata = {\"name\": \"Alice\"}\n\ntry:\n    response = requests.post(url, json=data, timeout=10)\n    response.raise_for_status()\n\n    print(\"Status:\", response.status_code)\n    print(\"Response JSON:\", response.json())\n\nexcept requests.exceptions.RequestException as error:\n    print(\"Request failed:\", error)\n",[21,112388,112389,112395,112399,112411,112435,112439,112445,112479,112489,112493,112516,112539,112543,112563],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,112390,112391,112393],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,112392,76],{"class":75},[69,112394,39308],{"class":79},[69,112396,112397],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,112398,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,112400,112401,112403,112405,112407,112409],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,112402,60729],{"class":79},[69,112404,97],{"class":96},[69,112406,123],{"class":110},[69,112408,111351],{"class":114},[69,112410,1825],{"class":110},[69,112412,112413,112415,112417,112419,112421,112423,112425,112427,112429,112431,112433],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,112414,3362],{"class":79},[69,112416,97],{"class":96},[69,112418,1914],{"class":100},[69,112420,111],{"class":110},[69,112422,115],{"class":114},[69,112424,111],{"class":110},[69,112426,1174],{"class":100},[69,112428,123],{"class":110},[69,112430,150],{"class":114},[69,112432,111],{"class":110},[69,112434,1260],{"class":100},[69,112436,112437],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,112438,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,112440,112441,112443],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,112442,11233],{"class":75},[69,112444,275],{"class":100},[69,112446,112447,112449,112451,112453,112455,112457,112459,112461,112463,112465,112467,112469,112471,112473,112475,112477],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,112448,61662],{"class":79},[69,112450,97],{"class":96},[69,112452,60748],{"class":79},[69,112454,289],{"class":100},[69,112456,111407],{"class":292},[69,112458,221],{"class":100},[69,112460,60757],{"class":292},[69,112462,120],{"class":100},[69,112464,20761],{"class":242},[69,112466,97],{"class":96},[69,112468,3436],{"class":292},[69,112470,120],{"class":100},[69,112472,60762],{"class":242},[69,112474,97],{"class":96},[69,112476,18507],{"class":157},[69,112478,301],{"class":100},[69,112480,112481,112483,112485,112487],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,112482,61689],{"class":79},[69,112484,289],{"class":100},[69,112486,61694],{"class":292},[69,112488,1385],{"class":100},[69,112490,112491],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,112492,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,112494,112495,112497,112499,112501,112504,112506,112508,112510,112512,112514],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,112496,3220],{"class":217},[69,112498,221],{"class":100},[69,112500,111],{"class":110},[69,112502,112503],{"class":114},"Status:",[69,112505,111],{"class":110},[69,112507,120],{"class":100},[69,112509,60779],{"class":292},[69,112511,289],{"class":100},[69,112513,60784],{"class":2216},[69,112515,301],{"class":100},[69,112517,112518,112520,112522,112524,112527,112529,112531,112533,112535,112537],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,112519,3220],{"class":217},[69,112521,221],{"class":100},[69,112523,111],{"class":110},[69,112525,112526],{"class":114},"Response JSON:",[69,112528,111],{"class":110},[69,112530,120],{"class":100},[69,112532,60779],{"class":292},[69,112534,289],{"class":100},[69,112536,20659],{"class":292},[69,112538,3923],{"class":100},[69,112540,112541],{"class":71,"line":1063},[69,112542,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,112544,112545,112547,112549,112551,112553,112555,112557,112559,112561],{"class":71,"line":6726},[69,112546,11221],{"class":75},[69,112548,60748],{"class":79},[69,112550,289],{"class":100},[69,112552,61748],{"class":2216},[69,112554,289],{"class":100},[69,112556,78706],{"class":2216},[69,112558,268],{"class":75},[69,112560,44265],{"class":79},[69,112562,275],{"class":100},[69,112564,112565,112567,112569,112571,112573,112575,112577,112579],{"class":71,"line":50892},[69,112566,3220],{"class":217},[69,112568,221],{"class":100},[69,112570,111],{"class":110},[69,112572,60833],{"class":114},[69,112574,111],{"class":110},[69,112576,120],{"class":100},[69,112578,44265],{"class":292},[69,112580,301],{"class":100},[1647,112582,43437],{"id":43436},[29,112584,112585,112590,112595],{},[32,112586,112587,112589],{},[21,112588,61884],{}," prevents the program from waiting forever",[32,112591,112592,112594],{},[21,112593,61890],{}," turns HTTP errors into exceptions",[32,112596,112597,112600],{},[21,112598,112599],{},"except requests.exceptions.RequestException"," catches common request problems",[55,112602,112604],{"id":112603},"beginner-debugging-checklist","Beginner debugging checklist",[14,112606,112607],{},"If your POST request is not working, check these first:",[29,112609,112610,112613,112620,112625,112628,112633,112636],{},[32,112611,112612],{},"Is the URL correct?",[32,112614,112615,112616,364,112618,1414],{},"Does the API expect ",[21,112617,111458],{},[21,112619,111997],{},[32,112621,112622,112623,1414],{},"Did you install ",[21,112624,38736],{},[32,112626,112627],{},"Are you sending the correct field names?",[32,112629,112630,112631,1414],{},"Does the API require headers such as ",[21,112632,112172],{},[32,112634,112635],{},"Did you check the status code?",[32,112637,112638],{},"Did you print the response body?",[14,112640,12860],{},[60,112642,112644],{"className":22537,"code":112643,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"pip install requests\npython -m pip install requests\n",[21,112645,112646,112654],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,112647,112648,112650,112652],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,112649,38761],{"class":7506},[69,112651,64851],{"class":114},[69,112653,39308],{"class":114},[69,112655,112656,112658,112660,112662,112664],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,112657,64],{"class":7506},[69,112659,64845],{"class":14546},[69,112661,64848],{"class":114},[69,112663,64851],{"class":114},[69,112665,39308],{"class":114},[60,112667,112669],{"className":62,"code":112668,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(response.status_code)\nprint(response.text)\nprint(response.headers)\n",[21,112670,112671,112685,112699],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,112672,112673,112675,112677,112679,112681,112683],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,112674,2161],{"class":217},[69,112676,221],{"class":100},[69,112678,60854],{"class":292},[69,112680,289],{"class":100},[69,112682,60784],{"class":2216},[69,112684,301],{"class":100},[69,112686,112687,112689,112691,112693,112695,112697],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,112688,2161],{"class":217},[69,112690,221],{"class":100},[69,112692,60854],{"class":292},[69,112694,289],{"class":100},[69,112696,568],{"class":2216},[69,112698,301],{"class":100},[69,112700,112701,112703,112705,112707,112709,112711],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,112702,2161],{"class":217},[69,112704,221],{"class":100},[69,112706,60854],{"class":292},[69,112708,289],{"class":100},[69,112710,61556],{"class":2216},[69,112712,301],{"class":100},[14,112714,9646,112715,112717,112718,112720],{},[21,112716,61062],{}," gives an error, print ",[21,112719,61423],{}," first. The server may have returned HTML or a plain text error message instead of JSON.",[55,112722,3868],{"id":3867},[14,112724,112725],{},"Here are some common causes of POST request problems:",[29,112727,112728,112733,112738,112744,112747,112752,112755],{},[32,112729,1628,112730,112732],{},[21,112731,111997],{}," when the API expects JSON",[32,112734,58875,112735,112737],{},[21,112736,61062],{}," when the server did not return JSON",[32,112739,112740,112741,112743],{},"Forgetting to install the ",[21,112742,38736],{}," package",[32,112745,112746],{},"Using the wrong URL or endpoint",[32,112748,112749,112750],{},"Missing required headers such as ",[21,112751,112172],{},[32,112753,112754],{},"Sending fields with the wrong names",[32,112756,112757],{},"Not checking the status code before processing the response",[14,112759,112760,112761,289],{},"A very common mistake is treating a string like a dictionary after a bad JSON parse step. If that happens, see how to fix ",[21,112762,112763],{},"TypeError: string indices must be integers or slices",[55,112765,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,112767,2372,112769,50,112771,11069,112773,1414],{"id":112768},"what-is-the-difference-between-data-and-json-in-requestspost",[21,112770,111997],{},[21,112772,111458],{},[21,112774,111455],{},[14,112776,322,112777,112779],{},[21,112778,111458],{}," to send JSON.",[14,112781,322,112782,112784],{},[21,112783,111997],{}," for form data or raw body content.",[14,112786,112787,112788,289],{},"Many APIs expect ",[21,112789,111458],{},[1647,112791,112793],{"id":112792},"do-i-need-to-import-a-special-module-to-send-post-requests","Do I need to import a special module to send POST requests?",[14,112795,112796,112797,112799],{},"Yes. Beginners usually use the ",[21,112798,38736],{}," library, so you need:",[60,112801,112802],{"className":62,"code":65016,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,112803,112804],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,112805,112806,112808],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,112807,76],{"class":75},[69,112809,39308],{"class":79},[1647,112811,18230,112812,27698],{"id":62480},[21,112813,61062],{},[14,112815,112816],{},"It usually fails when the server returned plain text, HTML, or an error page instead of JSON.",[14,112818,112819],{},"In that case, print:",[60,112821,112822],{"className":62,"code":111957,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,112823,112824],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,112825,112826,112828,112830,112832,112834,112836],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,112827,2161],{"class":217},[69,112829,221],{"class":100},[69,112831,60854],{"class":292},[69,112833,289],{"class":100},[69,112835,568],{"class":2216},[69,112837,301],{"class":100},[14,112839,112840,112841,289],{},"You can also learn more from ",[579,112842,22555],{"href":22554},[1647,112844,112846],{"id":112845},"how-do-i-know-if-the-post-request-worked","How do I know if the POST request worked?",[14,112848,62471,112849,289],{},[21,112850,61933],{},[14,112852,112853,112854,364,112856,112858],{},"Codes like ",[21,112855,60897],{},[21,112857,111778],{}," often mean success.",[1647,112860,112862,112863,1414],{"id":112861},"can-i-send-a-post-request-without-requests","Can I send a POST request without ",[21,112864,38736],{},[14,112866,112867,112868,38284,112870,112872],{},"Yes, with ",[21,112869,79685],{},[21,112871,38736],{}," is much easier for beginners.",[55,112874,2414],{"id":2413},[29,112876,112877,112881,112885,112891,112897],{},[32,112878,112879],{},[579,112880,79727],{"href":62552},[32,112882,112883],{},[579,112884,22815],{"href":22554},[32,112886,112887],{},[579,112888,14649,112889,44797],{"href":22081},[21,112890,20659],{},[32,112892,112893],{},[579,112894,14649,112895,45136],{"href":61387},[21,112896,78447],{},[32,112898,112899],{},[579,112900,14649,112901,45136],{"href":21153},[21,112902,20667],{},[2450,112904,112905],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki 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.skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sbgvK, html code.shiki .sbgvK{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .stzsN, html code.shiki .stzsN{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":112907},[112908,112909,112910,112911,112912,112917,112922,112925,112926,112929,112930,112931,112940],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":111509,"depth":83,"text":111510},{"id":111538,"depth":83,"text":111539},{"id":111602,"depth":83,"text":111603,"children":112913},[112914,112915],{"id":9619,"depth":90,"text":9620},{"id":111781,"depth":90,"text":112916},"Why use json=?",{"id":111817,"depth":83,"text":111818,"children":112918},[112919,112920,112921],{"id":111824,"depth":90,"text":111825},{"id":111885,"depth":90,"text":111886},{"id":111950,"depth":90,"text":111951},{"id":111987,"depth":83,"text":111988,"children":112923},[112924],{"id":112140,"depth":90,"text":112141},{"id":112159,"depth":83,"text":112160},{"id":61614,"depth":83,"text":61615,"children":112927},[112928],{"id":43436,"depth":90,"text":43437},{"id":112603,"depth":83,"text":112604},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":112932},[112933,112935,112936,112937,112938],{"id":112768,"depth":90,"text":112934},"What is the difference between data= and json= in requests.post()?",{"id":112792,"depth":90,"text":112793},{"id":62480,"depth":90,"text":62546},{"id":112845,"depth":90,"text":112846},{"id":112861,"depth":90,"text":112939},"Can I send a POST request without requests?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to send a post request in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},{"title":111298,"description":112941},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-send-a-post-request-in-python","ZMLCQrc8qk-I6cAT1ZM5Syfdo53sP6KKANY0TsaoQ4o",{"id":112947,"title":112948,"body":112949,"description":115006,"extension":2479,"meta":115007,"navigation":86,"path":115008,"seo":115009,"stem":115010,"__hash__":115011},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-sort-a-list-in-python.md","How to Sort a List in Python",{"type":7,"value":112950,"toc":114972},[112951,112954,112957,112959,113065,113074,113076,113094,113100,113105,113107,113119,113121,113174,113176,113201,113207,113214,113220,113225,113227,113243,113245,113331,113333,113387,113390,113396,113400,113403,113409,113413,113474,113476,113502,113506,113571,113573,113597,113602,113609,113613,113616,113618,113679,113681,113714,113718,113721,113723,113782,113784,113825,113829,113835,113920,113922,113962,113965,113971,113977,113981,114064,114066,114107,114113,114117,114290,114292,114389,114395,114406,114410,114413,114416,114459,114462,114465,114476,114478,114551,114553,114573,114578,114580,114583,114605,114607,114621,114623,114626,114652,114655,114736,114745,114748,114787,114789,114797,114803,114805,114850,114852,114872,114874,114881,114888,114892,114903,114909,114918,114922,114927,114931,114939,114941,114969],[10,112952,112948],{"id":112953},"how-to-sort-a-list-in-python",[14,112955,112956],{},"Sorting a list is a common Python task. On this page, you will learn the simplest ways to sort a list in ascending order, descending order, and how to decide whether to change the original list or create a new sorted one.",[55,112958,58],{"id":57},[60,112960,112962],{"className":62,"code":112961,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [5, 2, 9, 1]\nnumbers.sort()\nprint(numbers)  # [1, 2, 5, 9]\n\nwords = [\"banana\", \"apple\", \"cherry\"]\nprint(sorted(words))  # ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']\n",[21,112963,112964,112988,112999,113012,113016,113048],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,112965,112966,112968,112970,112972,112974,112976,112978,112980,112982,112984,112986],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,112967,5933],{"class":79},[69,112969,97],{"class":96},[69,112971,636],{"class":100},[69,112973,6670],{"class":157},[69,112975,120],{"class":100},[69,112977,5762],{"class":157},[69,112979,120],{"class":100},[69,112981,108025],{"class":157},[69,112983,120],{"class":100},[69,112985,5748],{"class":157},[69,112987,198],{"class":100},[69,112989,112990,112992,112994,112997],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,112991,5956],{"class":79},[69,112993,289],{"class":100},[69,112995,112996],{"class":292},"sort",[69,112998,1385],{"class":100},[69,113000,113001,113003,113005,113007,113009],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,113002,2161],{"class":217},[69,113004,221],{"class":100},[69,113006,5956],{"class":292},[69,113008,265],{"class":100},[69,113010,113011],{"class":2596},"  # [1, 2, 5, 9]\n",[69,113013,113014],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,113015,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,113017,113018,113020,113022,113024,113026,113028,113030,113032,113034,113036,113038,113040,113042,113044,113046],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,113019,19093],{"class":79},[69,113021,97],{"class":96},[69,113023,636],{"class":100},[69,113025,111],{"class":110},[69,113027,6046],{"class":114},[69,113029,111],{"class":110},[69,113031,120],{"class":100},[69,113033,123],{"class":110},[69,113035,6037],{"class":114},[69,113037,111],{"class":110},[69,113039,120],{"class":100},[69,113041,123],{"class":110},[69,113043,75585],{"class":114},[69,113045,111],{"class":110},[69,113047,198],{"class":100},[69,113049,113050,113052,113054,113056,113058,113060,113062],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,113051,2161],{"class":217},[69,113053,221],{"class":100},[69,113055,110949],{"class":217},[69,113057,221],{"class":100},[69,113059,68747],{"class":292},[69,113061,2621],{"class":100},[69,113063,113064],{"class":2596},"  # ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']\n",[14,113066,322,113067,113070,113071,113073],{},[21,113068,113069],{},"list.sort()"," to change the original list. Use ",[21,113072,54384],{}," to return a new sorted list.",[55,113075,2666],{"id":2665},[29,113077,113078,113081,113084,113091],{},[32,113079,113080],{},"Sort a list from smallest to largest",[32,113082,113083],{},"Sort a list from largest to smallest",[32,113085,2677,113086,50,113089],{},[21,113087,113088],{},"sort()",[21,113090,54384],{},[32,113092,113093],{},"Sort numbers, strings, and simple custom cases",[55,113095,322,113097,113099],{"id":113096},"use-listsort-when-you-want-to-change-the-original-list",[21,113098,113069],{}," when you want to change the original list",[14,113101,113102,113104],{},[21,113103,113088],{}," is a list method. That means it belongs to list objects.",[14,113106,4842],{},[29,113108,113109,113113,113116],{},[32,113110,113111,98788],{},[21,113112,113088],{},[32,113114,113115],{},"It does not create a new list",[32,113117,113118],{},"It is best when you no longer need the original order",[14,113120,370],{},[60,113122,113124],{"className":62,"code":113123,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [5, 2, 9, 1]\nnumbers.sort()\n\nprint(numbers)\n",[21,113125,113126,113150,113160,113164],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,113127,113128,113130,113132,113134,113136,113138,113140,113142,113144,113146,113148],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,113129,5933],{"class":79},[69,113131,97],{"class":96},[69,113133,636],{"class":100},[69,113135,6670],{"class":157},[69,113137,120],{"class":100},[69,113139,5762],{"class":157},[69,113141,120],{"class":100},[69,113143,108025],{"class":157},[69,113145,120],{"class":100},[69,113147,5748],{"class":157},[69,113149,198],{"class":100},[69,113151,113152,113154,113156,113158],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,113153,5956],{"class":79},[69,113155,289],{"class":100},[69,113157,112996],{"class":292},[69,113159,1385],{"class":100},[69,113161,113162],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,113163,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,113165,113166,113168,113170,113172],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,113167,2161],{"class":217},[69,113169,221],{"class":100},[69,113171,5956],{"class":292},[69,113173,301],{"class":100},[14,113175,2781],{},[60,113177,113179],{"className":62,"code":113178,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[1, 2, 5, 9]\n",[21,113180,113181],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,113182,113183,113185,113187,113189,113191,113193,113195,113197,113199],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,113184,1345],{"class":100},[69,113186,5940],{"class":157},[69,113188,120],{"class":100},[69,113190,5762],{"class":157},[69,113192,120],{"class":100},[69,113194,6172],{"class":157},[69,113196,120],{"class":100},[69,113198,108025],{"class":157},[69,113200,198],{"class":100},[14,113202,113203,113204,113206],{},"This changes ",[21,113205,5956],{}," itself.",[14,113208,83195,113209,289],{},[579,113210,113212,30024],{"href":113211},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-list-sort-method",[21,113213,113069],{},[55,113215,322,113217,113219],{"id":113216},"use-sorted-when-you-want-a-new-sorted-list",[21,113218,54384],{}," when you want a new sorted list",[14,113221,113222,113224],{},[21,113223,54384],{}," is a built-in Python function. It returns a new list and leaves the original data unchanged.",[14,113226,4842],{},[29,113228,113229,113234,113237,113240],{},[32,113230,113231,113233],{},[21,113232,54384],{}," works on lists and other iterable values",[32,113235,113236],{},"It returns a new list",[32,113238,113239],{},"The original list stays unchanged",[32,113241,113242],{},"It is useful when you need both the old order and the new order",[14,113244,370],{},[60,113246,113248],{"className":62,"code":113247,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [5, 2, 9, 1]\nsorted_numbers = sorted(numbers)\n\nprint(\"Original:\", numbers)\nprint(\"Sorted:\", sorted_numbers)\n",[21,113249,113250,113274,113289,113293,113311],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,113251,113252,113254,113256,113258,113260,113262,113264,113266,113268,113270,113272],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,113253,5933],{"class":79},[69,113255,97],{"class":96},[69,113257,636],{"class":100},[69,113259,6670],{"class":157},[69,113261,120],{"class":100},[69,113263,5762],{"class":157},[69,113265,120],{"class":100},[69,113267,108025],{"class":157},[69,113269,120],{"class":100},[69,113271,5748],{"class":157},[69,113273,198],{"class":100},[69,113275,113276,113279,113281,113283,113285,113287],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,113277,113278],{"class":79},"sorted_numbers ",[69,113280,97],{"class":96},[69,113282,54462],{"class":217},[69,113284,221],{"class":100},[69,113286,5956],{"class":292},[69,113288,301],{"class":100},[69,113290,113291],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,113292,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,113294,113295,113297,113299,113301,113303,113305,113307,113309],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,113296,2161],{"class":217},[69,113298,221],{"class":100},[69,113300,111],{"class":110},[69,113302,29885],{"class":114},[69,113304,111],{"class":110},[69,113306,120],{"class":100},[69,113308,18540],{"class":292},[69,113310,301],{"class":100},[69,113312,113313,113315,113317,113319,113322,113324,113326,113329],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,113314,2161],{"class":217},[69,113316,221],{"class":100},[69,113318,111],{"class":110},[69,113320,113321],{"class":114},"Sorted:",[69,113323,111],{"class":110},[69,113325,120],{"class":100},[69,113327,113328],{"class":292}," sorted_numbers",[69,113330,301],{"class":100},[14,113332,2781],{},[60,113334,113336],{"className":62,"code":113335,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Original: [5, 2, 9, 1]\nSorted: [1, 2, 5, 9]\n",[21,113337,113338,113362],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,113339,113340,113342,113344,113346,113348,113350,113352,113354,113356,113358,113360],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,113341,29927],{"class":79},[69,113343,1174],{"class":100},[69,113345,636],{"class":100},[69,113347,6670],{"class":157},[69,113349,120],{"class":100},[69,113351,5762],{"class":157},[69,113353,120],{"class":100},[69,113355,108025],{"class":157},[69,113357,120],{"class":100},[69,113359,5748],{"class":157},[69,113361,198],{"class":100},[69,113363,113364,113367,113369,113371,113373,113375,113377,113379,113381,113383,113385],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,113365,113366],{"class":79},"Sorted",[69,113368,1174],{"class":100},[69,113370,636],{"class":100},[69,113372,5940],{"class":157},[69,113374,120],{"class":100},[69,113376,5762],{"class":157},[69,113378,120],{"class":100},[69,113380,6172],{"class":157},[69,113382,120],{"class":100},[69,113384,108025],{"class":157},[69,113386,198],{"class":100},[14,113388,113389],{},"This is the safer choice when you do not want to modify the original list.",[14,113391,21150,113392,289],{},[579,113393,113394,45136],{"href":111079},[21,113395,54384],{},[55,113397,113399],{"id":113398},"sort-in-descending-order","Sort in descending order",[14,113401,113402],{},"By default, Python sorts in ascending order.",[14,113404,113405,113406,289],{},"To sort from largest to smallest, use ",[21,113407,113408],{},"reverse=True",[14,113410,1882,113411,1174],{},[21,113412,113088],{},[60,113414,113416],{"className":62,"code":113415,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [5, 2, 9, 1]\nnumbers.sort(reverse=True)\n\nprint(numbers)\n",[21,113417,113418,113442,113460,113464],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,113419,113420,113422,113424,113426,113428,113430,113432,113434,113436,113438,113440],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,113421,5933],{"class":79},[69,113423,97],{"class":96},[69,113425,636],{"class":100},[69,113427,6670],{"class":157},[69,113429,120],{"class":100},[69,113431,5762],{"class":157},[69,113433,120],{"class":100},[69,113435,108025],{"class":157},[69,113437,120],{"class":100},[69,113439,5748],{"class":157},[69,113441,198],{"class":100},[69,113443,113444,113446,113448,113450,113452,113454,113456,113458],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,113445,5956],{"class":79},[69,113447,289],{"class":100},[69,113449,112996],{"class":292},[69,113451,221],{"class":100},[69,113453,109812],{"class":242},[69,113455,97],{"class":96},[69,113457,11002],{"class":3012},[69,113459,301],{"class":100},[69,113461,113462],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,113463,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,113465,113466,113468,113470,113472],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,113467,2161],{"class":217},[69,113469,221],{"class":100},[69,113471,5956],{"class":292},[69,113473,301],{"class":100},[14,113475,2781],{},[60,113477,113479],{"className":62,"code":113478,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[9, 5, 2, 1]\n",[21,113480,113481],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,113482,113483,113485,113488,113490,113492,113494,113496,113498,113500],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,113484,1345],{"class":100},[69,113486,113487],{"class":157},"9",[69,113489,120],{"class":100},[69,113491,6172],{"class":157},[69,113493,120],{"class":100},[69,113495,5762],{"class":157},[69,113497,120],{"class":100},[69,113499,5748],{"class":157},[69,113501,198],{"class":100},[14,113503,1882,113504,1174],{},[21,113505,54384],{},[60,113507,113509],{"className":62,"code":113508,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [5, 2, 9, 1]\nresult = sorted(numbers, reverse=True)\n\nprint(result)\n",[21,113510,113511,113535,113557,113561],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,113512,113513,113515,113517,113519,113521,113523,113525,113527,113529,113531,113533],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,113514,5933],{"class":79},[69,113516,97],{"class":96},[69,113518,636],{"class":100},[69,113520,6670],{"class":157},[69,113522,120],{"class":100},[69,113524,5762],{"class":157},[69,113526,120],{"class":100},[69,113528,108025],{"class":157},[69,113530,120],{"class":100},[69,113532,5748],{"class":157},[69,113534,198],{"class":100},[69,113536,113537,113539,113541,113543,113545,113547,113549,113551,113553,113555],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,113538,8506],{"class":79},[69,113540,97],{"class":96},[69,113542,54462],{"class":217},[69,113544,221],{"class":100},[69,113546,5956],{"class":292},[69,113548,120],{"class":100},[69,113550,110972],{"class":242},[69,113552,97],{"class":96},[69,113554,11002],{"class":3012},[69,113556,301],{"class":100},[69,113558,113559],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,113560,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,113562,113563,113565,113567,113569],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,113564,2161],{"class":217},[69,113566,221],{"class":100},[69,113568,8530],{"class":292},[69,113570,301],{"class":100},[14,113572,2781],{},[60,113574,113575],{"className":62,"code":113478,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,113576,113577],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,113578,113579,113581,113583,113585,113587,113589,113591,113593,113595],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,113580,1345],{"class":100},[69,113582,113487],{"class":157},[69,113584,120],{"class":100},[69,113586,6172],{"class":157},[69,113588,120],{"class":100},[69,113590,5762],{"class":157},[69,113592,120],{"class":100},[69,113594,5748],{"class":157},[69,113596,198],{"class":100},[14,113598,113599,113601],{},[21,113600,113408],{}," changes the normal ascending sort order.",[14,113603,113604,113605,289],{},"If you specifically want to reverse list order without sorting, see ",[579,113606,113608],{"href":113607},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-reverse-a-list-in-python\u002F","how to reverse a list in Python",[55,113610,113612],{"id":113611},"sort-strings-alphabetically","Sort strings alphabetically",[14,113614,113615],{},"Strings sort alphabetically by default.",[14,113617,370],{},[60,113619,113621],{"className":62,"code":113620,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"words = [\"banana\", \"apple\", \"cherry\"]\nwords.sort()\n\nprint(words)\n",[21,113622,113623,113655,113665,113669],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,113624,113625,113627,113629,113631,113633,113635,113637,113639,113641,113643,113645,113647,113649,113651,113653],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,113626,19093],{"class":79},[69,113628,97],{"class":96},[69,113630,636],{"class":100},[69,113632,111],{"class":110},[69,113634,6046],{"class":114},[69,113636,111],{"class":110},[69,113638,120],{"class":100},[69,113640,123],{"class":110},[69,113642,6037],{"class":114},[69,113644,111],{"class":110},[69,113646,120],{"class":100},[69,113648,123],{"class":110},[69,113650,75585],{"class":114},[69,113652,111],{"class":110},[69,113654,198],{"class":100},[69,113656,113657,113659,113661,113663],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,113658,68747],{"class":79},[69,113660,289],{"class":100},[69,113662,112996],{"class":292},[69,113664,1385],{"class":100},[69,113666,113667],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,113668,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,113670,113671,113673,113675,113677],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,113672,2161],{"class":217},[69,113674,221],{"class":100},[69,113676,68747],{"class":292},[69,113678,301],{"class":100},[14,113680,2781],{},[60,113682,113684],{"className":62,"code":113683,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']\n",[21,113685,113686],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,113687,113688,113690,113692,113694,113696,113698,113700,113702,113704,113706,113708,113710,113712],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,113689,1345],{"class":100},[69,113691,15283],{"class":110},[69,113693,6037],{"class":114},[69,113695,15283],{"class":110},[69,113697,120],{"class":100},[69,113699,15292],{"class":110},[69,113701,6046],{"class":114},[69,113703,15283],{"class":110},[69,113705,120],{"class":100},[69,113707,15292],{"class":110},[69,113709,75585],{"class":114},[69,113711,15283],{"class":110},[69,113713,198],{"class":100},[1647,113715,113717],{"id":113716},"uppercase-and-lowercase-matter","Uppercase and lowercase matter",[14,113719,113720],{},"Python compares uppercase and lowercase characters differently, so the result may not look how you expect.",[14,113722,370],{},[60,113724,113726],{"className":62,"code":113725,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"words = [\"banana\", \"Apple\", \"cherry\", \"apple\"]\nprint(sorted(words))\n",[21,113727,113728,113768],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,113729,113730,113732,113734,113736,113738,113740,113742,113744,113746,113748,113750,113752,113754,113756,113758,113760,113762,113764,113766],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,113731,19093],{"class":79},[69,113733,97],{"class":96},[69,113735,636],{"class":100},[69,113737,111],{"class":110},[69,113739,6046],{"class":114},[69,113741,111],{"class":110},[69,113743,120],{"class":100},[69,113745,123],{"class":110},[69,113747,10080],{"class":114},[69,113749,111],{"class":110},[69,113751,120],{"class":100},[69,113753,123],{"class":110},[69,113755,75585],{"class":114},[69,113757,111],{"class":110},[69,113759,120],{"class":100},[69,113761,123],{"class":110},[69,113763,6037],{"class":114},[69,113765,111],{"class":110},[69,113767,198],{"class":100},[69,113769,113770,113772,113774,113776,113778,113780],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,113771,2161],{"class":217},[69,113773,221],{"class":100},[69,113775,110949],{"class":217},[69,113777,221],{"class":100},[69,113779,68747],{"class":292},[69,113781,2183],{"class":100},[14,113783,2781],{},[60,113785,113787],{"className":62,"code":113786,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['Apple', 'apple', 'banana', 'cherry']\n",[21,113788,113789],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,113790,113791,113793,113795,113797,113799,113801,113803,113805,113807,113809,113811,113813,113815,113817,113819,113821,113823],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,113792,1345],{"class":100},[69,113794,15283],{"class":110},[69,113796,10080],{"class":114},[69,113798,15283],{"class":110},[69,113800,120],{"class":100},[69,113802,15292],{"class":110},[69,113804,6037],{"class":114},[69,113806,15283],{"class":110},[69,113808,120],{"class":100},[69,113810,15292],{"class":110},[69,113812,6046],{"class":114},[69,113814,15283],{"class":110},[69,113816,120],{"class":100},[69,113818,15292],{"class":110},[69,113820,75585],{"class":114},[69,113822,15283],{"class":110},[69,113824,198],{"class":100},[1647,113826,113828],{"id":113827},"sort-strings-without-case-differences","Sort strings without case differences",[14,113830,322,113831,113834],{},[21,113832,113833],{},"key=str.lower"," to compare lowercase versions of the strings.",[60,113836,113838],{"className":62,"code":113837,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"words = [\"banana\", \"Apple\", \"cherry\", \"apple\"]\nresult = sorted(words, key=str.lower)\n\nprint(result)\n",[21,113839,113840,113880,113906,113910],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,113841,113842,113844,113846,113848,113850,113852,113854,113856,113858,113860,113862,113864,113866,113868,113870,113872,113874,113876,113878],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,113843,19093],{"class":79},[69,113845,97],{"class":96},[69,113847,636],{"class":100},[69,113849,111],{"class":110},[69,113851,6046],{"class":114},[69,113853,111],{"class":110},[69,113855,120],{"class":100},[69,113857,123],{"class":110},[69,113859,10080],{"class":114},[69,113861,111],{"class":110},[69,113863,120],{"class":100},[69,113865,123],{"class":110},[69,113867,75585],{"class":114},[69,113869,111],{"class":110},[69,113871,120],{"class":100},[69,113873,123],{"class":110},[69,113875,6037],{"class":114},[69,113877,111],{"class":110},[69,113879,198],{"class":100},[69,113881,113882,113884,113886,113888,113890,113892,113894,113896,113898,113900,113902,113904],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,113883,8506],{"class":79},[69,113885,97],{"class":96},[69,113887,54462],{"class":217},[69,113889,221],{"class":100},[69,113891,68747],{"class":292},[69,113893,120],{"class":100},[69,113895,3713],{"class":242},[69,113897,97],{"class":96},[69,113899,10723],{"class":1859},[69,113901,289],{"class":100},[69,113903,17071],{"class":2216},[69,113905,301],{"class":100},[69,113907,113908],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,113909,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,113911,113912,113914,113916,113918],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,113913,2161],{"class":217},[69,113915,221],{"class":100},[69,113917,8530],{"class":292},[69,113919,301],{"class":100},[14,113921,2781],{},[60,113923,113924],{"className":62,"code":113786,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,113925,113926],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,113927,113928,113930,113932,113934,113936,113938,113940,113942,113944,113946,113948,113950,113952,113954,113956,113958,113960],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,113929,1345],{"class":100},[69,113931,15283],{"class":110},[69,113933,10080],{"class":114},[69,113935,15283],{"class":110},[69,113937,120],{"class":100},[69,113939,15292],{"class":110},[69,113941,6037],{"class":114},[69,113943,15283],{"class":110},[69,113945,120],{"class":100},[69,113947,15292],{"class":110},[69,113949,6046],{"class":114},[69,113951,15283],{"class":110},[69,113953,120],{"class":100},[69,113955,15292],{"class":110},[69,113957,75585],{"class":114},[69,113959,15283],{"class":110},[69,113961,198],{"class":100},[14,113963,113964],{},"This keeps the original string values, but sorts them as if they were lowercase.",[55,113966,113968,113969],{"id":113967},"sort-by-a-custom-rule-with-key","Sort by a custom rule with ",[21,113970,3739],{},[14,113972,322,113973,113976],{},[21,113974,113975],{},"key="," when you want Python to sort items by a rule other than the default one.",[1647,113978,113980],{"id":113979},"example-sort-words-by-length","Example: sort words by length",[60,113982,113984],{"className":62,"code":113983,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"words = [\"pear\", \"banana\", \"fig\", \"apple\"]\nresult = sorted(words, key=len)\n\nprint(result)\n",[21,113985,113986,114028,114050,114054],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,113987,113988,113990,113992,113994,113996,113999,114001,114003,114005,114007,114009,114011,114013,114016,114018,114020,114022,114024,114026],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,113989,19093],{"class":79},[69,113991,97],{"class":96},[69,113993,636],{"class":100},[69,113995,111],{"class":110},[69,113997,113998],{"class":114},"pear",[69,114000,111],{"class":110},[69,114002,120],{"class":100},[69,114004,123],{"class":110},[69,114006,6046],{"class":114},[69,114008,111],{"class":110},[69,114010,120],{"class":100},[69,114012,123],{"class":110},[69,114014,114015],{"class":114},"fig",[69,114017,111],{"class":110},[69,114019,120],{"class":100},[69,114021,123],{"class":110},[69,114023,6037],{"class":114},[69,114025,111],{"class":110},[69,114027,198],{"class":100},[69,114029,114030,114032,114034,114036,114038,114040,114042,114044,114046,114048],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,114031,8506],{"class":79},[69,114033,97],{"class":96},[69,114035,54462],{"class":217},[69,114037,221],{"class":100},[69,114039,68747],{"class":292},[69,114041,120],{"class":100},[69,114043,3713],{"class":242},[69,114045,97],{"class":96},[69,114047,7286],{"class":217},[69,114049,301],{"class":100},[69,114051,114052],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,114053,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,114055,114056,114058,114060,114062],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,114057,2161],{"class":217},[69,114059,221],{"class":100},[69,114061,8530],{"class":292},[69,114063,301],{"class":100},[14,114065,2781],{},[60,114067,114069],{"className":62,"code":114068,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['fig', 'pear', 'apple', 'banana']\n",[21,114070,114071],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,114072,114073,114075,114077,114079,114081,114083,114085,114087,114089,114091,114093,114095,114097,114099,114101,114103,114105],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,114074,1345],{"class":100},[69,114076,15283],{"class":110},[69,114078,114015],{"class":114},[69,114080,15283],{"class":110},[69,114082,120],{"class":100},[69,114084,15292],{"class":110},[69,114086,113998],{"class":114},[69,114088,15283],{"class":110},[69,114090,120],{"class":100},[69,114092,15292],{"class":110},[69,114094,6037],{"class":114},[69,114096,15283],{"class":110},[69,114098,120],{"class":100},[69,114100,15292],{"class":110},[69,114102,6046],{"class":114},[69,114104,15283],{"class":110},[69,114106,198],{"class":100},[14,114108,4611,114109,114112],{},[21,114110,114111],{},"key=len"," tells Python to compare the lengths of the words.",[1647,114114,114116],{"id":114115},"example-sort-dictionaries-by-one-value","Example: sort dictionaries by one value",[60,114118,114120],{"className":62,"code":114119,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"students = [\n    {\"name\": \"Mia\", \"score\": 88},\n    {\"name\": \"Leo\", \"score\": 72},\n    {\"name\": \"Ava\", \"score\": 95}\n]\n\nresult = sorted(students, key=lambda student: student[\"score\"])\n\nprint(result)\n",[21,114121,114122,114131,114164,114197,114231,114235,114239,114276,114280],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,114123,114124,114127,114129],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,114125,114126],{"class":79},"students ",[69,114128,97],{"class":96},[69,114130,101],{"class":100},[69,114132,114133,114135,114137,114139,114141,114143,114145,114147,114149,114151,114153,114155,114157,114159,114162],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,114134,1165],{"class":100},[69,114136,111],{"class":110},[69,114138,115],{"class":114},[69,114140,111],{"class":110},[69,114142,1174],{"class":100},[69,114144,123],{"class":110},[69,114146,51801],{"class":114},[69,114148,111],{"class":110},[69,114150,120],{"class":100},[69,114152,123],{"class":110},[69,114154,41428],{"class":114},[69,114156,111],{"class":110},[69,114158,1174],{"class":100},[69,114160,114161],{"class":157}," 88",[69,114163,1211],{"class":100},[69,114165,114166,114168,114170,114172,114174,114176,114178,114180,114182,114184,114186,114188,114190,114192,114195],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,114167,1165],{"class":100},[69,114169,111],{"class":110},[69,114171,115],{"class":114},[69,114173,111],{"class":110},[69,114175,1174],{"class":100},[69,114177,123],{"class":110},[69,114179,8297],{"class":114},[69,114181,111],{"class":110},[69,114183,120],{"class":100},[69,114185,123],{"class":110},[69,114187,41428],{"class":114},[69,114189,111],{"class":110},[69,114191,1174],{"class":100},[69,114193,114194],{"class":157}," 72",[69,114196,1211],{"class":100},[69,114198,114199,114201,114203,114205,114207,114209,114211,114214,114216,114218,114220,114222,114224,114226,114229],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,114200,1165],{"class":100},[69,114202,111],{"class":110},[69,114204,115],{"class":114},[69,114206,111],{"class":110},[69,114208,1174],{"class":100},[69,114210,123],{"class":110},[69,114212,114213],{"class":114},"Ava",[69,114215,111],{"class":110},[69,114217,120],{"class":100},[69,114219,123],{"class":110},[69,114221,41428],{"class":114},[69,114223,111],{"class":110},[69,114225,1174],{"class":100},[69,114227,114228],{"class":157}," 95",[69,114230,1260],{"class":100},[69,114232,114233],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,114234,198],{"class":100},[69,114236,114237],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,114238,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,114240,114241,114243,114245,114247,114249,114252,114254,114256,114258,114260,114262,114264,114266,114268,114270,114272,114274],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,114242,8506],{"class":79},[69,114244,97],{"class":96},[69,114246,54462],{"class":217},[69,114248,221],{"class":100},[69,114250,114251],{"class":292},"students",[69,114253,120],{"class":100},[69,114255,3713],{"class":242},[69,114257,97],{"class":96},[69,114259,47498],{"class":7502},[69,114261,55842],{"class":7951},[69,114263,1174],{"class":100},[69,114265,55842],{"class":292},[69,114267,1345],{"class":100},[69,114269,111],{"class":110},[69,114271,41428],{"class":114},[69,114273,111],{"class":110},[69,114275,494],{"class":100},[69,114277,114278],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,114279,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,114281,114282,114284,114286,114288],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,114283,2161],{"class":217},[69,114285,221],{"class":100},[69,114287,8530],{"class":292},[69,114289,301],{"class":100},[14,114291,2781],{},[60,114293,114295],{"className":62,"code":114294,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[{'name': 'Leo', 'score': 72}, {'name': 'Mia', 'score': 88}, {'name': 'Ava', 'score': 95}]\n",[21,114296,114297],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,114298,114299,114301,114303,114305,114307,114309,114311,114313,114315,114317,114319,114321,114323,114325,114327,114329,114331,114333,114335,114337,114339,114341,114343,114345,114347,114349,114351,114353,114355,114357,114359,114361,114363,114365,114367,114369,114371,114373,114375,114377,114379,114381,114383,114385,114387],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,114300,48055],{"class":100},[69,114302,15283],{"class":110},[69,114304,115],{"class":114},[69,114306,15283],{"class":110},[69,114308,1174],{"class":100},[69,114310,15292],{"class":110},[69,114312,8297],{"class":114},[69,114314,15283],{"class":110},[69,114316,120],{"class":100},[69,114318,15292],{"class":110},[69,114320,41428],{"class":114},[69,114322,15283],{"class":110},[69,114324,1174],{"class":100},[69,114326,114194],{"class":157},[69,114328,48084],{"class":100},[69,114330,1914],{"class":100},[69,114332,15283],{"class":110},[69,114334,115],{"class":114},[69,114336,15283],{"class":110},[69,114338,1174],{"class":100},[69,114340,15292],{"class":110},[69,114342,51801],{"class":114},[69,114344,15283],{"class":110},[69,114346,120],{"class":100},[69,114348,15292],{"class":110},[69,114350,41428],{"class":114},[69,114352,15283],{"class":110},[69,114354,1174],{"class":100},[69,114356,114161],{"class":157},[69,114358,48084],{"class":100},[69,114360,1914],{"class":100},[69,114362,15283],{"class":110},[69,114364,115],{"class":114},[69,114366,15283],{"class":110},[69,114368,1174],{"class":100},[69,114370,15292],{"class":110},[69,114372,114213],{"class":114},[69,114374,15283],{"class":110},[69,114376,120],{"class":100},[69,114378,15292],{"class":110},[69,114380,41428],{"class":114},[69,114382,15283],{"class":110},[69,114384,1174],{"class":100},[69,114386,114228],{"class":157},[69,114388,48115],{"class":100},[14,114390,114391,114392,114394],{},"This sorts the dictionaries by the ",[21,114393,41428],{}," value.",[14,114396,114397,114398,50,114402,289],{},"If you want more practice with this, see ",[579,114399,114401],{"href":114400},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-sort-a-list-of-dictionaries-in-python\u002F","how to sort a list of dictionaries in Python",[579,114403,114405],{"href":114404},"\u002Flearn\u002Flambda-functions-in-python-explained","lambda functions in Python explained",[55,114407,114409],{"id":114408},"when-sorting-may-fail","When sorting may fail",[14,114411,114412],{},"Sorting may fail if the items in the list cannot be compared.",[14,114414,114415],{},"A common example is mixing numbers and strings in the same list.",[60,114417,114419],{"className":62,"code":114418,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [1, \"2\", 3]\nprint(sorted(items))\n",[21,114420,114421,114445],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,114422,114423,114425,114427,114429,114431,114433,114435,114437,114439,114441,114443],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,114424,6605],{"class":79},[69,114426,97],{"class":96},[69,114428,636],{"class":100},[69,114430,5940],{"class":157},[69,114432,120],{"class":100},[69,114434,123],{"class":110},[69,114436,19224],{"class":114},[69,114438,111],{"class":110},[69,114440,120],{"class":100},[69,114442,5949],{"class":157},[69,114444,198],{"class":100},[69,114446,114447,114449,114451,114453,114455,114457],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,114448,2161],{"class":217},[69,114450,221],{"class":100},[69,114452,110949],{"class":217},[69,114454,221],{"class":100},[69,114456,3727],{"class":292},[69,114458,2183],{"class":100},[14,114460,114461],{},"This usually raises an error in Python 3 because integers and strings cannot be directly compared during sorting.",[14,114463,114464],{},"To fix this:",[29,114466,114467,114470,114473],{},[32,114468,114469],{},"Make all values the same type",[32,114471,114472],{},"Convert strings to numbers if needed",[32,114474,114475],{},"Convert numbers to strings if you want text-based sorting",[14,114477,370],{},[60,114479,114481],{"className":62,"code":114480,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [1, \"2\", 3]\nfixed = sorted([int(x) for x in items])\n\nprint(fixed)\n",[21,114482,114483,114507,114536,114540],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,114484,114485,114487,114489,114491,114493,114495,114497,114499,114501,114503,114505],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,114486,6605],{"class":79},[69,114488,97],{"class":96},[69,114490,636],{"class":100},[69,114492,5940],{"class":157},[69,114494,120],{"class":100},[69,114496,123],{"class":110},[69,114498,19224],{"class":114},[69,114500,111],{"class":110},[69,114502,120],{"class":100},[69,114504,5949],{"class":157},[69,114506,198],{"class":100},[69,114508,114509,114512,114514,114516,114518,114520,114522,114524,114526,114528,114530,114532,114534],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,114510,114511],{"class":79},"fixed ",[69,114513,97],{"class":96},[69,114515,54462],{"class":217},[69,114517,469],{"class":100},[69,114519,21838],{"class":1859},[69,114521,221],{"class":100},[69,114523,40205],{"class":292},[69,114525,265],{"class":100},[69,114527,19391],{"class":75},[69,114529,41235],{"class":292},[69,114531,771],{"class":75},[69,114533,18409],{"class":292},[69,114535,494],{"class":100},[69,114537,114538],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,114539,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,114541,114542,114544,114546,114549],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,114543,2161],{"class":217},[69,114545,221],{"class":100},[69,114547,114548],{"class":292},"fixed",[69,114550,301],{"class":100},[14,114552,2781],{},[60,114554,114555],{"className":62,"code":48947,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,114556,114557],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,114558,114559,114561,114563,114565,114567,114569,114571],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,114560,1345],{"class":100},[69,114562,5940],{"class":157},[69,114564,120],{"class":100},[69,114566,5762],{"class":157},[69,114568,120],{"class":100},[69,114570,5949],{"class":157},[69,114572,198],{"class":100},[14,114574,114575,114576,289],{},"If you are still learning lists, see ",[579,114577,6736],{"href":18656},[55,114579,81966],{"id":81965},[14,114581,114582],{},"Use this simple rule:",[29,114584,114585,114590,114595,114600],{},[32,114586,322,114587,114589],{},[21,114588,113088],{}," for changing one existing list",[32,114591,322,114592,114594],{},[21,114593,54384],{}," when you want a new result",[32,114596,322,114597,114599],{},[21,114598,113975],{}," for custom sorting",[32,114601,322,114602,114604],{},[21,114603,113408],{}," for descending order",[14,114606,101984],{},[29,114608,114609,114615],{},[32,114610,114611,114614],{},[21,114612,114613],{},"my_list.sort()"," → changes the original list",[32,114616,114617,114620],{},[21,114618,114619],{},"sorted(my_list)"," → returns a new sorted list",[55,114622,3868],{"id":3867},[14,114624,114625],{},"These are some common causes of sorting problems:",[29,114627,114628,114633,114639,114643,114646],{},[32,114629,1628,114630,114632],{},[21,114631,113088],{}," and expecting it to return a new sorted list",[32,114634,114635,114636],{},"Trying to sort a list with mixed types like ",[21,114637,114638],{},"[1, '2', 3]",[32,114640,8564,114641,114604],{},[21,114642,113408],{},[32,114644,114645],{},"Not realizing uppercase letters affect string sorting",[32,114647,114648,114649,114651],{},"Trying to use ",[21,114650,113088],{}," on something that is not a list",[14,114653,114654],{},"Useful checks:",[60,114656,114658],{"className":62,"code":114657,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(my_list)\nprint(type(my_list))\nprint(sorted(my_list))\nprint(my_list.sort())\nprint([type(x) for x in my_list])\n",[21,114659,114660,114670,114684,114698,114712],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,114661,114662,114664,114666,114668],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,114663,2161],{"class":217},[69,114665,221],{"class":100},[69,114667,6948],{"class":292},[69,114669,301],{"class":100},[69,114671,114672,114674,114676,114678,114680,114682],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,114673,2161],{"class":217},[69,114675,221],{"class":100},[69,114677,2176],{"class":1859},[69,114679,221],{"class":100},[69,114681,6948],{"class":292},[69,114683,2183],{"class":100},[69,114685,114686,114688,114690,114692,114694,114696],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,114687,2161],{"class":217},[69,114689,221],{"class":100},[69,114691,110949],{"class":217},[69,114693,221],{"class":100},[69,114695,6948],{"class":292},[69,114697,2183],{"class":100},[69,114699,114700,114702,114704,114706,114708,114710],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,114701,2161],{"class":217},[69,114703,221],{"class":100},[69,114705,6948],{"class":292},[69,114707,289],{"class":100},[69,114709,112996],{"class":292},[69,114711,3923],{"class":100},[69,114713,114714,114716,114718,114720,114722,114724,114726,114728,114730,114732,114734],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,114715,2161],{"class":217},[69,114717,469],{"class":100},[69,114719,2176],{"class":1859},[69,114721,221],{"class":100},[69,114723,40205],{"class":292},[69,114725,265],{"class":100},[69,114727,19391],{"class":75},[69,114729,41235],{"class":292},[69,114731,771],{"class":75},[69,114733,6925],{"class":292},[69,114735,494],{"class":100},[1647,114737,30468,114739,114742,114743],{"id":114738},"why-printmy_listsort-shows-none",[21,114740,114741],{},"print(my_list.sort())"," shows ",[21,114744,3022],{},[14,114746,114747],{},"This confuses many beginners.",[60,114749,114751],{"className":62,"code":114750,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [3, 1, 2]\nprint(numbers.sort())\n",[21,114752,114753,114773],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,114754,114755,114757,114759,114761,114763,114765,114767,114769,114771],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,114756,5933],{"class":79},[69,114758,97],{"class":96},[69,114760,636],{"class":100},[69,114762,7162],{"class":157},[69,114764,120],{"class":100},[69,114766,5748],{"class":157},[69,114768,120],{"class":100},[69,114770,5762],{"class":157},[69,114772,198],{"class":100},[69,114774,114775,114777,114779,114781,114783,114785],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,114776,2161],{"class":217},[69,114778,221],{"class":100},[69,114780,5956],{"class":292},[69,114782,289],{"class":100},[69,114784,112996],{"class":292},[69,114786,3923],{"class":100},[14,114788,2781],{},[60,114790,114791],{"className":62,"code":3013,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,114792,114793],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,114794,114795],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,114796,3013],{"class":3012},[14,114798,28166,114799,84290,114801,289],{},[21,114800,113088],{},[21,114802,3022],{},[14,114804,58595],{},[60,114806,114808],{"className":62,"code":114807,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [3, 1, 2]\nnumbers.sort()\nprint(numbers)\n",[21,114809,114810,114830,114840],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,114811,114812,114814,114816,114818,114820,114822,114824,114826,114828],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,114813,5933],{"class":79},[69,114815,97],{"class":96},[69,114817,636],{"class":100},[69,114819,7162],{"class":157},[69,114821,120],{"class":100},[69,114823,5748],{"class":157},[69,114825,120],{"class":100},[69,114827,5762],{"class":157},[69,114829,198],{"class":100},[69,114831,114832,114834,114836,114838],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,114833,5956],{"class":79},[69,114835,289],{"class":100},[69,114837,112996],{"class":292},[69,114839,1385],{"class":100},[69,114841,114842,114844,114846,114848],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,114843,2161],{"class":217},[69,114845,221],{"class":100},[69,114847,5956],{"class":292},[69,114849,301],{"class":100},[14,114851,2781],{},[60,114853,114854],{"className":62,"code":48947,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,114855,114856],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,114857,114858,114860,114862,114864,114866,114868,114870],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,114859,1345],{"class":100},[69,114861,5940],{"class":157},[69,114863,120],{"class":100},[69,114865,5762],{"class":157},[69,114867,120],{"class":100},[69,114869,5949],{"class":157},[69,114871,198],{"class":100},[55,114873,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,114875,2372,114877,50,114879,100331],{"id":114876},"what-is-the-difference-between-sort-and-sorted-in-python",[21,114878,113088],{},[21,114880,54384],{},[14,114882,114883,111120,114885,114887],{},[21,114884,113088],{},[21,114886,54384],{}," returns a new sorted list and leaves the original unchanged.",[1647,114889,114891],{"id":114890},"how-do-i-sort-a-list-in-reverse-order","How do I sort a list in reverse order?",[14,114893,322,114894,114896,114897,364,114900,289],{},[21,114895,113408],{},", such as ",[21,114898,114899],{},"my_list.sort(reverse=True)",[21,114901,114902],{},"sorted(my_list, reverse=True)",[1647,114904,114906,114907,1414],{"id":114905},"why-does-my-sorted-list-print-as-none","Why does my sorted list print as ",[21,114908,3022],{},[14,114910,114911,3019,114913,114915,114916,289],{},[21,114912,113069],{},[21,114914,3022],{}," because it changes the list in place. Print the list after calling ",[21,114917,113088],{},[1647,114919,114921],{"id":114920},"how-do-i-sort-strings-without-case-differences-causing-problems","How do I sort strings without case differences causing problems?",[14,114923,322,114924,114926],{},[21,114925,113833],{}," so Python compares lowercase versions of the strings.",[1647,114928,114930],{"id":114929},"can-i-sort-a-list-by-string-length","Can I sort a list by string length?",[14,114932,9315,114933,364,114936,289],{},[21,114934,114935],{},"sorted(words, key=len)",[21,114937,114938],{},"words.sort(key=len)",[55,114940,2414],{"id":2413},[29,114942,114943,114949,114955,114960,114964],{},[32,114944,114945],{},[579,114946,114947,30024],{"href":113211},[21,114948,113069],{},[32,114950,114951],{},[579,114952,114953,12755],{"href":111079},[21,114954,54384],{},[32,114956,114957],{},[579,114958,114959],{"href":114400},"How to sort a list of dictionaries in Python",[32,114961,114962],{},[579,114963,6736],{"href":18656},[32,114965,114966],{},[579,114967,114968],{"href":114404},"Lambda functions in Python explained",[2450,114970,114971],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki 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.s99_P{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .skxfh, html code.shiki .skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sFwrP, html code.shiki .sFwrP{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":114973},[114974,114975,114976,114978,114980,114981,114985,114990,114991,114992,114996,115005],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":113096,"depth":83,"text":114977},"Use list.sort() when you want to change the original list",{"id":113216,"depth":83,"text":114979},"Use sorted() when you want a new sorted list",{"id":113398,"depth":83,"text":113399},{"id":113611,"depth":83,"text":113612,"children":114982},[114983,114984],{"id":113716,"depth":90,"text":113717},{"id":113827,"depth":90,"text":113828},{"id":113967,"depth":83,"text":114986,"children":114987},"Sort by a custom rule with key",[114988,114989],{"id":113979,"depth":90,"text":113980},{"id":114115,"depth":90,"text":114116},{"id":114408,"depth":83,"text":114409},{"id":81965,"depth":83,"text":81966},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":114993},[114994],{"id":114738,"depth":90,"text":114995},"Why print(my_list.sort()) shows None",{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":114997},[114998,115000,115001,115003,115004],{"id":114876,"depth":90,"text":114999},"What is the difference between sort() and sorted() in Python?",{"id":114890,"depth":90,"text":114891},{"id":114905,"depth":90,"text":115002},"Why does my sorted list print as None?",{"id":114920,"depth":90,"text":114921},{"id":114929,"depth":90,"text":114930},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to sort a list in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-sort-a-list-in-python",{"title":112948,"description":115006},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-sort-a-list-in-python","RZkj9_FUDrBp8m7jcMBSY2d3DV5efIotR8bEawRsN3g",{"id":115013,"title":115014,"body":115015,"description":118544,"extension":2479,"meta":118545,"navigation":86,"path":118546,"seo":118547,"stem":118548,"__hash__":118549},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-sort-a-list-of-dictionaries-in-python.md","How to Sort a List of Dictionaries in Python",{"type":7,"value":115016,"toc":118506},[115017,115020,115031,115034,115036,115203,115205,115302,115312,115314,115330,115336,115339,115452,115455,115461,115628,115630,115726,115730,115751,115758,115762,115773,115946,115948,116048,116051,116055,116060,116231,116233,116330,116335,116339,116348,116511,116513,116610,116614,116617,116746,116749,116753,116759,116890,116892,116953,116957,116963,117122,117124,117220,117222,117239,117242,117374,117376,117384,117391,117395,117403,117408,117559,117568,117574,117579,117738,117740,117825,117833,117836,117851,117861,117863,117866,117870,117875,118042,118048,118052,118060,118065,118071,118074,118203,118205,118223,118225,118249,118251,118255,118261,118298,118305,118315,118319,118324,118369,118373,118376,118413,118417,118422,118467,118469,118500,118503],[10,115018,115014],{"id":115019},"how-to-sort-a-list-of-dictionaries-in-python",[14,115021,115022,115023,5914,115025,5914,115027,5918,115029,289],{},"If you have a list where each item is a dictionary, you can sort it by one dictionary key such as ",[21,115024,126],{},[21,115026,115],{},[21,115028,4791],{},[21,115030,135],{},[14,115032,115033],{},"This is common when working with real data from JSON files, APIs, or form input.",[55,115035,58],{"id":57},[60,115037,115039],{"className":62,"code":115038,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"people = [\n    {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 30},\n    {\"name\": \"Ben\", \"age\": 22},\n    {\"name\": \"Cara\", \"age\": 27}\n]\n\nsorted_people = sorted(people, key=lambda person: person[\"age\"])\nprint(sorted_people)\n",[21,115040,115041,115049,115081,115113,115146,115150,115154,115192],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,115042,115043,115045,115047],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,115044,47875],{"class":79},[69,115046,97],{"class":96},[69,115048,101],{"class":100},[69,115050,115051,115053,115055,115057,115059,115061,115063,115065,115067,115069,115071,115073,115075,115077,115079],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,115052,1165],{"class":100},[69,115054,111],{"class":110},[69,115056,115],{"class":114},[69,115058,111],{"class":110},[69,115060,1174],{"class":100},[69,115062,123],{"class":110},[69,115064,2553],{"class":114},[69,115066,111],{"class":110},[69,115068,120],{"class":100},[69,115070,123],{"class":110},[69,115072,126],{"class":114},[69,115074,111],{"class":110},[69,115076,1174],{"class":100},[69,115078,158],{"class":157},[69,115080,1211],{"class":100},[69,115082,115083,115085,115087,115089,115091,115093,115095,115097,115099,115101,115103,115105,115107,115109,115111],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,115084,1165],{"class":100},[69,115086,111],{"class":110},[69,115088,115],{"class":114},[69,115090,111],{"class":110},[69,115092,1174],{"class":100},[69,115094,123],{"class":110},[69,115096,7085],{"class":114},[69,115098,111],{"class":110},[69,115100,120],{"class":100},[69,115102,123],{"class":110},[69,115104,126],{"class":114},[69,115106,111],{"class":110},[69,115108,1174],{"class":100},[69,115110,5041],{"class":157},[69,115112,1211],{"class":100},[69,115114,115115,115117,115119,115121,115123,115125,115127,115129,115131,115133,115135,115137,115139,115141,115144],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,115116,1165],{"class":100},[69,115118,111],{"class":110},[69,115120,115],{"class":114},[69,115122,111],{"class":110},[69,115124,1174],{"class":100},[69,115126,123],{"class":110},[69,115128,657],{"class":114},[69,115130,111],{"class":110},[69,115132,120],{"class":100},[69,115134,123],{"class":110},[69,115136,126],{"class":114},[69,115138,111],{"class":110},[69,115140,1174],{"class":100},[69,115142,115143],{"class":157}," 27",[69,115145,1260],{"class":100},[69,115147,115148],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,115149,198],{"class":100},[69,115151,115152],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,115153,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,115155,115156,115159,115161,115163,115165,115168,115170,115172,115174,115176,115178,115180,115182,115184,115186,115188,115190],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,115157,115158],{"class":79},"sorted_people ",[69,115160,97],{"class":96},[69,115162,54462],{"class":217},[69,115164,221],{"class":100},[69,115166,115167],{"class":292},"people",[69,115169,120],{"class":100},[69,115171,3713],{"class":242},[69,115173,97],{"class":96},[69,115175,47498],{"class":7502},[69,115177,3213],{"class":7951},[69,115179,1174],{"class":100},[69,115181,3213],{"class":292},[69,115183,1345],{"class":100},[69,115185,111],{"class":110},[69,115187,126],{"class":114},[69,115189,111],{"class":110},[69,115191,494],{"class":100},[69,115193,115194,115196,115198,115201],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,115195,2161],{"class":217},[69,115197,221],{"class":100},[69,115199,115200],{"class":292},"sorted_people",[69,115202,301],{"class":100},[14,115204,2781],{},[60,115206,115208],{"className":62,"code":115207,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[{'name': 'Ben', 'age': 22}, {'name': 'Cara', 'age': 27}, {'name': 'Ana', 'age': 30}]\n",[21,115209,115210],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,115211,115212,115214,115216,115218,115220,115222,115224,115226,115228,115230,115232,115234,115236,115238,115240,115242,115244,115246,115248,115250,115252,115254,115256,115258,115260,115262,115264,115266,115268,115270,115272,115274,115276,115278,115280,115282,115284,115286,115288,115290,115292,115294,115296,115298,115300],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,115213,48055],{"class":100},[69,115215,15283],{"class":110},[69,115217,115],{"class":114},[69,115219,15283],{"class":110},[69,115221,1174],{"class":100},[69,115223,15292],{"class":110},[69,115225,7085],{"class":114},[69,115227,15283],{"class":110},[69,115229,120],{"class":100},[69,115231,15292],{"class":110},[69,115233,126],{"class":114},[69,115235,15283],{"class":110},[69,115237,1174],{"class":100},[69,115239,5041],{"class":157},[69,115241,48084],{"class":100},[69,115243,1914],{"class":100},[69,115245,15283],{"class":110},[69,115247,115],{"class":114},[69,115249,15283],{"class":110},[69,115251,1174],{"class":100},[69,115253,15292],{"class":110},[69,115255,657],{"class":114},[69,115257,15283],{"class":110},[69,115259,120],{"class":100},[69,115261,15292],{"class":110},[69,115263,126],{"class":114},[69,115265,15283],{"class":110},[69,115267,1174],{"class":100},[69,115269,115143],{"class":157},[69,115271,48084],{"class":100},[69,115273,1914],{"class":100},[69,115275,15283],{"class":110},[69,115277,115],{"class":114},[69,115279,15283],{"class":110},[69,115281,1174],{"class":100},[69,115283,15292],{"class":110},[69,115285,2553],{"class":114},[69,115287,15283],{"class":110},[69,115289,120],{"class":100},[69,115291,15292],{"class":110},[69,115293,126],{"class":114},[69,115295,15283],{"class":110},[69,115297,1174],{"class":100},[69,115299,158],{"class":157},[69,115301,48115],{"class":100},[14,115303,322,115304,115308,115309,115311],{},[579,115305,115306],{"href":111079},[21,115307,54384],{}," when you want a new sorted list. Use a ",[21,115310,3739],{}," function to choose which dictionary value to sort by.",[55,115313,2666],{"id":2665},[29,115315,115316,115319,115322,115325,115328],{},[32,115317,115318],{},"Sort a list of dictionaries by a specific key",[32,115320,115321],{},"Sort numbers like age or price",[32,115323,115324],{},"Sort text like name or city",[32,115326,115327],{},"Reverse the order when needed",[32,115329,58006],{},[55,115331,322,115333,115335],{"id":115332},"use-sorted-with-a-key",[21,115334,54384],{}," with a key",[14,115337,115338],{},"A list of dictionaries looks like this:",[60,115340,115342],{"className":62,"code":115341,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"people = [\n    {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 30},\n    {\"name\": \"Ben\", \"age\": 22},\n    {\"name\": \"Cara\", \"age\": 27}\n]\n",[21,115343,115344,115352,115384,115416,115448],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,115345,115346,115348,115350],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,115347,47875],{"class":79},[69,115349,97],{"class":96},[69,115351,101],{"class":100},[69,115353,115354,115356,115358,115360,115362,115364,115366,115368,115370,115372,115374,115376,115378,115380,115382],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,115355,1165],{"class":100},[69,115357,111],{"class":110},[69,115359,115],{"class":114},[69,115361,111],{"class":110},[69,115363,1174],{"class":100},[69,115365,123],{"class":110},[69,115367,2553],{"class":114},[69,115369,111],{"class":110},[69,115371,120],{"class":100},[69,115373,123],{"class":110},[69,115375,126],{"class":114},[69,115377,111],{"class":110},[69,115379,1174],{"class":100},[69,115381,158],{"class":157},[69,115383,1211],{"class":100},[69,115385,115386,115388,115390,115392,115394,115396,115398,115400,115402,115404,115406,115408,115410,115412,115414],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,115387,1165],{"class":100},[69,115389,111],{"class":110},[69,115391,115],{"class":114},[69,115393,111],{"class":110},[69,115395,1174],{"class":100},[69,115397,123],{"class":110},[69,115399,7085],{"class":114},[69,115401,111],{"class":110},[69,115403,120],{"class":100},[69,115405,123],{"class":110},[69,115407,126],{"class":114},[69,115409,111],{"class":110},[69,115411,1174],{"class":100},[69,115413,5041],{"class":157},[69,115415,1211],{"class":100},[69,115417,115418,115420,115422,115424,115426,115428,115430,115432,115434,115436,115438,115440,115442,115444,115446],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,115419,1165],{"class":100},[69,115421,111],{"class":110},[69,115423,115],{"class":114},[69,115425,111],{"class":110},[69,115427,1174],{"class":100},[69,115429,123],{"class":110},[69,115431,657],{"class":114},[69,115433,111],{"class":110},[69,115435,120],{"class":100},[69,115437,123],{"class":110},[69,115439,126],{"class":114},[69,115441,111],{"class":110},[69,115443,1174],{"class":100},[69,115445,115143],{"class":157},[69,115447,1260],{"class":100},[69,115449,115450],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,115451,198],{"class":100},[14,115453,115454],{},"Each item in the list is a dictionary.",[14,115456,115457,115458,115460],{},"To sort this kind of data, use ",[21,115459,54384],{}," and tell Python which value to compare.",[60,115462,115464],{"className":62,"code":115463,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"people = [\n    {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 30},\n    {\"name\": \"Ben\", \"age\": 22},\n    {\"name\": \"Cara\", \"age\": 27}\n]\n\nsorted_people = sorted(people, key=lambda item: item[\"age\"])\n\nprint(sorted_people)\n",[21,115465,115466,115474,115506,115538,115570,115574,115578,115614,115618],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,115467,115468,115470,115472],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,115469,47875],{"class":79},[69,115471,97],{"class":96},[69,115473,101],{"class":100},[69,115475,115476,115478,115480,115482,115484,115486,115488,115490,115492,115494,115496,115498,115500,115502,115504],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,115477,1165],{"class":100},[69,115479,111],{"class":110},[69,115481,115],{"class":114},[69,115483,111],{"class":110},[69,115485,1174],{"class":100},[69,115487,123],{"class":110},[69,115489,2553],{"class":114},[69,115491,111],{"class":110},[69,115493,120],{"class":100},[69,115495,123],{"class":110},[69,115497,126],{"class":114},[69,115499,111],{"class":110},[69,115501,1174],{"class":100},[69,115503,158],{"class":157},[69,115505,1211],{"class":100},[69,115507,115508,115510,115512,115514,115516,115518,115520,115522,115524,115526,115528,115530,115532,115534,115536],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,115509,1165],{"class":100},[69,115511,111],{"class":110},[69,115513,115],{"class":114},[69,115515,111],{"class":110},[69,115517,1174],{"class":100},[69,115519,123],{"class":110},[69,115521,7085],{"class":114},[69,115523,111],{"class":110},[69,115525,120],{"class":100},[69,115527,123],{"class":110},[69,115529,126],{"class":114},[69,115531,111],{"class":110},[69,115533,1174],{"class":100},[69,115535,5041],{"class":157},[69,115537,1211],{"class":100},[69,115539,115540,115542,115544,115546,115548,115550,115552,115554,115556,115558,115560,115562,115564,115566,115568],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,115541,1165],{"class":100},[69,115543,111],{"class":110},[69,115545,115],{"class":114},[69,115547,111],{"class":110},[69,115549,1174],{"class":100},[69,115551,123],{"class":110},[69,115553,657],{"class":114},[69,115555,111],{"class":110},[69,115557,120],{"class":100},[69,115559,123],{"class":110},[69,115561,126],{"class":114},[69,115563,111],{"class":110},[69,115565,1174],{"class":100},[69,115567,115143],{"class":157},[69,115569,1260],{"class":100},[69,115571,115572],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,115573,198],{"class":100},[69,115575,115576],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,115577,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,115579,115580,115582,115584,115586,115588,115590,115592,115594,115596,115598,115600,115602,115604,115606,115608,115610,115612],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,115581,115158],{"class":79},[69,115583,97],{"class":96},[69,115585,54462],{"class":217},[69,115587,221],{"class":100},[69,115589,115167],{"class":292},[69,115591,120],{"class":100},[69,115593,3713],{"class":242},[69,115595,97],{"class":96},[69,115597,47498],{"class":7502},[69,115599,19716],{"class":7951},[69,115601,1174],{"class":100},[69,115603,19716],{"class":292},[69,115605,1345],{"class":100},[69,115607,111],{"class":110},[69,115609,126],{"class":114},[69,115611,111],{"class":110},[69,115613,494],{"class":100},[69,115615,115616],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,115617,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,115619,115620,115622,115624,115626],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,115621,2161],{"class":217},[69,115623,221],{"class":100},[69,115625,115200],{"class":292},[69,115627,301],{"class":100},[14,115629,2781],{},[60,115631,115632],{"className":62,"code":115207,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,115633,115634],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,115635,115636,115638,115640,115642,115644,115646,115648,115650,115652,115654,115656,115658,115660,115662,115664,115666,115668,115670,115672,115674,115676,115678,115680,115682,115684,115686,115688,115690,115692,115694,115696,115698,115700,115702,115704,115706,115708,115710,115712,115714,115716,115718,115720,115722,115724],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,115637,48055],{"class":100},[69,115639,15283],{"class":110},[69,115641,115],{"class":114},[69,115643,15283],{"class":110},[69,115645,1174],{"class":100},[69,115647,15292],{"class":110},[69,115649,7085],{"class":114},[69,115651,15283],{"class":110},[69,115653,120],{"class":100},[69,115655,15292],{"class":110},[69,115657,126],{"class":114},[69,115659,15283],{"class":110},[69,115661,1174],{"class":100},[69,115663,5041],{"class":157},[69,115665,48084],{"class":100},[69,115667,1914],{"class":100},[69,115669,15283],{"class":110},[69,115671,115],{"class":114},[69,115673,15283],{"class":110},[69,115675,1174],{"class":100},[69,115677,15292],{"class":110},[69,115679,657],{"class":114},[69,115681,15283],{"class":110},[69,115683,120],{"class":100},[69,115685,15292],{"class":110},[69,115687,126],{"class":114},[69,115689,15283],{"class":110},[69,115691,1174],{"class":100},[69,115693,115143],{"class":157},[69,115695,48084],{"class":100},[69,115697,1914],{"class":100},[69,115699,15283],{"class":110},[69,115701,115],{"class":114},[69,115703,15283],{"class":110},[69,115705,1174],{"class":100},[69,115707,15292],{"class":110},[69,115709,2553],{"class":114},[69,115711,15283],{"class":110},[69,115713,120],{"class":100},[69,115715,15292],{"class":110},[69,115717,126],{"class":114},[69,115719,15283],{"class":110},[69,115721,1174],{"class":100},[69,115723,158],{"class":157},[69,115725,48115],{"class":100},[1647,115727,115729],{"id":115728},"what-each-part-does","What each part does",[29,115731,115732,115738,115743],{},[32,115733,115734,115737],{},[21,115735,115736],{},"sorted(people, ...)"," sorts the list",[32,115739,115740,115742],{},[21,115741,113975],{}," tells Python what value to use for sorting",[32,115744,115745,48124,115748,115750],{},[21,115746,115747],{},"lambda item: item[\"age\"]",[21,115749,126],{}," from each dictionary",[14,115752,9646,115753,50684,115755,289],{},[21,115754,47498],{},[579,115756,115757],{"href":114404},"how to use lambda functions in Python",[55,115759,115761],{"id":115760},"sort-by-a-number-value","Sort by a number value",[14,115763,115764,115765,5914,115767,5914,115769,5918,115771,289],{},"This is useful for keys like ",[21,115766,126],{},[21,115768,41428],{},[21,115770,4791],{},[21,115772,41034],{},[60,115774,115776],{"className":62,"code":115775,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"products = [\n    {\"name\": \"Notebook\", \"price\": 4.50},\n    {\"name\": \"Pen\", \"price\": 1.20},\n    {\"name\": \"Bag\", \"price\": 18.00}\n]\n\nsorted_products = sorted(products, key=lambda item: item[\"price\"])\nprint(sorted_products)\n",[21,115777,115778,115787,115821,115855,115889,115893,115897,115935],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,115779,115780,115783,115785],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,115781,115782],{"class":79},"products ",[69,115784,97],{"class":96},[69,115786,101],{"class":100},[69,115788,115789,115791,115793,115795,115797,115799,115801,115804,115806,115808,115810,115812,115814,115816,115819],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,115790,1165],{"class":100},[69,115792,111],{"class":110},[69,115794,115],{"class":114},[69,115796,111],{"class":110},[69,115798,1174],{"class":100},[69,115800,123],{"class":110},[69,115802,115803],{"class":114},"Notebook",[69,115805,111],{"class":110},[69,115807,120],{"class":100},[69,115809,123],{"class":110},[69,115811,4791],{"class":114},[69,115813,111],{"class":110},[69,115815,1174],{"class":100},[69,115817,115818],{"class":157}," 4.50",[69,115820,1211],{"class":100},[69,115822,115823,115825,115827,115829,115831,115833,115835,115838,115840,115842,115844,115846,115848,115850,115853],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,115824,1165],{"class":100},[69,115826,111],{"class":110},[69,115828,115],{"class":114},[69,115830,111],{"class":110},[69,115832,1174],{"class":100},[69,115834,123],{"class":110},[69,115836,115837],{"class":114},"Pen",[69,115839,111],{"class":110},[69,115841,120],{"class":100},[69,115843,123],{"class":110},[69,115845,4791],{"class":114},[69,115847,111],{"class":110},[69,115849,1174],{"class":100},[69,115851,115852],{"class":157}," 1.20",[69,115854,1211],{"class":100},[69,115856,115857,115859,115861,115863,115865,115867,115869,115872,115874,115876,115878,115880,115882,115884,115887],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,115858,1165],{"class":100},[69,115860,111],{"class":110},[69,115862,115],{"class":114},[69,115864,111],{"class":110},[69,115866,1174],{"class":100},[69,115868,123],{"class":110},[69,115870,115871],{"class":114},"Bag",[69,115873,111],{"class":110},[69,115875,120],{"class":100},[69,115877,123],{"class":110},[69,115879,4791],{"class":114},[69,115881,111],{"class":110},[69,115883,1174],{"class":100},[69,115885,115886],{"class":157}," 18.00",[69,115888,1260],{"class":100},[69,115890,115891],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,115892,198],{"class":100},[69,115894,115895],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,115896,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,115898,115899,115902,115904,115906,115908,115911,115913,115915,115917,115919,115921,115923,115925,115927,115929,115931,115933],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,115900,115901],{"class":79},"sorted_products ",[69,115903,97],{"class":96},[69,115905,54462],{"class":217},[69,115907,221],{"class":100},[69,115909,115910],{"class":292},"products",[69,115912,120],{"class":100},[69,115914,3713],{"class":242},[69,115916,97],{"class":96},[69,115918,47498],{"class":7502},[69,115920,19716],{"class":7951},[69,115922,1174],{"class":100},[69,115924,19716],{"class":292},[69,115926,1345],{"class":100},[69,115928,111],{"class":110},[69,115930,4791],{"class":114},[69,115932,111],{"class":110},[69,115934,494],{"class":100},[69,115936,115937,115939,115941,115944],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,115938,2161],{"class":217},[69,115940,221],{"class":100},[69,115942,115943],{"class":292},"sorted_products",[69,115945,301],{"class":100},[14,115947,2781],{},[60,115949,115951],{"className":62,"code":115950,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[{'name': 'Pen', 'price': 1.2}, {'name': 'Notebook', 'price': 4.5}, {'name': 'Bag', 'price': 18.0}]\n",[21,115952,115953],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,115954,115955,115957,115959,115961,115963,115965,115967,115969,115971,115973,115975,115977,115979,115981,115984,115986,115988,115990,115992,115994,115996,115998,116000,116002,116004,116006,116008,116010,116012,116015,116017,116019,116021,116023,116025,116027,116029,116031,116033,116035,116037,116039,116041,116043,116046],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,115956,48055],{"class":100},[69,115958,15283],{"class":110},[69,115960,115],{"class":114},[69,115962,15283],{"class":110},[69,115964,1174],{"class":100},[69,115966,15292],{"class":110},[69,115968,115837],{"class":114},[69,115970,15283],{"class":110},[69,115972,120],{"class":100},[69,115974,15292],{"class":110},[69,115976,4791],{"class":114},[69,115978,15283],{"class":110},[69,115980,1174],{"class":100},[69,115982,115983],{"class":157}," 1.2",[69,115985,48084],{"class":100},[69,115987,1914],{"class":100},[69,115989,15283],{"class":110},[69,115991,115],{"class":114},[69,115993,15283],{"class":110},[69,115995,1174],{"class":100},[69,115997,15292],{"class":110},[69,115999,115803],{"class":114},[69,116001,15283],{"class":110},[69,116003,120],{"class":100},[69,116005,15292],{"class":110},[69,116007,4791],{"class":114},[69,116009,15283],{"class":110},[69,116011,1174],{"class":100},[69,116013,116014],{"class":157}," 4.5",[69,116016,48084],{"class":100},[69,116018,1914],{"class":100},[69,116020,15283],{"class":110},[69,116022,115],{"class":114},[69,116024,15283],{"class":110},[69,116026,1174],{"class":100},[69,116028,15292],{"class":110},[69,116030,115871],{"class":114},[69,116032,15283],{"class":110},[69,116034,120],{"class":100},[69,116036,15292],{"class":110},[69,116038,4791],{"class":114},[69,116040,15283],{"class":110},[69,116042,1174],{"class":100},[69,116044,116045],{"class":157}," 18.0",[69,116047,48115],{"class":100},[14,116049,116050],{},"Python sorts number values from lowest to highest by default.",[1647,116052,116054],{"id":116053},"sort-numbers-in-descending-order","Sort numbers in descending order",[14,116056,322,116057,116059],{},[21,116058,113408],{}," if you want highest to lowest.",[60,116061,116063],{"className":62,"code":116062,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"products = [\n    {\"name\": \"Notebook\", \"price\": 4.50},\n    {\"name\": \"Pen\", \"price\": 1.20},\n    {\"name\": \"Bag\", \"price\": 18.00}\n]\n\nsorted_products = sorted(products, key=lambda item: item[\"price\"], reverse=True)\nprint(sorted_products)\n",[21,116064,116065,116073,116105,116137,116169,116173,116177,116221],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,116066,116067,116069,116071],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,116068,115782],{"class":79},[69,116070,97],{"class":96},[69,116072,101],{"class":100},[69,116074,116075,116077,116079,116081,116083,116085,116087,116089,116091,116093,116095,116097,116099,116101,116103],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,116076,1165],{"class":100},[69,116078,111],{"class":110},[69,116080,115],{"class":114},[69,116082,111],{"class":110},[69,116084,1174],{"class":100},[69,116086,123],{"class":110},[69,116088,115803],{"class":114},[69,116090,111],{"class":110},[69,116092,120],{"class":100},[69,116094,123],{"class":110},[69,116096,4791],{"class":114},[69,116098,111],{"class":110},[69,116100,1174],{"class":100},[69,116102,115818],{"class":157},[69,116104,1211],{"class":100},[69,116106,116107,116109,116111,116113,116115,116117,116119,116121,116123,116125,116127,116129,116131,116133,116135],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,116108,1165],{"class":100},[69,116110,111],{"class":110},[69,116112,115],{"class":114},[69,116114,111],{"class":110},[69,116116,1174],{"class":100},[69,116118,123],{"class":110},[69,116120,115837],{"class":114},[69,116122,111],{"class":110},[69,116124,120],{"class":100},[69,116126,123],{"class":110},[69,116128,4791],{"class":114},[69,116130,111],{"class":110},[69,116132,1174],{"class":100},[69,116134,115852],{"class":157},[69,116136,1211],{"class":100},[69,116138,116139,116141,116143,116145,116147,116149,116151,116153,116155,116157,116159,116161,116163,116165,116167],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,116140,1165],{"class":100},[69,116142,111],{"class":110},[69,116144,115],{"class":114},[69,116146,111],{"class":110},[69,116148,1174],{"class":100},[69,116150,123],{"class":110},[69,116152,115871],{"class":114},[69,116154,111],{"class":110},[69,116156,120],{"class":100},[69,116158,123],{"class":110},[69,116160,4791],{"class":114},[69,116162,111],{"class":110},[69,116164,1174],{"class":100},[69,116166,115886],{"class":157},[69,116168,1260],{"class":100},[69,116170,116171],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,116172,198],{"class":100},[69,116174,116175],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,116176,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,116178,116179,116181,116183,116185,116187,116189,116191,116193,116195,116197,116199,116201,116203,116205,116207,116209,116211,116213,116215,116217,116219],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,116180,115901],{"class":79},[69,116182,97],{"class":96},[69,116184,54462],{"class":217},[69,116186,221],{"class":100},[69,116188,115910],{"class":292},[69,116190,120],{"class":100},[69,116192,3713],{"class":242},[69,116194,97],{"class":96},[69,116196,47498],{"class":7502},[69,116198,19716],{"class":7951},[69,116200,1174],{"class":100},[69,116202,19716],{"class":292},[69,116204,1345],{"class":100},[69,116206,111],{"class":110},[69,116208,4791],{"class":114},[69,116210,111],{"class":110},[69,116212,20282],{"class":100},[69,116214,110972],{"class":242},[69,116216,97],{"class":96},[69,116218,11002],{"class":3012},[69,116220,301],{"class":100},[69,116222,116223,116225,116227,116229],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,116224,2161],{"class":217},[69,116226,221],{"class":100},[69,116228,115943],{"class":292},[69,116230,301],{"class":100},[14,116232,2781],{},[60,116234,116236],{"className":62,"code":116235,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[{'name': 'Bag', 'price': 18.0}, {'name': 'Notebook', 'price': 4.5}, {'name': 'Pen', 'price': 1.2}]\n",[21,116237,116238],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,116239,116240,116242,116244,116246,116248,116250,116252,116254,116256,116258,116260,116262,116264,116266,116268,116270,116272,116274,116276,116278,116280,116282,116284,116286,116288,116290,116292,116294,116296,116298,116300,116302,116304,116306,116308,116310,116312,116314,116316,116318,116320,116322,116324,116326,116328],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,116241,48055],{"class":100},[69,116243,15283],{"class":110},[69,116245,115],{"class":114},[69,116247,15283],{"class":110},[69,116249,1174],{"class":100},[69,116251,15292],{"class":110},[69,116253,115871],{"class":114},[69,116255,15283],{"class":110},[69,116257,120],{"class":100},[69,116259,15292],{"class":110},[69,116261,4791],{"class":114},[69,116263,15283],{"class":110},[69,116265,1174],{"class":100},[69,116267,116045],{"class":157},[69,116269,48084],{"class":100},[69,116271,1914],{"class":100},[69,116273,15283],{"class":110},[69,116275,115],{"class":114},[69,116277,15283],{"class":110},[69,116279,1174],{"class":100},[69,116281,15292],{"class":110},[69,116283,115803],{"class":114},[69,116285,15283],{"class":110},[69,116287,120],{"class":100},[69,116289,15292],{"class":110},[69,116291,4791],{"class":114},[69,116293,15283],{"class":110},[69,116295,1174],{"class":100},[69,116297,116014],{"class":157},[69,116299,48084],{"class":100},[69,116301,1914],{"class":100},[69,116303,15283],{"class":110},[69,116305,115],{"class":114},[69,116307,15283],{"class":110},[69,116309,1174],{"class":100},[69,116311,15292],{"class":110},[69,116313,115837],{"class":114},[69,116315,15283],{"class":110},[69,116317,120],{"class":100},[69,116319,15292],{"class":110},[69,116321,4791],{"class":114},[69,116323,15283],{"class":110},[69,116325,1174],{"class":100},[69,116327,115983],{"class":157},[69,116329,48115],{"class":100},[14,116331,116332,116333,289],{},"If you only need to sort a normal list of values, see ",[579,116334,111075],{"href":111074},[55,116336,116338],{"id":116337},"sort-by-a-string-value","Sort by a string value",[14,116340,116341,116342,5914,116344,5918,116346,289],{},"You can also sort alphabetically by a string key like ",[21,116343,115],{},[21,116345,42448],{},[21,116347,135],{},[60,116349,116351],{"className":62,"code":116350,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"people = [\n    {\"name\": \"Cara\", \"age\": 27},\n    {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 30},\n    {\"name\": \"Ben\", \"age\": 22}\n]\n\nsorted_people = sorted(people, key=lambda item: item[\"name\"])\nprint(sorted_people)\n",[21,116352,116353,116361,116393,116425,116457,116461,116465,116501],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,116354,116355,116357,116359],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,116356,47875],{"class":79},[69,116358,97],{"class":96},[69,116360,101],{"class":100},[69,116362,116363,116365,116367,116369,116371,116373,116375,116377,116379,116381,116383,116385,116387,116389,116391],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,116364,1165],{"class":100},[69,116366,111],{"class":110},[69,116368,115],{"class":114},[69,116370,111],{"class":110},[69,116372,1174],{"class":100},[69,116374,123],{"class":110},[69,116376,657],{"class":114},[69,116378,111],{"class":110},[69,116380,120],{"class":100},[69,116382,123],{"class":110},[69,116384,126],{"class":114},[69,116386,111],{"class":110},[69,116388,1174],{"class":100},[69,116390,115143],{"class":157},[69,116392,1211],{"class":100},[69,116394,116395,116397,116399,116401,116403,116405,116407,116409,116411,116413,116415,116417,116419,116421,116423],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,116396,1165],{"class":100},[69,116398,111],{"class":110},[69,116400,115],{"class":114},[69,116402,111],{"class":110},[69,116404,1174],{"class":100},[69,116406,123],{"class":110},[69,116408,2553],{"class":114},[69,116410,111],{"class":110},[69,116412,120],{"class":100},[69,116414,123],{"class":110},[69,116416,126],{"class":114},[69,116418,111],{"class":110},[69,116420,1174],{"class":100},[69,116422,158],{"class":157},[69,116424,1211],{"class":100},[69,116426,116427,116429,116431,116433,116435,116437,116439,116441,116443,116445,116447,116449,116451,116453,116455],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,116428,1165],{"class":100},[69,116430,111],{"class":110},[69,116432,115],{"class":114},[69,116434,111],{"class":110},[69,116436,1174],{"class":100},[69,116438,123],{"class":110},[69,116440,7085],{"class":114},[69,116442,111],{"class":110},[69,116444,120],{"class":100},[69,116446,123],{"class":110},[69,116448,126],{"class":114},[69,116450,111],{"class":110},[69,116452,1174],{"class":100},[69,116454,5041],{"class":157},[69,116456,1260],{"class":100},[69,116458,116459],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,116460,198],{"class":100},[69,116462,116463],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,116464,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,116466,116467,116469,116471,116473,116475,116477,116479,116481,116483,116485,116487,116489,116491,116493,116495,116497,116499],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,116468,115158],{"class":79},[69,116470,97],{"class":96},[69,116472,54462],{"class":217},[69,116474,221],{"class":100},[69,116476,115167],{"class":292},[69,116478,120],{"class":100},[69,116480,3713],{"class":242},[69,116482,97],{"class":96},[69,116484,47498],{"class":7502},[69,116486,19716],{"class":7951},[69,116488,1174],{"class":100},[69,116490,19716],{"class":292},[69,116492,1345],{"class":100},[69,116494,111],{"class":110},[69,116496,115],{"class":114},[69,116498,111],{"class":110},[69,116500,494],{"class":100},[69,116502,116503,116505,116507,116509],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,116504,2161],{"class":217},[69,116506,221],{"class":100},[69,116508,115200],{"class":292},[69,116510,301],{"class":100},[14,116512,2781],{},[60,116514,116516],{"className":62,"code":116515,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[{'name': 'Ana', 'age': 30}, {'name': 'Ben', 'age': 22}, {'name': 'Cara', 'age': 27}]\n",[21,116517,116518],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,116519,116520,116522,116524,116526,116528,116530,116532,116534,116536,116538,116540,116542,116544,116546,116548,116550,116552,116554,116556,116558,116560,116562,116564,116566,116568,116570,116572,116574,116576,116578,116580,116582,116584,116586,116588,116590,116592,116594,116596,116598,116600,116602,116604,116606,116608],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,116521,48055],{"class":100},[69,116523,15283],{"class":110},[69,116525,115],{"class":114},[69,116527,15283],{"class":110},[69,116529,1174],{"class":100},[69,116531,15292],{"class":110},[69,116533,2553],{"class":114},[69,116535,15283],{"class":110},[69,116537,120],{"class":100},[69,116539,15292],{"class":110},[69,116541,126],{"class":114},[69,116543,15283],{"class":110},[69,116545,1174],{"class":100},[69,116547,158],{"class":157},[69,116549,48084],{"class":100},[69,116551,1914],{"class":100},[69,116553,15283],{"class":110},[69,116555,115],{"class":114},[69,116557,15283],{"class":110},[69,116559,1174],{"class":100},[69,116561,15292],{"class":110},[69,116563,7085],{"class":114},[69,116565,15283],{"class":110},[69,116567,120],{"class":100},[69,116569,15292],{"class":110},[69,116571,126],{"class":114},[69,116573,15283],{"class":110},[69,116575,1174],{"class":100},[69,116577,5041],{"class":157},[69,116579,48084],{"class":100},[69,116581,1914],{"class":100},[69,116583,15283],{"class":110},[69,116585,115],{"class":114},[69,116587,15283],{"class":110},[69,116589,1174],{"class":100},[69,116591,15292],{"class":110},[69,116593,657],{"class":114},[69,116595,15283],{"class":110},[69,116597,120],{"class":100},[69,116599,15292],{"class":110},[69,116601,126],{"class":114},[69,116603,15283],{"class":110},[69,116605,1174],{"class":100},[69,116607,115143],{"class":157},[69,116609,48115],{"class":100},[1647,116611,116613],{"id":116612},"case-sensitive-sorting","Case-sensitive sorting",[14,116615,116616],{},"Uppercase and lowercase letters can change the result.",[60,116618,116620],{"className":62,"code":116619,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"people = [\n    {\"name\": \"ana\"},\n    {\"name\": \"Ben\"},\n    {\"name\": \"cara\"}\n]\n\nsorted_people = sorted(people, key=lambda item: item[\"name\"])\nprint(sorted_people)\n",[21,116621,116622,116630,116651,116671,116692,116696,116700,116736],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,116623,116624,116626,116628],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,116625,47875],{"class":79},[69,116627,97],{"class":96},[69,116629,101],{"class":100},[69,116631,116632,116634,116636,116638,116640,116642,116644,116647,116649],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,116633,1165],{"class":100},[69,116635,111],{"class":110},[69,116637,115],{"class":114},[69,116639,111],{"class":110},[69,116641,1174],{"class":100},[69,116643,123],{"class":110},[69,116645,116646],{"class":114},"ana",[69,116648,111],{"class":110},[69,116650,1211],{"class":100},[69,116652,116653,116655,116657,116659,116661,116663,116665,116667,116669],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,116654,1165],{"class":100},[69,116656,111],{"class":110},[69,116658,115],{"class":114},[69,116660,111],{"class":110},[69,116662,1174],{"class":100},[69,116664,123],{"class":110},[69,116666,7085],{"class":114},[69,116668,111],{"class":110},[69,116670,1211],{"class":100},[69,116672,116673,116675,116677,116679,116681,116683,116685,116688,116690],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,116674,1165],{"class":100},[69,116676,111],{"class":110},[69,116678,115],{"class":114},[69,116680,111],{"class":110},[69,116682,1174],{"class":100},[69,116684,123],{"class":110},[69,116686,116687],{"class":114},"cara",[69,116689,111],{"class":110},[69,116691,1260],{"class":100},[69,116693,116694],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,116695,198],{"class":100},[69,116697,116698],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,116699,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,116701,116702,116704,116706,116708,116710,116712,116714,116716,116718,116720,116722,116724,116726,116728,116730,116732,116734],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,116703,115158],{"class":79},[69,116705,97],{"class":96},[69,116707,54462],{"class":217},[69,116709,221],{"class":100},[69,116711,115167],{"class":292},[69,116713,120],{"class":100},[69,116715,3713],{"class":242},[69,116717,97],{"class":96},[69,116719,47498],{"class":7502},[69,116721,19716],{"class":7951},[69,116723,1174],{"class":100},[69,116725,19716],{"class":292},[69,116727,1345],{"class":100},[69,116729,111],{"class":110},[69,116731,115],{"class":114},[69,116733,111],{"class":110},[69,116735,494],{"class":100},[69,116737,116738,116740,116742,116744],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,116739,2161],{"class":217},[69,116741,221],{"class":100},[69,116743,115200],{"class":292},[69,116745,301],{"class":100},[14,116747,116748],{},"This may not sort the way you expect, because Python compares strings by their character values.",[1647,116750,116752],{"id":116751},"case-insensitive-sorting","Case-insensitive sorting",[14,116754,322,116755,116758],{},[21,116756,116757],{},".lower()"," if you want a more natural alphabetical order.",[60,116760,116762],{"className":62,"code":116761,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"people = [\n    {\"name\": \"ana\"},\n    {\"name\": \"Ben\"},\n    {\"name\": \"cara\"}\n]\n\nsorted_people = sorted(people, key=lambda item: item[\"name\"].lower())\nprint(sorted_people)\n",[21,116763,116764,116772,116792,116812,116832,116836,116840,116880],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,116765,116766,116768,116770],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,116767,47875],{"class":79},[69,116769,97],{"class":96},[69,116771,101],{"class":100},[69,116773,116774,116776,116778,116780,116782,116784,116786,116788,116790],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,116775,1165],{"class":100},[69,116777,111],{"class":110},[69,116779,115],{"class":114},[69,116781,111],{"class":110},[69,116783,1174],{"class":100},[69,116785,123],{"class":110},[69,116787,116646],{"class":114},[69,116789,111],{"class":110},[69,116791,1211],{"class":100},[69,116793,116794,116796,116798,116800,116802,116804,116806,116808,116810],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,116795,1165],{"class":100},[69,116797,111],{"class":110},[69,116799,115],{"class":114},[69,116801,111],{"class":110},[69,116803,1174],{"class":100},[69,116805,123],{"class":110},[69,116807,7085],{"class":114},[69,116809,111],{"class":110},[69,116811,1211],{"class":100},[69,116813,116814,116816,116818,116820,116822,116824,116826,116828,116830],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,116815,1165],{"class":100},[69,116817,111],{"class":110},[69,116819,115],{"class":114},[69,116821,111],{"class":110},[69,116823,1174],{"class":100},[69,116825,123],{"class":110},[69,116827,116687],{"class":114},[69,116829,111],{"class":110},[69,116831,1260],{"class":100},[69,116833,116834],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,116835,198],{"class":100},[69,116837,116838],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,116839,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,116841,116842,116844,116846,116848,116850,116852,116854,116856,116858,116860,116862,116864,116866,116868,116870,116872,116874,116876,116878],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,116843,115158],{"class":79},[69,116845,97],{"class":96},[69,116847,54462],{"class":217},[69,116849,221],{"class":100},[69,116851,115167],{"class":292},[69,116853,120],{"class":100},[69,116855,3713],{"class":242},[69,116857,97],{"class":96},[69,116859,47498],{"class":7502},[69,116861,19716],{"class":7951},[69,116863,1174],{"class":100},[69,116865,19716],{"class":292},[69,116867,1345],{"class":100},[69,116869,111],{"class":110},[69,116871,115],{"class":114},[69,116873,111],{"class":110},[69,116875,30798],{"class":100},[69,116877,17071],{"class":292},[69,116879,3923],{"class":100},[69,116881,116882,116884,116886,116888],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,116883,2161],{"class":217},[69,116885,221],{"class":100},[69,116887,115200],{"class":292},[69,116889,301],{"class":100},[14,116891,2781],{},[60,116893,116895],{"className":62,"code":116894,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[{'name': 'ana'}, {'name': 'Ben'}, {'name': 'cara'}]\n",[21,116896,116897],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,116898,116899,116901,116903,116905,116907,116909,116911,116913,116915,116917,116919,116921,116923,116925,116927,116929,116931,116933,116935,116937,116939,116941,116943,116945,116947,116949,116951],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,116900,48055],{"class":100},[69,116902,15283],{"class":110},[69,116904,115],{"class":114},[69,116906,15283],{"class":110},[69,116908,1174],{"class":100},[69,116910,15292],{"class":110},[69,116912,116646],{"class":114},[69,116914,15283],{"class":110},[69,116916,48084],{"class":100},[69,116918,1914],{"class":100},[69,116920,15283],{"class":110},[69,116922,115],{"class":114},[69,116924,15283],{"class":110},[69,116926,1174],{"class":100},[69,116928,15292],{"class":110},[69,116930,7085],{"class":114},[69,116932,15283],{"class":110},[69,116934,48084],{"class":100},[69,116936,1914],{"class":100},[69,116938,15283],{"class":110},[69,116940,115],{"class":114},[69,116942,15283],{"class":110},[69,116944,1174],{"class":100},[69,116946,15292],{"class":110},[69,116948,116687],{"class":114},[69,116950,15283],{"class":110},[69,116952,48115],{"class":100},[55,116954,116956],{"id":116955},"sort-the-original-list-in-place","Sort the original list in place",[14,116958,116959,116960,289],{},"If you want to change the original list instead of creating a new one, use ",[21,116961,116962],{},".sort()",[60,116964,116966],{"className":62,"code":116965,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"people = [\n    {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 30},\n    {\"name\": \"Ben\", \"age\": 22},\n    {\"name\": \"Cara\", \"age\": 27}\n]\n\npeople.sort(key=lambda item: item[\"age\"])\nprint(people)\n",[21,116967,116968,116976,117008,117040,117072,117076,117080,117112],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,116969,116970,116972,116974],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,116971,47875],{"class":79},[69,116973,97],{"class":96},[69,116975,101],{"class":100},[69,116977,116978,116980,116982,116984,116986,116988,116990,116992,116994,116996,116998,117000,117002,117004,117006],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,116979,1165],{"class":100},[69,116981,111],{"class":110},[69,116983,115],{"class":114},[69,116985,111],{"class":110},[69,116987,1174],{"class":100},[69,116989,123],{"class":110},[69,116991,2553],{"class":114},[69,116993,111],{"class":110},[69,116995,120],{"class":100},[69,116997,123],{"class":110},[69,116999,126],{"class":114},[69,117001,111],{"class":110},[69,117003,1174],{"class":100},[69,117005,158],{"class":157},[69,117007,1211],{"class":100},[69,117009,117010,117012,117014,117016,117018,117020,117022,117024,117026,117028,117030,117032,117034,117036,117038],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,117011,1165],{"class":100},[69,117013,111],{"class":110},[69,117015,115],{"class":114},[69,117017,111],{"class":110},[69,117019,1174],{"class":100},[69,117021,123],{"class":110},[69,117023,7085],{"class":114},[69,117025,111],{"class":110},[69,117027,120],{"class":100},[69,117029,123],{"class":110},[69,117031,126],{"class":114},[69,117033,111],{"class":110},[69,117035,1174],{"class":100},[69,117037,5041],{"class":157},[69,117039,1211],{"class":100},[69,117041,117042,117044,117046,117048,117050,117052,117054,117056,117058,117060,117062,117064,117066,117068,117070],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,117043,1165],{"class":100},[69,117045,111],{"class":110},[69,117047,115],{"class":114},[69,117049,111],{"class":110},[69,117051,1174],{"class":100},[69,117053,123],{"class":110},[69,117055,657],{"class":114},[69,117057,111],{"class":110},[69,117059,120],{"class":100},[69,117061,123],{"class":110},[69,117063,126],{"class":114},[69,117065,111],{"class":110},[69,117067,1174],{"class":100},[69,117069,115143],{"class":157},[69,117071,1260],{"class":100},[69,117073,117074],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,117075,198],{"class":100},[69,117077,117078],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,117079,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,117081,117082,117084,117086,117088,117090,117092,117094,117096,117098,117100,117102,117104,117106,117108,117110],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,117083,115167],{"class":79},[69,117085,289],{"class":100},[69,117087,112996],{"class":292},[69,117089,221],{"class":100},[69,117091,3739],{"class":242},[69,117093,97],{"class":96},[69,117095,47498],{"class":7502},[69,117097,19716],{"class":7951},[69,117099,1174],{"class":100},[69,117101,19716],{"class":292},[69,117103,1345],{"class":100},[69,117105,111],{"class":110},[69,117107,126],{"class":114},[69,117109,111],{"class":110},[69,117111,494],{"class":100},[69,117113,117114,117116,117118,117120],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,117115,2161],{"class":217},[69,117117,221],{"class":100},[69,117119,115167],{"class":292},[69,117121,301],{"class":100},[14,117123,2781],{},[60,117125,117126],{"className":62,"code":115207,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,117127,117128],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,117129,117130,117132,117134,117136,117138,117140,117142,117144,117146,117148,117150,117152,117154,117156,117158,117160,117162,117164,117166,117168,117170,117172,117174,117176,117178,117180,117182,117184,117186,117188,117190,117192,117194,117196,117198,117200,117202,117204,117206,117208,117210,117212,117214,117216,117218],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,117131,48055],{"class":100},[69,117133,15283],{"class":110},[69,117135,115],{"class":114},[69,117137,15283],{"class":110},[69,117139,1174],{"class":100},[69,117141,15292],{"class":110},[69,117143,7085],{"class":114},[69,117145,15283],{"class":110},[69,117147,120],{"class":100},[69,117149,15292],{"class":110},[69,117151,126],{"class":114},[69,117153,15283],{"class":110},[69,117155,1174],{"class":100},[69,117157,5041],{"class":157},[69,117159,48084],{"class":100},[69,117161,1914],{"class":100},[69,117163,15283],{"class":110},[69,117165,115],{"class":114},[69,117167,15283],{"class":110},[69,117169,1174],{"class":100},[69,117171,15292],{"class":110},[69,117173,657],{"class":114},[69,117175,15283],{"class":110},[69,117177,120],{"class":100},[69,117179,15292],{"class":110},[69,117181,126],{"class":114},[69,117183,15283],{"class":110},[69,117185,1174],{"class":100},[69,117187,115143],{"class":157},[69,117189,48084],{"class":100},[69,117191,1914],{"class":100},[69,117193,15283],{"class":110},[69,117195,115],{"class":114},[69,117197,15283],{"class":110},[69,117199,1174],{"class":100},[69,117201,15292],{"class":110},[69,117203,2553],{"class":114},[69,117205,15283],{"class":110},[69,117207,120],{"class":100},[69,117209,15292],{"class":110},[69,117211,126],{"class":114},[69,117213,15283],{"class":110},[69,117215,1174],{"class":100},[69,117217,158],{"class":157},[69,117219,48115],{"class":100},[1647,117221,112141],{"id":112140},[29,117223,117224,117229,117233],{},[32,117225,117226,117228],{},[21,117227,54384],{}," returns a new list",[32,117230,117231,110811],{},[21,117232,116962],{},[32,117234,117235,3019,117237],{},[21,117236,116962],{},[21,117238,3022],{},[14,117240,117241],{},"This is a common beginner mistake:",[60,117243,117245],{"className":62,"code":117244,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"people = [\n    {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 30},\n    {\"name\": \"Ben\", \"age\": 22}\n]\n\nresult = people.sort(key=lambda item: item[\"age\"])\nprint(result)\n",[21,117246,117247,117255,117287,117319,117323,117327,117364],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,117248,117249,117251,117253],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,117250,47875],{"class":79},[69,117252,97],{"class":96},[69,117254,101],{"class":100},[69,117256,117257,117259,117261,117263,117265,117267,117269,117271,117273,117275,117277,117279,117281,117283,117285],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,117258,1165],{"class":100},[69,117260,111],{"class":110},[69,117262,115],{"class":114},[69,117264,111],{"class":110},[69,117266,1174],{"class":100},[69,117268,123],{"class":110},[69,117270,2553],{"class":114},[69,117272,111],{"class":110},[69,117274,120],{"class":100},[69,117276,123],{"class":110},[69,117278,126],{"class":114},[69,117280,111],{"class":110},[69,117282,1174],{"class":100},[69,117284,158],{"class":157},[69,117286,1211],{"class":100},[69,117288,117289,117291,117293,117295,117297,117299,117301,117303,117305,117307,117309,117311,117313,117315,117317],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,117290,1165],{"class":100},[69,117292,111],{"class":110},[69,117294,115],{"class":114},[69,117296,111],{"class":110},[69,117298,1174],{"class":100},[69,117300,123],{"class":110},[69,117302,7085],{"class":114},[69,117304,111],{"class":110},[69,117306,120],{"class":100},[69,117308,123],{"class":110},[69,117310,126],{"class":114},[69,117312,111],{"class":110},[69,117314,1174],{"class":100},[69,117316,5041],{"class":157},[69,117318,1260],{"class":100},[69,117320,117321],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,117322,198],{"class":100},[69,117324,117325],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,117326,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,117328,117329,117331,117333,117336,117338,117340,117342,117344,117346,117348,117350,117352,117354,117356,117358,117360,117362],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,117330,8506],{"class":79},[69,117332,97],{"class":96},[69,117334,117335],{"class":79}," people",[69,117337,289],{"class":100},[69,117339,112996],{"class":292},[69,117341,221],{"class":100},[69,117343,3739],{"class":242},[69,117345,97],{"class":96},[69,117347,47498],{"class":7502},[69,117349,19716],{"class":7951},[69,117351,1174],{"class":100},[69,117353,19716],{"class":292},[69,117355,1345],{"class":100},[69,117357,111],{"class":110},[69,117359,126],{"class":114},[69,117361,111],{"class":110},[69,117363,494],{"class":100},[69,117365,117366,117368,117370,117372],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,117367,2161],{"class":217},[69,117369,221],{"class":100},[69,117371,8530],{"class":292},[69,117373,301],{"class":100},[14,117375,2781],{},[60,117377,117378],{"className":62,"code":3013,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,117379,117380],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,117381,117382],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,117383,3013],{"class":3012},[14,117385,117386,117387,7120],{},"If you want a new list, use ",[579,117388,117389],{"href":111079},[21,117390,54384],{},[55,117392,117394],{"id":117393},"handle-missing-keys-safely","Handle missing keys safely",[14,117396,1628,117397,117400,117401,48144],{},[21,117398,117399],{},"item[\"age\"]"," works only if every dictionary has an ",[21,117402,126],{},[14,117404,117405,117406,289],{},"If one dictionary is missing that key, Python raises a ",[21,117407,2816],{},[60,117409,117411],{"className":62,"code":117410,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"people = [\n    {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 30},\n    {\"name\": \"Ben\"},\n    {\"name\": \"Cara\", \"age\": 27}\n]\n\nsorted_people = sorted(people, key=lambda item: item[\"age\"])\nprint(sorted_people)\n",[21,117412,117413,117421,117453,117473,117505,117509,117513,117549],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,117414,117415,117417,117419],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,117416,47875],{"class":79},[69,117418,97],{"class":96},[69,117420,101],{"class":100},[69,117422,117423,117425,117427,117429,117431,117433,117435,117437,117439,117441,117443,117445,117447,117449,117451],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,117424,1165],{"class":100},[69,117426,111],{"class":110},[69,117428,115],{"class":114},[69,117430,111],{"class":110},[69,117432,1174],{"class":100},[69,117434,123],{"class":110},[69,117436,2553],{"class":114},[69,117438,111],{"class":110},[69,117440,120],{"class":100},[69,117442,123],{"class":110},[69,117444,126],{"class":114},[69,117446,111],{"class":110},[69,117448,1174],{"class":100},[69,117450,158],{"class":157},[69,117452,1211],{"class":100},[69,117454,117455,117457,117459,117461,117463,117465,117467,117469,117471],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,117456,1165],{"class":100},[69,117458,111],{"class":110},[69,117460,115],{"class":114},[69,117462,111],{"class":110},[69,117464,1174],{"class":100},[69,117466,123],{"class":110},[69,117468,7085],{"class":114},[69,117470,111],{"class":110},[69,117472,1211],{"class":100},[69,117474,117475,117477,117479,117481,117483,117485,117487,117489,117491,117493,117495,117497,117499,117501,117503],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,117476,1165],{"class":100},[69,117478,111],{"class":110},[69,117480,115],{"class":114},[69,117482,111],{"class":110},[69,117484,1174],{"class":100},[69,117486,123],{"class":110},[69,117488,657],{"class":114},[69,117490,111],{"class":110},[69,117492,120],{"class":100},[69,117494,123],{"class":110},[69,117496,126],{"class":114},[69,117498,111],{"class":110},[69,117500,1174],{"class":100},[69,117502,115143],{"class":157},[69,117504,1260],{"class":100},[69,117506,117507],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,117508,198],{"class":100},[69,117510,117511],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,117512,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,117514,117515,117517,117519,117521,117523,117525,117527,117529,117531,117533,117535,117537,117539,117541,117543,117545,117547],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,117516,115158],{"class":79},[69,117518,97],{"class":96},[69,117520,54462],{"class":217},[69,117522,221],{"class":100},[69,117524,115167],{"class":292},[69,117526,120],{"class":100},[69,117528,3713],{"class":242},[69,117530,97],{"class":96},[69,117532,47498],{"class":7502},[69,117534,19716],{"class":7951},[69,117536,1174],{"class":100},[69,117538,19716],{"class":292},[69,117540,1345],{"class":100},[69,117542,111],{"class":110},[69,117544,126],{"class":114},[69,117546,111],{"class":110},[69,117548,494],{"class":100},[69,117550,117551,117553,117555,117557],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,117552,2161],{"class":217},[69,117554,221],{"class":100},[69,117556,115200],{"class":292},[69,117558,301],{"class":100},[14,117560,117561,117562,117565,117566,289],{},"That fails because ",[21,117563,117564],{},"{\"name\": \"Ben\"}"," does not have an ",[21,117567,126],{},[1647,117569,117571,117572],{"id":117570},"safer-approach-with-get","Safer approach with ",[21,117573,2515],{},[14,117575,322,117576,117578],{},[21,117577,48297],{}," when keys may be missing.",[60,117580,117582],{"className":62,"code":117581,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"people = [\n    {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 30},\n    {\"name\": \"Ben\"},\n    {\"name\": \"Cara\", \"age\": 27}\n]\n\nsorted_people = sorted(people, key=lambda item: item.get(\"age\", 0))\nprint(sorted_people)\n",[21,117583,117584,117592,117624,117644,117676,117680,117684,117728],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,117585,117586,117588,117590],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,117587,47875],{"class":79},[69,117589,97],{"class":96},[69,117591,101],{"class":100},[69,117593,117594,117596,117598,117600,117602,117604,117606,117608,117610,117612,117614,117616,117618,117620,117622],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,117595,1165],{"class":100},[69,117597,111],{"class":110},[69,117599,115],{"class":114},[69,117601,111],{"class":110},[69,117603,1174],{"class":100},[69,117605,123],{"class":110},[69,117607,2553],{"class":114},[69,117609,111],{"class":110},[69,117611,120],{"class":100},[69,117613,123],{"class":110},[69,117615,126],{"class":114},[69,117617,111],{"class":110},[69,117619,1174],{"class":100},[69,117621,158],{"class":157},[69,117623,1211],{"class":100},[69,117625,117626,117628,117630,117632,117634,117636,117638,117640,117642],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,117627,1165],{"class":100},[69,117629,111],{"class":110},[69,117631,115],{"class":114},[69,117633,111],{"class":110},[69,117635,1174],{"class":100},[69,117637,123],{"class":110},[69,117639,7085],{"class":114},[69,117641,111],{"class":110},[69,117643,1211],{"class":100},[69,117645,117646,117648,117650,117652,117654,117656,117658,117660,117662,117664,117666,117668,117670,117672,117674],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,117647,1165],{"class":100},[69,117649,111],{"class":110},[69,117651,115],{"class":114},[69,117653,111],{"class":110},[69,117655,1174],{"class":100},[69,117657,123],{"class":110},[69,117659,657],{"class":114},[69,117661,111],{"class":110},[69,117663,120],{"class":100},[69,117665,123],{"class":110},[69,117667,126],{"class":114},[69,117669,111],{"class":110},[69,117671,1174],{"class":100},[69,117673,115143],{"class":157},[69,117675,1260],{"class":100},[69,117677,117678],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,117679,198],{"class":100},[69,117681,117682],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,117683,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,117685,117686,117688,117690,117692,117694,117696,117698,117700,117702,117704,117706,117708,117710,117712,117714,117716,117718,117720,117722,117724,117726],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,117687,115158],{"class":79},[69,117689,97],{"class":96},[69,117691,54462],{"class":217},[69,117693,221],{"class":100},[69,117695,115167],{"class":292},[69,117697,120],{"class":100},[69,117699,3713],{"class":242},[69,117701,97],{"class":96},[69,117703,47498],{"class":7502},[69,117705,19716],{"class":7951},[69,117707,1174],{"class":100},[69,117709,19716],{"class":292},[69,117711,289],{"class":100},[69,117713,2610],{"class":292},[69,117715,221],{"class":100},[69,117717,111],{"class":110},[69,117719,126],{"class":114},[69,117721,111],{"class":110},[69,117723,120],{"class":100},[69,117725,6711],{"class":157},[69,117727,2183],{"class":100},[69,117729,117730,117732,117734,117736],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,117731,2161],{"class":217},[69,117733,221],{"class":100},[69,117735,115200],{"class":292},[69,117737,301],{"class":100},[14,117739,2781],{},[60,117741,117743],{"className":62,"code":117742,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[{'name': 'Ben'}, {'name': 'Cara', 'age': 27}, {'name': 'Ana', 'age': 30}]\n",[21,117744,117745],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,117746,117747,117749,117751,117753,117755,117757,117759,117761,117763,117765,117767,117769,117771,117773,117775,117777,117779,117781,117783,117785,117787,117789,117791,117793,117795,117797,117799,117801,117803,117805,117807,117809,117811,117813,117815,117817,117819,117821,117823],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,117748,48055],{"class":100},[69,117750,15283],{"class":110},[69,117752,115],{"class":114},[69,117754,15283],{"class":110},[69,117756,1174],{"class":100},[69,117758,15292],{"class":110},[69,117760,7085],{"class":114},[69,117762,15283],{"class":110},[69,117764,48084],{"class":100},[69,117766,1914],{"class":100},[69,117768,15283],{"class":110},[69,117770,115],{"class":114},[69,117772,15283],{"class":110},[69,117774,1174],{"class":100},[69,117776,15292],{"class":110},[69,117778,657],{"class":114},[69,117780,15283],{"class":110},[69,117782,120],{"class":100},[69,117784,15292],{"class":110},[69,117786,126],{"class":114},[69,117788,15283],{"class":110},[69,117790,1174],{"class":100},[69,117792,115143],{"class":157},[69,117794,48084],{"class":100},[69,117796,1914],{"class":100},[69,117798,15283],{"class":110},[69,117800,115],{"class":114},[69,117802,15283],{"class":110},[69,117804,1174],{"class":100},[69,117806,15292],{"class":110},[69,117808,2553],{"class":114},[69,117810,15283],{"class":110},[69,117812,120],{"class":100},[69,117814,15292],{"class":110},[69,117816,126],{"class":114},[69,117818,15283],{"class":110},[69,117820,1174],{"class":100},[69,117822,158],{"class":157},[69,117824,48115],{"class":100},[14,117826,117827,117828,117830,117831,289],{},"Here, missing ",[21,117829,126],{}," values are treated as ",[21,117832,2200],{},[14,117834,117835],{},"Choose a default value that makes sense for your data.",[29,117837,117838,117843,117846],{},[32,117839,322,117840,117842],{},[21,117841,2200],{}," if missing numbers should come first",[32,117844,117845],{},"Use a large number if missing values should come last",[32,117847,322,117848,117850],{},[21,117849,248],{}," for missing text values in some cases",[14,117852,117853,117854,117858,117859,289],{},"To learn more about this method, see ",[579,117855,3138,117856,3141],{"href":3137},[21,117857,2515],{},". If you are seeing a missing-key error, read ",[579,117860,15946],{"href":15945},[55,117862,114409],{"id":114408},[14,117864,117865],{},"Sorting can fail if the values are not consistent.",[1647,117867,117869],{"id":117868},"mixed-types","Mixed types",[14,117871,117872,117873,1174],{},"This usually causes a ",[21,117874,8638],{},[60,117876,117878],{"className":62,"code":117877,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"people = [\n    {\"name\": \"Ana\", \"age\": 30},\n    {\"name\": \"Ben\", \"age\": \"22\"},\n    {\"name\": \"Cara\", \"age\": 27}\n]\n\nsorted_people = sorted(people, key=lambda item: item[\"age\"])\nprint(sorted_people)\n",[21,117879,117880,117888,117920,117956,117988,117992,117996,118032],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,117881,117882,117884,117886],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,117883,47875],{"class":79},[69,117885,97],{"class":96},[69,117887,101],{"class":100},[69,117889,117890,117892,117894,117896,117898,117900,117902,117904,117906,117908,117910,117912,117914,117916,117918],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,117891,1165],{"class":100},[69,117893,111],{"class":110},[69,117895,115],{"class":114},[69,117897,111],{"class":110},[69,117899,1174],{"class":100},[69,117901,123],{"class":110},[69,117903,2553],{"class":114},[69,117905,111],{"class":110},[69,117907,120],{"class":100},[69,117909,123],{"class":110},[69,117911,126],{"class":114},[69,117913,111],{"class":110},[69,117915,1174],{"class":100},[69,117917,158],{"class":157},[69,117919,1211],{"class":100},[69,117921,117922,117924,117926,117928,117930,117932,117934,117936,117938,117940,117942,117944,117946,117948,117950,117952,117954],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,117923,1165],{"class":100},[69,117925,111],{"class":110},[69,117927,115],{"class":114},[69,117929,111],{"class":110},[69,117931,1174],{"class":100},[69,117933,123],{"class":110},[69,117935,7085],{"class":114},[69,117937,111],{"class":110},[69,117939,120],{"class":100},[69,117941,123],{"class":110},[69,117943,126],{"class":114},[69,117945,111],{"class":110},[69,117947,1174],{"class":100},[69,117949,123],{"class":110},[69,117951,32841],{"class":114},[69,117953,111],{"class":110},[69,117955,1211],{"class":100},[69,117957,117958,117960,117962,117964,117966,117968,117970,117972,117974,117976,117978,117980,117982,117984,117986],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,117959,1165],{"class":100},[69,117961,111],{"class":110},[69,117963,115],{"class":114},[69,117965,111],{"class":110},[69,117967,1174],{"class":100},[69,117969,123],{"class":110},[69,117971,657],{"class":114},[69,117973,111],{"class":110},[69,117975,120],{"class":100},[69,117977,123],{"class":110},[69,117979,126],{"class":114},[69,117981,111],{"class":110},[69,117983,1174],{"class":100},[69,117985,115143],{"class":157},[69,117987,1260],{"class":100},[69,117989,117990],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,117991,198],{"class":100},[69,117993,117994],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,117995,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,117997,117998,118000,118002,118004,118006,118008,118010,118012,118014,118016,118018,118020,118022,118024,118026,118028,118030],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,117999,115158],{"class":79},[69,118001,97],{"class":96},[69,118003,54462],{"class":217},[69,118005,221],{"class":100},[69,118007,115167],{"class":292},[69,118009,120],{"class":100},[69,118011,3713],{"class":242},[69,118013,97],{"class":96},[69,118015,47498],{"class":7502},[69,118017,19716],{"class":7951},[69,118019,1174],{"class":100},[69,118021,19716],{"class":292},[69,118023,1345],{"class":100},[69,118025,111],{"class":110},[69,118027,126],{"class":114},[69,118029,111],{"class":110},[69,118031,494],{"class":100},[69,118033,118034,118036,118038,118040],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,118035,2161],{"class":217},[69,118037,221],{"class":100},[69,118039,115200],{"class":292},[69,118041,301],{"class":100},[14,118043,118044,118045,118047],{},"One ",[21,118046,126],{}," is an integer, but another is a string. Python cannot always compare them.",[1647,118049,118051],{"id":118050},"missing-keys","Missing keys",[14,118053,10671,118054,118056,118057,118059],{},[21,118055,2816],{}," when you use ",[21,118058,117399],{}," and one dictionary does not have that key.",[1647,118061,118063,19253],{"id":118062},"none-values",[21,118064,3022],{},[14,118066,118067,118068,118070],{},"If some values are ",[21,118069,3022],{},", sorting may also fail or give unexpected results.",[14,118072,118073],{},"Before sorting, check what your data looks like:",[60,118075,118077],{"className":62,"code":118076,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(data)\nprint(type(data))\nprint(data[0])\nprint(data[0].keys())\nprint([item.get('age') for item in data])\nprint([type(item.get('age')) for item in data])\n",[21,118078,118079,118089,118103,118117,118135,118167],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,118080,118081,118083,118085,118087],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,118082,2161],{"class":217},[69,118084,221],{"class":100},[69,118086,3436],{"class":292},[69,118088,301],{"class":100},[69,118090,118091,118093,118095,118097,118099,118101],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,118092,2161],{"class":217},[69,118094,221],{"class":100},[69,118096,2176],{"class":1859},[69,118098,221],{"class":100},[69,118100,3436],{"class":292},[69,118102,2183],{"class":100},[69,118104,118105,118107,118109,118111,118113,118115],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,118106,2161],{"class":217},[69,118108,221],{"class":100},[69,118110,3436],{"class":292},[69,118112,1345],{"class":100},[69,118114,2200],{"class":157},[69,118116,494],{"class":100},[69,118118,118119,118121,118123,118125,118127,118129,118131,118133],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,118120,2161],{"class":217},[69,118122,221],{"class":100},[69,118124,3436],{"class":292},[69,118126,1345],{"class":100},[69,118128,2200],{"class":157},[69,118130,30798],{"class":100},[69,118132,3920],{"class":292},[69,118134,3923],{"class":100},[69,118136,118137,118139,118141,118143,118145,118147,118149,118151,118153,118155,118157,118159,118161,118163,118165],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,118138,2161],{"class":217},[69,118140,469],{"class":100},[69,118142,20427],{"class":292},[69,118144,289],{"class":100},[69,118146,2610],{"class":292},[69,118148,221],{"class":100},[69,118150,15283],{"class":110},[69,118152,126],{"class":114},[69,118154,15283],{"class":110},[69,118156,265],{"class":100},[69,118158,19391],{"class":75},[69,118160,19694],{"class":292},[69,118162,771],{"class":75},[69,118164,3539],{"class":292},[69,118166,494],{"class":100},[69,118168,118169,118171,118173,118175,118177,118179,118181,118183,118185,118187,118189,118191,118193,118195,118197,118199,118201],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,118170,2161],{"class":217},[69,118172,469],{"class":100},[69,118174,2176],{"class":1859},[69,118176,221],{"class":100},[69,118178,20427],{"class":292},[69,118180,289],{"class":100},[69,118182,2610],{"class":292},[69,118184,221],{"class":100},[69,118186,15283],{"class":110},[69,118188,126],{"class":114},[69,118190,15283],{"class":110},[69,118192,2621],{"class":100},[69,118194,19391],{"class":75},[69,118196,19694],{"class":292},[69,118198,771],{"class":75},[69,118200,3539],{"class":292},[69,118202,494],{"class":100},[14,118204,2261],{},[29,118206,118207,118211,118214,118217],{},[32,118208,2266,118209,2269],{},[21,118210,3436],{},[32,118212,118213],{},"Is each item a dictionary?",[32,118215,118216],{},"Do all dictionaries have the same keys?",[32,118218,118219,118220,118222],{},"Are all ",[21,118221,126],{}," values the same type?",[55,118224,3868],{"id":3867},[29,118226,118227,118233,118236,118241,118246],{},[32,118228,1628,118229,118232],{},[21,118230,118231],{},"item[\"key\"]"," when some dictionaries do not have that key",[32,118234,118235],{},"Trying to sort mixed types like integers and strings together",[32,118237,1628,118238,118240],{},[21,118239,116962],{}," and expecting it to return a new list",[32,118242,8564,118243,118245],{},[21,118244,113408],{}," when descending order is needed",[32,118247,118248],{},"Getting unexpected string order because of uppercase and lowercase letters",[55,118250,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,118252,118254],{"id":118253},"what-is-the-easiest-way-to-sort-a-list-of-dictionaries-in-python","What is the easiest way to sort a list of dictionaries in Python?",[14,118256,322,118257,14590,118259,289],{},[21,118258,54384],{},[21,118260,113975],{},[60,118262,118264],{"className":62,"code":118263,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"sorted(data, key=lambda item: item[\"age\"])\n",[21,118265,118266],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,118267,118268,118270,118272,118274,118276,118278,118280,118282,118284,118286,118288,118290,118292,118294,118296],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,118269,110949],{"class":217},[69,118271,221],{"class":100},[69,118273,3436],{"class":292},[69,118275,120],{"class":100},[69,118277,3713],{"class":242},[69,118279,97],{"class":96},[69,118281,47498],{"class":7502},[69,118283,19716],{"class":7951},[69,118285,1174],{"class":100},[69,118287,19716],{"class":292},[69,118289,1345],{"class":100},[69,118291,111],{"class":110},[69,118293,126],{"class":114},[69,118295,111],{"class":110},[69,118297,494],{"class":100},[1647,118299,2372,118301,50,118303,1414],{"id":118300},"what-is-the-difference-between-sorted-and-sort",[21,118302,54384],{},[21,118304,113088],{},[29,118306,118307,118311],{},[32,118308,118309,84527],{},[21,118310,54384],{},[32,118312,118313,110811],{},[21,118314,113069],{},[1647,118316,118318],{"id":118317},"how-do-i-sort-in-descending-order","How do I sort in descending order?",[14,118320,118321,118322,289],{},"Add ",[21,118323,113408],{},[60,118325,118327],{"className":62,"code":118326,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"sorted(data, key=lambda item: item[\"age\"], reverse=True)\n",[21,118328,118329],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,118330,118331,118333,118335,118337,118339,118341,118343,118345,118347,118349,118351,118353,118355,118357,118359,118361,118363,118365,118367],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,118332,110949],{"class":217},[69,118334,221],{"class":100},[69,118336,3436],{"class":292},[69,118338,120],{"class":100},[69,118340,3713],{"class":242},[69,118342,97],{"class":96},[69,118344,47498],{"class":7502},[69,118346,19716],{"class":7951},[69,118348,1174],{"class":100},[69,118350,19716],{"class":292},[69,118352,1345],{"class":100},[69,118354,111],{"class":110},[69,118356,126],{"class":114},[69,118358,111],{"class":110},[69,118360,20282],{"class":100},[69,118362,110972],{"class":242},[69,118364,97],{"class":96},[69,118366,11002],{"class":3012},[69,118368,301],{"class":100},[1647,118370,118372],{"id":118371},"how-do-i-sort-alphabetically-by-name","How do I sort alphabetically by name?",[14,118374,118375],{},"Use a string key:",[60,118377,118379],{"className":62,"code":118378,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"sorted(data, key=lambda item: item[\"name\"])\n",[21,118380,118381],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,118382,118383,118385,118387,118389,118391,118393,118395,118397,118399,118401,118403,118405,118407,118409,118411],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,118384,110949],{"class":217},[69,118386,221],{"class":100},[69,118388,3436],{"class":292},[69,118390,120],{"class":100},[69,118392,3713],{"class":242},[69,118394,97],{"class":96},[69,118396,47498],{"class":7502},[69,118398,19716],{"class":7951},[69,118400,1174],{"class":100},[69,118402,19716],{"class":292},[69,118404,1345],{"class":100},[69,118406,111],{"class":110},[69,118408,115],{"class":114},[69,118410,111],{"class":110},[69,118412,494],{"class":100},[1647,118414,118416],{"id":118415},"how-do-i-avoid-errors-when-a-key-is-missing","How do I avoid errors when a key is missing?",[14,118418,322,118419,118421],{},[21,118420,48297],{}," with a default value:",[60,118423,118425],{"className":62,"code":118424,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"sorted(data, key=lambda item: item.get(\"age\", 0))\n",[21,118426,118427],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,118428,118429,118431,118433,118435,118437,118439,118441,118443,118445,118447,118449,118451,118453,118455,118457,118459,118461,118463,118465],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,118430,110949],{"class":217},[69,118432,221],{"class":100},[69,118434,3436],{"class":292},[69,118436,120],{"class":100},[69,118438,3713],{"class":242},[69,118440,97],{"class":96},[69,118442,47498],{"class":7502},[69,118444,19716],{"class":7951},[69,118446,1174],{"class":100},[69,118448,19716],{"class":292},[69,118450,289],{"class":100},[69,118452,2610],{"class":292},[69,118454,221],{"class":100},[69,118456,111],{"class":110},[69,118458,126],{"class":114},[69,118460,111],{"class":110},[69,118462,120],{"class":100},[69,118464,6711],{"class":157},[69,118466,2183],{"class":100},[55,118468,2414],{"id":2413},[29,118470,118471,118477,118483,118487,118491,118496],{},[32,118472,118473],{},[579,118474,14649,118475,12755],{"href":111079},[21,118476,54384],{},[32,118478,118479],{},[579,118480,3138,118481,3141],{"href":3137},[21,118482,2515],{},[32,118484,118485],{},[579,118486,111239],{"href":111074},[32,118488,118489],{},[579,118490,20591],{"href":19925},[32,118492,118493],{},[579,118494,118495],{"href":114404},"How to use lambda functions in Python",[32,118497,118498],{},[579,118499,15946],{"href":15945},[14,118501,118502],{},"Once you are comfortable sorting simple examples, the same idea works for real-world data such as dictionaries loaded from files, JSON, or API responses.",[2450,118504,118505],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .s99_P, html code.shiki .s99_P{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sFwrP, html code.shiki .sFwrP{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":118507},[118508,118509,118510,118514,118517,118521,118524,118528,118534,118535,118543],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":115332,"depth":83,"text":118511,"children":118512},"Use sorted() with a key",[118513],{"id":115728,"depth":90,"text":115729},{"id":115760,"depth":83,"text":115761,"children":118515},[118516],{"id":116053,"depth":90,"text":116054},{"id":116337,"depth":83,"text":116338,"children":118518},[118519,118520],{"id":116612,"depth":90,"text":116613},{"id":116751,"depth":90,"text":116752},{"id":116955,"depth":83,"text":116956,"children":118522},[118523],{"id":112140,"depth":90,"text":112141},{"id":117393,"depth":83,"text":117394,"children":118525},[118526],{"id":117570,"depth":90,"text":118527},"Safer approach with get()",{"id":114408,"depth":83,"text":114409,"children":118529},[118530,118531,118532],{"id":117868,"depth":90,"text":117869},{"id":118050,"depth":90,"text":118051},{"id":118062,"depth":90,"text":118533},"None values",{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":118536},[118537,118538,118540,118541,118542],{"id":118253,"depth":90,"text":118254},{"id":118300,"depth":90,"text":118539},"What is the difference between sorted() and sort()?",{"id":118317,"depth":90,"text":118318},{"id":118371,"depth":90,"text":118372},{"id":118415,"depth":90,"text":118416},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to sort a list of dictionaries in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-sort-a-list-of-dictionaries-in-python",{"title":115014,"description":118544},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-sort-a-list-of-dictionaries-in-python","KFoE-jU0FIgGIFsrw9BOen-HcabiP2J86QrkdQDV2so",{"id":118551,"title":118552,"body":118553,"description":120832,"extension":2479,"meta":120833,"navigation":86,"path":120834,"seo":120835,"stem":120836,"__hash__":120837},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-split-a-string-in-python.md","How to Split a String in Python",{"type":7,"value":118554,"toc":120800},[118555,118558,118561,118563,118578,118580,118630,118632,118664,118669,118671,118673,118687,118691,118697,118700,118711,118714,118759,118761,118794,118797,118843,118845,118877,118883,118890,118894,118899,118902,118918,118922,118975,118977,119009,119013,119067,119069,119103,119107,119161,119163,119196,119203,119256,119258,119275,119281,119285,119288,119312,119318,119376,119378,119404,119409,119412,119471,119473,119500,119504,119510,119517,119574,119576,119609,119611,119622,119624,119683,119685,119717,119721,119724,119728,119799,119801,119814,119820,119824,119890,119892,119908,119912,119915,119995,119997,120017,120021,120024,120078,120080,120114,120119,120200,120202,120234,120241,120243,120246,120250,120253,120307,120309,120326,120330,120335,120402,120404,120451,120455,120509,120511,120545,120550,120554,120612,120615,120618,120723,120725,120729,120732,120736,120744,120748,120753,120757,120761,120765,120773,120775,120797],[10,118556,118552],{"id":118557},"how-to-split-a-string-in-python",[14,118559,118560],{},"If you want to break text into smaller pieces in Python, use string splitting methods.",[14,118562,27],{},[29,118564,118565,118568,118571,118574],{},[32,118566,118567],{},"Split a string into a list",[32,118569,118570],{},"Choose the right separator",[32,118572,118573],{},"Work with spaces, commas, and line breaks",[32,118575,55751,118576,55201],{},[21,118577,103160],{},[55,118579,58],{"id":57},[60,118581,118583],{"className":62,"code":118582,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"apple,banana,cherry\"\nparts = text.split(\",\")\nprint(parts)\n",[21,118584,118585,118598,118620],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,118586,118587,118589,118591,118593,118596],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,118588,16655],{"class":79},[69,118590,97],{"class":96},[69,118592,123],{"class":110},[69,118594,118595],{"class":114},"apple,banana,cherry",[69,118597,1825],{"class":110},[69,118599,118600,118602,118604,118606,118608,118610,118612,118614,118616,118618],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,118601,69376],{"class":79},[69,118603,97],{"class":96},[69,118605,16694],{"class":79},[69,118607,289],{"class":100},[69,118609,92483],{"class":292},[69,118611,221],{"class":100},[69,118613,111],{"class":110},[69,118615,120],{"class":114},[69,118617,111],{"class":110},[69,118619,301],{"class":100},[69,118621,118622,118624,118626,118628],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,118623,2161],{"class":217},[69,118625,221],{"class":100},[69,118627,69427],{"class":292},[69,118629,301],{"class":100},[14,118631,2781],{},[60,118633,118634],{"className":62,"code":113683,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,118635,118636],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,118637,118638,118640,118642,118644,118646,118648,118650,118652,118654,118656,118658,118660,118662],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,118639,1345],{"class":100},[69,118641,15283],{"class":110},[69,118643,6037],{"class":114},[69,118645,15283],{"class":110},[69,118647,120],{"class":100},[69,118649,15292],{"class":110},[69,118651,6046],{"class":114},[69,118653,15283],{"class":110},[69,118655,120],{"class":100},[69,118657,15292],{"class":110},[69,118659,75585],{"class":114},[69,118661,15283],{"class":110},[69,118663,198],{"class":100},[14,118665,322,118666,118668],{},[21,118667,103160],{}," to turn one string into a list of smaller strings.",[55,118670,2666],{"id":2665},[14,118672,65307],{},[29,118674,118675,118677,118680,118683],{},[32,118676,118567],{},[32,118678,118679],{},"Choose the correct separator",[32,118681,118682],{},"Handle spaces, commas, and new lines",[32,118684,55751,118685,55201],{},[21,118686,103160],{},[55,118688,118690],{"id":118689},"use-split-with-the-default-separator","Use split() with the default separator",[14,118692,118693,118694,118696],{},"If you call ",[21,118695,103160],{}," with no argument, Python splits the string on whitespace.",[14,118698,118699],{},"Whitespace includes:",[29,118701,118702,118705,118708],{},[32,118703,118704],{},"Spaces",[32,118706,118707],{},"Tabs",[32,118709,118710],{},"New lines",[14,118712,118713],{},"This is useful when you want to split text into words.",[60,118715,118717],{"className":62,"code":118716,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Python is fun\"\nparts = text.split()\n\nprint(parts)\n",[21,118718,118719,118731,118745,118749],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,118720,118721,118723,118725,118727,118729],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,118722,16655],{"class":79},[69,118724,97],{"class":96},[69,118726,123],{"class":110},[69,118728,16830],{"class":114},[69,118730,1825],{"class":110},[69,118732,118733,118735,118737,118739,118741,118743],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,118734,69376],{"class":79},[69,118736,97],{"class":96},[69,118738,16694],{"class":79},[69,118740,289],{"class":100},[69,118742,92483],{"class":292},[69,118744,1385],{"class":100},[69,118746,118747],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,118748,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,118750,118751,118753,118755,118757],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,118752,2161],{"class":217},[69,118754,221],{"class":100},[69,118756,69427],{"class":292},[69,118758,301],{"class":100},[14,118760,2781],{},[60,118762,118764],{"className":62,"code":118763,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['Python', 'is', 'fun']\n",[21,118765,118766],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,118767,118768,118770,118772,118774,118776,118778,118780,118782,118784,118786,118788,118790,118792],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,118769,1345],{"class":100},[69,118771,15283],{"class":110},[69,118773,17238],{"class":114},[69,118775,15283],{"class":110},[69,118777,120],{"class":100},[69,118779,15292],{"class":110},[69,118781,8098],{"class":114},[69,118783,15283],{"class":110},[69,118785,120],{"class":100},[69,118787,15292],{"class":110},[69,118789,68724],{"class":114},[69,118791,15283],{"class":110},[69,118793,198],{"class":100},[14,118795,118796],{},"One useful detail is that extra spaces are handled automatically.",[60,118798,118800],{"className":62,"code":118799,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"Python   is    fun\"\nparts = text.split()\n\nprint(parts)\n",[21,118801,118802,118815,118829,118833],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,118803,118804,118806,118808,118810,118813],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,118805,16655],{"class":79},[69,118807,97],{"class":96},[69,118809,123],{"class":110},[69,118811,118812],{"class":114},"Python   is    fun",[69,118814,1825],{"class":110},[69,118816,118817,118819,118821,118823,118825,118827],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,118818,69376],{"class":79},[69,118820,97],{"class":96},[69,118822,16694],{"class":79},[69,118824,289],{"class":100},[69,118826,92483],{"class":292},[69,118828,1385],{"class":100},[69,118830,118831],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,118832,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,118834,118835,118837,118839,118841],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,118836,2161],{"class":217},[69,118838,221],{"class":100},[69,118840,69427],{"class":292},[69,118842,301],{"class":100},[14,118844,2781],{},[60,118846,118847],{"className":62,"code":118763,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,118848,118849],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,118850,118851,118853,118855,118857,118859,118861,118863,118865,118867,118869,118871,118873,118875],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,118852,1345],{"class":100},[69,118854,15283],{"class":110},[69,118856,17238],{"class":114},[69,118858,15283],{"class":110},[69,118860,120],{"class":100},[69,118862,15292],{"class":110},[69,118864,8098],{"class":114},[69,118866,15283],{"class":110},[69,118868,120],{"class":100},[69,118870,15292],{"class":110},[69,118872,68724],{"class":114},[69,118874,15283],{"class":110},[69,118876,198],{"class":100},[14,118878,118879,118880,118882],{},"So if you want to split by spaces and ignore repeated spaces, ",[21,118881,103160],{}," with no argument is usually the best choice.",[14,118884,118885,118886,289],{},"If you want a full method reference, see the ",[579,118887,118889],{"href":118888},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-string-split-method","Python string split() method",[55,118891,118893],{"id":118892},"split-using-a-specific-character","Split using a specific character",[14,118895,118896,118897,289],{},"You can also pass a separator to ",[21,118898,103160],{},[14,118900,118901],{},"Common separators include:",[29,118903,118904,118909,118913],{},[32,118905,118906],{},[21,118907,118908],{},"\",\"",[32,118910,118911],{},[21,118912,106531],{},[32,118914,118915],{},[21,118916,118917],{},"\"|\"",[1647,118919,118921],{"id":118920},"split-by-comma","Split by comma",[60,118923,118925],{"className":62,"code":118924,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"apple,banana,cherry\"\nparts = text.split(\",\")\n\nprint(parts)\n",[21,118926,118927,118939,118961,118965],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,118928,118929,118931,118933,118935,118937],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,118930,16655],{"class":79},[69,118932,97],{"class":96},[69,118934,123],{"class":110},[69,118936,118595],{"class":114},[69,118938,1825],{"class":110},[69,118940,118941,118943,118945,118947,118949,118951,118953,118955,118957,118959],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,118942,69376],{"class":79},[69,118944,97],{"class":96},[69,118946,16694],{"class":79},[69,118948,289],{"class":100},[69,118950,92483],{"class":292},[69,118952,221],{"class":100},[69,118954,111],{"class":110},[69,118956,120],{"class":114},[69,118958,111],{"class":110},[69,118960,301],{"class":100},[69,118962,118963],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,118964,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,118966,118967,118969,118971,118973],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,118968,2161],{"class":217},[69,118970,221],{"class":100},[69,118972,69427],{"class":292},[69,118974,301],{"class":100},[14,118976,2781],{},[60,118978,118979],{"className":62,"code":113683,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,118980,118981],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,118982,118983,118985,118987,118989,118991,118993,118995,118997,118999,119001,119003,119005,119007],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,118984,1345],{"class":100},[69,118986,15283],{"class":110},[69,118988,6037],{"class":114},[69,118990,15283],{"class":110},[69,118992,120],{"class":100},[69,118994,15292],{"class":110},[69,118996,6046],{"class":114},[69,118998,15283],{"class":110},[69,119000,120],{"class":100},[69,119002,15292],{"class":110},[69,119004,75585],{"class":114},[69,119006,15283],{"class":110},[69,119008,198],{"class":100},[1647,119010,119012],{"id":119011},"split-by-dash","Split by dash",[60,119014,119016],{"className":62,"code":119015,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"2024-10-31\"\nparts = text.split(\"-\")\n\nprint(parts)\n",[21,119017,119018,119031,119053,119057],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119019,119020,119022,119024,119026,119029],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119021,16655],{"class":79},[69,119023,97],{"class":96},[69,119025,123],{"class":110},[69,119027,119028],{"class":114},"2024-10-31",[69,119030,1825],{"class":110},[69,119032,119033,119035,119037,119039,119041,119043,119045,119047,119049,119051],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,119034,69376],{"class":79},[69,119036,97],{"class":96},[69,119038,16694],{"class":79},[69,119040,289],{"class":100},[69,119042,92483],{"class":292},[69,119044,221],{"class":100},[69,119046,111],{"class":110},[69,119048,7305],{"class":114},[69,119050,111],{"class":110},[69,119052,301],{"class":100},[69,119054,119055],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,119056,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,119058,119059,119061,119063,119065],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,119060,2161],{"class":217},[69,119062,221],{"class":100},[69,119064,69427],{"class":292},[69,119066,301],{"class":100},[14,119068,2781],{},[60,119070,119072],{"className":62,"code":119071,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['2024', '10', '31']\n",[21,119073,119074],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119075,119076,119078,119080,119082,119084,119086,119088,119090,119092,119094,119096,119099,119101],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119077,1345],{"class":100},[69,119079,15283],{"class":110},[69,119081,105850],{"class":114},[69,119083,15283],{"class":110},[69,119085,120],{"class":100},[69,119087,15292],{"class":110},[69,119089,18507],{"class":114},[69,119091,15283],{"class":110},[69,119093,120],{"class":100},[69,119095,15292],{"class":110},[69,119097,119098],{"class":114},"31",[69,119100,15283],{"class":110},[69,119102,198],{"class":100},[1647,119104,119106],{"id":119105},"split-by-pipe","Split by pipe",[60,119108,119110],{"className":62,"code":119109,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"red|green|blue\"\nparts = text.split(\"|\")\n\nprint(parts)\n",[21,119111,119112,119125,119147,119151],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119113,119114,119116,119118,119120,119123],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119115,16655],{"class":79},[69,119117,97],{"class":96},[69,119119,123],{"class":110},[69,119121,119122],{"class":114},"red|green|blue",[69,119124,1825],{"class":110},[69,119126,119127,119129,119131,119133,119135,119137,119139,119141,119143,119145],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,119128,69376],{"class":79},[69,119130,97],{"class":96},[69,119132,16694],{"class":79},[69,119134,289],{"class":100},[69,119136,92483],{"class":292},[69,119138,221],{"class":100},[69,119140,111],{"class":110},[69,119142,79902],{"class":114},[69,119144,111],{"class":110},[69,119146,301],{"class":100},[69,119148,119149],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,119150,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,119152,119153,119155,119157,119159],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,119154,2161],{"class":217},[69,119156,221],{"class":100},[69,119158,69427],{"class":292},[69,119160,301],{"class":100},[14,119162,2781],{},[60,119164,119166],{"className":62,"code":119165,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['red', 'green', 'blue']\n",[21,119167,119168],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119169,119170,119172,119174,119176,119178,119180,119182,119184,119186,119188,119190,119192,119194],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119171,1345],{"class":100},[69,119173,15283],{"class":110},[69,119175,6499],{"class":114},[69,119177,15283],{"class":110},[69,119179,120],{"class":100},[69,119181,15292],{"class":110},[69,119183,6532],{"class":114},[69,119185,15283],{"class":110},[69,119187,120],{"class":100},[69,119189,15292],{"class":110},[69,119191,6508],{"class":114},[69,119193,15283],{"class":110},[69,119195,198],{"class":100},[14,119197,119198,119199,119202],{},"The separator must match the text exactly. If the string uses commas, splitting on ",[21,119200,119201],{},"\";\""," will not work.",[60,119204,119206],{"className":62,"code":119205,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"apple,banana,cherry\"\nparts = text.split(\";\")\n\nprint(parts)\n",[21,119207,119208,119220,119242,119246],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119209,119210,119212,119214,119216,119218],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119211,16655],{"class":79},[69,119213,97],{"class":96},[69,119215,123],{"class":110},[69,119217,118595],{"class":114},[69,119219,1825],{"class":110},[69,119221,119222,119224,119226,119228,119230,119232,119234,119236,119238,119240],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,119223,69376],{"class":79},[69,119225,97],{"class":96},[69,119227,16694],{"class":79},[69,119229,289],{"class":100},[69,119231,92483],{"class":292},[69,119233,221],{"class":100},[69,119235,111],{"class":110},[69,119237,45427],{"class":114},[69,119239,111],{"class":110},[69,119241,301],{"class":100},[69,119243,119244],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,119245,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,119247,119248,119250,119252,119254],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,119249,2161],{"class":217},[69,119251,221],{"class":100},[69,119253,69427],{"class":292},[69,119255,301],{"class":100},[14,119257,2781],{},[60,119259,119261],{"className":62,"code":119260,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['apple,banana,cherry']\n",[21,119262,119263],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119264,119265,119267,119269,119271,119273],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119266,1345],{"class":100},[69,119268,15283],{"class":110},[69,119270,118595],{"class":114},[69,119272,15283],{"class":110},[69,119274,198],{"class":100},[14,119276,119277,119278,119280],{},"Notice that the result is still a list. ",[21,119279,103160],{}," always returns a list of strings.",[55,119282,119284],{"id":119283},"limit-the-number-of-splits","Limit the number of splits",[14,119286,119287],{},"Sometimes you do not want to split everywhere. In that case, use this form:",[60,119289,119291],{"className":62,"code":119290,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text.split(separator, maxsplit)\n",[21,119292,119293],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119294,119295,119297,119299,119301,119303,119305,119307,119310],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119296,568],{"class":79},[69,119298,289],{"class":100},[69,119300,92483],{"class":292},[69,119302,221],{"class":100},[69,119304,69159],{"class":292},[69,119306,120],{"class":100},[69,119308,119309],{"class":292}," maxsplit",[69,119311,301],{"class":100},[14,119313,119314,119317],{},[21,119315,119316],{},"maxsplit"," tells Python how many times to split.",[60,119319,119321],{"className":62,"code":119320,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"name:age:city\"\nparts = text.split(\":\", 1)\n\nprint(parts)\n",[21,119322,119323,119336,119362,119366],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119324,119325,119327,119329,119331,119334],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119326,16655],{"class":79},[69,119328,97],{"class":96},[69,119330,123],{"class":110},[69,119332,119333],{"class":114},"name:age:city",[69,119335,1825],{"class":110},[69,119337,119338,119340,119342,119344,119346,119348,119350,119352,119354,119356,119358,119360],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,119339,69376],{"class":79},[69,119341,97],{"class":96},[69,119343,16694],{"class":79},[69,119345,289],{"class":100},[69,119347,92483],{"class":292},[69,119349,221],{"class":100},[69,119351,111],{"class":110},[69,119353,1174],{"class":114},[69,119355,111],{"class":110},[69,119357,120],{"class":100},[69,119359,5748],{"class":157},[69,119361,301],{"class":100},[69,119363,119364],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,119365,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,119367,119368,119370,119372,119374],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,119369,2161],{"class":217},[69,119371,221],{"class":100},[69,119373,69427],{"class":292},[69,119375,301],{"class":100},[14,119377,2781],{},[60,119379,119381],{"className":62,"code":119380,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['name', 'age:city']\n",[21,119382,119383],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119384,119385,119387,119389,119391,119393,119395,119397,119400,119402],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119386,1345],{"class":100},[69,119388,15283],{"class":110},[69,119390,115],{"class":114},[69,119392,15283],{"class":110},[69,119394,120],{"class":100},[69,119396,15292],{"class":110},[69,119398,119399],{"class":114},"age:city",[69,119401,15283],{"class":110},[69,119403,198],{"class":100},[14,119405,98773,119406,119408],{},[21,119407,1174],{}," is used. The rest of the text stays together in the last item.",[14,119410,119411],{},"This is helpful when only the first part matters.",[60,119413,119415],{"className":62,"code":119414,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"ERROR - file not found - line 42\"\nparts = text.split(\" - \", 1)\n\nprint(parts)\n",[21,119416,119417,119430,119457,119461],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119418,119419,119421,119423,119425,119428],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119420,16655],{"class":79},[69,119422,97],{"class":96},[69,119424,123],{"class":110},[69,119426,119427],{"class":114},"ERROR - file not found - line 42",[69,119429,1825],{"class":110},[69,119431,119432,119434,119436,119438,119440,119442,119444,119446,119449,119451,119453,119455],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,119433,69376],{"class":79},[69,119435,97],{"class":96},[69,119437,16694],{"class":79},[69,119439,289],{"class":100},[69,119441,92483],{"class":292},[69,119443,221],{"class":100},[69,119445,111],{"class":110},[69,119447,119448],{"class":114}," - ",[69,119450,111],{"class":110},[69,119452,120],{"class":100},[69,119454,5748],{"class":157},[69,119456,301],{"class":100},[69,119458,119459],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,119460,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,119462,119463,119465,119467,119469],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,119464,2161],{"class":217},[69,119466,221],{"class":100},[69,119468,69427],{"class":292},[69,119470,301],{"class":100},[14,119472,2781],{},[60,119474,119476],{"className":62,"code":119475,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['ERROR', 'file not found - line 42']\n",[21,119477,119478],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119479,119480,119482,119484,119487,119489,119491,119493,119496,119498],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119481,1345],{"class":100},[69,119483,15283],{"class":110},[69,119485,119486],{"class":114},"ERROR",[69,119488,15283],{"class":110},[69,119490,120],{"class":100},[69,119492,15292],{"class":110},[69,119494,119495],{"class":114},"file not found - line 42",[69,119497,15283],{"class":110},[69,119499,198],{"class":100},[55,119501,119503],{"id":119502},"split-lines-of-text","Split lines of text",[14,119505,119506,119507,289],{},"If your string has multiple lines, use ",[21,119508,119509],{},"splitlines()",[14,119511,119512,119513,119516],{},"This is often better than splitting on ",[21,119514,119515],{},"\"\\n\""," because it handles line breaks more cleanly.",[60,119518,119520],{"className":62,"code":119519,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"first line\\nsecond line\\nthird line\"\nlines = text.splitlines()\n\nprint(lines)\n",[21,119521,119522,119545,119560,119564],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119523,119524,119526,119528,119530,119533,119535,119538,119540,119543],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119525,16655],{"class":79},[69,119527,97],{"class":96},[69,119529,123],{"class":110},[69,119531,119532],{"class":114},"first line",[69,119534,9475],{"class":7964},[69,119536,119537],{"class":114},"second line",[69,119539,9475],{"class":7964},[69,119541,119542],{"class":114},"third line",[69,119544,1825],{"class":110},[69,119546,119547,119549,119551,119553,119555,119558],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,119548,10071],{"class":79},[69,119550,97],{"class":96},[69,119552,16694],{"class":79},[69,119554,289],{"class":100},[69,119556,119557],{"class":292},"splitlines",[69,119559,1385],{"class":100},[69,119561,119562],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,119563,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,119565,119566,119568,119570,119572],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,119567,2161],{"class":217},[69,119569,221],{"class":100},[69,119571,93629],{"class":292},[69,119573,301],{"class":100},[14,119575,2781],{},[60,119577,119579],{"className":62,"code":119578,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['first line', 'second line', 'third line']\n",[21,119580,119581],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119582,119583,119585,119587,119589,119591,119593,119595,119597,119599,119601,119603,119605,119607],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119584,1345],{"class":100},[69,119586,15283],{"class":110},[69,119588,119532],{"class":114},[69,119590,15283],{"class":110},[69,119592,120],{"class":100},[69,119594,15292],{"class":110},[69,119596,119537],{"class":114},[69,119598,15283],{"class":110},[69,119600,120],{"class":100},[69,119602,15292],{"class":110},[69,119604,119542],{"class":114},[69,119606,15283],{"class":110},[69,119608,198],{"class":100},[14,119610,19447],{},[29,119612,119613,119616,119619],{},[32,119614,119615],{},"File content",[32,119617,119618],{},"Copied text",[32,119620,119621],{},"Multi-line input",[14,119623,370],{},[60,119625,119627],{"className":62,"code":119626,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"\"\"apple\nbanana\ncherry\"\"\"\n\nlines = text.splitlines()\n\nprint(lines)\n",[21,119628,119629,119640,119644,119651,119655,119669,119673],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119630,119631,119633,119635,119638],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119632,16655],{"class":79},[69,119634,97],{"class":96},[69,119636,119637],{"class":110}," \"\"\"",[69,119639,56563],{"class":114},[69,119641,119642],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,119643,56568],{"class":114},[69,119645,119646,119648],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,119647,75585],{"class":114},[69,119649,119650],{"class":110},"\"\"\"\n",[69,119652,119653],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,119654,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,119656,119657,119659,119661,119663,119665,119667],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,119658,10071],{"class":79},[69,119660,97],{"class":96},[69,119662,16694],{"class":79},[69,119664,289],{"class":100},[69,119666,119557],{"class":292},[69,119668,1385],{"class":100},[69,119670,119671],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,119672,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,119674,119675,119677,119679,119681],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,119676,2161],{"class":217},[69,119678,221],{"class":100},[69,119680,93629],{"class":292},[69,119682,301],{"class":100},[14,119684,2781],{},[60,119686,119687],{"className":62,"code":113683,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,119688,119689],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119690,119691,119693,119695,119697,119699,119701,119703,119705,119707,119709,119711,119713,119715],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119692,1345],{"class":100},[69,119694,15283],{"class":110},[69,119696,6037],{"class":114},[69,119698,15283],{"class":110},[69,119700,120],{"class":100},[69,119702,15292],{"class":110},[69,119704,6046],{"class":114},[69,119706,15283],{"class":110},[69,119708,120],{"class":100},[69,119710,15292],{"class":110},[69,119712,75585],{"class":114},[69,119714,15283],{"class":110},[69,119716,198],{"class":100},[55,119718,119720],{"id":119719},"what-to-do-after-splitting","What to do after splitting",[14,119722,119723],{},"After splitting, you get a list. You can then work with the list in different ways.",[1647,119725,119727],{"id":119726},"access-items-with-indexes","Access items with indexes",[60,119729,119731],{"className":62,"code":119730,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"apple,banana,cherry\"\nparts = text.split(\",\")\n\nprint(parts[0])\nprint(parts[1])\n",[21,119732,119733,119745,119767,119771,119785],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119734,119735,119737,119739,119741,119743],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119736,16655],{"class":79},[69,119738,97],{"class":96},[69,119740,123],{"class":110},[69,119742,118595],{"class":114},[69,119744,1825],{"class":110},[69,119746,119747,119749,119751,119753,119755,119757,119759,119761,119763,119765],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,119748,69376],{"class":79},[69,119750,97],{"class":96},[69,119752,16694],{"class":79},[69,119754,289],{"class":100},[69,119756,92483],{"class":292},[69,119758,221],{"class":100},[69,119760,111],{"class":110},[69,119762,120],{"class":114},[69,119764,111],{"class":110},[69,119766,301],{"class":100},[69,119768,119769],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,119770,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,119772,119773,119775,119777,119779,119781,119783],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,119774,2161],{"class":217},[69,119776,221],{"class":100},[69,119778,69427],{"class":292},[69,119780,1345],{"class":100},[69,119782,2200],{"class":157},[69,119784,494],{"class":100},[69,119786,119787,119789,119791,119793,119795,119797],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,119788,2161],{"class":217},[69,119790,221],{"class":100},[69,119792,69427],{"class":292},[69,119794,1345],{"class":100},[69,119796,5940],{"class":157},[69,119798,494],{"class":100},[14,119800,2781],{},[60,119802,119804],{"className":62,"code":119803,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"apple\nbanana\n",[21,119805,119806,119810],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119807,119808],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119809,56563],{"class":79},[69,119811,119812],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,119813,56568],{"class":79},[14,119815,60027,119816,289],{},[579,119817,119819],{"href":119818},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-list-slicing-explained\u002F","Python list indexing explained",[1647,119821,119823],{"id":119822},"loop-through-the-list","Loop through the list",[60,119825,119827],{"className":62,"code":119826,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"apple,banana,cherry\"\nparts = text.split(\",\")\n\nfor item in parts:\n    print(item)\n",[21,119828,119829,119841,119863,119867,119880],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119830,119831,119833,119835,119837,119839],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119832,16655],{"class":79},[69,119834,97],{"class":96},[69,119836,123],{"class":110},[69,119838,118595],{"class":114},[69,119840,1825],{"class":110},[69,119842,119843,119845,119847,119849,119851,119853,119855,119857,119859,119861],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,119844,69376],{"class":79},[69,119846,97],{"class":96},[69,119848,16694],{"class":79},[69,119850,289],{"class":100},[69,119852,92483],{"class":292},[69,119854,221],{"class":100},[69,119856,111],{"class":110},[69,119858,120],{"class":114},[69,119860,111],{"class":110},[69,119862,301],{"class":100},[69,119864,119865],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,119866,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,119868,119869,119871,119873,119875,119878],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,119870,3710],{"class":75},[69,119872,19694],{"class":79},[69,119874,771],{"class":75},[69,119876,119877],{"class":79}," parts",[69,119879,275],{"class":100},[69,119881,119882,119884,119886,119888],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,119883,3220],{"class":217},[69,119885,221],{"class":100},[69,119887,20427],{"class":292},[69,119889,301],{"class":100},[14,119891,2781],{},[60,119893,119894],{"className":62,"code":75620,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,119895,119896,119900,119904],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119897,119898],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119899,56563],{"class":79},[69,119901,119902],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,119903,56568],{"class":79},[69,119905,119906],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,119907,75635],{"class":79},[1647,119909,119911],{"id":119910},"convert-values-if-needed","Convert values if needed",[14,119913,119914],{},"Split values start as strings. If you need numbers, convert them.",[60,119916,119918],{"className":62,"code":119917,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"10,20,30\"\nparts = text.split(\",\")\n\nnumbers = [int(item) for item in parts]\nprint(numbers)\n",[21,119919,119920,119933,119955,119959,119985],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,119921,119922,119924,119926,119928,119931],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,119923,16655],{"class":79},[69,119925,97],{"class":96},[69,119927,123],{"class":110},[69,119929,119930],{"class":114},"10,20,30",[69,119932,1825],{"class":110},[69,119934,119935,119937,119939,119941,119943,119945,119947,119949,119951,119953],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,119936,69376],{"class":79},[69,119938,97],{"class":96},[69,119940,16694],{"class":79},[69,119942,289],{"class":100},[69,119944,92483],{"class":292},[69,119946,221],{"class":100},[69,119948,111],{"class":110},[69,119950,120],{"class":114},[69,119952,111],{"class":110},[69,119954,301],{"class":100},[69,119956,119957],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,119958,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,119960,119961,119963,119965,119967,119969,119971,119973,119975,119977,119979,119981,119983],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,119962,5933],{"class":79},[69,119964,97],{"class":96},[69,119966,636],{"class":100},[69,119968,21838],{"class":1859},[69,119970,221],{"class":100},[69,119972,20427],{"class":292},[69,119974,265],{"class":100},[69,119976,19391],{"class":75},[69,119978,19694],{"class":79},[69,119980,771],{"class":75},[69,119982,119877],{"class":79},[69,119984,198],{"class":100},[69,119986,119987,119989,119991,119993],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,119988,2161],{"class":217},[69,119990,221],{"class":100},[69,119992,5956],{"class":292},[69,119994,301],{"class":100},[14,119996,2781],{},[60,119998,119999],{"className":62,"code":76352,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,120000,120001],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,120002,120003,120005,120007,120009,120011,120013,120015],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,120004,1345],{"class":100},[69,120006,18507],{"class":157},[69,120008,120],{"class":100},[69,120010,4671],{"class":157},[69,120012,120],{"class":100},[69,120014,158],{"class":157},[69,120016,198],{"class":100},[1647,120018,120020],{"id":120019},"remove-extra-whitespace-with-strip","Remove extra whitespace with strip()",[14,120022,120023],{},"If your text has spaces around commas, those spaces stay in the result.",[60,120025,120027],{"className":62,"code":120026,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"apple, banana, cherry\"\nparts = text.split(\",\")\n\nprint(parts)\n",[21,120028,120029,120042,120064,120068],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,120030,120031,120033,120035,120037,120040],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,120032,16655],{"class":79},[69,120034,97],{"class":96},[69,120036,123],{"class":110},[69,120038,120039],{"class":114},"apple, banana, cherry",[69,120041,1825],{"class":110},[69,120043,120044,120046,120048,120050,120052,120054,120056,120058,120060,120062],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,120045,69376],{"class":79},[69,120047,97],{"class":96},[69,120049,16694],{"class":79},[69,120051,289],{"class":100},[69,120053,92483],{"class":292},[69,120055,221],{"class":100},[69,120057,111],{"class":110},[69,120059,120],{"class":114},[69,120061,111],{"class":110},[69,120063,301],{"class":100},[69,120065,120066],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,120067,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,120069,120070,120072,120074,120076],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,120071,2161],{"class":217},[69,120073,221],{"class":100},[69,120075,69427],{"class":292},[69,120077,301],{"class":100},[14,120079,2781],{},[60,120081,120083],{"className":62,"code":120082,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['apple', ' banana', ' cherry']\n",[21,120084,120085],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,120086,120087,120089,120091,120093,120095,120097,120099,120101,120103,120105,120107,120110,120112],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,120088,1345],{"class":100},[69,120090,15283],{"class":110},[69,120092,6037],{"class":114},[69,120094,15283],{"class":110},[69,120096,120],{"class":100},[69,120098,15292],{"class":110},[69,120100,69357],{"class":114},[69,120102,15283],{"class":110},[69,120104,120],{"class":100},[69,120106,15292],{"class":110},[69,120108,120109],{"class":114}," cherry",[69,120111,15283],{"class":110},[69,120113,198],{"class":100},[14,120115,120116,120117,1174],{},"To clean each item, use ",[21,120118,25046],{},[60,120120,120122],{"className":62,"code":120121,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"apple, banana, cherry\"\nparts = text.split(\",\")\n\nclean_parts = [item.strip() for item in parts]\nprint(clean_parts)\n",[21,120123,120124,120136,120158,120162,120189],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,120125,120126,120128,120130,120132,120134],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,120127,16655],{"class":79},[69,120129,97],{"class":96},[69,120131,123],{"class":110},[69,120133,120039],{"class":114},[69,120135,1825],{"class":110},[69,120137,120138,120140,120142,120144,120146,120148,120150,120152,120154,120156],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,120139,69376],{"class":79},[69,120141,97],{"class":96},[69,120143,16694],{"class":79},[69,120145,289],{"class":100},[69,120147,92483],{"class":292},[69,120149,221],{"class":100},[69,120151,111],{"class":110},[69,120153,120],{"class":114},[69,120155,111],{"class":110},[69,120157,301],{"class":100},[69,120159,120160],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,120161,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,120163,120164,120167,120169,120171,120173,120175,120177,120179,120181,120183,120185,120187],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,120165,120166],{"class":79},"clean_parts ",[69,120168,97],{"class":96},[69,120170,636],{"class":100},[69,120172,20427],{"class":79},[69,120174,289],{"class":100},[69,120176,19855],{"class":292},[69,120178,13154],{"class":100},[69,120180,19391],{"class":75},[69,120182,19694],{"class":79},[69,120184,771],{"class":75},[69,120186,119877],{"class":79},[69,120188,198],{"class":100},[69,120190,120191,120193,120195,120198],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,120192,2161],{"class":217},[69,120194,221],{"class":100},[69,120196,120197],{"class":292},"clean_parts",[69,120199,301],{"class":100},[14,120201,2781],{},[60,120203,120204],{"className":62,"code":113683,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,120205,120206],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,120207,120208,120210,120212,120214,120216,120218,120220,120222,120224,120226,120228,120230,120232],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,120209,1345],{"class":100},[69,120211,15283],{"class":110},[69,120213,6037],{"class":114},[69,120215,15283],{"class":110},[69,120217,120],{"class":100},[69,120219,15292],{"class":110},[69,120221,6046],{"class":114},[69,120223,15283],{"class":110},[69,120225,120],{"class":100},[69,120227,15292],{"class":110},[69,120229,75585],{"class":114},[69,120231,15283],{"class":110},[69,120233,198],{"class":100},[14,120235,6349,120236,50,120239,289],{},[579,120237,120238],{"href":93914},"Python string strip() method",[579,120240,106499],{"href":106498},[55,120242,3868],{"id":3867},[14,120244,120245],{},"Here are some common problems beginners run into when splitting strings.",[1647,120247,120249],{"id":120248},"using-the-wrong-separator-character","Using the wrong separator character",[14,120251,120252],{},"If the separator does not match the text, Python will not split it.",[60,120254,120256],{"className":62,"code":120255,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"a,b,c\"\nparts = text.split(\";\")\n\nprint(parts)\n",[21,120257,120258,120271,120293,120297],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,120259,120260,120262,120264,120266,120269],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,120261,16655],{"class":79},[69,120263,97],{"class":96},[69,120265,123],{"class":110},[69,120267,120268],{"class":114},"a,b,c",[69,120270,1825],{"class":110},[69,120272,120273,120275,120277,120279,120281,120283,120285,120287,120289,120291],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,120274,69376],{"class":79},[69,120276,97],{"class":96},[69,120278,16694],{"class":79},[69,120280,289],{"class":100},[69,120282,92483],{"class":292},[69,120284,221],{"class":100},[69,120286,111],{"class":110},[69,120288,45427],{"class":114},[69,120290,111],{"class":110},[69,120292,301],{"class":100},[69,120294,120295],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,120296,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,120298,120299,120301,120303,120305],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,120300,2161],{"class":217},[69,120302,221],{"class":100},[69,120304,69427],{"class":292},[69,120306,301],{"class":100},[14,120308,2781],{},[60,120310,120312],{"className":62,"code":120311,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['a,b,c']\n",[21,120313,120314],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,120315,120316,120318,120320,120322,120324],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,120317,1345],{"class":100},[69,120319,15283],{"class":110},[69,120321,120268],{"class":114},[69,120323,15283],{"class":110},[69,120325,198],{"class":100},[1647,120327,120329],{"id":120328},"expecting-split-to-return-a-string","Expecting split() to return a string",[14,120331,120332,120334],{},[21,120333,103160],{}," returns a list, not a single string.",[60,120336,120338],{"className":62,"code":120337,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"a,b,c\"\nparts = text.split(\",\")\n\nprint(parts)\nprint(type(parts))\n",[21,120339,120340,120352,120374,120378,120388],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,120341,120342,120344,120346,120348,120350],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,120343,16655],{"class":79},[69,120345,97],{"class":96},[69,120347,123],{"class":110},[69,120349,120268],{"class":114},[69,120351,1825],{"class":110},[69,120353,120354,120356,120358,120360,120362,120364,120366,120368,120370,120372],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,120355,69376],{"class":79},[69,120357,97],{"class":96},[69,120359,16694],{"class":79},[69,120361,289],{"class":100},[69,120363,92483],{"class":292},[69,120365,221],{"class":100},[69,120367,111],{"class":110},[69,120369,120],{"class":114},[69,120371,111],{"class":110},[69,120373,301],{"class":100},[69,120375,120376],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,120377,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,120379,120380,120382,120384,120386],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,120381,2161],{"class":217},[69,120383,221],{"class":100},[69,120385,69427],{"class":292},[69,120387,301],{"class":100},[69,120389,120390,120392,120394,120396,120398,120400],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,120391,2161],{"class":217},[69,120393,221],{"class":100},[69,120395,2176],{"class":1859},[69,120397,221],{"class":100},[69,120399,69427],{"class":292},[69,120401,2183],{"class":100},[14,120403,2781],{},[60,120405,120407],{"className":62,"code":120406,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['a', 'b', 'c']\n\u003Cclass 'list'>\n",[21,120408,120409,120437],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,120410,120411,120413,120415,120417,120419,120421,120423,120425,120427,120429,120431,120433,120435],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,120412,1345],{"class":100},[69,120414,15283],{"class":110},[69,120416,579],{"class":114},[69,120418,15283],{"class":110},[69,120420,120],{"class":100},[69,120422,15292],{"class":110},[69,120424,5755],{"class":114},[69,120426,15283],{"class":110},[69,120428,120],{"class":100},[69,120430,15292],{"class":110},[69,120432,6399],{"class":114},[69,120434,15283],{"class":110},[69,120436,198],{"class":100},[69,120438,120439,120441,120443,120445,120447,120449],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,120440,21097],{"class":96},[69,120442,7503],{"class":7502},[69,120444,15292],{"class":110},[69,120446,14459],{"class":114},[69,120448,15283],{"class":110},[69,120450,21108],{"class":96},[1647,120452,120454],{"id":120453},"forgetting-that-split-does-not-remove-spaces","Forgetting that split(',') does not remove spaces",[60,120456,120458],{"className":62,"code":120457,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"a, b, c\"\nparts = text.split(\",\")\n\nprint(parts)\n",[21,120459,120460,120473,120495,120499],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,120461,120462,120464,120466,120468,120471],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,120463,16655],{"class":79},[69,120465,97],{"class":96},[69,120467,123],{"class":110},[69,120469,120470],{"class":114},"a, b, c",[69,120472,1825],{"class":110},[69,120474,120475,120477,120479,120481,120483,120485,120487,120489,120491,120493],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,120476,69376],{"class":79},[69,120478,97],{"class":96},[69,120480,16694],{"class":79},[69,120482,289],{"class":100},[69,120484,92483],{"class":292},[69,120486,221],{"class":100},[69,120488,111],{"class":110},[69,120490,120],{"class":114},[69,120492,111],{"class":110},[69,120494,301],{"class":100},[69,120496,120497],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,120498,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,120500,120501,120503,120505,120507],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,120502,2161],{"class":217},[69,120504,221],{"class":100},[69,120506,69427],{"class":292},[69,120508,301],{"class":100},[14,120510,2781],{},[60,120512,120514],{"className":62,"code":120513,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['a', ' b', ' c']\n",[21,120515,120516],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,120517,120518,120520,120522,120524,120526,120528,120530,120532,120534,120536,120538,120541,120543],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,120519,1345],{"class":100},[69,120521,15283],{"class":110},[69,120523,579],{"class":114},[69,120525,15283],{"class":110},[69,120527,120],{"class":100},[69,120529,15292],{"class":110},[69,120531,28144],{"class":114},[69,120533,15283],{"class":110},[69,120535,120],{"class":100},[69,120537,15292],{"class":110},[69,120539,120540],{"class":114}," c",[69,120542,15283],{"class":110},[69,120544,198],{"class":100},[14,120546,322,120547,120549],{},[21,120548,25046],{}," if needed.",[1647,120551,120553],{"id":120552},"trying-to-access-a-list-item-that-does-not-exist","Trying to access a list item that does not exist",[60,120555,120557],{"className":62,"code":120556,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"apple,banana\"\nparts = text.split(\",\")\n\nprint(parts[2])\n",[21,120558,120559,120572,120594,120598],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,120560,120561,120563,120565,120567,120570],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,120562,16655],{"class":79},[69,120564,97],{"class":96},[69,120566,123],{"class":110},[69,120568,120569],{"class":114},"apple,banana",[69,120571,1825],{"class":110},[69,120573,120574,120576,120578,120580,120582,120584,120586,120588,120590,120592],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,120575,69376],{"class":79},[69,120577,97],{"class":96},[69,120579,16694],{"class":79},[69,120581,289],{"class":100},[69,120583,92483],{"class":292},[69,120585,221],{"class":100},[69,120587,111],{"class":110},[69,120589,120],{"class":114},[69,120591,111],{"class":110},[69,120593,301],{"class":100},[69,120595,120596],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,120597,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,120599,120600,120602,120604,120606,120608,120610],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,120601,2161],{"class":217},[69,120603,221],{"class":100},[69,120605,69427],{"class":292},[69,120607,1345],{"class":100},[69,120609,19224],{"class":157},[69,120611,494],{"class":100},[14,120613,120614],{},"This causes an error because there is no third item.",[14,120616,120617],{},"To debug, print the list and check its length first:",[60,120619,120621],{"className":62,"code":120620,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"text = \"apple,banana\"\nparts = text.split(\",\")\n\nprint(text)\nprint(parts)\nprint(type(parts))\nprint(len(parts))\nprint(repr(text))\n",[21,120622,120623,120635,120657,120661,120671,120681,120695,120709],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,120624,120625,120627,120629,120631,120633],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,120626,16655],{"class":79},[69,120628,97],{"class":96},[69,120630,123],{"class":110},[69,120632,120569],{"class":114},[69,120634,1825],{"class":110},[69,120636,120637,120639,120641,120643,120645,120647,120649,120651,120653,120655],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,120638,69376],{"class":79},[69,120640,97],{"class":96},[69,120642,16694],{"class":79},[69,120644,289],{"class":100},[69,120646,92483],{"class":292},[69,120648,221],{"class":100},[69,120650,111],{"class":110},[69,120652,120],{"class":114},[69,120654,111],{"class":110},[69,120656,301],{"class":100},[69,120658,120659],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,120660,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,120662,120663,120665,120667,120669],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,120664,2161],{"class":217},[69,120666,221],{"class":100},[69,120668,568],{"class":292},[69,120670,301],{"class":100},[69,120672,120673,120675,120677,120679],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,120674,2161],{"class":217},[69,120676,221],{"class":100},[69,120678,69427],{"class":292},[69,120680,301],{"class":100},[69,120682,120683,120685,120687,120689,120691,120693],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,120684,2161],{"class":217},[69,120686,221],{"class":100},[69,120688,2176],{"class":1859},[69,120690,221],{"class":100},[69,120692,69427],{"class":292},[69,120694,2183],{"class":100},[69,120696,120697,120699,120701,120703,120705,120707],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,120698,2161],{"class":217},[69,120700,221],{"class":100},[69,120702,7286],{"class":217},[69,120704,221],{"class":100},[69,120706,69427],{"class":292},[69,120708,2183],{"class":100},[69,120710,120711,120713,120715,120717,120719,120721],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,120712,2161],{"class":217},[69,120714,221],{"class":100},[69,120716,18025],{"class":217},[69,120718,221],{"class":100},[69,120720,568],{"class":292},[69,120722,2183],{"class":100},[55,120724,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,120726,120728],{"id":120727},"what-does-split-return-in-python","What does split() return in Python?",[14,120730,120731],{},"It returns a list of strings.",[1647,120733,120735],{"id":120734},"what-is-the-difference-between-split-and-split","What is the difference between split() and split(',')?",[14,120737,120738,120740,120741,120743],{},[21,120739,103160],{}," uses whitespace by default. ",[21,120742,91400],{}," only splits where there is a comma.",[1647,120745,120747],{"id":120746},"how-do-i-split-a-string-by-spaces-and-ignore-extra-spaces","How do I split a string by spaces and ignore extra spaces?",[14,120749,322,120750,120752],{},[21,120751,103160],{}," with no argument.",[1647,120754,120756],{"id":120755},"how-do-i-split-text-into-lines","How do I split text into lines?",[14,120758,322,120759,289],{},[21,120760,119509],{},[1647,120762,120764],{"id":120763},"why-do-my-split-values-still-have-spaces","Why do my split values still have spaces?",[14,120766,5105,120767,120769,120770,120772],{},[21,120768,91400],{}," separates at commas but does not trim spaces. Use ",[21,120771,25046],{}," on each item if needed.",[55,120774,2414],{"id":2413},[29,120776,120777,120781,120785,120789,120793],{},[32,120778,120779],{},[579,120780,118889],{"href":118888},[32,120782,120783],{},[579,120784,120238],{"href":93914},[32,120786,120787],{},[579,120788,107654],{"href":106318},[32,120790,120791],{},[579,120792,107659],{"href":106498},[32,120794,120795],{},[579,120796,119819],{"href":119818},[2450,120798,120799],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s_hVV, html code.shiki .s_hVV{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":120801},[120802,120803,120804,120805,120810,120811,120812,120818,120824,120831],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":118689,"depth":83,"text":118690},{"id":118892,"depth":83,"text":118893,"children":120806},[120807,120808,120809],{"id":118920,"depth":90,"text":118921},{"id":119011,"depth":90,"text":119012},{"id":119105,"depth":90,"text":119106},{"id":119283,"depth":83,"text":119284},{"id":119502,"depth":83,"text":119503},{"id":119719,"depth":83,"text":119720,"children":120813},[120814,120815,120816,120817],{"id":119726,"depth":90,"text":119727},{"id":119822,"depth":90,"text":119823},{"id":119910,"depth":90,"text":119911},{"id":120019,"depth":90,"text":120020},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":120819},[120820,120821,120822,120823],{"id":120248,"depth":90,"text":120249},{"id":120328,"depth":90,"text":120329},{"id":120453,"depth":90,"text":120454},{"id":120552,"depth":90,"text":120553},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":120825},[120826,120827,120828,120829,120830],{"id":120727,"depth":90,"text":120728},{"id":120734,"depth":90,"text":120735},{"id":120746,"depth":90,"text":120747},{"id":120755,"depth":90,"text":120756},{"id":120763,"depth":90,"text":120764},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to split a string in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-split-a-string-in-python",{"title":118552,"description":120832},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-split-a-string-in-python","6GhvyxGaCgb8BaEgOy_Ko8QZKC9ZnhLJANppC4uGwno",{"id":120839,"title":120840,"body":120841,"description":122685,"extension":2479,"meta":122686,"navigation":86,"path":122687,"seo":122688,"stem":122689,"__hash__":122690},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-command-line-arguments-in-python.md","How to Use Command Line Arguments in Python",{"type":7,"value":120842,"toc":122651},[120843,120846,120849,120852,120866,120873,120875,120980,120990,120994,120997,120999,121017,121020,121037,121040,121043,121056,121062,121066,121069,121083,121086,121102,121105,121108,121123,121126,121136,121139,121157,121160,121165,121171,121177,121188,121193,121198,121218,121220,121249,121252,121266,121269,121302,121311,121318,121322,121325,121435,121439,121442,121454,121456,121485,121489,121491,121505,121507,121545,121548,121552,121558,121560,121597,121599,121618,121621,121627,121632,121726,121729,121742,121744,121752,121757,121762,121855,121866,121868,121871,121999,122001,122013,122015,122027,122031,122034,122037,122178,122180,122196,122198,122221,122224,122226,122234,122237,122241,122244,122277,122280,122285,122288,122380,122383,122394,122400,122407,122413,122418,122423,122434,122439,122459,122468,122470,122473,122494,122497,122547,122549,122555,122558,122562,122568,122572,122578,122586,122593,122600,122608,122610,122639,122648],[10,120844,120840],{"id":120845},"how-to-use-command-line-arguments-in-python",[14,120847,120848],{},"Command line arguments let you pass values to a Python script when you run it in a terminal.",[14,120850,120851],{},"This is useful when you want the same script to work with different inputs, such as:",[29,120853,120854,120857,120860,120863],{},[32,120855,120856],{},"a file name",[32,120858,120859],{},"a number",[32,120861,120862],{},"a short text value",[32,120864,120865],{},"a simple command",[14,120867,120868,120869,120872],{},"In this guide, you will learn how to pass arguments to a script, read them with ",[21,120870,120871],{},"sys.argv",", and handle missing input safely.",[55,120874,60709],{"id":60708},[60,120876,120878],{"className":62,"code":120877,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n\nprint(sys.argv)\n\nif len(sys.argv) > 1:\n    print(\"First argument:\", sys.argv[1])\nelse:\n    print(\"No argument was provided.\")\n",[21,120879,120880,120886,120890,120905,120909,120931,120959,120965],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,120881,120882,120884],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,120883,76],{"class":75},[69,120885,44894],{"class":79},[69,120887,120888],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,120889,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,120891,120892,120894,120896,120898,120900,120903],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,120893,2161],{"class":217},[69,120895,221],{"class":100},[69,120897,44918],{"class":292},[69,120899,289],{"class":100},[69,120901,120902],{"class":2216},"argv",[69,120904,301],{"class":100},[69,120906,120907],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,120908,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,120910,120911,120913,120915,120917,120919,120921,120923,120925,120927,120929],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,120912,3201],{"class":75},[69,120914,45278],{"class":217},[69,120916,221],{"class":100},[69,120918,44918],{"class":292},[69,120920,289],{"class":100},[69,120922,120902],{"class":2216},[69,120924,265],{"class":100},[69,120926,47070],{"class":96},[69,120928,5748],{"class":157},[69,120930,275],{"class":100},[69,120932,120933,120935,120937,120939,120942,120944,120946,120949,120951,120953,120955,120957],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,120934,3220],{"class":217},[69,120936,221],{"class":100},[69,120938,111],{"class":110},[69,120940,120941],{"class":114},"First argument:",[69,120943,111],{"class":110},[69,120945,120],{"class":100},[69,120947,120948],{"class":292}," sys",[69,120950,289],{"class":100},[69,120952,120902],{"class":2216},[69,120954,1345],{"class":100},[69,120956,5940],{"class":157},[69,120958,494],{"class":100},[69,120960,120961,120963],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,120962,3277],{"class":75},[69,120964,275],{"class":100},[69,120966,120967,120969,120971,120973,120976,120978],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,120968,3220],{"class":217},[69,120970,221],{"class":100},[69,120972,111],{"class":110},[69,120974,120975],{"class":114},"No argument was provided.",[69,120977,111],{"class":110},[69,120979,301],{"class":100},[14,120981,120982,120984,120985,120987,120988,289],{},[21,120983,120871],{}," is a list. Item ",[21,120986,2200],{}," is the script name. Real user arguments start at index ",[21,120989,5940],{},[55,120991,120993],{"id":120992},"what-command-line-arguments-are","What command line arguments are",[14,120995,120996],{},"Command line arguments are values you type after the script name when running Python in the terminal.",[14,120998,11201],{},[60,121000,121002],{"className":22537,"code":121001,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python script.py hello 123\n",[21,121003,121004],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121005,121006,121008,121011,121014],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121007,64],{"class":7506},[69,121009,121010],{"class":114}," script.py",[69,121012,121013],{"class":114}," hello",[69,121015,121016],{"class":157}," 123\n",[14,121018,121019],{},"In this command:",[29,121021,121022,121027,121032],{},[32,121023,121024,121026],{},[21,121025,71479],{}," is the Python file",[32,121028,121029,121031],{},[21,121030,11564],{}," is the first argument",[32,121033,121034,121036],{},[21,121035,10666],{}," is the second argument",[14,121038,121039],{},"Command line arguments help one script behave differently based on the values you pass in.",[14,121041,121042],{},"They are often used for:",[29,121044,121045,121048,121050,121053],{},[32,121046,121047],{},"file names",[32,121049,5956],{},[32,121051,121052],{},"options",[32,121054,121055],{},"simple commands",[14,121057,121058,121059,121061],{},"This page focuses on basic positional arguments with ",[21,121060,120871],{},", not full argument parsers.",[55,121063,121065],{"id":121064},"how-to-run-a-script-with-arguments","How to run a script with arguments",[14,121067,121068],{},"A common pattern looks like this:",[60,121070,121071],{"className":22537,"code":121001,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,121072,121073],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121074,121075,121077,121079,121081],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121076,64],{"class":7506},[69,121078,121010],{"class":114},[69,121080,121013],{"class":114},[69,121082,121016],{"class":157},[14,121084,121085],{},"On some systems, you may need:",[60,121087,121089],{"className":22537,"code":121088,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python3 script.py hello 123\n",[21,121090,121091],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121092,121093,121096,121098,121100],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121094,121095],{"class":7506},"python3",[69,121097,121010],{"class":114},[69,121099,121013],{"class":114},[69,121101,121016],{"class":157},[14,121103,121104],{},"Python receives each space-separated value as a string.",[14,121106,121107],{},"So this command:",[60,121109,121111],{"className":22537,"code":121110,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python script.py apple banana\n",[21,121112,121113],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121114,121115,121117,121119,121121],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121116,64],{"class":7506},[69,121118,121010],{"class":114},[69,121120,52450],{"class":114},[69,121122,52460],{"class":114},[14,121124,121125],{},"passes two arguments:",[29,121127,121128,121132],{},[32,121129,121130],{},[21,121131,18952],{},[32,121133,121134],{},[21,121135,49920],{},[14,121137,121138],{},"If one argument contains spaces, put it in quotes:",[60,121140,121142],{"className":22537,"code":121141,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python script.py \"hello world\"\n",[21,121143,121144],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121145,121146,121148,121150,121152,121155],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121147,64],{"class":7506},[69,121149,121010],{"class":114},[69,121151,123],{"class":110},[69,121153,121154],{"class":114},"hello world",[69,121156,1825],{"class":110},[14,121158,121159],{},"Without quotes, the terminal treats each word as a separate argument.",[14,121161,121162,121163,289],{},"If you are new to running scripts from the terminal, see ",[579,121164,39443],{"href":39442},[55,121166,121168,121169],{"id":121167},"read-arguments-with-sysargv","Read arguments with ",[21,121170,120871],{},[14,121172,121173,121174,121176],{},"To use command line arguments, first import the ",[21,121175,44918],{}," module:",[60,121178,121180],{"className":62,"code":121179,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n",[21,121181,121182],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121183,121184,121186],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121185,76],{"class":75},[69,121187,44894],{"class":79},[14,121189,121190,121191,289],{},"Then use ",[21,121192,120871],{},[14,121194,121195,121197],{},[21,121196,120871],{}," is a list of strings:",[29,121199,121200,121206,121212],{},[32,121201,121202,121205],{},[21,121203,121204],{},"sys.argv[0]"," is the script name or path",[32,121207,121208,121211],{},[21,121209,121210],{},"sys.argv[1]"," is the first real argument",[32,121213,121214,121217],{},[21,121215,121216],{},"sys.argv[2]"," is the second real argument",[14,121219,65351],{},[60,121221,121223],{"className":62,"code":121222,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n\nprint(sys.argv)\n",[21,121224,121225,121231,121235],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121226,121227,121229],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121228,76],{"class":75},[69,121230,44894],{"class":79},[69,121232,121233],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,121234,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,121236,121237,121239,121241,121243,121245,121247],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,121238,2161],{"class":217},[69,121240,221],{"class":100},[69,121242,44918],{"class":292},[69,121244,289],{"class":100},[69,121246,120902],{"class":2216},[69,121248,301],{"class":100},[14,121250,121251],{},"If you run:",[60,121253,121254],{"className":22537,"code":121001,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,121255,121256],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121257,121258,121260,121262,121264],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121259,64],{"class":7506},[69,121261,121010],{"class":114},[69,121263,121013],{"class":114},[69,121265,121016],{"class":157},[14,121267,121268],{},"the output will look similar to this:",[60,121270,121272],{"className":62,"code":121271,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['script.py', 'hello', '123']\n",[21,121273,121274],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121275,121276,121278,121280,121282,121284,121286,121288,121290,121292,121294,121296,121298,121300],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121277,1345],{"class":100},[69,121279,15283],{"class":110},[69,121281,71479],{"class":114},[69,121283,15283],{"class":110},[69,121285,120],{"class":100},[69,121287,15292],{"class":110},[69,121289,11564],{"class":114},[69,121291,15283],{"class":110},[69,121293,120],{"class":100},[69,121295,15292],{"class":110},[69,121297,10666],{"class":114},[69,121299,15283],{"class":110},[69,121301,198],{"class":100},[14,121303,121304,121305,121308,121309,289],{},"A very important rule: check ",[21,121306,121307],{},"len(sys.argv)"," before using an index like ",[21,121310,121210],{},[14,121312,121313,121314,289],{},"That helps you avoid an error if no argument was passed. If you want a deeper explanation, see ",[579,121315,121317],{"href":121316},"\u002Fstandard-library\u002Fsys.argv-explained","sys.argv explained",[55,121319,121321],{"id":121320},"simple-working-example","Simple working example",[14,121323,121324],{},"This example prints all arguments and then reads the first one safely.",[60,121326,121328],{"className":62,"code":121327,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n\nprint(\"All arguments:\", sys.argv)\n\nif len(sys.argv) > 1:\n    print(\"First argument:\", sys.argv[1])\nelse:\n    print(\"No argument was provided.\")\n",[21,121329,121330,121336,121340,121363,121367,121389,121415,121421],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121331,121332,121334],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121333,76],{"class":75},[69,121335,44894],{"class":79},[69,121337,121338],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,121339,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,121341,121342,121344,121346,121348,121351,121353,121355,121357,121359,121361],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,121343,2161],{"class":217},[69,121345,221],{"class":100},[69,121347,111],{"class":110},[69,121349,121350],{"class":114},"All arguments:",[69,121352,111],{"class":110},[69,121354,120],{"class":100},[69,121356,120948],{"class":292},[69,121358,289],{"class":100},[69,121360,120902],{"class":2216},[69,121362,301],{"class":100},[69,121364,121365],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,121366,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,121368,121369,121371,121373,121375,121377,121379,121381,121383,121385,121387],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,121370,3201],{"class":75},[69,121372,45278],{"class":217},[69,121374,221],{"class":100},[69,121376,44918],{"class":292},[69,121378,289],{"class":100},[69,121380,120902],{"class":2216},[69,121382,265],{"class":100},[69,121384,47070],{"class":96},[69,121386,5748],{"class":157},[69,121388,275],{"class":100},[69,121390,121391,121393,121395,121397,121399,121401,121403,121405,121407,121409,121411,121413],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,121392,3220],{"class":217},[69,121394,221],{"class":100},[69,121396,111],{"class":110},[69,121398,120941],{"class":114},[69,121400,111],{"class":110},[69,121402,120],{"class":100},[69,121404,120948],{"class":292},[69,121406,289],{"class":100},[69,121408,120902],{"class":2216},[69,121410,1345],{"class":100},[69,121412,5940],{"class":157},[69,121414,494],{"class":100},[69,121416,121417,121419],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,121418,3277],{"class":75},[69,121420,275],{"class":100},[69,121422,121423,121425,121427,121429,121431,121433],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,121424,3220],{"class":217},[69,121426,221],{"class":100},[69,121428,111],{"class":110},[69,121430,120975],{"class":114},[69,121432,111],{"class":110},[69,121434,301],{"class":100},[1647,121436,121438],{"id":121437},"run-it-without-arguments","Run it without arguments",[14,121440,121441],{},"Command:",[60,121443,121445],{"className":22537,"code":121444,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python script.py\n",[21,121446,121447],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121448,121449,121451],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121450,64],{"class":7506},[69,121452,121453],{"class":114}," script.py\n",[14,121455,28059],{},[60,121457,121459],{"className":62,"code":121458,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"All arguments: ['script.py']\nNo argument was provided.\n",[21,121460,121461,121478],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121462,121463,121466,121468,121470,121472,121474,121476],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121464,121465],{"class":79},"All arguments",[69,121467,1174],{"class":100},[69,121469,636],{"class":100},[69,121471,15283],{"class":110},[69,121473,71479],{"class":114},[69,121475,15283],{"class":110},[69,121477,198],{"class":100},[69,121479,121480,121483],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,121481,121482],{"class":79},"No argument was provided",[69,121484,8106],{"class":100},[1647,121486,121488],{"id":121487},"run-it-with-one-argument","Run it with one argument",[14,121490,121441],{},[60,121492,121494],{"className":22537,"code":121493,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python script.py hello\n",[21,121495,121496],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121497,121498,121500,121502],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121499,64],{"class":7506},[69,121501,121010],{"class":114},[69,121503,121504],{"class":114}," hello\n",[14,121506,28059],{},[60,121508,121510],{"className":62,"code":121509,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"All arguments: ['script.py', 'hello']\nFirst argument: hello\n",[21,121511,121512,121536],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121513,121514,121516,121518,121520,121522,121524,121526,121528,121530,121532,121534],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121515,121465],{"class":79},[69,121517,1174],{"class":100},[69,121519,636],{"class":100},[69,121521,15283],{"class":110},[69,121523,71479],{"class":114},[69,121525,15283],{"class":110},[69,121527,120],{"class":100},[69,121529,15292],{"class":110},[69,121531,11564],{"class":114},[69,121533,15283],{"class":110},[69,121535,198],{"class":100},[69,121537,121538,121541,121543],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,121539,121540],{"class":79},"First argument",[69,121542,1174],{"class":100},[69,121544,121504],{"class":79},[14,121546,121547],{},"This is a good beginner pattern because it shows exactly what Python receives.",[55,121549,121551],{"id":121550},"convert-argument-types-when-needed","Convert argument types when needed",[14,121553,121554,121555,121557],{},"Arguments from ",[21,121556,120871],{}," always arrive as strings.",[14,121559,36425],{},[60,121561,121563],{"className":62,"code":121562,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n\nprint(type(sys.argv[1]))\n",[21,121564,121565,121571,121575],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121566,121567,121569],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121568,76],{"class":75},[69,121570,44894],{"class":79},[69,121572,121573],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,121574,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,121576,121577,121579,121581,121583,121585,121587,121589,121591,121593,121595],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,121578,2161],{"class":217},[69,121580,221],{"class":100},[69,121582,2176],{"class":1859},[69,121584,221],{"class":100},[69,121586,44918],{"class":292},[69,121588,289],{"class":100},[69,121590,120902],{"class":2216},[69,121592,1345],{"class":100},[69,121594,5940],{"class":157},[69,121596,2203],{"class":100},[14,121598,94992],{},[60,121600,121602],{"className":62,"code":121601,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"\u003Cclass 'str'>\n",[21,121603,121604],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121605,121606,121608,121610,121612,121614,121616],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121607,21097],{"class":96},[69,121609,7503],{"class":7502},[69,121611,15292],{"class":110},[69,121613,10723],{"class":114},[69,121615,15283],{"class":110},[69,121617,21108],{"class":96},[14,121619,121620],{},"If you need numbers, convert them.",[1647,121622,121624,121625],{"id":121623},"convert-to-int","Convert to ",[21,121626,21838],{},[14,121628,322,121629,121631],{},[21,121630,12733],{}," for whole numbers:",[60,121633,121635],{"className":62,"code":121634,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n\nif len(sys.argv) > 1:\n    number = int(sys.argv[1])\n    print(number + 5)\nelse:\n    print(\"Please provide a number.\")\n",[21,121636,121637,121643,121647,121669,121691,121705,121711],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121638,121639,121641],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121640,76],{"class":75},[69,121642,44894],{"class":79},[69,121644,121645],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,121646,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,121648,121649,121651,121653,121655,121657,121659,121661,121663,121665,121667],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,121650,3201],{"class":75},[69,121652,45278],{"class":217},[69,121654,221],{"class":100},[69,121656,44918],{"class":292},[69,121658,289],{"class":100},[69,121660,120902],{"class":2216},[69,121662,265],{"class":100},[69,121664,47070],{"class":96},[69,121666,5748],{"class":157},[69,121668,275],{"class":100},[69,121670,121671,121673,121675,121677,121679,121681,121683,121685,121687,121689],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,121672,11268],{"class":79},[69,121674,97],{"class":96},[69,121676,11273],{"class":1859},[69,121678,221],{"class":100},[69,121680,44918],{"class":292},[69,121682,289],{"class":100},[69,121684,120902],{"class":2216},[69,121686,1345],{"class":100},[69,121688,5940],{"class":157},[69,121690,494],{"class":100},[69,121692,121693,121695,121697,121699,121701,121703],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,121694,3220],{"class":217},[69,121696,221],{"class":100},[69,121698,8389],{"class":292},[69,121700,1847],{"class":96},[69,121702,6172],{"class":157},[69,121704,301],{"class":100},[69,121706,121707,121709],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,121708,3277],{"class":75},[69,121710,275],{"class":100},[69,121712,121713,121715,121717,121719,121722,121724],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,121714,3220],{"class":217},[69,121716,221],{"class":100},[69,121718,111],{"class":110},[69,121720,121721],{"class":114},"Please provide a number.",[69,121723,111],{"class":110},[69,121725,301],{"class":100},[14,121727,121728],{},"Example command:",[60,121730,121732],{"className":22537,"code":121731,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python script.py 10\n",[21,121733,121734],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121735,121736,121738,121740],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121737,64],{"class":7506},[69,121739,121010],{"class":114},[69,121741,28664],{"class":157},[14,121743,2781],{},[60,121745,121746],{"className":62,"code":105861,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,121747,121748],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121749,121750],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121751,105861],{"class":157},[1647,121753,121624,121755],{"id":121754},"convert-to-float",[21,121756,21841],{},[14,121758,322,121759,121761],{},[21,121760,24334],{}," for decimal numbers:",[60,121763,121765],{"className":62,"code":121764,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n\nif len(sys.argv) > 1:\n    number = float(sys.argv[1])\n    print(number * 2)\nelse:\n    print(\"Please provide a number.\")\n",[21,121766,121767,121773,121777,121799,121821,121835,121841],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121768,121769,121771],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121770,76],{"class":75},[69,121772,44894],{"class":79},[69,121774,121775],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,121776,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,121778,121779,121781,121783,121785,121787,121789,121791,121793,121795,121797],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,121780,3201],{"class":75},[69,121782,45278],{"class":217},[69,121784,221],{"class":100},[69,121786,44918],{"class":292},[69,121788,289],{"class":100},[69,121790,120902],{"class":2216},[69,121792,265],{"class":100},[69,121794,47070],{"class":96},[69,121796,5748],{"class":157},[69,121798,275],{"class":100},[69,121800,121801,121803,121805,121807,121809,121811,121813,121815,121817,121819],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,121802,11268],{"class":79},[69,121804,97],{"class":96},[69,121806,24375],{"class":1859},[69,121808,221],{"class":100},[69,121810,44918],{"class":292},[69,121812,289],{"class":100},[69,121814,120902],{"class":2216},[69,121816,1345],{"class":100},[69,121818,5940],{"class":157},[69,121820,494],{"class":100},[69,121822,121823,121825,121827,121829,121831,121833],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,121824,3220],{"class":217},[69,121826,221],{"class":100},[69,121828,8389],{"class":292},[69,121830,8392],{"class":96},[69,121832,5762],{"class":157},[69,121834,301],{"class":100},[69,121836,121837,121839],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,121838,3277],{"class":75},[69,121840,275],{"class":100},[69,121842,121843,121845,121847,121849,121851,121853],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,121844,3220],{"class":217},[69,121846,221],{"class":100},[69,121848,111],{"class":110},[69,121850,121721],{"class":114},[69,121852,111],{"class":110},[69,121854,301],{"class":100},[14,121856,121857,121858,50,121862,289],{},"If needed, you can learn more about ",[579,121859,121860],{"href":12751},[21,121861,12733],{},[579,121863,121864],{"href":24659},[21,121865,24334],{},[1647,121867,24865],{"id":24864},[14,121869,121870],{},"If the value is not a valid number, conversion fails.",[60,121872,121874],{"className":62,"code":121873,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n\nif len(sys.argv) > 1:\n    try:\n        number = int(sys.argv[1])\n        print(\"Number:\", number)\n    except ValueError:\n        print(\"The argument must be a whole number.\")\nelse:\n    print(\"Please provide a number.\")\n",[21,121875,121876,121882,121886,121908,121914,121937,121956,121964,121979,121985],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,121877,121878,121880],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,121879,76],{"class":75},[69,121881,44894],{"class":79},[69,121883,121884],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,121885,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,121887,121888,121890,121892,121894,121896,121898,121900,121902,121904,121906],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,121889,3201],{"class":75},[69,121891,45278],{"class":217},[69,121893,221],{"class":100},[69,121895,44918],{"class":292},[69,121897,289],{"class":100},[69,121899,120902],{"class":2216},[69,121901,265],{"class":100},[69,121903,47070],{"class":96},[69,121905,5748],{"class":157},[69,121907,275],{"class":100},[69,121909,121910,121912],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,121911,28917],{"class":75},[69,121913,275],{"class":100},[69,121915,121916,121919,121921,121923,121925,121927,121929,121931,121933,121935],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,121917,121918],{"class":79},"        number ",[69,121920,97],{"class":96},[69,121922,11273],{"class":1859},[69,121924,221],{"class":100},[69,121926,44918],{"class":292},[69,121928,289],{"class":100},[69,121930,120902],{"class":2216},[69,121932,1345],{"class":100},[69,121934,5940],{"class":157},[69,121936,494],{"class":100},[69,121938,121939,121941,121943,121945,121948,121950,121952,121954],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,121940,7531],{"class":217},[69,121942,221],{"class":100},[69,121944,111],{"class":110},[69,121946,121947],{"class":114},"Number:",[69,121949,111],{"class":110},[69,121951,120],{"class":100},[69,121953,8378],{"class":292},[69,121955,301],{"class":100},[69,121957,121958,121960,121962],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,121959,28971],{"class":75},[69,121961,11901],{"class":1859},[69,121963,275],{"class":100},[69,121965,121966,121968,121970,121972,121975,121977],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,121967,7531],{"class":217},[69,121969,221],{"class":100},[69,121971,111],{"class":110},[69,121973,121974],{"class":114},"The argument must be a whole number.",[69,121976,111],{"class":110},[69,121978,301],{"class":100},[69,121980,121981,121983],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,121982,3277],{"class":75},[69,121984,275],{"class":100},[69,121986,121987,121989,121991,121993,121995,121997],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,121988,3220],{"class":217},[69,121990,221],{"class":100},[69,121992,111],{"class":110},[69,121994,121721],{"class":114},[69,121996,111],{"class":110},[69,121998,301],{"class":100},[14,122000,370],{},[60,122002,122003],{"className":22537,"code":121493,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,122004,122005],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,122006,122007,122009,122011],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,122008,64],{"class":7506},[69,122010,121010],{"class":114},[69,122012,121504],{"class":114},[14,122014,2781],{},[60,122016,122018],{"className":62,"code":122017,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"The argument must be a whole number.\n",[21,122019,122020],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,122021,122022,122025],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,122023,122024],{"class":79},"The argument must be a whole number",[69,122026,8106],{"class":100},[55,122028,122030],{"id":122029},"work-with-multiple-arguments","Work with multiple arguments",[14,122032,122033],{},"You can read more than one argument by position.",[14,122035,122036],{},"Example: read a name and an age.",[60,122038,122040],{"className":62,"code":122039,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n\nif len(sys.argv) >= 3:\n    name = sys.argv[1]\n    age = int(sys.argv[2])\n\n    print(\"Name:\", name)\n    print(\"Age:\", age)\nelse:\n    print(\"Usage: python script.py \u003Cname> \u003Cage>\")\n",[21,122041,122042,122048,122052,122074,122093,122115,122119,122138,122157,122163],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,122043,122044,122046],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,122045,76],{"class":75},[69,122047,44894],{"class":79},[69,122049,122050],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,122051,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,122053,122054,122056,122058,122060,122062,122064,122066,122068,122070,122072],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,122055,3201],{"class":75},[69,122057,45278],{"class":217},[69,122059,221],{"class":100},[69,122061,44918],{"class":292},[69,122063,289],{"class":100},[69,122065,120902],{"class":2216},[69,122067,265],{"class":100},[69,122069,48024],{"class":96},[69,122071,5949],{"class":157},[69,122073,275],{"class":100},[69,122075,122076,122079,122081,122083,122085,122087,122089,122091],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,122077,122078],{"class":79},"    name ",[69,122080,97],{"class":96},[69,122082,120948],{"class":79},[69,122084,289],{"class":100},[69,122086,120902],{"class":2216},[69,122088,1345],{"class":100},[69,122090,5940],{"class":157},[69,122092,198],{"class":100},[69,122094,122095,122097,122099,122101,122103,122105,122107,122109,122111,122113],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,122096,28834],{"class":79},[69,122098,97],{"class":96},[69,122100,11273],{"class":1859},[69,122102,221],{"class":100},[69,122104,44918],{"class":292},[69,122106,289],{"class":100},[69,122108,120902],{"class":2216},[69,122110,1345],{"class":100},[69,122112,19224],{"class":157},[69,122114,494],{"class":100},[69,122116,122117],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,122118,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,122120,122121,122123,122125,122127,122130,122132,122134,122136],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,122122,3220],{"class":217},[69,122124,221],{"class":100},[69,122126,111],{"class":110},[69,122128,122129],{"class":114},"Name:",[69,122131,111],{"class":110},[69,122133,120],{"class":100},[69,122135,7952],{"class":292},[69,122137,301],{"class":100},[69,122139,122140,122142,122144,122146,122149,122151,122153,122155],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,122141,3220],{"class":217},[69,122143,221],{"class":100},[69,122145,111],{"class":110},[69,122147,122148],{"class":114},"Age:",[69,122150,111],{"class":110},[69,122152,120],{"class":100},[69,122154,7957],{"class":292},[69,122156,301],{"class":100},[69,122158,122159,122161],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,122160,3277],{"class":75},[69,122162,275],{"class":100},[69,122164,122165,122167,122169,122171,122174,122176],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,122166,3220],{"class":217},[69,122168,221],{"class":100},[69,122170,111],{"class":110},[69,122172,122173],{"class":114},"Usage: python script.py \u003Cname> \u003Cage>",[69,122175,111],{"class":110},[69,122177,301],{"class":100},[14,122179,121441],{},[60,122181,122183],{"className":22537,"code":122182,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python script.py Maya 14\n",[21,122184,122185],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,122186,122187,122189,122191,122193],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,122188,64],{"class":7506},[69,122190,121010],{"class":114},[69,122192,70229],{"class":114},[69,122194,122195],{"class":157}," 14\n",[14,122197,2781],{},[60,122199,122201],{"className":62,"code":122200,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Name: Maya\nAge: 14\n",[21,122202,122203,122213],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,122204,122205,122208,122210],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,122206,122207],{"class":79},"Name",[69,122209,1174],{"class":100},[69,122211,122212],{"class":79}," Maya\n",[69,122214,122215,122217,122219],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,122216,23327],{"class":79},[69,122218,1174],{"class":100},[69,122220,122195],{"class":157},[14,122222,122223],{},"For positional arguments, order matters.",[14,122225,4389],{},[29,122227,122228,122231],{},[32,122229,122230],{},"the first argument must be the name",[32,122232,122233],{},"the second argument must be the age",[14,122235,122236],{},"If the user swaps them, the script may fail or produce the wrong result.",[55,122238,122240],{"id":122239},"handle-missing-arguments-safely","Handle missing arguments safely",[14,122242,122243],{},"A common beginner mistake is writing code like this:",[60,122245,122247],{"className":62,"code":122246,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n\nprint(sys.argv[1])\n",[21,122248,122249,122255,122259],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,122250,122251,122253],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,122252,76],{"class":75},[69,122254,44894],{"class":79},[69,122256,122257],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,122258,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,122260,122261,122263,122265,122267,122269,122271,122273,122275],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,122262,2161],{"class":217},[69,122264,221],{"class":100},[69,122266,44918],{"class":292},[69,122268,289],{"class":100},[69,122270,120902],{"class":2216},[69,122272,1345],{"class":100},[69,122274,5940],{"class":157},[69,122276,494],{"class":100},[14,122278,122279],{},"This works only if the user passed at least one argument.",[14,122281,122282,122283,34489],{},"If not, Python raises an error because index ",[21,122284,5940],{},[14,122286,122287],{},"A safer version checks the list length first:",[60,122289,122291],{"className":62,"code":122290,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"import sys\n\nif len(sys.argv) \u003C 2:\n    print(\"Usage: python script.py \u003Cvalue>\")\n    sys.exit()\n\nprint(\"You entered:\", sys.argv[1])\n",[21,122292,122293,122299,122303,122325,122340,122350,122354],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,122294,122295,122297],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,122296,76],{"class":75},[69,122298,44894],{"class":79},[69,122300,122301],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,122302,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,122304,122305,122307,122309,122311,122313,122315,122317,122319,122321,122323],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,122306,3201],{"class":75},[69,122308,45278],{"class":217},[69,122310,221],{"class":100},[69,122312,44918],{"class":292},[69,122314,289],{"class":100},[69,122316,120902],{"class":2216},[69,122318,265],{"class":100},[69,122320,40402],{"class":96},[69,122322,5762],{"class":157},[69,122324,275],{"class":100},[69,122326,122327,122329,122331,122333,122336,122338],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,122328,3220],{"class":217},[69,122330,221],{"class":100},[69,122332,111],{"class":110},[69,122334,122335],{"class":114},"Usage: python script.py \u003Cvalue>",[69,122337,111],{"class":110},[69,122339,301],{"class":100},[69,122341,122342,122344,122346,122348],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,122343,45071],{"class":79},[69,122345,289],{"class":100},[69,122347,44923],{"class":292},[69,122349,1385],{"class":100},[69,122351,122352],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,122353,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,122355,122356,122358,122360,122362,122364,122366,122368,122370,122372,122374,122376,122378],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,122357,2161],{"class":217},[69,122359,221],{"class":100},[69,122361,111],{"class":110},[69,122363,25349],{"class":114},[69,122365,111],{"class":110},[69,122367,120],{"class":100},[69,122369,120948],{"class":292},[69,122371,289],{"class":100},[69,122373,120902],{"class":2216},[69,122375,1345],{"class":100},[69,122377,5940],{"class":157},[69,122379,494],{"class":100},[14,122381,122382],{},"This does three useful things:",[29,122384,122385,122388,122391],{},[32,122386,122387],{},"checks whether input is missing",[32,122389,122390],{},"prints a short usage message",[32,122392,122393],{},"exits early if required input was not provided",[14,122395,122396,122397,289],{},"If you want to learn more about stopping a script early, see ",[579,122398,122399],{"href":45133},"sys.exit() explained",[14,122401,122402,122403,289],{},"If you see an out-of-range error, read ",[579,122404,2892,122405],{"href":40465},[21,122406,40468],{},[55,122408,31002,122410,25474],{"id":122409},"when-to-use-argparse-instead",[21,122411,122412],{},"argparse",[14,122414,322,122415,122417],{},[21,122416,120871],{}," when your script is simple and you only need a few positional arguments.",[14,122419,16948,122420,122422],{},[21,122421,120871],{}," is fine for:",[29,122424,122425,122428,122431],{},[32,122426,122427],{},"small practice scripts",[32,122429,122430],{},"simple command-line tools",[32,122432,122433],{},"learning how terminal input works",[14,122435,322,122436,122438],{},[21,122437,122412],{}," when your script needs features like:",[29,122440,122441,122447,122453,122456],{},[32,122442,122443,122444],{},"named options such as ",[21,122445,122446],{},"--file",[32,122448,122449,122450],{},"optional flags such as ",[21,122451,122452],{},"--verbose",[32,122454,122455],{},"built-in help messages",[32,122457,122458],{},"more structured input checking",[14,122460,122461,122462,122464,122465,122467],{},"A good next step is to start with ",[21,122463,120871],{},", then move to ",[21,122466,122412],{}," as your tools get bigger.",[55,122469,3868],{"id":3867},[14,122471,122472],{},"Here are some common problems beginners run into:",[29,122474,122475,122480,122484,122486,122489],{},[32,122476,1628,122477,122479],{},[21,122478,121210],{}," when no argument was passed",[32,122481,1617,122482],{},[21,122483,45106],{},[32,122485,92954],{},[32,122487,122488],{},"Forgetting quotes around arguments with spaces",[32,122490,25614,122491,122493],{},[21,122492,121204],{}," is the first user value",[14,122495,122496],{},"You can test your script with commands like these:",[60,122498,122500],{"className":22537,"code":122499,"language":22539,"meta":65,"style":65},"python script.py\npython script.py hello\npython script.py 10 20\npython script.py \"hello world\"\npython3 script.py test\n",[21,122501,122502,122508,122516,122526,122538],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,122503,122504,122506],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,122505,64],{"class":7506},[69,122507,121453],{"class":114},[69,122509,122510,122512,122514],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,122511,64],{"class":7506},[69,122513,121010],{"class":114},[69,122515,121504],{"class":114},[69,122517,122518,122520,122522,122524],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,122519,64],{"class":7506},[69,122521,121010],{"class":114},[69,122523,4798],{"class":157},[69,122525,40812],{"class":157},[69,122527,122528,122530,122532,122534,122536],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,122529,64],{"class":7506},[69,122531,121010],{"class":114},[69,122533,123],{"class":110},[69,122535,121154],{"class":114},[69,122537,1825],{"class":110},[69,122539,122540,122542,122544],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,122541,121095],{"class":7506},[69,122543,121010],{"class":114},[69,122545,122546],{"class":114}," test\n",[55,122548,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,122550,122552,122553,100331],{"id":122551},"what-is-sysargv0-in-python","What is ",[21,122554,121204],{},[14,122556,122557],{},"It is the script name or script path, not the first user argument.",[1647,122559,122561],{"id":122560},"are-command-line-arguments-strings-in-python","Are command line arguments strings in Python?",[14,122563,122564,122565,122567],{},"Yes. Values in ",[21,122566,120871],{}," are strings, so convert them if you need numbers.",[1647,122569,122571],{"id":122570},"how-do-i-pass-text-with-spaces","How do I pass text with spaces?",[14,122573,122574,122575,289],{},"Wrap the argument in quotes in the terminal, such as ",[21,122576,122577],{},"\"my file.txt\"",[1647,122579,122581,122582,14590,122584,1414],{"id":122580},"how-do-i-avoid-indexerror-with-sysargv","How do I avoid ",[21,122583,40426],{},[21,122585,120871],{},[14,122587,62471,122588,122590,122591,289],{},[21,122589,121307],{}," before reading a specific index like ",[21,122592,121210],{},[1647,122594,2392,122596,364,122598,1414],{"id":122595},"should-i-use-sysargv-or-argparse",[21,122597,120871],{},[21,122599,122412],{},[14,122601,322,122602,122604,122605,122607],{},[21,122603,120871],{}," for simple scripts. Use ",[21,122606,122412],{}," for larger tools with named options and help messages.",[55,122609,2414],{"id":2413},[29,122611,122612,122617,122621,122625,122629,122635],{},[32,122613,122614],{},[579,122615,122616],{"href":45127},"Python sys module overview",[32,122618,122619],{},[579,122620,121317],{"href":121316},[32,122622,122623],{},[579,122624,122399],{"href":45133},[32,122626,122627],{},[579,122628,40035],{"href":39442},[32,122630,122631],{},[579,122632,4119,122633],{"href":40465},[21,122634,40468],{},[32,122636,122637],{},[579,122638,29529],{"href":60671},[14,122640,122641,122642,122644,122645,122647],{},"Once you are comfortable with ",[21,122643,120871],{},", you can start building small command-line tools. After that, ",[21,122646,122412],{}," is the natural next step for more advanced scripts.",[2450,122649,122650],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .skxfh, html code.shiki .skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sbgvK, html code.shiki .sbgvK{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":122652},[122653,122654,122655,122656,122658,122662,122669,122670,122671,122673,122674,122684],{"id":60708,"depth":83,"text":60709},{"id":120992,"depth":83,"text":120993},{"id":121064,"depth":83,"text":121065},{"id":121167,"depth":83,"text":122657},"Read arguments with sys.argv",{"id":121320,"depth":83,"text":121321,"children":122659},[122660,122661],{"id":121437,"depth":90,"text":121438},{"id":121487,"depth":90,"text":121488},{"id":121550,"depth":83,"text":121551,"children":122663},[122664,122666,122668],{"id":121623,"depth":90,"text":122665},"Convert to int",{"id":121754,"depth":90,"text":122667},"Convert to float",{"id":24864,"depth":90,"text":24865},{"id":122029,"depth":83,"text":122030},{"id":122239,"depth":83,"text":122240},{"id":122409,"depth":83,"text":122672},"When to use argparse instead",{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":122675},[122676,122678,122679,122680,122682],{"id":122551,"depth":90,"text":122677},"What is sys.argv[0] in Python?",{"id":122560,"depth":90,"text":122561},{"id":122570,"depth":90,"text":122571},{"id":122580,"depth":90,"text":122681},"How do I avoid IndexError with sys.argv?",{"id":122595,"depth":90,"text":122683},"Should I use sys.argv or argparse?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to use command line arguments in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-command-line-arguments-in-python",{"title":120840,"description":122685},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-use-command-line-arguments-in-python","U-nZ0Ljx6j3ixFtCeGf7c8NVhyWiaTjuaA7BIJ3yEEA",{"id":122692,"title":122693,"body":122694,"description":124586,"extension":2479,"meta":124587,"navigation":86,"path":124588,"seo":124589,"stem":124590,"__hash__":124591},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-default-arguments-in-python.md","How to Use Default Arguments in Python",{"type":7,"value":122695,"toc":124559},[122696,122699,122702,122705,122713,122716,122718,122802,122804,122819,122822,122826,122829,122831,122842,122845,122857,122861,122863,122866,122906,122908,122928,122931,122999,123001,123018,123020,123028,123034,123038,123041,123125,123127,123142,123144,123169,123172,123176,123179,123182,123321,123323,123354,123356,123373,123376,123387,123391,123394,123397,123569,123571,123653,123656,123667,123671,123674,123691,123697,123701,123704,123707,123794,123796,123833,123839,123842,123846,123851,123957,123959,123988,123991,123995,123999,124002,124004,124047,124050,124052,124095,124099,124104,124182,124185,124194,124198,124201,124203,124269,124277,124279,124344,124353,124357,124360,124369,124371,124374,124391,124394,124458,124460,124485,124487,124491,124494,124498,124501,124505,124508,124512,124515,124519,124524,124526,124556],[10,122697,122693],{"id":122698},"how-to-use-default-arguments-in-python",[14,122700,122701],{},"Default arguments let you give a function parameter a starting value in the function definition.",[14,122703,122704],{},"This means a function can work in two ways:",[29,122706,122707,122710],{},[32,122708,122709],{},"with the argument you pass in",[32,122711,122712],{},"or with a built-in fallback value",[14,122714,122715],{},"This is useful when one value is common, but you still want the option to change it.",[55,122717,58],{"id":57},[60,122719,122721],{"className":62,"code":122720,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def greet(name, message=\"Hello\"):\n    print(message, name)\n\ngreet(\"Sam\")\ngreet(\"Sam\", \"Hi\")\n",[21,122722,122723,122748,122762,122766,122780],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,122724,122725,122727,122729,122731,122733,122735,122738,122740,122742,122744,122746],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,122726,7847],{"class":7502},[69,122728,8209],{"class":7517},[69,122730,221],{"class":100},[69,122732,115],{"class":7951},[69,122734,120],{"class":100},[69,122736,122737],{"class":7951}," message",[69,122739,97],{"class":96},[69,122741,111],{"class":110},[69,122743,7659],{"class":114},[69,122745,111],{"class":110},[69,122747,7526],{"class":100},[69,122749,122750,122752,122754,122756,122758,122760],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,122751,3220],{"class":217},[69,122753,221],{"class":100},[69,122755,23767],{"class":292},[69,122757,120],{"class":100},[69,122759,7952],{"class":292},[69,122761,301],{"class":100},[69,122763,122764],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,122765,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,122767,122768,122770,122772,122774,122776,122778],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,122769,8290],{"class":292},[69,122771,221],{"class":100},[69,122773,111],{"class":110},[69,122775,14746],{"class":114},[69,122777,111],{"class":110},[69,122779,301],{"class":100},[69,122781,122782,122784,122786,122788,122790,122792,122794,122796,122798,122800],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,122783,8290],{"class":292},[69,122785,221],{"class":100},[69,122787,111],{"class":110},[69,122789,14746],{"class":114},[69,122791,111],{"class":110},[69,122793,120],{"class":100},[69,122795,123],{"class":110},[69,122797,32822],{"class":114},[69,122799,111],{"class":110},[69,122801,301],{"class":100},[14,122803,2781],{},[60,122805,122807],{"className":62,"code":122806,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Hello Sam\nHi Sam\n",[21,122808,122809,122814],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,122810,122811],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,122812,122813],{"class":79},"Hello Sam\n",[69,122815,122816],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,122817,122818],{"class":79},"Hi Sam\n",[14,122820,122821],{},"Set the default value in the function definition. If no value is passed for that parameter, Python uses the default.",[55,122823,122825],{"id":122824},"what-default-arguments-do","What default arguments do",[14,122827,122828],{},"A default argument gives a parameter a value before the function is called.",[14,122830,18945],{},[29,122832,122833,122836,122839],{},[32,122834,122835],{},"the caller can skip that argument",[32,122837,122838],{},"the function still works",[32,122840,122841],{},"the caller can override the default by passing a different value",[14,122843,122844],{},"This is helpful when a function usually uses the same value.",[14,122846,122847,122848,122850,122851,364,122854,7120],{},"For example, many greeting messages might use ",[21,122849,16951],{}," most of the time, but sometimes you want ",[21,122852,122853],{},"\"Hi\"",[21,122855,122856],{},"\"Welcome\"",[14,122858,107828,122859,4276],{},[579,122860,35420],{"href":35419},[55,122862,11404],{"id":11403},[14,122864,122865],{},"Write the default directly in the function definition.",[60,122867,122869],{"className":62,"code":122868,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def func(a, b=10):\n    print(a, b)\n",[21,122870,122871,122892],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,122872,122873,122875,122878,122880,122882,122884,122886,122888,122890],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,122874,7847],{"class":7502},[69,122876,122877],{"class":7517}," func",[69,122879,221],{"class":100},[69,122881,579],{"class":7951},[69,122883,120],{"class":100},[69,122885,28144],{"class":7951},[69,122887,97],{"class":96},[69,122889,18507],{"class":157},[69,122891,7526],{"class":100},[69,122893,122894,122896,122898,122900,122902,122904],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,122895,3220],{"class":217},[69,122897,221],{"class":100},[69,122899,579],{"class":292},[69,122901,120],{"class":100},[69,122903,28144],{"class":292},[69,122905,301],{"class":100},[14,122907,4389],{},[29,122909,122910,122915,122920],{},[32,122911,122912,122914],{},[21,122913,579],{}," is required",[32,122916,122917,122919],{},[21,122918,5755],{}," is optional",[32,122921,122922,122923,122925,122926],{},"if no value is given for ",[21,122924,5755],{},", Python uses ",[21,122927,18507],{},[14,122929,122930],{},"Example calls:",[60,122932,122934],{"className":62,"code":122933,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def func(a, b=10):\n    print(a, b)\n\nfunc(5)\nfunc(5, 20)\n",[21,122935,122936,122956,122970,122974,122985],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,122937,122938,122940,122942,122944,122946,122948,122950,122952,122954],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,122939,7847],{"class":7502},[69,122941,122877],{"class":7517},[69,122943,221],{"class":100},[69,122945,579],{"class":7951},[69,122947,120],{"class":100},[69,122949,28144],{"class":7951},[69,122951,97],{"class":96},[69,122953,18507],{"class":157},[69,122955,7526],{"class":100},[69,122957,122958,122960,122962,122964,122966,122968],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,122959,3220],{"class":217},[69,122961,221],{"class":100},[69,122963,579],{"class":292},[69,122965,120],{"class":100},[69,122967,28144],{"class":292},[69,122969,301],{"class":100},[69,122971,122972],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,122973,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,122975,122976,122979,122981,122983],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,122977,122978],{"class":292},"func",[69,122980,221],{"class":100},[69,122982,6670],{"class":157},[69,122984,301],{"class":100},[69,122986,122987,122989,122991,122993,122995,122997],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,122988,122978],{"class":292},[69,122990,221],{"class":100},[69,122992,6670],{"class":157},[69,122994,120],{"class":100},[69,122996,4671],{"class":157},[69,122998,301],{"class":100},[14,123000,2781],{},[60,123002,123004],{"className":62,"code":123003,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"5 10\n5 20\n",[21,123005,123006,123012],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,123007,123008,123010],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,123009,6670],{"class":157},[69,123011,28664],{"class":157},[69,123013,123014,123016],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,123015,6670],{"class":157},[69,123017,40812],{"class":157},[14,123019,22429],{},[29,123021,123022,123025],{},[32,123023,123024],{},"required parameters first",[32,123026,123027],{},"default parameters after them",[14,123029,123030,123031,123033],{},"This matches how ",[579,123032,36507],{"href":36506}," work.",[55,123035,123037],{"id":123036},"create-a-function-with-one-default-argument","Create a function with one default argument",[14,123039,123040],{},"Here is a simple example with one default value:",[60,123042,123044],{"className":62,"code":123043,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def greet(name, message=\"Hello\"):\n    print(message, name)\n\ngreet(\"Maya\")\ngreet(\"Maya\", \"Welcome\")\n",[21,123045,123046,123070,123084,123088,123102],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,123047,123048,123050,123052,123054,123056,123058,123060,123062,123064,123066,123068],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,123049,7847],{"class":7502},[69,123051,8209],{"class":7517},[69,123053,221],{"class":100},[69,123055,115],{"class":7951},[69,123057,120],{"class":100},[69,123059,122737],{"class":7951},[69,123061,97],{"class":96},[69,123063,111],{"class":110},[69,123065,7659],{"class":114},[69,123067,111],{"class":110},[69,123069,7526],{"class":100},[69,123071,123072,123074,123076,123078,123080,123082],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,123073,3220],{"class":217},[69,123075,221],{"class":100},[69,123077,23767],{"class":292},[69,123079,120],{"class":100},[69,123081,7952],{"class":292},[69,123083,301],{"class":100},[69,123085,123086],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,123087,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,123089,123090,123092,123094,123096,123098,123100],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,123091,8290],{"class":292},[69,123093,221],{"class":100},[69,123095,111],{"class":110},[69,123097,8276],{"class":114},[69,123099,111],{"class":110},[69,123101,301],{"class":100},[69,123103,123104,123106,123108,123110,123112,123114,123116,123118,123121,123123],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,123105,8290],{"class":292},[69,123107,221],{"class":100},[69,123109,111],{"class":110},[69,123111,8276],{"class":114},[69,123113,111],{"class":110},[69,123115,120],{"class":100},[69,123117,123],{"class":110},[69,123119,123120],{"class":114},"Welcome",[69,123122,111],{"class":110},[69,123124,301],{"class":100},[14,123126,2781],{},[60,123128,123130],{"className":62,"code":123129,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Hello Maya\nWelcome Maya\n",[21,123131,123132,123137],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,123133,123134],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,123135,123136],{"class":79},"Hello Maya\n",[69,123138,123139],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,123140,123141],{"class":79},"Welcome Maya\n",[14,123143,32482],{},[29,123145,123146,123150,123157,123163],{},[32,123147,123148,122914],{},[21,123149,115],{},[32,123151,123152,123154,123155],{},[21,123153,23767],{}," has a default value of ",[21,123156,16951],{},[32,123158,123159,123162],{},[21,123160,123161],{},"greet(\"Maya\")"," uses the default",[32,123164,123165,123168],{},[21,123166,123167],{},"greet(\"Maya\", \"Welcome\")"," replaces the default",[14,123170,123171],{},"This makes the function flexible without making every call longer.",[55,123173,123175],{"id":123174},"use-multiple-default-arguments","Use multiple default arguments",[14,123177,123178],{},"A function can have more than one default parameter.",[14,123180,123181],{},"This is useful when several settings are optional.",[60,123183,123185],{"className":62,"code":123184,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def show_text(text, separator=\"-\", ending=\"!\"):\n    print(text + separator + ending)\n\nshow_text(\"Hello\")\nshow_text(\"Hello\", \"*\", \"?\")\nshow_text(\"Hello\", ending=\".\")\n",[21,123186,123187,123227,123246,123250,123265,123295],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,123188,123189,123191,123194,123196,123198,123200,123203,123205,123207,123209,123211,123213,123216,123218,123220,123223,123225],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,123190,7847],{"class":7502},[69,123192,123193],{"class":7517}," show_text",[69,123195,221],{"class":100},[69,123197,568],{"class":7951},[69,123199,120],{"class":100},[69,123201,123202],{"class":7951}," separator",[69,123204,97],{"class":96},[69,123206,111],{"class":110},[69,123208,7305],{"class":114},[69,123210,111],{"class":110},[69,123212,120],{"class":100},[69,123214,123215],{"class":7951}," ending",[69,123217,97],{"class":96},[69,123219,111],{"class":110},[69,123221,123222],{"class":114},"!",[69,123224,111],{"class":110},[69,123226,7526],{"class":100},[69,123228,123229,123231,123233,123235,123237,123240,123242,123244],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,123230,3220],{"class":217},[69,123232,221],{"class":100},[69,123234,16655],{"class":292},[69,123236,1847],{"class":96},[69,123238,123239],{"class":292}," separator ",[69,123241,1847],{"class":96},[69,123243,123215],{"class":292},[69,123245,301],{"class":100},[69,123247,123248],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,123249,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,123251,123252,123255,123257,123259,123261,123263],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,123253,123254],{"class":292},"show_text",[69,123256,221],{"class":100},[69,123258,111],{"class":110},[69,123260,7659],{"class":114},[69,123262,111],{"class":110},[69,123264,301],{"class":100},[69,123266,123267,123269,123271,123273,123275,123277,123279,123281,123283,123285,123287,123289,123291,123293],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,123268,123254],{"class":292},[69,123270,221],{"class":100},[69,123272,111],{"class":110},[69,123274,7659],{"class":114},[69,123276,111],{"class":110},[69,123278,120],{"class":100},[69,123280,123],{"class":110},[69,123282,8392],{"class":114},[69,123284,111],{"class":110},[69,123286,120],{"class":100},[69,123288,123],{"class":110},[69,123290,1414],{"class":114},[69,123292,111],{"class":110},[69,123294,301],{"class":100},[69,123296,123297,123299,123301,123303,123305,123307,123309,123311,123313,123315,123317,123319],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,123298,123254],{"class":292},[69,123300,221],{"class":100},[69,123302,111],{"class":110},[69,123304,7659],{"class":114},[69,123306,111],{"class":110},[69,123308,120],{"class":100},[69,123310,123215],{"class":242},[69,123312,97],{"class":96},[69,123314,111],{"class":110},[69,123316,289],{"class":114},[69,123318,111],{"class":110},[69,123320,301],{"class":100},[14,123322,2781],{},[60,123324,123326],{"className":62,"code":123325,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Hello-!\nHello*?\nHello-.\n",[21,123327,123328,123337,123346],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,123329,123330,123332,123334],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,123331,7659],{"class":79},[69,123333,7305],{"class":96},[69,123335,123336],{"class":79},"!\n",[69,123338,123339,123341,123343],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,123340,7659],{"class":79},[69,123342,8392],{"class":96},[69,123344,123345],{"class":3771},"?\n",[69,123347,123348,123350,123352],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,123349,7659],{"class":79},[69,123351,7305],{"class":96},[69,123353,8106],{"class":100},[14,123355,8323],{},[29,123357,123358,123365],{},[32,123359,123360,123362,123363],{},[21,123361,69159],{}," defaults to ",[21,123364,106531],{},[32,123366,123367,123362,123370],{},[21,123368,123369],{},"ending",[21,123371,123372],{},"\"!\"",[14,123374,123375],{},"You can call the function:",[29,123377,123378,123381,123384],{},[32,123379,123380],{},"with only the required argument",[32,123382,123383],{},"by changing both defaults",[32,123385,123386],{},"or by changing just one of them",[55,123388,123390],{"id":123389},"use-keyword-arguments-with-defaults","Use keyword arguments with defaults",[14,123392,123393],{},"Keyword arguments make function calls easier to read.",[14,123395,123396],{},"They are especially useful when a function has several optional parameters.",[60,123398,123400],{"className":62,"code":123399,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def print_info(name, age=0, city=\"Unknown\"):\n    print(\"Name:\", name)\n    print(\"Age:\", age)\n    print(\"City:\", city)\n\nprint_info(\"Sam\")\nprint_info(\"Sam\", city=\"London\")\nprint_info(\"Sam\", age=25, city=\"Paris\")\n",[21,123401,123402,123435,123453,123471,123490,123494,123509,123535],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,123403,123404,123406,123409,123411,123413,123415,123417,123419,123421,123423,123425,123427,123429,123431,123433],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,123405,7847],{"class":7502},[69,123407,123408],{"class":7517}," print_info",[69,123410,221],{"class":100},[69,123412,115],{"class":7951},[69,123414,120],{"class":100},[69,123416,7957],{"class":7951},[69,123418,97],{"class":96},[69,123420,2200],{"class":157},[69,123422,120],{"class":100},[69,123424,59488],{"class":7951},[69,123426,97],{"class":96},[69,123428,111],{"class":110},[69,123430,3098],{"class":114},[69,123432,111],{"class":110},[69,123434,7526],{"class":100},[69,123436,123437,123439,123441,123443,123445,123447,123449,123451],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,123438,3220],{"class":217},[69,123440,221],{"class":100},[69,123442,111],{"class":110},[69,123444,122129],{"class":114},[69,123446,111],{"class":110},[69,123448,120],{"class":100},[69,123450,7952],{"class":292},[69,123452,301],{"class":100},[69,123454,123455,123457,123459,123461,123463,123465,123467,123469],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,123456,3220],{"class":217},[69,123458,221],{"class":100},[69,123460,111],{"class":110},[69,123462,122148],{"class":114},[69,123464,111],{"class":110},[69,123466,120],{"class":100},[69,123468,7957],{"class":292},[69,123470,301],{"class":100},[69,123472,123473,123475,123477,123479,123482,123484,123486,123488],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,123474,3220],{"class":217},[69,123476,221],{"class":100},[69,123478,111],{"class":110},[69,123480,123481],{"class":114},"City:",[69,123483,111],{"class":110},[69,123485,120],{"class":100},[69,123487,59488],{"class":292},[69,123489,301],{"class":100},[69,123491,123492],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,123493,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,123495,123496,123499,123501,123503,123505,123507],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,123497,123498],{"class":292},"print_info",[69,123500,221],{"class":100},[69,123502,111],{"class":110},[69,123504,14746],{"class":114},[69,123506,111],{"class":110},[69,123508,301],{"class":100},[69,123510,123511,123513,123515,123517,123519,123521,123523,123525,123527,123529,123531,123533],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,123512,123498],{"class":292},[69,123514,221],{"class":100},[69,123516,111],{"class":110},[69,123518,14746],{"class":114},[69,123520,111],{"class":110},[69,123522,120],{"class":100},[69,123524,59488],{"class":242},[69,123526,97],{"class":96},[69,123528,111],{"class":110},[69,123530,165],{"class":114},[69,123532,111],{"class":110},[69,123534,301],{"class":100},[69,123536,123537,123539,123541,123543,123545,123547,123549,123551,123553,123555,123557,123559,123561,123563,123565,123567],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,123538,123498],{"class":292},[69,123540,221],{"class":100},[69,123542,111],{"class":110},[69,123544,14746],{"class":114},[69,123546,111],{"class":110},[69,123548,120],{"class":100},[69,123550,7957],{"class":242},[69,123552,97],{"class":96},[69,123554,23026],{"class":157},[69,123556,120],{"class":100},[69,123558,59488],{"class":242},[69,123560,97],{"class":96},[69,123562,111],{"class":110},[69,123564,193],{"class":114},[69,123566,111],{"class":110},[69,123568,301],{"class":100},[14,123570,2781],{},[60,123572,123574],{"className":62,"code":123573,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Name: Sam\nAge: 0\nCity: Unknown\nName: Sam\nAge: 0\nCity: London\nName: Sam\nAge: 25\nCity: Paris\n",[21,123575,123576,123585,123593,123603,123611,123619,123628,123636,123644],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,123577,123578,123580,123582],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,123579,122207],{"class":79},[69,123581,1174],{"class":100},[69,123583,123584],{"class":79}," Sam\n",[69,123586,123587,123589,123591],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,123588,23327],{"class":79},[69,123590,1174],{"class":100},[69,123592,15253],{"class":157},[69,123594,123595,123598,123600],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,123596,123597],{"class":79},"City",[69,123599,1174],{"class":100},[69,123601,123602],{"class":79}," Unknown\n",[69,123604,123605,123607,123609],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,123606,122207],{"class":79},[69,123608,1174],{"class":100},[69,123610,123584],{"class":79},[69,123612,123613,123615,123617],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,123614,23327],{"class":79},[69,123616,1174],{"class":100},[69,123618,15253],{"class":157},[69,123620,123621,123623,123625],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,123622,123597],{"class":79},[69,123624,1174],{"class":100},[69,123626,123627],{"class":79}," London\n",[69,123629,123630,123632,123634],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,123631,122207],{"class":79},[69,123633,1174],{"class":100},[69,123635,123584],{"class":79},[69,123637,123638,123640,123642],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,123639,23327],{"class":79},[69,123641,1174],{"class":100},[69,123643,3414],{"class":157},[69,123645,123646,123648,123650],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,123647,123597],{"class":79},[69,123649,1174],{"class":100},[69,123651,123652],{"class":79}," Paris\n",[14,123654,123655],{},"Why keyword arguments help:",[29,123657,123658,123661,123664],{},[32,123659,123660],{},"they make the call clearer",[32,123662,123663],{},"you can override only the value you want",[32,123665,123666],{},"you do not need to remember the exact position of every optional argument",[55,123668,123670],{"id":123669},"rules-beginners-should-remember","Rules beginners should remember",[14,123672,123673],{},"Keep these rules in mind when using default arguments:",[29,123675,123676,123679,123682,123685,123688],{},[32,123677,123678],{},"Required parameters should come before default parameters.",[32,123680,123681],{},"A parameter with a default value is optional.",[32,123683,123684],{},"If you pass a value, it replaces the default.",[32,123686,123687],{},"Default values are set when the function is defined.",[32,123689,123690],{},"Avoid using changing objects like lists or dictionaries as defaults.",[14,123692,123693,123694,123696],{},"This is also important when writing functions that ",[579,123695,36488],{"href":36487},", because clear parameters make functions easier to reuse.",[55,123698,123700],{"id":123699},"why-mutable-default-values-can-cause-bugs","Why mutable default values can cause bugs",[14,123702,123703],{},"One common beginner mistake is using a list or dictionary as a default value.",[14,123705,123706],{},"This looks harmless:",[60,123708,123710],{"className":62,"code":123709,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def add_item(item, items=[]):\n    items.append(item)\n    return items\n\nprint(add_item(\"a\"))\nprint(add_item(\"b\"))\n",[21,123711,123712,123732,123746,123753,123757,123776],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,123713,123714,123716,123719,123721,123723,123725,123727,123729],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,123715,7847],{"class":7502},[69,123717,123718],{"class":7517}," add_item",[69,123720,221],{"class":100},[69,123722,20427],{"class":7951},[69,123724,120],{"class":100},[69,123726,18409],{"class":7951},[69,123728,97],{"class":96},[69,123730,123731],{"class":100},"[]):\n",[69,123733,123734,123736,123738,123740,123742,123744],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,123735,76738],{"class":79},[69,123737,289],{"class":100},[69,123739,5961],{"class":292},[69,123741,221],{"class":100},[69,123743,20427],{"class":292},[69,123745,301],{"class":100},[69,123747,123748,123750],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,123749,42494],{"class":75},[69,123751,123752],{"class":79}," items\n",[69,123754,123755],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,123756,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,123758,123759,123761,123763,123766,123768,123770,123772,123774],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,123760,2161],{"class":217},[69,123762,221],{"class":100},[69,123764,123765],{"class":292},"add_item",[69,123767,221],{"class":100},[69,123769,111],{"class":110},[69,123771,579],{"class":114},[69,123773,111],{"class":110},[69,123775,2183],{"class":100},[69,123777,123778,123780,123782,123784,123786,123788,123790,123792],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,123779,2161],{"class":217},[69,123781,221],{"class":100},[69,123783,123765],{"class":292},[69,123785,221],{"class":100},[69,123787,111],{"class":110},[69,123789,5755],{"class":114},[69,123791,111],{"class":110},[69,123793,2183],{"class":100},[14,123795,2781],{},[60,123797,123799],{"className":62,"code":123798,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['a']\n['a', 'b']\n",[21,123800,123801,123813],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,123802,123803,123805,123807,123809,123811],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,123804,1345],{"class":100},[69,123806,15283],{"class":110},[69,123808,579],{"class":114},[69,123810,15283],{"class":110},[69,123812,198],{"class":100},[69,123814,123815,123817,123819,123821,123823,123825,123827,123829,123831],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,123816,1345],{"class":100},[69,123818,15283],{"class":110},[69,123820,579],{"class":114},[69,123822,15283],{"class":110},[69,123824,120],{"class":100},[69,123826,15292],{"class":110},[69,123828,5755],{"class":114},[69,123830,15283],{"class":110},[69,123832,198],{"class":100},[14,123834,123835,123836,289],{},"Many beginners expect the second call to return just ",[21,123837,123838],{},"['b']",[14,123840,123841],{},"But the same list is reused across calls.",[1647,123843,123845],{"id":123844},"safer-version","Safer version",[14,123847,322,123848,123850],{},[21,123849,3022],{}," as the default, then create a new list inside the function.",[60,123852,123854],{"className":62,"code":123853,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def add_item(item, items=None):\n    if items is None:\n        items = []\n    items.append(item)\n    return items\n\nprint(add_item(\"a\"))\nprint(add_item(\"b\"))\n",[21,123855,123856,123876,123888,123897,123911,123917,123921,123939],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,123857,123858,123860,123862,123864,123866,123868,123870,123872,123874],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,123859,7847],{"class":7502},[69,123861,123718],{"class":7517},[69,123863,221],{"class":100},[69,123865,20427],{"class":7951},[69,123867,120],{"class":100},[69,123869,18409],{"class":7951},[69,123871,97],{"class":96},[69,123873,3022],{"class":3012},[69,123875,7526],{"class":100},[69,123877,123878,123880,123882,123884,123886],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,123879,19705],{"class":75},[69,123881,46795],{"class":79},[69,123883,8098],{"class":96},[69,123885,15620],{"class":3012},[69,123887,275],{"class":100},[69,123889,123890,123893,123895],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,123891,123892],{"class":79},"        items ",[69,123894,97],{"class":96},[69,123896,50459],{"class":100},[69,123898,123899,123901,123903,123905,123907,123909],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,123900,76738],{"class":79},[69,123902,289],{"class":100},[69,123904,5961],{"class":292},[69,123906,221],{"class":100},[69,123908,20427],{"class":292},[69,123910,301],{"class":100},[69,123912,123913,123915],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,123914,42494],{"class":75},[69,123916,123752],{"class":79},[69,123918,123919],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,123920,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,123922,123923,123925,123927,123929,123931,123933,123935,123937],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,123924,2161],{"class":217},[69,123926,221],{"class":100},[69,123928,123765],{"class":292},[69,123930,221],{"class":100},[69,123932,111],{"class":110},[69,123934,579],{"class":114},[69,123936,111],{"class":110},[69,123938,2183],{"class":100},[69,123940,123941,123943,123945,123947,123949,123951,123953,123955],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,123942,2161],{"class":217},[69,123944,221],{"class":100},[69,123946,123765],{"class":292},[69,123948,221],{"class":100},[69,123950,111],{"class":110},[69,123952,5755],{"class":114},[69,123954,111],{"class":110},[69,123956,2183],{"class":100},[14,123958,2781],{},[60,123960,123962],{"className":62,"code":123961,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"['a']\n['b']\n",[21,123963,123964,123976],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,123965,123966,123968,123970,123972,123974],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,123967,1345],{"class":100},[69,123969,15283],{"class":110},[69,123971,579],{"class":114},[69,123973,15283],{"class":110},[69,123975,198],{"class":100},[69,123977,123978,123980,123982,123984,123986],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,123979,1345],{"class":100},[69,123981,15283],{"class":110},[69,123983,5755],{"class":114},[69,123985,15283],{"class":110},[69,123987,198],{"class":100},[14,123989,123990],{},"This is the safe pattern for optional lists and dictionaries.",[55,123992,123994],{"id":123993},"common-errors-and-how-to-fix-them","Common errors and how to fix them",[1647,123996,123998],{"id":123997},"_1-required-parameter-after-a-default-parameter","1. Required parameter after a default parameter",[14,124000,124001],{},"This causes a syntax error.",[14,124003,1658],{},[60,124005,124007],{"className":62,"code":124006,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def greet(message=\"Hello\", name):\n    print(message, name)\n",[21,124008,124009,124033],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,124010,124011,124013,124015,124017,124019,124021,124023,124025,124027,124029,124031],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,124012,7847],{"class":7502},[69,124014,8209],{"class":7517},[69,124016,221],{"class":100},[69,124018,23767],{"class":7951},[69,124020,97],{"class":96},[69,124022,111],{"class":110},[69,124024,7659],{"class":114},[69,124026,111],{"class":110},[69,124028,120],{"class":100},[69,124030,7952],{"class":7951},[69,124032,7526],{"class":100},[69,124034,124035,124037,124039,124041,124043,124045],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,124036,3220],{"class":217},[69,124038,221],{"class":100},[69,124040,23767],{"class":292},[69,124042,120],{"class":100},[69,124044,7952],{"class":292},[69,124046,301],{"class":100},[14,124048,124049],{},"Python does not allow this because required parameters must come first.",[14,124051,1726],{},[60,124053,124055],{"className":62,"code":124054,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def greet(name, message=\"Hello\"):\n    print(message, name)\n",[21,124056,124057,124081],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,124058,124059,124061,124063,124065,124067,124069,124071,124073,124075,124077,124079],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,124060,7847],{"class":7502},[69,124062,8209],{"class":7517},[69,124064,221],{"class":100},[69,124066,115],{"class":7951},[69,124068,120],{"class":100},[69,124070,122737],{"class":7951},[69,124072,97],{"class":96},[69,124074,111],{"class":110},[69,124076,7659],{"class":114},[69,124078,111],{"class":110},[69,124080,7526],{"class":100},[69,124082,124083,124085,124087,124089,124091,124093],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,124084,3220],{"class":217},[69,124086,221],{"class":100},[69,124088,23767],{"class":292},[69,124090,120],{"class":100},[69,124092,7952],{"class":292},[69,124094,301],{"class":100},[1647,124096,124098],{"id":124097},"_2-passing-too-many-arguments","2. Passing too many arguments",[14,124100,124101,124102,289],{},"If a function only accepts a certain number of arguments, extra values raise a ",[21,124103,8638],{},[60,124105,124107],{"className":62,"code":124106,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def greet(name, message=\"Hello\"):\n    print(message, name)\n\ngreet(\"Sam\", \"Hi\", \"Extra\")\n",[21,124108,124109,124133,124147,124151],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,124110,124111,124113,124115,124117,124119,124121,124123,124125,124127,124129,124131],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,124112,7847],{"class":7502},[69,124114,8209],{"class":7517},[69,124116,221],{"class":100},[69,124118,115],{"class":7951},[69,124120,120],{"class":100},[69,124122,122737],{"class":7951},[69,124124,97],{"class":96},[69,124126,111],{"class":110},[69,124128,7659],{"class":114},[69,124130,111],{"class":110},[69,124132,7526],{"class":100},[69,124134,124135,124137,124139,124141,124143,124145],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,124136,3220],{"class":217},[69,124138,221],{"class":100},[69,124140,23767],{"class":292},[69,124142,120],{"class":100},[69,124144,7952],{"class":292},[69,124146,301],{"class":100},[69,124148,124149],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,124150,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,124152,124153,124155,124157,124159,124161,124163,124165,124167,124169,124171,124173,124175,124178,124180],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,124154,8290],{"class":292},[69,124156,221],{"class":100},[69,124158,111],{"class":110},[69,124160,14746],{"class":114},[69,124162,111],{"class":110},[69,124164,120],{"class":100},[69,124166,123],{"class":110},[69,124168,32822],{"class":114},[69,124170,111],{"class":110},[69,124172,120],{"class":100},[69,124174,123],{"class":110},[69,124176,124177],{"class":114},"Extra",[69,124179,111],{"class":110},[69,124181,301],{"class":100},[14,124183,124184],{},"You would get an error because the function expects only one or two arguments.",[14,124186,124187,124188,124193],{},"If you see this kind of problem, a page like ",[579,124189,124190,124191],{"href":8689},"fix ",[21,124192,8690],{}," may also help with argument-related errors.",[1647,124195,124197],{"id":124196},"_3-using-the-wrong-keyword-name","3. Using the wrong keyword name",[14,124199,124200],{},"Keyword names must match the parameter names exactly.",[14,124202,1658],{},[60,124204,124206],{"className":62,"code":124205,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def print_info(name, age=0):\n    print(name, age)\n\nprint_info(\"Sam\", years=25)\n",[21,124207,124208,124228,124242,124246],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,124209,124210,124212,124214,124216,124218,124220,124222,124224,124226],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,124211,7847],{"class":7502},[69,124213,123408],{"class":7517},[69,124215,221],{"class":100},[69,124217,115],{"class":7951},[69,124219,120],{"class":100},[69,124221,7957],{"class":7951},[69,124223,97],{"class":96},[69,124225,2200],{"class":157},[69,124227,7526],{"class":100},[69,124229,124230,124232,124234,124236,124238,124240],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,124231,3220],{"class":217},[69,124233,221],{"class":100},[69,124235,115],{"class":292},[69,124237,120],{"class":100},[69,124239,7957],{"class":292},[69,124241,301],{"class":100},[69,124243,124244],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,124245,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,124247,124248,124250,124252,124254,124256,124258,124260,124263,124265,124267],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,124249,123498],{"class":292},[69,124251,221],{"class":100},[69,124253,111],{"class":110},[69,124255,14746],{"class":114},[69,124257,111],{"class":110},[69,124259,120],{"class":100},[69,124261,124262],{"class":242}," years",[69,124264,97],{"class":96},[69,124266,23026],{"class":157},[69,124268,301],{"class":100},[14,124270,10671,124271,16250,124273,124276],{},[21,124272,8638],{},[21,124274,124275],{},"years"," is not a parameter name.",[14,124278,1726],{},[60,124280,124282],{"className":62,"code":124281,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"def print_info(name, age=0):\n    print(name, age)\n\nprint_info(\"Sam\", age=25)\n",[21,124283,124284,124304,124318,124322],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,124285,124286,124288,124290,124292,124294,124296,124298,124300,124302],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,124287,7847],{"class":7502},[69,124289,123408],{"class":7517},[69,124291,221],{"class":100},[69,124293,115],{"class":7951},[69,124295,120],{"class":100},[69,124297,7957],{"class":7951},[69,124299,97],{"class":96},[69,124301,2200],{"class":157},[69,124303,7526],{"class":100},[69,124305,124306,124308,124310,124312,124314,124316],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,124307,3220],{"class":217},[69,124309,221],{"class":100},[69,124311,115],{"class":292},[69,124313,120],{"class":100},[69,124315,7957],{"class":292},[69,124317,301],{"class":100},[69,124319,124320],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,124321,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,124323,124324,124326,124328,124330,124332,124334,124336,124338,124340,124342],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,124325,123498],{"class":292},[69,124327,221],{"class":100},[69,124329,111],{"class":110},[69,124331,14746],{"class":114},[69,124333,111],{"class":110},[69,124335,120],{"class":100},[69,124337,7957],{"class":242},[69,124339,97],{"class":96},[69,124341,23026],{"class":157},[69,124343,301],{"class":100},[14,124345,124346,124347,289],{},"For more help with this specific problem, see ",[579,124348,124190,124350],{"href":124349},"\u002Ferrors\u002Ftypeerror-unexpected-keyword-argument-fix",[21,124351,124352],{},"TypeError: unexpected keyword argument",[1647,124354,124356],{"id":124355},"_4-mutable-defaults-keeping-old-data","4. Mutable defaults keeping old data",[14,124358,124359],{},"If a list or dictionary is changed inside the function, that changed object may be reused next time.",[14,124361,322,124362,10347,124364,364,124366,124368],{},[21,124363,3022],{},[21,124365,2680],{},[21,124367,51851],{}," as the default.",[55,124370,3868],{"id":3867},[14,124372,124373],{},"These are the most common causes of problems with default arguments:",[29,124375,124376,124379,124382,124385,124388],{},[32,124377,124378],{},"Forgetting that default values make parameters optional",[32,124380,124381],{},"Putting non-default parameters after default parameters",[32,124383,124384],{},"Using a list or dictionary as a default value",[32,124386,124387],{},"Mixing positional and keyword arguments incorrectly",[32,124389,124390],{},"Assuming the default value is recreated on every call",[14,124392,124393],{},"If something looks wrong, these checks can help:",[60,124395,124397],{"className":62,"code":124396,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"help(function_name)\nprint(function_name.__defaults__)\nprint(function_name.__code__.co_varnames)\nprint(type(value))\n",[21,124398,124399,124409,124424,124444],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,124400,124401,124403,124405,124407],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,124402,9213],{"class":217},[69,124404,221],{"class":100},[69,124406,35530],{"class":292},[69,124408,301],{"class":100},[69,124410,124411,124413,124415,124417,124419,124422],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,124412,2161],{"class":217},[69,124414,221],{"class":100},[69,124416,35530],{"class":292},[69,124418,289],{"class":100},[69,124420,124421],{"class":7964},"__defaults__",[69,124423,301],{"class":100},[69,124425,124426,124428,124430,124432,124434,124437,124439,124442],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,124427,2161],{"class":217},[69,124429,221],{"class":100},[69,124431,35530],{"class":292},[69,124433,289],{"class":100},[69,124435,124436],{"class":7964},"__code__",[69,124438,289],{"class":100},[69,124440,124441],{"class":2216},"co_varnames",[69,124443,301],{"class":100},[69,124445,124446,124448,124450,124452,124454,124456],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,124447,2161],{"class":217},[69,124449,221],{"class":100},[69,124451,2176],{"class":1859},[69,124453,221],{"class":100},[69,124455,20383],{"class":292},[69,124457,2183],{"class":100},[14,124459,3981],{},[29,124461,124462,124467,124473,124479],{},[32,124463,124464,124466],{},[21,124465,42843],{}," shows how the function should be called",[32,124468,124469,124472],{},[21,124470,124471],{},"function_name.__defaults__"," shows the current default values",[32,124474,124475,124478],{},[21,124476,124477],{},"function_name.__code__.co_varnames"," shows the function's variable names",[32,124480,124481,124484],{},[21,124482,124483],{},"type(value)"," helps confirm the kind of value you passed",[55,124486,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,124488,124490],{"id":124489},"what-is-a-default-argument-in-python","What is a default argument in Python?",[14,124492,124493],{},"It is a parameter value written in the function definition that Python uses when no argument is provided for that parameter.",[1647,124495,124497],{"id":124496},"can-a-function-have-more-than-one-default-argument","Can a function have more than one default argument?",[14,124499,124500],{},"Yes. A function can have several optional parameters with default values.",[1647,124502,124504],{"id":124503},"why-should-required-parameters-come-first","Why should required parameters come first?",[14,124506,124507],{},"Python syntax requires parameters without defaults to come before parameters with defaults.",[1647,124509,124511],{"id":124510},"why-is-using-a-list-as-a-default-argument-a-problem","Why is using a list as a default argument a problem?",[14,124513,124514],{},"Because the same list can be reused across calls, which can keep old changes and cause unexpected results.",[1647,124516,124518],{"id":124517},"how-do-i-safely-use-a-list-as-an-optional-argument","How do I safely use a list as an optional argument?",[14,124520,322,124521,124523],{},[21,124522,3022],{}," as the default, then create a new list inside the function if needed.",[55,124525,2414],{"id":2413},[29,124527,124528,124532,124536,124540,124544,124550],{},[32,124529,124530],{},[579,124531,36576],{"href":36506},[32,124533,124534],{},[579,124535,35420],{"href":35419},[32,124537,124538],{},[579,124539,36581],{"href":36487},[32,124541,124542],{},[579,124543,109669],{"href":8554},[32,124545,124546],{},[579,124547,18294,124548],{"href":8689},[21,124549,8690],{},[32,124551,124552],{},[579,124553,18294,124554],{"href":124349},[21,124555,124352],{},[2450,124557,124558],{},"html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sGLFI, html code.shiki .sGLFI{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sFwrP, html code.shiki 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.sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .s39Yj, html code.shiki .s39Yj{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s_hVV, html code.shiki .s_hVV{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .skxfh, html code.shiki .skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":124560},[124561,124562,124563,124564,124565,124566,124567,124568,124571,124577,124578,124585],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":122824,"depth":83,"text":122825},{"id":11403,"depth":83,"text":11404},{"id":123036,"depth":83,"text":123037},{"id":123174,"depth":83,"text":123175},{"id":123389,"depth":83,"text":123390},{"id":123669,"depth":83,"text":123670},{"id":123699,"depth":83,"text":123700,"children":124569},[124570],{"id":123844,"depth":90,"text":123845},{"id":123993,"depth":83,"text":123994,"children":124572},[124573,124574,124575,124576],{"id":123997,"depth":90,"text":123998},{"id":124097,"depth":90,"text":124098},{"id":124196,"depth":90,"text":124197},{"id":124355,"depth":90,"text":124356},{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":124579},[124580,124581,124582,124583,124584],{"id":124489,"depth":90,"text":124490},{"id":124496,"depth":90,"text":124497},{"id":124503,"depth":90,"text":124504},{"id":124510,"depth":90,"text":124511},{"id":124517,"depth":90,"text":124518},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to use default arguments in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-default-arguments-in-python",{"title":122693,"description":124586},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-use-default-arguments-in-python","P-bVo3iA2o-PXvV-Sf4ovoZfMAYhA74s4W0dAAgk9i0",{"id":124593,"title":124594,"body":124595,"description":127014,"extension":2479,"meta":127015,"navigation":86,"path":127016,"seo":127017,"stem":127018,"__hash__":127019},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-enumerate-in-python.md","How to Use enumerate() in Python",{"type":7,"value":124596,"toc":126977},[124597,124603,124608,124610,124624,124629,124631,124708,124710,124733,124738,124744,124749,124752,124759,124765,124768,124779,124786,124788,124791,124830,124833,124850,124855,124859,124862,124936,124938,124960,124962,124998,125005,125010,125014,125021,125027,125110,125112,125135,125137,125148,125157,125159,125260,125262,125289,125297,125301,125305,125409,125411,125454,125458,125549,125551,125590,125594,125700,125702,125720,125724,125827,125829,125864,125870,125876,125959,125965,126039,126042,126056,126066,126068,126072,126077,126083,126086,126163,126166,126170,126173,126179,126181,126255,126258,126334,126337,126344,126346,126447,126449,126480,126483,126489,126492,126555,126561,126568,126574,126579,126582,126593,126603,126605,126610,126616,126619,126663,126665,126715,126721,126730,126732,126783,126785,126834,126840,126843,126900,126902,126926,126935,126938,126944,126946,126974],[10,124598,124600,124601,74740],{"id":124599},"how-to-use-enumerate-in-python","How to Use ",[21,124602,50392],{},[14,124604,124605,124607],{},[21,124606,50392],{}," helps you loop over items and get both the index and the value at the same time.",[14,124609,3795],{},[29,124611,124612,124615,124618,124621],{},[32,124613,124614],{},"print numbered items",[32,124616,124617],{},"track where something appears in a list",[32,124619,124620],{},"build simple menus",[32,124622,124623],{},"avoid managing a separate counter variable",[14,124625,124626,124627,289],{},"If you are still getting comfortable with loops, this function can make your code cleaner and easier to read. If you need a refresher first, see ",[579,124628,75864],{"href":75863},[55,124630,58],{"id":57},[60,124632,124634],{"className":62,"code":124633,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\n\nfor index, fruit in enumerate(fruits):\n    print(index, fruit)\n",[21,124635,124636,124668,124672,124693],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,124637,124638,124640,124642,124644,124646,124648,124650,124652,124654,124656,124658,124660,124662,124664,124666],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,124639,6028],{"class":79},[69,124641,97],{"class":96},[69,124643,636],{"class":100},[69,124645,111],{"class":110},[69,124647,6037],{"class":114},[69,124649,111],{"class":110},[69,124651,120],{"class":100},[69,124653,123],{"class":110},[69,124655,6046],{"class":114},[69,124657,111],{"class":110},[69,124659,120],{"class":100},[69,124661,123],{"class":110},[69,124663,6066],{"class":114},[69,124665,111],{"class":110},[69,124667,198],{"class":100},[69,124669,124670],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,124671,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,124673,124674,124676,124678,124680,124683,124685,124687,124689,124691],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,124675,3710],{"class":75},[69,124677,74648],{"class":79},[69,124679,120],{"class":100},[69,124681,124682],{"class":79}," fruit ",[69,124684,771],{"class":75},[69,124686,50479],{"class":217},[69,124688,221],{"class":100},[69,124690,6055],{"class":292},[69,124692,7526],{"class":100},[69,124694,124695,124697,124699,124701,124703,124706],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,124696,3220],{"class":217},[69,124698,221],{"class":100},[69,124700,17362],{"class":292},[69,124702,120],{"class":100},[69,124704,124705],{"class":292}," fruit",[69,124707,301],{"class":100},[14,124709,2781],{},[60,124711,124713],{"className":62,"code":124712,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"0 apple\n1 banana\n2 orange\n",[21,124714,124715,124721,124727],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,124716,124717,124719],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,124718,2200],{"class":157},[69,124720,75973],{"class":79},[69,124722,124723,124725],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,124724,5940],{"class":157},[69,124726,52460],{"class":79},[69,124728,124729,124731],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,124730,19224],{"class":157},[69,124732,69362],{"class":79},[14,124734,322,124735,124737],{},[21,124736,50392],{}," when you need the position and the item together in a loop.",[55,124739,55566,124741,124743],{"id":124740},"what-enumerate-does",[21,124742,50392],{}," does",[14,124745,124746,124748],{},[21,124747,50392],{}," adds a counter to an iterable.",[14,124750,124751],{},"That means it can take something like a list or string and give you:",[29,124753,124754,124756],{},[32,124755,50571],{},[32,124757,124758],{},"the current value",[14,124760,124761,124762,124764],{},"It is commonly used in ",[21,124763,3710],{}," loops because it saves you from creating and updating a separate counter yourself.",[14,124766,124767],{},"It works with many iterables, including:",[29,124769,124770,124772,124774,124776],{},[32,124771,18817],{},[32,124773,59096],{},[32,124775,59093],{},[32,124777,124778],{},"other iterable objects",[14,124780,124781,124782,289],{},"If you want a deeper definition of the function itself, see the ",[579,124783,14649,124784,101024],{"href":76131},[21,124785,50392],{},[55,124787,11404],{"id":11403},[14,124789,124790],{},"The most common pattern looks like this:",[60,124792,124794],{"className":62,"code":124793,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for index, value in enumerate(items):\n    print(index, value)\n",[21,124795,124796,124816],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,124797,124798,124800,124802,124804,124806,124808,124810,124812,124814],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,124799,3710],{"class":75},[69,124801,74648],{"class":79},[69,124803,120],{"class":100},[69,124805,3718],{"class":79},[69,124807,771],{"class":75},[69,124809,50479],{"class":217},[69,124811,221],{"class":100},[69,124813,3727],{"class":292},[69,124815,7526],{"class":100},[69,124817,124818,124820,124822,124824,124826,124828],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,124819,3220],{"class":217},[69,124821,221],{"class":100},[69,124823,17362],{"class":292},[69,124825,120],{"class":100},[69,124827,3753],{"class":292},[69,124829,301],{"class":100},[14,124831,124832],{},"Here is what each part means:",[29,124834,124835,124840,124845],{},[32,124836,124837,124839],{},[21,124838,3727],{}," is the iterable you want to loop over",[32,124841,124842,124844],{},[21,124843,17362],{}," is the position number",[32,124846,124847,124849],{},[21,124848,20383],{}," is the current item",[14,124851,124852,124853,289],{},"By default, counting starts at ",[21,124854,2200],{},[55,124856,124858],{"id":124857},"simple-example-with-a-list","Simple example with a list",[14,124860,124861],{},"Here is a basic example using a list of fruits:",[60,124863,124864],{"className":62,"code":124633,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,124865,124866,124898,124902,124922],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,124867,124868,124870,124872,124874,124876,124878,124880,124882,124884,124886,124888,124890,124892,124894,124896],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,124869,6028],{"class":79},[69,124871,97],{"class":96},[69,124873,636],{"class":100},[69,124875,111],{"class":110},[69,124877,6037],{"class":114},[69,124879,111],{"class":110},[69,124881,120],{"class":100},[69,124883,123],{"class":110},[69,124885,6046],{"class":114},[69,124887,111],{"class":110},[69,124889,120],{"class":100},[69,124891,123],{"class":110},[69,124893,6066],{"class":114},[69,124895,111],{"class":110},[69,124897,198],{"class":100},[69,124899,124900],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,124901,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,124903,124904,124906,124908,124910,124912,124914,124916,124918,124920],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,124905,3710],{"class":75},[69,124907,74648],{"class":79},[69,124909,120],{"class":100},[69,124911,124682],{"class":79},[69,124913,771],{"class":75},[69,124915,50479],{"class":217},[69,124917,221],{"class":100},[69,124919,6055],{"class":292},[69,124921,7526],{"class":100},[69,124923,124924,124926,124928,124930,124932,124934],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,124925,3220],{"class":217},[69,124927,221],{"class":100},[69,124929,17362],{"class":292},[69,124931,120],{"class":100},[69,124933,124705],{"class":292},[69,124935,301],{"class":100},[14,124937,2781],{},[60,124939,124940],{"className":62,"code":124712,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,124941,124942,124948,124954],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,124943,124944,124946],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,124945,2200],{"class":157},[69,124947,75973],{"class":79},[69,124949,124950,124952],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,124951,5940],{"class":157},[69,124953,52460],{"class":79},[69,124955,124956,124958],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,124957,19224],{"class":157},[69,124959,69362],{"class":79},[14,124961,37244],{},[29,124963,124964,124976,124987],{},[32,124965,124966,124967,8030,124969,50,124971,8030,124974],{},"On the first loop, ",[21,124968,17362],{},[21,124970,2200],{},[21,124972,124973],{},"fruit",[21,124975,18952],{},[32,124977,124978,124979,8030,124981,50,124983,8030,124985],{},"On the second loop, ",[21,124980,17362],{},[21,124982,5940],{},[21,124984,124973],{},[21,124986,49920],{},[32,124988,124989,124990,8030,124992,50,124994,8030,124996],{},"On the third loop, ",[21,124991,17362],{},[21,124993,19224],{},[21,124995,124973],{},[21,124997,49927],{},[14,124999,125000,125001,125004],{},"This is often clearer than using ",[21,125002,125003],{},"range(len(fruits))",", especially for beginners.",[14,125006,125007,125008,289],{},"If you want more practice with list loops, see ",[579,125009,49171],{"href":49170},[55,125011,125013],{"id":125012},"how-to-start-counting-from-1","How to start counting from 1",[14,125015,125016,125017,10347,125019,289],{},"Sometimes you want numbering to start at ",[21,125018,5940],{},[21,125020,2200],{},[14,125022,125023,125024,125026],{},"You can do that with the ",[21,125025,19514],{}," argument:",[60,125028,125030],{"className":62,"code":125029,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\n\nfor number, fruit in enumerate(fruits, start=1):\n    print(number, fruit)\n",[21,125031,125032,125064,125068,125096],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,125033,125034,125036,125038,125040,125042,125044,125046,125048,125050,125052,125054,125056,125058,125060,125062],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,125035,6028],{"class":79},[69,125037,97],{"class":96},[69,125039,636],{"class":100},[69,125041,111],{"class":110},[69,125043,6037],{"class":114},[69,125045,111],{"class":110},[69,125047,120],{"class":100},[69,125049,123],{"class":110},[69,125051,6046],{"class":114},[69,125053,111],{"class":110},[69,125055,120],{"class":100},[69,125057,123],{"class":110},[69,125059,6066],{"class":114},[69,125061,111],{"class":110},[69,125063,198],{"class":100},[69,125065,125066],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,125067,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,125069,125070,125072,125074,125076,125078,125080,125082,125084,125086,125088,125090,125092,125094],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,125071,3710],{"class":75},[69,125073,8378],{"class":79},[69,125075,120],{"class":100},[69,125077,124682],{"class":79},[69,125079,771],{"class":75},[69,125081,50479],{"class":217},[69,125083,221],{"class":100},[69,125085,6055],{"class":292},[69,125087,120],{"class":100},[69,125089,74678],{"class":242},[69,125091,97],{"class":96},[69,125093,5940],{"class":157},[69,125095,7526],{"class":100},[69,125097,125098,125100,125102,125104,125106,125108],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,125099,3220],{"class":217},[69,125101,221],{"class":100},[69,125103,17913],{"class":292},[69,125105,120],{"class":100},[69,125107,124705],{"class":292},[69,125109,301],{"class":100},[14,125111,2781],{},[60,125113,125115],{"className":62,"code":125114,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"1 apple\n2 banana\n3 orange\n",[21,125116,125117,125123,125129],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,125118,125119,125121],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,125120,5940],{"class":157},[69,125122,75973],{"class":79},[69,125124,125125,125127],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,125126,19224],{"class":157},[69,125128,52460],{"class":79},[69,125130,125131,125133],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,125132,7162],{"class":157},[69,125134,69362],{"class":79},[14,125136,19447],{},[29,125138,125139,125142,125145],{},[32,125140,125141],{},"numbered menus",[32,125143,125144],{},"user-facing lists",[32,125146,125147],{},"ranked output",[14,125149,125150,125151,125153,125154,125156],{},"Important: this only changes the number that ",[21,125152,50392],{}," gives you in the loop. It does ",[2498,125155,3315],{}," change the real index positions in the list.",[14,125158,11201],{},[60,125160,125162],{"className":62,"code":125161,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\n\nfor number, fruit in enumerate(fruits, start=1):\n    print(number, fruit)\n\nprint(fruits[0])\n",[21,125163,125164,125196,125200,125228,125242,125246],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,125165,125166,125168,125170,125172,125174,125176,125178,125180,125182,125184,125186,125188,125190,125192,125194],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,125167,6028],{"class":79},[69,125169,97],{"class":96},[69,125171,636],{"class":100},[69,125173,111],{"class":110},[69,125175,6037],{"class":114},[69,125177,111],{"class":110},[69,125179,120],{"class":100},[69,125181,123],{"class":110},[69,125183,6046],{"class":114},[69,125185,111],{"class":110},[69,125187,120],{"class":100},[69,125189,123],{"class":110},[69,125191,6066],{"class":114},[69,125193,111],{"class":110},[69,125195,198],{"class":100},[69,125197,125198],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,125199,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,125201,125202,125204,125206,125208,125210,125212,125214,125216,125218,125220,125222,125224,125226],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,125203,3710],{"class":75},[69,125205,8378],{"class":79},[69,125207,120],{"class":100},[69,125209,124682],{"class":79},[69,125211,771],{"class":75},[69,125213,50479],{"class":217},[69,125215,221],{"class":100},[69,125217,6055],{"class":292},[69,125219,120],{"class":100},[69,125221,74678],{"class":242},[69,125223,97],{"class":96},[69,125225,5940],{"class":157},[69,125227,7526],{"class":100},[69,125229,125230,125232,125234,125236,125238,125240],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,125231,3220],{"class":217},[69,125233,221],{"class":100},[69,125235,17913],{"class":292},[69,125237,120],{"class":100},[69,125239,124705],{"class":292},[69,125241,301],{"class":100},[69,125243,125244],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,125245,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,125247,125248,125250,125252,125254,125256,125258],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,125249,2161],{"class":217},[69,125251,221],{"class":100},[69,125253,6055],{"class":292},[69,125255,1345],{"class":100},[69,125257,2200],{"class":157},[69,125259,494],{"class":100},[14,125261,2781],{},[60,125263,125265],{"className":62,"code":125264,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"1 apple\n2 banana\n3 orange\napple\n",[21,125266,125267,125273,125279,125285],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,125268,125269,125271],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,125270,5940],{"class":157},[69,125272,75973],{"class":79},[69,125274,125275,125277],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,125276,19224],{"class":157},[69,125278,52460],{"class":79},[69,125280,125281,125283],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,125282,7162],{"class":157},[69,125284,69362],{"class":79},[69,125286,125287],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,125288,56563],{"class":79},[14,125290,125291,125292,125294,125295,289],{},"Even though the display starts at ",[21,125293,5940],{},", the first list item is still at index ",[21,125296,2200],{},[55,125298,125300],{"id":125299},"common-beginner-use-cases","Common beginner use cases",[1647,125302,125304],{"id":125303},"printing-a-numbered-list","Printing a numbered list",[60,125306,125308],{"className":62,"code":125307,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"tasks = [\"wash dishes\", \"study Python\", \"go for a walk\"]\n\nfor number, task in enumerate(tasks, start=1):\n    print(f\"{number}. {task}\")\n",[21,125309,125310,125346,125350,125380],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,125311,125312,125315,125317,125319,125321,125324,125326,125328,125330,125333,125335,125337,125339,125342,125344],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,125313,125314],{"class":79},"tasks ",[69,125316,97],{"class":96},[69,125318,636],{"class":100},[69,125320,111],{"class":110},[69,125322,125323],{"class":114},"wash dishes",[69,125325,111],{"class":110},[69,125327,120],{"class":100},[69,125329,123],{"class":110},[69,125331,125332],{"class":114},"study Python",[69,125334,111],{"class":110},[69,125336,120],{"class":100},[69,125338,123],{"class":110},[69,125340,125341],{"class":114},"go for a walk",[69,125343,111],{"class":110},[69,125345,198],{"class":100},[69,125347,125348],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,125349,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,125351,125352,125354,125356,125358,125361,125363,125365,125367,125370,125372,125374,125376,125378],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,125353,3710],{"class":75},[69,125355,8378],{"class":79},[69,125357,120],{"class":100},[69,125359,125360],{"class":79}," task ",[69,125362,771],{"class":75},[69,125364,50479],{"class":217},[69,125366,221],{"class":100},[69,125368,125369],{"class":292},"tasks",[69,125371,120],{"class":100},[69,125373,74678],{"class":242},[69,125375,97],{"class":96},[69,125377,5940],{"class":157},[69,125379,7526],{"class":100},[69,125381,125382,125384,125386,125388,125390,125392,125394,125396,125398,125400,125403,125405,125407],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,125383,3220],{"class":217},[69,125385,221],{"class":100},[69,125387,8013],{"class":7502},[69,125389,111],{"class":114},[69,125391,8018],{"class":157},[69,125393,17913],{"class":292},[69,125395,8027],{"class":157},[69,125397,11090],{"class":114},[69,125399,8018],{"class":157},[69,125401,125402],{"class":292},"task",[69,125404,8027],{"class":157},[69,125406,111],{"class":114},[69,125408,301],{"class":100},[14,125410,2781],{},[60,125412,125414],{"className":62,"code":125413,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"1. wash dishes\n2. study Python\n3. go for a walk\n",[21,125415,125416,125428,125440],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,125417,125418,125420,125422,125425],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,125419,5940],{"class":157},[69,125421,289],{"class":100},[69,125423,125424],{"class":2216}," wash",[69,125426,125427],{"class":79}," dishes\n",[69,125429,125430,125432,125434,125437],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,125431,19224],{"class":157},[69,125433,289],{"class":100},[69,125435,125436],{"class":2216}," study",[69,125438,125439],{"class":79}," Python\n",[69,125441,125442,125444,125446,125449,125451],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,125443,7162],{"class":157},[69,125445,289],{"class":100},[69,125447,125448],{"class":2216}," go",[69,125450,19391],{"class":75},[69,125452,125453],{"class":79}," a walk\n",[1647,125455,125457],{"id":125456},"tracking-item-positions-while-looping","Tracking item positions while looping",[60,125459,125461],{"className":62,"code":125460,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"colors = [\"red\", \"green\", \"blue\"]\n\nfor index, color in enumerate(colors):\n    print(f\"{color} is at position {index}\")\n",[21,125462,125463,125495,125499,125520],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,125464,125465,125467,125469,125471,125473,125475,125477,125479,125481,125483,125485,125487,125489,125491,125493],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,125466,6490],{"class":79},[69,125468,97],{"class":96},[69,125470,636],{"class":100},[69,125472,111],{"class":110},[69,125474,6499],{"class":114},[69,125476,111],{"class":110},[69,125478,120],{"class":100},[69,125480,123],{"class":110},[69,125482,6532],{"class":114},[69,125484,111],{"class":110},[69,125486,120],{"class":100},[69,125488,123],{"class":110},[69,125490,6508],{"class":114},[69,125492,111],{"class":110},[69,125494,198],{"class":100},[69,125496,125497],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,125498,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,125500,125501,125503,125505,125507,125510,125512,125514,125516,125518],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,125502,3710],{"class":75},[69,125504,74648],{"class":79},[69,125506,120],{"class":100},[69,125508,125509],{"class":79}," color ",[69,125511,771],{"class":75},[69,125513,50479],{"class":217},[69,125515,221],{"class":100},[69,125517,6517],{"class":292},[69,125519,7526],{"class":100},[69,125521,125522,125524,125526,125528,125530,125532,125534,125536,125539,125541,125543,125545,125547],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,125523,3220],{"class":217},[69,125525,221],{"class":100},[69,125527,8013],{"class":7502},[69,125529,111],{"class":114},[69,125531,8018],{"class":157},[69,125533,81246],{"class":292},[69,125535,8027],{"class":157},[69,125537,125538],{"class":114}," is at position ",[69,125540,8018],{"class":157},[69,125542,17362],{"class":292},[69,125544,8027],{"class":157},[69,125546,111],{"class":114},[69,125548,301],{"class":100},[14,125550,2781],{},[60,125552,125554],{"className":62,"code":125553,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"red is at position 0\ngreen is at position 1\nblue is at position 2\n",[21,125555,125556,125568,125579],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,125557,125558,125561,125563,125566],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,125559,125560],{"class":79},"red ",[69,125562,8098],{"class":96},[69,125564,125565],{"class":79}," at position ",[69,125567,45735],{"class":157},[69,125569,125570,125573,125575,125577],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,125571,125572],{"class":79},"green ",[69,125574,8098],{"class":96},[69,125576,125565],{"class":79},[69,125578,17286],{"class":157},[69,125580,125581,125584,125586,125588],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,125582,125583],{"class":79},"blue ",[69,125585,8098],{"class":96},[69,125587,125565],{"class":79},[69,125589,38884],{"class":157},[1647,125591,125593],{"id":125592},"finding-where-a-match-appears","Finding where a match appears",[60,125595,125597],{"className":62,"code":125596,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"names = [\"Ana\", \"Ben\", \"Cara\", \"Ben\"]\n\nfor index, name in enumerate(names):\n    if name == \"Ben\":\n        print(f\"Found Ben at index {index}\")\n",[21,125598,125599,125639,125643,125663,125679],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,125600,125601,125603,125605,125607,125609,125611,125613,125615,125617,125619,125621,125623,125625,125627,125629,125631,125633,125635,125637],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,125602,631],{"class":79},[69,125604,97],{"class":96},[69,125606,636],{"class":100},[69,125608,111],{"class":110},[69,125610,2553],{"class":114},[69,125612,111],{"class":110},[69,125614,120],{"class":100},[69,125616,123],{"class":110},[69,125618,7085],{"class":114},[69,125620,111],{"class":110},[69,125622,120],{"class":100},[69,125624,123],{"class":110},[69,125626,657],{"class":114},[69,125628,111],{"class":110},[69,125630,120],{"class":100},[69,125632,123],{"class":110},[69,125634,7085],{"class":114},[69,125636,111],{"class":110},[69,125638,198],{"class":100},[69,125640,125641],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,125642,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,125644,125645,125647,125649,125651,125653,125655,125657,125659,125661],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,125646,3710],{"class":75},[69,125648,74648],{"class":79},[69,125650,120],{"class":100},[69,125652,768],{"class":79},[69,125654,771],{"class":75},[69,125656,50479],{"class":217},[69,125658,221],{"class":100},[69,125660,7070],{"class":292},[69,125662,7526],{"class":100},[69,125664,125665,125667,125669,125671,125673,125675,125677],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,125666,19705],{"class":75},[69,125668,768],{"class":79},[69,125670,17712],{"class":96},[69,125672,123],{"class":110},[69,125674,7085],{"class":114},[69,125676,111],{"class":110},[69,125678,275],{"class":100},[69,125680,125681,125683,125685,125687,125690,125692,125694,125696,125698],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,125682,7531],{"class":217},[69,125684,221],{"class":100},[69,125686,8013],{"class":7502},[69,125688,125689],{"class":114},"\"Found Ben at index ",[69,125691,8018],{"class":157},[69,125693,17362],{"class":292},[69,125695,8027],{"class":157},[69,125697,111],{"class":114},[69,125699,301],{"class":100},[14,125701,2781],{},[60,125703,125705],{"className":62,"code":125704,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Found Ben at index 1\nFound Ben at index 3\n",[21,125706,125707,125714],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,125708,125709,125712],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,125710,125711],{"class":79},"Found Ben at index ",[69,125713,17286],{"class":157},[69,125715,125716,125718],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,125717,125711],{"class":79},[69,125719,39381],{"class":157},[1647,125721,125723],{"id":125722},"building-a-simple-menu-from-a-list","Building a simple menu from a list",[60,125725,125727],{"className":62,"code":125726,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"options = [\"Start game\", \"Settings\", \"Quit\"]\n\nfor number, option in enumerate(options, start=1):\n    print(f\"{number}. {option}\")\n",[21,125728,125729,125765,125769,125798],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,125730,125731,125734,125736,125738,125740,125743,125745,125747,125749,125752,125754,125756,125758,125761,125763],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,125732,125733],{"class":79},"options ",[69,125735,97],{"class":96},[69,125737,636],{"class":100},[69,125739,111],{"class":110},[69,125741,125742],{"class":114},"Start game",[69,125744,111],{"class":110},[69,125746,120],{"class":100},[69,125748,123],{"class":110},[69,125750,125751],{"class":114},"Settings",[69,125753,111],{"class":110},[69,125755,120],{"class":100},[69,125757,123],{"class":110},[69,125759,125760],{"class":114},"Quit",[69,125762,111],{"class":110},[69,125764,198],{"class":100},[69,125766,125767],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,125768,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,125770,125771,125773,125775,125777,125780,125782,125784,125786,125788,125790,125792,125794,125796],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,125772,3710],{"class":75},[69,125774,8378],{"class":79},[69,125776,120],{"class":100},[69,125778,125779],{"class":79}," option ",[69,125781,771],{"class":75},[69,125783,50479],{"class":217},[69,125785,221],{"class":100},[69,125787,121052],{"class":292},[69,125789,120],{"class":100},[69,125791,74678],{"class":242},[69,125793,97],{"class":96},[69,125795,5940],{"class":157},[69,125797,7526],{"class":100},[69,125799,125800,125802,125804,125806,125808,125810,125812,125814,125816,125818,125821,125823,125825],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,125801,3220],{"class":217},[69,125803,221],{"class":100},[69,125805,8013],{"class":7502},[69,125807,111],{"class":114},[69,125809,8018],{"class":157},[69,125811,17913],{"class":292},[69,125813,8027],{"class":157},[69,125815,11090],{"class":114},[69,125817,8018],{"class":157},[69,125819,125820],{"class":292},"option",[69,125822,8027],{"class":157},[69,125824,111],{"class":114},[69,125826,301],{"class":100},[14,125828,2781],{},[60,125830,125832],{"className":62,"code":125831,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"1. Start game\n2. Settings\n3. Quit\n",[21,125833,125834,125846,125855],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,125835,125836,125838,125840,125843],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,125837,5940],{"class":157},[69,125839,289],{"class":100},[69,125841,125842],{"class":2216}," Start",[69,125844,125845],{"class":79}," game\n",[69,125847,125848,125850,125852],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,125849,19224],{"class":157},[69,125851,289],{"class":100},[69,125853,125854],{"class":2216}," Settings\n",[69,125856,125857,125859,125861],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,125858,7162],{"class":157},[69,125860,289],{"class":100},[69,125862,125863],{"class":2216}," Quit\n",[55,125865,30468,125867,125869],{"id":125866},"why-enumerate-is-better-than-manual-counters",[21,125868,50392],{}," is better than manual counters",[14,125871,125872,125873,125875],{},"Before learning ",[21,125874,50392],{},", beginners often write code like this:",[60,125877,125879],{"className":62,"code":125878,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\n\nindex = 0\nfor fruit in fruits:\n    print(index, fruit)\n    index += 1\n",[21,125880,125881,125913,125917,125925,125937,125951],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,125882,125883,125885,125887,125889,125891,125893,125895,125897,125899,125901,125903,125905,125907,125909,125911],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,125884,6028],{"class":79},[69,125886,97],{"class":96},[69,125888,636],{"class":100},[69,125890,111],{"class":110},[69,125892,6037],{"class":114},[69,125894,111],{"class":110},[69,125896,120],{"class":100},[69,125898,123],{"class":110},[69,125900,6046],{"class":114},[69,125902,111],{"class":110},[69,125904,120],{"class":100},[69,125906,123],{"class":110},[69,125908,6066],{"class":114},[69,125910,111],{"class":110},[69,125912,198],{"class":100},[69,125914,125915],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,125916,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,125918,125919,125921,125923],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,125920,76479],{"class":79},[69,125922,97],{"class":96},[69,125924,15253],{"class":157},[69,125926,125927,125929,125931,125933,125935],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,125928,3710],{"class":75},[69,125930,124682],{"class":79},[69,125932,771],{"class":75},[69,125934,19039],{"class":79},[69,125936,275],{"class":100},[69,125938,125939,125941,125943,125945,125947,125949],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,125940,3220],{"class":217},[69,125942,221],{"class":100},[69,125944,17362],{"class":292},[69,125946,120],{"class":100},[69,125948,124705],{"class":292},[69,125950,301],{"class":100},[69,125952,125953,125955,125957],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,125954,76522],{"class":79},[69,125956,76525],{"class":96},[69,125958,41517],{"class":157},[14,125960,125961,125962,125964],{},"This works, but ",[21,125963,50392],{}," is usually better:",[60,125966,125967],{"className":62,"code":124633,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,125968,125969,126001,126005,126025],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,125970,125971,125973,125975,125977,125979,125981,125983,125985,125987,125989,125991,125993,125995,125997,125999],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,125972,6028],{"class":79},[69,125974,97],{"class":96},[69,125976,636],{"class":100},[69,125978,111],{"class":110},[69,125980,6037],{"class":114},[69,125982,111],{"class":110},[69,125984,120],{"class":100},[69,125986,123],{"class":110},[69,125988,6046],{"class":114},[69,125990,111],{"class":110},[69,125992,120],{"class":100},[69,125994,123],{"class":110},[69,125996,6066],{"class":114},[69,125998,111],{"class":110},[69,126000,198],{"class":100},[69,126002,126003],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,126004,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,126006,126007,126009,126011,126013,126015,126017,126019,126021,126023],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,126008,3710],{"class":75},[69,126010,74648],{"class":79},[69,126012,120],{"class":100},[69,126014,124682],{"class":79},[69,126016,771],{"class":75},[69,126018,50479],{"class":217},[69,126020,221],{"class":100},[69,126022,6055],{"class":292},[69,126024,7526],{"class":100},[69,126026,126027,126029,126031,126033,126035,126037],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,126028,3220],{"class":217},[69,126030,221],{"class":100},[69,126032,17362],{"class":292},[69,126034,120],{"class":100},[69,126036,124705],{"class":292},[69,126038,301],{"class":100},[14,126040,126041],{},"Why this is better:",[29,126043,126044,126047,126050,126053],{},[32,126045,126046],{},"less code to write",[32,126048,126049],{},"easier to read",[32,126051,126052],{},"lower chance of off-by-one mistakes",[32,126054,126055],{},"no risk of forgetting to update the counter",[14,126057,126058,126059,126062,126063,126065],{},"If you often write ",[21,126060,126061],{},"range(len(items))"," just to get both the index and the value, ",[21,126064,50392],{}," is usually the clearer choice.",[55,126067,3868],{"id":3867},[1647,126069,126071],{"id":126070},"forgetting-to-unpack-two-values","Forgetting to unpack two values",[14,126073,126074,126076],{},[21,126075,50392],{}," gives you two things each time through the loop:",[29,126078,126079,126081],{},[32,126080,50571],{},[32,126082,50574],{},[14,126084,126085],{},"So this is correct:",[60,126087,126089],{"className":62,"code":126088,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"letters = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]\n\nfor index, letter in enumerate(letters):\n    print(index, letter)\n",[21,126090,126091,126123,126127,126148],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,126092,126093,126095,126097,126099,126101,126103,126105,126107,126109,126111,126113,126115,126117,126119,126121],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,126094,6382],{"class":79},[69,126096,97],{"class":96},[69,126098,636],{"class":100},[69,126100,111],{"class":110},[69,126102,579],{"class":114},[69,126104,111],{"class":110},[69,126106,120],{"class":100},[69,126108,123],{"class":110},[69,126110,5755],{"class":114},[69,126112,111],{"class":110},[69,126114,120],{"class":100},[69,126116,123],{"class":110},[69,126118,6399],{"class":114},[69,126120,111],{"class":110},[69,126122,198],{"class":100},[69,126124,126125],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,126126,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,126128,126129,126131,126133,126135,126138,126140,126142,126144,126146],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,126130,3710],{"class":75},[69,126132,74648],{"class":79},[69,126134,120],{"class":100},[69,126136,126137],{"class":79}," letter ",[69,126139,771],{"class":75},[69,126141,50479],{"class":217},[69,126143,221],{"class":100},[69,126145,6417],{"class":292},[69,126147,7526],{"class":100},[69,126149,126150,126152,126154,126156,126158,126161],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,126151,3220],{"class":217},[69,126153,221],{"class":100},[69,126155,17362],{"class":292},[69,126157,120],{"class":100},[69,126159,126160],{"class":292}," letter",[69,126162,301],{"class":100},[14,126164,126165],{},"But if you expect only one value, your loop will not work the way you expect.",[1647,126167,126169],{"id":126168},"mixing-up-index-and-item-order","Mixing up index and item order",[14,126171,126172],{},"The order is:",[9539,126174,126175,126177],{},[32,126176,17362],{},[32,126178,20383],{},[14,126180,12260],{},[60,126182,126183],{"className":62,"code":126088,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,126184,126185,126217,126221,126241],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,126186,126187,126189,126191,126193,126195,126197,126199,126201,126203,126205,126207,126209,126211,126213,126215],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,126188,6382],{"class":79},[69,126190,97],{"class":96},[69,126192,636],{"class":100},[69,126194,111],{"class":110},[69,126196,579],{"class":114},[69,126198,111],{"class":110},[69,126200,120],{"class":100},[69,126202,123],{"class":110},[69,126204,5755],{"class":114},[69,126206,111],{"class":110},[69,126208,120],{"class":100},[69,126210,123],{"class":110},[69,126212,6399],{"class":114},[69,126214,111],{"class":110},[69,126216,198],{"class":100},[69,126218,126219],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,126220,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,126222,126223,126225,126227,126229,126231,126233,126235,126237,126239],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,126224,3710],{"class":75},[69,126226,74648],{"class":79},[69,126228,120],{"class":100},[69,126230,126137],{"class":79},[69,126232,771],{"class":75},[69,126234,50479],{"class":217},[69,126236,221],{"class":100},[69,126238,6417],{"class":292},[69,126240,7526],{"class":100},[69,126242,126243,126245,126247,126249,126251,126253],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,126244,3220],{"class":217},[69,126246,221],{"class":100},[69,126248,17362],{"class":292},[69,126250,120],{"class":100},[69,126252,126160],{"class":292},[69,126254,301],{"class":100},[14,126256,126257],{},"Not this:",[60,126259,126261],{"className":62,"code":126260,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"letters = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]\n\nfor letter, index in enumerate(letters):\n    print(letter, index)\n",[21,126262,126263,126295,126299,126319],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,126264,126265,126267,126269,126271,126273,126275,126277,126279,126281,126283,126285,126287,126289,126291,126293],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,126266,6382],{"class":79},[69,126268,97],{"class":96},[69,126270,636],{"class":100},[69,126272,111],{"class":110},[69,126274,579],{"class":114},[69,126276,111],{"class":110},[69,126278,120],{"class":100},[69,126280,123],{"class":110},[69,126282,5755],{"class":114},[69,126284,111],{"class":110},[69,126286,120],{"class":100},[69,126288,123],{"class":110},[69,126290,6399],{"class":114},[69,126292,111],{"class":110},[69,126294,198],{"class":100},[69,126296,126297],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,126298,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,126300,126301,126303,126305,126307,126309,126311,126313,126315,126317],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,126302,3710],{"class":75},[69,126304,126160],{"class":79},[69,126306,120],{"class":100},[69,126308,76194],{"class":79},[69,126310,771],{"class":75},[69,126312,50479],{"class":217},[69,126314,221],{"class":100},[69,126316,6417],{"class":292},[69,126318,7526],{"class":100},[69,126320,126321,126323,126325,126328,126330,126332],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,126322,3220],{"class":217},[69,126324,221],{"class":100},[69,126326,126327],{"class":292},"letter",[69,126329,120],{"class":100},[69,126331,74648],{"class":292},[69,126333,301],{"class":100},[14,126335,126336],{},"That second example runs, but the variable names are misleading because the first value is still the index.",[1647,126338,25614,126340,126343],{"id":126339},"assuming-start1-changes-real-list-indexing",[21,126341,126342],{},"start=1"," changes real list indexing",[14,126345,84203],{},[60,126347,126349],{"className":62,"code":126348,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]\n\nfor number, item in enumerate(items, start=1):\n    print(number, item)\n\nprint(items[1])\n",[21,126350,126351,126383,126387,126415,126429,126433],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,126352,126353,126355,126357,126359,126361,126363,126365,126367,126369,126371,126373,126375,126377,126379,126381],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,126354,6605],{"class":79},[69,126356,97],{"class":96},[69,126358,636],{"class":100},[69,126360,111],{"class":110},[69,126362,579],{"class":114},[69,126364,111],{"class":110},[69,126366,120],{"class":100},[69,126368,123],{"class":110},[69,126370,5755],{"class":114},[69,126372,111],{"class":110},[69,126374,120],{"class":100},[69,126376,123],{"class":110},[69,126378,6399],{"class":114},[69,126380,111],{"class":110},[69,126382,198],{"class":100},[69,126384,126385],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,126386,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,126388,126389,126391,126393,126395,126397,126399,126401,126403,126405,126407,126409,126411,126413],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,126390,3710],{"class":75},[69,126392,8378],{"class":79},[69,126394,120],{"class":100},[69,126396,19694],{"class":79},[69,126398,771],{"class":75},[69,126400,50479],{"class":217},[69,126402,221],{"class":100},[69,126404,3727],{"class":292},[69,126406,120],{"class":100},[69,126408,74678],{"class":242},[69,126410,97],{"class":96},[69,126412,5940],{"class":157},[69,126414,7526],{"class":100},[69,126416,126417,126419,126421,126423,126425,126427],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,126418,3220],{"class":217},[69,126420,221],{"class":100},[69,126422,17913],{"class":292},[69,126424,120],{"class":100},[69,126426,19716],{"class":292},[69,126428,301],{"class":100},[69,126430,126431],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,126432,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,126434,126435,126437,126439,126441,126443,126445],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,126436,2161],{"class":217},[69,126438,221],{"class":100},[69,126440,3727],{"class":292},[69,126442,1345],{"class":100},[69,126444,5940],{"class":157},[69,126446,494],{"class":100},[14,126448,2781],{},[60,126450,126452],{"className":62,"code":126451,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"1 a\n2 b\n3 c\nb\n",[21,126453,126454,126461,126468,126475],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,126455,126456,126458],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,126457,5940],{"class":157},[69,126459,126460],{"class":79}," a\n",[69,126462,126463,126465],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,126464,19224],{"class":157},[69,126466,126467],{"class":79}," b\n",[69,126469,126470,126472],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,126471,7162],{"class":157},[69,126473,126474],{"class":79}," c\n",[69,126476,126477],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,126478,126479],{"class":79},"b\n",[14,126481,126482],{},"The list still uses normal zero-based indexing.",[1647,126484,1628,126486,126488],{"id":126485},"using-enumerate-when-only-the-values-are-needed",[21,126487,50392],{}," when only the values are needed",[14,126490,126491],{},"If you only need each item, loop directly over the iterable:",[60,126493,126495],{"className":62,"code":126494,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]\n\nfor fruit in fruits:\n    print(fruit)\n",[21,126496,126497,126529,126533,126545],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,126498,126499,126501,126503,126505,126507,126509,126511,126513,126515,126517,126519,126521,126523,126525,126527],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,126500,6028],{"class":79},[69,126502,97],{"class":96},[69,126504,636],{"class":100},[69,126506,111],{"class":110},[69,126508,6037],{"class":114},[69,126510,111],{"class":110},[69,126512,120],{"class":100},[69,126514,123],{"class":110},[69,126516,6046],{"class":114},[69,126518,111],{"class":110},[69,126520,120],{"class":100},[69,126522,123],{"class":110},[69,126524,6066],{"class":114},[69,126526,111],{"class":110},[69,126528,198],{"class":100},[69,126530,126531],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,126532,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,126534,126535,126537,126539,126541,126543],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,126536,3710],{"class":75},[69,126538,124682],{"class":79},[69,126540,771],{"class":75},[69,126542,19039],{"class":79},[69,126544,275],{"class":100},[69,126546,126547,126549,126551,126553],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,126548,3220],{"class":217},[69,126550,221],{"class":100},[69,126552,124973],{"class":292},[69,126554,301],{"class":100},[14,126556,126557,126558,126560],{},"That is simpler than using ",[21,126559,50392],{}," when you do not need the index.",[14,126562,126563,126564,289],{},"If you get unpacking errors while trying examples like these, see ",[579,126565,2892,126566],{"href":109158},[21,126567,109159],{},[55,126569,126571,126572],{"id":126570},"when-not-to-use-enumerate","When not to use ",[21,126573,50392],{},[14,126575,126576,126578],{},[21,126577,50392],{}," is helpful, but not always the best tool.",[14,126580,126581],{},"Do not use it when:",[29,126583,126584,126587,126590],{},[32,126585,126586],{},"you only need each item and not the position",[32,126588,126589],{},"you need a custom step pattern that would be clearer another way",[32,126591,126592],{},"you need to loop over multiple iterables together",[14,126594,126595,126596,126602],{},"If you need to combine items from two lists at the same time, ",[579,126597,126599,74740],{"href":126598},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-zip-in-python\u002F",[21,126600,126601],{},"zip()"," is often a better fit.",[55,126604,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,126606,46359,126608,60548],{"id":126607},"what-does-enumerate-return-in-python",[21,126609,50392],{},[14,126611,110314,126612,126615],{},[21,126613,126614],{},"enumerate"," object that produces pairs of index and value while you loop.",[14,126617,126618],{},"You can see that by converting it to a list:",[60,126620,126622],{"className":62,"code":126621,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(list(enumerate([\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"])))\n",[21,126623,126624],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,126625,126626,126628,126630,126632,126634,126636,126638,126640,126642,126644,126646,126648,126650,126652,126654,126656,126658,126660],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,126627,2161],{"class":217},[69,126629,221],{"class":100},[69,126631,14459],{"class":1859},[69,126633,221],{"class":100},[69,126635,126614],{"class":217},[69,126637,469],{"class":100},[69,126639,111],{"class":110},[69,126641,579],{"class":114},[69,126643,111],{"class":110},[69,126645,120],{"class":100},[69,126647,123],{"class":110},[69,126649,5755],{"class":114},[69,126651,111],{"class":110},[69,126653,120],{"class":100},[69,126655,123],{"class":110},[69,126657,6399],{"class":114},[69,126659,111],{"class":110},[69,126661,126662],{"class":100},"])))\n",[14,126664,2781],{},[60,126666,126668],{"className":62,"code":126667,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[(0, 'a'), (1, 'b'), (2, 'c')]\n",[21,126669,126670],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,126671,126672,126675,126677,126679,126681,126683,126685,126687,126689,126691,126693,126695,126697,126699,126701,126703,126705,126707,126709,126711,126713],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,126673,126674],{"class":100},"[(",[69,126676,2200],{"class":157},[69,126678,120],{"class":100},[69,126680,15292],{"class":110},[69,126682,579],{"class":114},[69,126684,15283],{"class":110},[69,126686,57147],{"class":100},[69,126688,11302],{"class":100},[69,126690,5940],{"class":157},[69,126692,120],{"class":100},[69,126694,15292],{"class":110},[69,126696,5755],{"class":114},[69,126698,15283],{"class":110},[69,126700,57147],{"class":100},[69,126702,11302],{"class":100},[69,126704,19224],{"class":157},[69,126706,120],{"class":100},[69,126708,15292],{"class":110},[69,126710,6399],{"class":114},[69,126712,15283],{"class":110},[69,126714,47216],{"class":100},[1647,126716,11052,126718,126720],{"id":126717},"does-enumerate-start-at-0-or-1",[21,126719,50392],{}," start at 0 or 1?",[14,126722,126723,126724,126726,126727,126729],{},"It starts at ",[21,126725,2200],{}," by default, but you can change that with ",[21,126728,126342],{}," or any other number.",[14,126731,370],{},[60,126733,126735],{"className":62,"code":126734,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(list(enumerate([\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"], start=1)))\n",[21,126736,126737],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,126738,126739,126741,126743,126745,126747,126749,126751,126753,126755,126757,126759,126761,126763,126765,126767,126769,126771,126773,126775,126777,126779,126781],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,126740,2161],{"class":217},[69,126742,221],{"class":100},[69,126744,14459],{"class":1859},[69,126746,221],{"class":100},[69,126748,126614],{"class":217},[69,126750,469],{"class":100},[69,126752,111],{"class":110},[69,126754,579],{"class":114},[69,126756,111],{"class":110},[69,126758,120],{"class":100},[69,126760,123],{"class":110},[69,126762,5755],{"class":114},[69,126764,111],{"class":110},[69,126766,120],{"class":100},[69,126768,123],{"class":110},[69,126770,6399],{"class":114},[69,126772,111],{"class":110},[69,126774,20282],{"class":100},[69,126776,74678],{"class":242},[69,126778,97],{"class":96},[69,126780,5940],{"class":157},[69,126782,24144],{"class":100},[14,126784,2781],{},[60,126786,126788],{"className":62,"code":126787,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')]\n",[21,126789,126790],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,126791,126792,126794,126796,126798,126800,126802,126804,126806,126808,126810,126812,126814,126816,126818,126820,126822,126824,126826,126828,126830,126832],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,126793,126674],{"class":100},[69,126795,5940],{"class":157},[69,126797,120],{"class":100},[69,126799,15292],{"class":110},[69,126801,579],{"class":114},[69,126803,15283],{"class":110},[69,126805,57147],{"class":100},[69,126807,11302],{"class":100},[69,126809,19224],{"class":157},[69,126811,120],{"class":100},[69,126813,15292],{"class":110},[69,126815,5755],{"class":114},[69,126817,15283],{"class":110},[69,126819,57147],{"class":100},[69,126821,11302],{"class":100},[69,126823,7162],{"class":157},[69,126825,120],{"class":100},[69,126827,15292],{"class":110},[69,126829,6399],{"class":114},[69,126831,15283],{"class":110},[69,126833,47216],{"class":100},[1647,126835,59146,126837,126839],{"id":126836},"can-i-use-enumerate-with-strings",[21,126838,50392],{}," with strings?",[14,126841,126842],{},"Yes. It works with strings and gives the position and each character.",[60,126844,126846],{"className":62,"code":126845,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"word = \"cat\"\n\nfor index, char in enumerate(word):\n    print(index, char)\n",[21,126847,126848,126860,126864,126885],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,126849,126850,126852,126854,126856,126858],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,126851,47185],{"class":79},[69,126853,97],{"class":96},[69,126855,123],{"class":110},[69,126857,106029],{"class":114},[69,126859,1825],{"class":110},[69,126861,126862],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,126863,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,126865,126866,126868,126870,126872,126875,126877,126879,126881,126883],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,126867,3710],{"class":75},[69,126869,74648],{"class":79},[69,126871,120],{"class":100},[69,126873,126874],{"class":79}," char ",[69,126876,771],{"class":75},[69,126878,50479],{"class":217},[69,126880,221],{"class":100},[69,126882,51569],{"class":292},[69,126884,7526],{"class":100},[69,126886,126887,126889,126891,126893,126895,126898],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,126888,3220],{"class":217},[69,126890,221],{"class":100},[69,126892,17362],{"class":292},[69,126894,120],{"class":100},[69,126896,126897],{"class":292}," char",[69,126899,301],{"class":100},[14,126901,2781],{},[60,126903,126905],{"className":62,"code":126904,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"0 c\n1 a\n2 t\n",[21,126906,126907,126913,126919],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,126908,126909,126911],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,126910,2200],{"class":157},[69,126912,126474],{"class":79},[69,126914,126915,126917],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,126916,5940],{"class":157},[69,126918,126460],{"class":79},[69,126920,126921,126923],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,126922,19224],{"class":157},[69,126924,126925],{"class":79}," t\n",[1647,126927,2266,126929,126931,126932,1414],{"id":126928},"is-enumerate-better-than-rangelenlist",[21,126930,50392],{}," better than ",[21,126933,126934],{},"range(len(list))",[14,126936,126937],{},"For many beginner cases, yes.",[14,126939,126940,126941,126943],{},"If you need both the index and the value, ",[21,126942,50392],{}," is usually clearer and easier to read.",[55,126945,2414],{"id":2413},[29,126947,126948,126954,126958,126962,126968],{},[32,126949,126950],{},[579,126951,14649,126952,101024],{"href":76131},[21,126953,50392],{},[32,126955,126956],{},[579,126957,75864],{"href":75863},[32,126959,126960],{},[579,126961,49277],{"href":49170},[32,126963,126964],{},[579,126965,42961,126966,74740],{"href":126598},[21,126967,126601],{},[32,126969,126970],{},[579,126971,18294,126972],{"href":109158},[21,126973,109159],{},[2450,126975,126976],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki 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var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .s99_P, html code.shiki .s99_P{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .skxfh, html code.shiki .skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":126978},[126979,126980,126982,126983,126984,126985,126991,126993,127001,127003,127013],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":124740,"depth":83,"text":126981},"What enumerate() does",{"id":11403,"depth":83,"text":11404},{"id":124857,"depth":83,"text":124858},{"id":125012,"depth":83,"text":125013},{"id":125299,"depth":83,"text":125300,"children":126986},[126987,126988,126989,126990],{"id":125303,"depth":90,"text":125304},{"id":125456,"depth":90,"text":125457},{"id":125592,"depth":90,"text":125593},{"id":125722,"depth":90,"text":125723},{"id":125866,"depth":83,"text":126992},"Why enumerate() is better than manual counters",{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":126994},[126995,126996,126997,126999],{"id":126070,"depth":90,"text":126071},{"id":126168,"depth":90,"text":126169},{"id":126339,"depth":90,"text":126998},"Assuming start=1 changes real list indexing",{"id":126485,"depth":90,"text":127000},"Using enumerate() when only the values are needed",{"id":126570,"depth":83,"text":127002},"When not to use enumerate()",{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":127004},[127005,127007,127009,127011],{"id":126607,"depth":90,"text":127006},"What does enumerate() return in Python?",{"id":126717,"depth":90,"text":127008},"Does enumerate() start at 0 or 1?",{"id":126836,"depth":90,"text":127010},"Can I use enumerate() with strings?",{"id":126928,"depth":90,"text":127012},"Is enumerate() better than range(len(list))?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to use enumerate in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-enumerate-in-python",{"title":124594,"description":127014},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-use-enumerate-in-python","2QCil0f3ekLzrZUMDAb5HxS-qURUmCVzDTET3vtQ8Qs",{"id":127021,"title":127022,"body":127023,"description":129246,"extension":2479,"meta":129247,"navigation":86,"path":129248,"seo":129249,"stem":129250,"__hash__":129251},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-list-comprehensions-in-python.md","How to Use List Comprehensions in Python",{"type":7,"value":127024,"toc":129199},[127025,127028,127031,127034,127048,127054,127056,127139,127142,127144,127164,127168,127170,127193,127195,127217,127219,127293,127295,127318,127325,127329,127332,127340,127439,127442,127457,127461,127540,127543,127546,127550,127553,127557,127633,127637,127725,127729,127818,127821,127829,127833,127836,127839,127865,127870,127874,127967,127971,128069,128073,128161,128166,128170,128174,128252,128256,128356,128359,128445,128449,128540,128546,128598,128606,128610,128613,128624,128630,128641,128644,128649,128656,128658,128664,128667,128716,128719,128726,128728,128789,128791,128806,128815,128819,128822,128886,128889,128892,128896,128904,128907,128998,129001,129005,129008,129024,129027,129099,129103,129106,129133,129135,129139,129145,129149,129152,129158,129164,129168,129171,129173,129196],[10,127026,127022],{"id":127027},"how-to-use-list-comprehensions-in-python",[14,127029,127030],{},"List comprehensions give you a short way to build a new list from existing data.",[14,127032,127033],{},"They are useful when you want to:",[29,127035,127036,127039,127042],{},[32,127037,127038],{},"transform values",[32,127040,127041],{},"filter items",[32,127043,127044,127045,127047],{},"replace a simple ",[21,127046,3710],{}," loop with a shorter pattern",[14,127049,127050,127051,127053],{},"If you already know basic ",[21,127052,3710],{}," loops, list comprehensions are a good next step.",[55,127055,60709],{"id":60708},[60,127057,127059],{"className":62,"code":127058,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\nsquares = [n * n for n in numbers]\nprint(squares)\n\n# Output:\n# [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]\n",[21,127060,127061,127089,127114,127125,127129,127134],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,127062,127063,127065,127067,127069,127071,127073,127075,127077,127079,127081,127083,127085,127087],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,127064,5933],{"class":79},[69,127066,97],{"class":96},[69,127068,636],{"class":100},[69,127070,5940],{"class":157},[69,127072,120],{"class":100},[69,127074,5762],{"class":157},[69,127076,120],{"class":100},[69,127078,5949],{"class":157},[69,127080,120],{"class":100},[69,127082,7167],{"class":157},[69,127084,120],{"class":100},[69,127086,6172],{"class":157},[69,127088,198],{"class":100},[69,127090,127091,127094,127096,127098,127100,127102,127104,127106,127108,127110,127112],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,127092,127093],{"class":79},"squares ",[69,127095,97],{"class":96},[69,127097,636],{"class":100},[69,127099,46564],{"class":79},[69,127101,8392],{"class":96},[69,127103,46569],{"class":79},[69,127105,3710],{"class":75},[69,127107,46569],{"class":79},[69,127109,771],{"class":75},[69,127111,18540],{"class":79},[69,127113,198],{"class":100},[69,127115,127116,127118,127120,127123],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,127117,2161],{"class":217},[69,127119,221],{"class":100},[69,127121,127122],{"class":292},"squares",[69,127124,301],{"class":100},[69,127126,127127],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,127128,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,127130,127131],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,127132,127133],{"class":2596},"# Output:\n",[69,127135,127136],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,127137,127138],{"class":2596},"# [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]\n",[14,127140,127141],{},"Use a list comprehension when you want to build a new list from another iterable in one clear line.",[55,127143,2666],{"id":2665},[29,127145,127146,127152,127158,127161],{},[32,127147,127148,127149,127151],{},"Create a new list from an existing list, string, ",[21,127150,76420],{},", or other iterable",[32,127153,127154,127155,127157],{},"Replace simple ",[21,127156,3710],{}," loop list-building code with a shorter pattern",[32,127159,127160],{},"Filter items while creating a new list",[32,127162,127163],{},"Understand the basic list comprehension structure",[55,127165,127167],{"id":127166},"basic-list-comprehension-pattern","Basic list comprehension pattern",[14,127169,46774],{},[60,127171,127173],{"className":62,"code":127172,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[expression for item in iterable]\n",[21,127174,127175],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,127176,127177,127179,127182,127184,127186,127188,127191],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,127178,1345],{"class":100},[69,127180,127181],{"class":79},"expression ",[69,127183,3710],{"class":75},[69,127185,19694],{"class":79},[69,127187,771],{"class":75},[69,127189,127190],{"class":79}," iterable",[69,127192,198],{"class":100},[14,127194,124832],{},[29,127196,127197,127203,127208],{},[32,127198,127199,127202],{},[21,127200,127201],{},"expression"," is the value added to the new list",[32,127204,127205,127207],{},[21,127206,20427],{}," is each value from the iterable, one at a time",[32,127209,127210,127213,127214,127216],{},[21,127211,127212],{},"iterable"," can be a list, tuple, string, ",[21,127215,76420],{},", or another iterable object",[14,127218,370],{},[60,127220,127222],{"className":62,"code":127221,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\ndoubled = [n * 2 for n in numbers]\nprint(doubled)\n\n# Output:\n# [2, 4, 6]\n",[21,127223,127224,127244,127269,127280,127284,127288],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,127225,127226,127228,127230,127232,127234,127236,127238,127240,127242],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,127227,5933],{"class":79},[69,127229,97],{"class":96},[69,127231,636],{"class":100},[69,127233,5940],{"class":157},[69,127235,120],{"class":100},[69,127237,5762],{"class":157},[69,127239,120],{"class":100},[69,127241,5949],{"class":157},[69,127243,198],{"class":100},[69,127245,127246,127249,127251,127253,127255,127257,127259,127261,127263,127265,127267],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,127247,127248],{"class":79},"doubled ",[69,127250,97],{"class":96},[69,127252,636],{"class":100},[69,127254,46564],{"class":79},[69,127256,8392],{"class":96},[69,127258,5762],{"class":157},[69,127260,19391],{"class":75},[69,127262,46569],{"class":79},[69,127264,771],{"class":75},[69,127266,18540],{"class":79},[69,127268,198],{"class":100},[69,127270,127271,127273,127275,127278],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,127272,2161],{"class":217},[69,127274,221],{"class":100},[69,127276,127277],{"class":292},"doubled",[69,127279,301],{"class":100},[69,127281,127282],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,127283,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,127285,127286],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,127287,127133],{"class":2596},[69,127289,127290],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,127291,127292],{"class":2596},"# [2, 4, 6]\n",[14,127294,4389],{},[29,127296,127297,127302,127307,127313],{},[32,127298,127299,127301],{},[21,127300,5956],{}," is the iterable",[32,127303,127304,127306],{},[21,127305,47345],{}," is each item",[32,127308,127309,127312],{},[21,127310,127311],{},"n * 2"," is the expression",[32,127314,127315,127316],{},"the result becomes a new list called ",[21,127317,127277],{},[14,127319,9646,127320,127322,127323,4276],{},[21,127321,3710],{}," loop syntax still feels new, it helps to review ",[579,127324,75864],{"href":75863},[55,127326,127328],{"id":127327},"start-with-a-simple-conversion-from-a-for-loop","Start with a simple conversion from a for loop",[14,127330,127331],{},"A list comprehension is often easier to understand when you compare it with a normal loop.",[1647,127333,127335,127336,94789,127338],{"id":127334},"regular-for-loop-with-append","Regular ",[21,127337,3710],{},[21,127339,5126],{},[60,127341,127343],{"className":62,"code":127342,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]\nsquares = []\n\nfor n in numbers:\n    squares.append(n * n)\n\nprint(squares)\n\n# Output:\n# [1, 4, 9, 16]\n",[21,127344,127345,127369,127377,127381,127393,127412,127416,127426,127430,127434],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,127346,127347,127349,127351,127353,127355,127357,127359,127361,127363,127365,127367],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,127348,5933],{"class":79},[69,127350,97],{"class":96},[69,127352,636],{"class":100},[69,127354,5940],{"class":157},[69,127356,120],{"class":100},[69,127358,5762],{"class":157},[69,127360,120],{"class":100},[69,127362,5949],{"class":157},[69,127364,120],{"class":100},[69,127366,7167],{"class":157},[69,127368,198],{"class":100},[69,127370,127371,127373,127375],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,127372,127093],{"class":79},[69,127374,97],{"class":96},[69,127376,50459],{"class":100},[69,127378,127379],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,127380,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,127382,127383,127385,127387,127389,127391],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,127384,3710],{"class":75},[69,127386,46569],{"class":79},[69,127388,771],{"class":75},[69,127390,18540],{"class":79},[69,127392,275],{"class":100},[69,127394,127395,127398,127400,127402,127404,127406,127408,127410],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,127396,127397],{"class":79},"    squares",[69,127399,289],{"class":100},[69,127401,5961],{"class":292},[69,127403,221],{"class":100},[69,127405,46564],{"class":292},[69,127407,8392],{"class":96},[69,127409,47501],{"class":292},[69,127411,301],{"class":100},[69,127413,127414],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,127415,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,127417,127418,127420,127422,127424],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,127419,2161],{"class":217},[69,127421,221],{"class":100},[69,127423,127122],{"class":292},[69,127425,301],{"class":100},[69,127427,127428],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,127429,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,127431,127432],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,127433,127133],{"class":2596},[69,127435,127436],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,127437,127438],{"class":2596},"# [1, 4, 9, 16]\n",[14,127440,127441],{},"This works by:",[29,127443,127444,127447,127452],{},[32,127445,127446],{},"starting with an empty list",[32,127448,127449,127450],{},"looping through ",[21,127451,5956],{},[32,127453,127454,127455],{},"adding each square with ",[21,127456,5126],{},[1647,127458,127460],{"id":127459},"equivalent-list-comprehension","Equivalent list comprehension",[60,127462,127464],{"className":62,"code":127463,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]\nsquares = [n * n for n in numbers]\n\nprint(squares)\n\n# Output:\n# [1, 4, 9, 16]\n",[21,127465,127466,127490,127514,127518,127528,127532,127536],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,127467,127468,127470,127472,127474,127476,127478,127480,127482,127484,127486,127488],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,127469,5933],{"class":79},[69,127471,97],{"class":96},[69,127473,636],{"class":100},[69,127475,5940],{"class":157},[69,127477,120],{"class":100},[69,127479,5762],{"class":157},[69,127481,120],{"class":100},[69,127483,5949],{"class":157},[69,127485,120],{"class":100},[69,127487,7167],{"class":157},[69,127489,198],{"class":100},[69,127491,127492,127494,127496,127498,127500,127502,127504,127506,127508,127510,127512],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,127493,127093],{"class":79},[69,127495,97],{"class":96},[69,127497,636],{"class":100},[69,127499,46564],{"class":79},[69,127501,8392],{"class":96},[69,127503,46569],{"class":79},[69,127505,3710],{"class":75},[69,127507,46569],{"class":79},[69,127509,771],{"class":75},[69,127511,18540],{"class":79},[69,127513,198],{"class":100},[69,127515,127516],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,127517,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,127519,127520,127522,127524,127526],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,127521,2161],{"class":217},[69,127523,221],{"class":100},[69,127525,127122],{"class":292},[69,127527,301],{"class":100},[69,127529,127530],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,127531,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,127533,127534],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,127535,127133],{"class":2596},[69,127537,127538],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,127539,127438],{"class":2596},[14,127541,127542],{},"Both examples create a new list.",[14,127544,127545],{},"The list comprehension is shorter, but it is best for simple transformations. If the logic becomes long or confusing, a normal loop is usually better.",[55,127547,127549],{"id":127548},"how-to-transform-values","How to transform values",[14,127551,127552],{},"The expression part can do many simple transformations.",[1647,127554,127556],{"id":127555},"multiply-numbers","Multiply numbers",[60,127558,127560],{"className":62,"code":127559,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]\ndoubled = [n * 2 for n in numbers]\nprint(doubled)\n\n# Output:\n# [2, 4, 6, 8]\n",[21,127561,127562,127586,127610,127620,127624,127628],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,127563,127564,127566,127568,127570,127572,127574,127576,127578,127580,127582,127584],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,127565,5933],{"class":79},[69,127567,97],{"class":96},[69,127569,636],{"class":100},[69,127571,5940],{"class":157},[69,127573,120],{"class":100},[69,127575,5762],{"class":157},[69,127577,120],{"class":100},[69,127579,5949],{"class":157},[69,127581,120],{"class":100},[69,127583,7167],{"class":157},[69,127585,198],{"class":100},[69,127587,127588,127590,127592,127594,127596,127598,127600,127602,127604,127606,127608],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,127589,127248],{"class":79},[69,127591,97],{"class":96},[69,127593,636],{"class":100},[69,127595,46564],{"class":79},[69,127597,8392],{"class":96},[69,127599,5762],{"class":157},[69,127601,19391],{"class":75},[69,127603,46569],{"class":79},[69,127605,771],{"class":75},[69,127607,18540],{"class":79},[69,127609,198],{"class":100},[69,127611,127612,127614,127616,127618],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,127613,2161],{"class":217},[69,127615,221],{"class":100},[69,127617,127277],{"class":292},[69,127619,301],{"class":100},[69,127621,127622],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,127623,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,127625,127626],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,127627,127133],{"class":2596},[69,127629,127630],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,127631,127632],{"class":2596},"# [2, 4, 6, 8]\n",[1647,127634,127636],{"id":127635},"convert-words-to-uppercase","Convert words to uppercase",[60,127638,127640],{"className":62,"code":127639,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"words = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\"]\nupper_words = [word.upper() for word in words]\nprint(upper_words)\n\n# Output:\n# ['APPLE', 'BANANA', 'CHERRY']\n",[21,127641,127642,127674,127701,127712,127716,127720],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,127643,127644,127646,127648,127650,127652,127654,127656,127658,127660,127662,127664,127666,127668,127670,127672],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,127645,19093],{"class":79},[69,127647,97],{"class":96},[69,127649,636],{"class":100},[69,127651,111],{"class":110},[69,127653,6037],{"class":114},[69,127655,111],{"class":110},[69,127657,120],{"class":100},[69,127659,123],{"class":110},[69,127661,6046],{"class":114},[69,127663,111],{"class":110},[69,127665,120],{"class":100},[69,127667,123],{"class":110},[69,127669,75585],{"class":114},[69,127671,111],{"class":110},[69,127673,198],{"class":100},[69,127675,127676,127679,127681,127683,127685,127687,127689,127691,127693,127695,127697,127699],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,127677,127678],{"class":79},"upper_words ",[69,127680,97],{"class":96},[69,127682,636],{"class":100},[69,127684,51569],{"class":79},[69,127686,289],{"class":100},[69,127688,76757],{"class":292},[69,127690,13154],{"class":100},[69,127692,19391],{"class":75},[69,127694,47190],{"class":79},[69,127696,771],{"class":75},[69,127698,19145],{"class":79},[69,127700,198],{"class":100},[69,127702,127703,127705,127707,127710],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,127704,2161],{"class":217},[69,127706,221],{"class":100},[69,127708,127709],{"class":292},"upper_words",[69,127711,301],{"class":100},[69,127713,127714],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,127715,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,127717,127718],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,127719,127133],{"class":2596},[69,127721,127722],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,127723,127724],{"class":2596},"# ['APPLE', 'BANANA', 'CHERRY']\n",[1647,127726,127728],{"id":127727},"get-the-length-of-each-word","Get the length of each word",[60,127730,127732],{"className":62,"code":127731,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"words = [\"cat\", \"elephant\", \"dog\"]\nlengths = [len(word) for word in words]\nprint(lengths)\n\n# Output:\n# [3, 8, 3]\n",[21,127733,127734,127767,127794,127805,127809,127813],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,127735,127736,127738,127740,127742,127744,127746,127748,127750,127752,127755,127757,127759,127761,127763,127765],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,127737,19093],{"class":79},[69,127739,97],{"class":96},[69,127741,636],{"class":100},[69,127743,111],{"class":110},[69,127745,106029],{"class":114},[69,127747,111],{"class":110},[69,127749,120],{"class":100},[69,127751,123],{"class":110},[69,127753,127754],{"class":114},"elephant",[69,127756,111],{"class":110},[69,127758,120],{"class":100},[69,127760,123],{"class":110},[69,127762,65430],{"class":114},[69,127764,111],{"class":110},[69,127766,198],{"class":100},[69,127768,127769,127772,127774,127776,127778,127780,127782,127784,127786,127788,127790,127792],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,127770,127771],{"class":79},"lengths ",[69,127773,97],{"class":96},[69,127775,636],{"class":100},[69,127777,7286],{"class":217},[69,127779,221],{"class":100},[69,127781,51569],{"class":292},[69,127783,265],{"class":100},[69,127785,19391],{"class":75},[69,127787,47190],{"class":79},[69,127789,771],{"class":75},[69,127791,19145],{"class":79},[69,127793,198],{"class":100},[69,127795,127796,127798,127800,127803],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,127797,2161],{"class":217},[69,127799,221],{"class":100},[69,127801,127802],{"class":292},"lengths",[69,127804,301],{"class":100},[69,127806,127807],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,127808,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,127810,127811],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,127812,127133],{"class":2596},[69,127814,127815],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,127816,127817],{"class":2596},"# [3, 8, 3]\n",[14,127819,127820],{},"The important idea is simple:",[29,127822,127823,127826],{},[32,127824,127825],{},"the expression runs once for each item",[32,127827,127828],{},"the result of that expression is stored in the new list",[55,127830,127832],{"id":127831},"how-to-filter-items","How to filter items",[14,127834,127835],{},"You can also keep only the items that match a condition.",[14,127837,127838],{},"The pattern is:",[60,127840,127842],{"className":62,"code":127841,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[expression for item in iterable if condition]\n",[21,127843,127844],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,127845,127846,127848,127850,127852,127854,127856,127859,127861,127863],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,127847,1345],{"class":100},[69,127849,127181],{"class":79},[69,127851,3710],{"class":75},[69,127853,19694],{"class":79},[69,127855,771],{"class":75},[69,127857,127858],{"class":79}," iterable ",[69,127860,3201],{"class":75},[69,127862,46800],{"class":79},[69,127864,198],{"class":100},[14,127866,9337,127867,127869],{},[21,127868,3201],{}," condition goes at the end.",[1647,127871,127873],{"id":127872},"example-keep-only-even-numbers","Example: keep only even numbers",[60,127875,127877],{"className":62,"code":127876,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]\nevens = [n for n in numbers if n % 2 == 0]\nprint(evens)\n\n# Output:\n# [2, 4, 6]\n",[21,127878,127879,127911,127944,127955,127959,127963],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,127880,127881,127883,127885,127887,127889,127891,127893,127895,127897,127899,127901,127903,127905,127907,127909],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,127882,5933],{"class":79},[69,127884,97],{"class":96},[69,127886,636],{"class":100},[69,127888,5940],{"class":157},[69,127890,120],{"class":100},[69,127892,5762],{"class":157},[69,127894,120],{"class":100},[69,127896,5949],{"class":157},[69,127898,120],{"class":100},[69,127900,7167],{"class":157},[69,127902,120],{"class":100},[69,127904,6172],{"class":157},[69,127906,120],{"class":100},[69,127908,6177],{"class":157},[69,127910,198],{"class":100},[69,127912,127913,127916,127918,127920,127922,127924,127926,127928,127930,127932,127934,127936,127938,127940,127942],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,127914,127915],{"class":79},"evens ",[69,127917,97],{"class":96},[69,127919,636],{"class":100},[69,127921,46564],{"class":79},[69,127923,3710],{"class":75},[69,127925,46569],{"class":79},[69,127927,771],{"class":75},[69,127929,46574],{"class":79},[69,127931,3201],{"class":75},[69,127933,46569],{"class":79},[69,127935,46581],{"class":96},[69,127937,5762],{"class":157},[69,127939,19865],{"class":96},[69,127941,6711],{"class":157},[69,127943,198],{"class":100},[69,127945,127946,127948,127950,127953],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,127947,2161],{"class":217},[69,127949,221],{"class":100},[69,127951,127952],{"class":292},"evens",[69,127954,301],{"class":100},[69,127956,127957],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,127958,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,127960,127961],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,127962,127133],{"class":2596},[69,127964,127965],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,127966,127292],{"class":2596},[1647,127968,127970],{"id":127969},"example-keep-non-empty-strings","Example: keep non-empty strings",[60,127972,127974],{"className":62,"code":127973,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"items = [\"apple\", \"\", \"banana\", \"\", \"grape\"]\nnon_empty = [item for item in items if item != \"\"]\nprint(non_empty)\n\n# Output:\n# ['apple', 'banana', 'grape']\n",[21,127975,127976,128016,128045,128056,128060,128064],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,127977,127978,127980,127982,127984,127986,127988,127990,127992,127994,127996,127998,128000,128002,128004,128006,128008,128010,128012,128014],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,127979,6605],{"class":79},[69,127981,97],{"class":96},[69,127983,636],{"class":100},[69,127985,111],{"class":110},[69,127987,6037],{"class":114},[69,127989,111],{"class":110},[69,127991,120],{"class":100},[69,127993,25167],{"class":110},[69,127995,120],{"class":100},[69,127997,123],{"class":110},[69,127999,6046],{"class":114},[69,128001,111],{"class":110},[69,128003,120],{"class":100},[69,128005,25167],{"class":110},[69,128007,120],{"class":100},[69,128009,123],{"class":110},[69,128011,29866],{"class":114},[69,128013,111],{"class":110},[69,128015,198],{"class":100},[69,128017,128018,128021,128023,128025,128027,128029,128031,128033,128035,128037,128039,128041,128043],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,128019,128020],{"class":79},"non_empty ",[69,128022,97],{"class":96},[69,128024,636],{"class":100},[69,128026,46786],{"class":79},[69,128028,3710],{"class":75},[69,128030,19694],{"class":79},[69,128032,771],{"class":75},[69,128034,46795],{"class":79},[69,128036,3201],{"class":75},[69,128038,19694],{"class":79},[69,128040,74839],{"class":96},[69,128042,25167],{"class":110},[69,128044,198],{"class":100},[69,128046,128047,128049,128051,128054],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,128048,2161],{"class":217},[69,128050,221],{"class":100},[69,128052,128053],{"class":292},"non_empty",[69,128055,301],{"class":100},[69,128057,128058],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,128059,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,128061,128062],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,128063,127133],{"class":2596},[69,128065,128066],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,128067,128068],{"class":2596},"# ['apple', 'banana', 'grape']\n",[1647,128070,128072],{"id":128071},"example-keep-values-above-a-limit","Example: keep values above a limit",[60,128074,128076],{"className":62,"code":128075,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"scores = [45, 72, 88, 30, 95]\npassed = [score for score in scores if score >= 50]\nprint(passed)\n\n# Output:\n# [72, 88, 95]\n",[21,128077,128078,128106,128137,128148,128152,128156],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,128079,128080,128082,128084,128086,128088,128090,128092,128094,128096,128098,128100,128102,128104],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,128081,108535],{"class":79},[69,128083,97],{"class":96},[69,128085,636],{"class":100},[69,128087,26938],{"class":157},[69,128089,120],{"class":100},[69,128091,114194],{"class":157},[69,128093,120],{"class":100},[69,128095,114161],{"class":157},[69,128097,120],{"class":100},[69,128099,158],{"class":157},[69,128101,120],{"class":100},[69,128103,114228],{"class":157},[69,128105,198],{"class":100},[69,128107,128108,128111,128113,128115,128117,128119,128121,128123,128126,128128,128130,128133,128135],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,128109,128110],{"class":79},"passed ",[69,128112,97],{"class":96},[69,128114,636],{"class":100},[69,128116,41435],{"class":79},[69,128118,3710],{"class":75},[69,128120,60234],{"class":79},[69,128122,771],{"class":75},[69,128124,128125],{"class":79}," scores ",[69,128127,3201],{"class":75},[69,128129,60234],{"class":79},[69,128131,128132],{"class":96},">=",[69,128134,26230],{"class":157},[69,128136,198],{"class":100},[69,128138,128139,128141,128143,128146],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,128140,2161],{"class":217},[69,128142,221],{"class":100},[69,128144,128145],{"class":292},"passed",[69,128147,301],{"class":100},[69,128149,128150],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,128151,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,128153,128154],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,128155,127133],{"class":2596},[69,128157,128158],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,128159,128160],{"class":2596},"# [72, 88, 95]\n",[14,128162,128163,128164,289],{},"If you want more practice with this pattern, see ",[579,128165,19926],{"href":19925},[55,128167,128169],{"id":128168},"examples-beginners-actually-use","Examples beginners actually use",[1647,128171,128173],{"id":128172},"square-numbers-from-a-list","Square numbers from a list",[60,128175,128176],{"className":62,"code":127058,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,128177,128178,128206,128230,128240,128244,128248],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,128179,128180,128182,128184,128186,128188,128190,128192,128194,128196,128198,128200,128202,128204],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,128181,5933],{"class":79},[69,128183,97],{"class":96},[69,128185,636],{"class":100},[69,128187,5940],{"class":157},[69,128189,120],{"class":100},[69,128191,5762],{"class":157},[69,128193,120],{"class":100},[69,128195,5949],{"class":157},[69,128197,120],{"class":100},[69,128199,7167],{"class":157},[69,128201,120],{"class":100},[69,128203,6172],{"class":157},[69,128205,198],{"class":100},[69,128207,128208,128210,128212,128214,128216,128218,128220,128222,128224,128226,128228],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,128209,127093],{"class":79},[69,128211,97],{"class":96},[69,128213,636],{"class":100},[69,128215,46564],{"class":79},[69,128217,8392],{"class":96},[69,128219,46569],{"class":79},[69,128221,3710],{"class":75},[69,128223,46569],{"class":79},[69,128225,771],{"class":75},[69,128227,18540],{"class":79},[69,128229,198],{"class":100},[69,128231,128232,128234,128236,128238],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,128233,2161],{"class":217},[69,128235,221],{"class":100},[69,128237,127122],{"class":292},[69,128239,301],{"class":100},[69,128241,128242],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,128243,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,128245,128246],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,128247,127133],{"class":2596},[69,128249,128250],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,128251,127138],{"class":2596},[1647,128253,128255],{"id":128254},"get-only-even-numbers","Get only even numbers",[60,128257,128259],{"className":62,"code":128258,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]\nevens = [n for n in numbers if n % 2 == 0]\nprint(evens)\n\n# Output:\n# [2, 4, 6, 8]\n",[21,128260,128261,128302,128334,128344,128348,128352],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,128262,128263,128265,128267,128269,128271,128273,128275,128277,128279,128281,128283,128285,128287,128289,128291,128293,128296,128298,128300],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,128264,5933],{"class":79},[69,128266,97],{"class":96},[69,128268,636],{"class":100},[69,128270,5940],{"class":157},[69,128272,120],{"class":100},[69,128274,5762],{"class":157},[69,128276,120],{"class":100},[69,128278,5949],{"class":157},[69,128280,120],{"class":100},[69,128282,7167],{"class":157},[69,128284,120],{"class":100},[69,128286,6172],{"class":157},[69,128288,120],{"class":100},[69,128290,6177],{"class":157},[69,128292,120],{"class":100},[69,128294,128295],{"class":157}," 7",[69,128297,120],{"class":100},[69,128299,45290],{"class":157},[69,128301,198],{"class":100},[69,128303,128304,128306,128308,128310,128312,128314,128316,128318,128320,128322,128324,128326,128328,128330,128332],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,128305,127915],{"class":79},[69,128307,97],{"class":96},[69,128309,636],{"class":100},[69,128311,46564],{"class":79},[69,128313,3710],{"class":75},[69,128315,46569],{"class":79},[69,128317,771],{"class":75},[69,128319,46574],{"class":79},[69,128321,3201],{"class":75},[69,128323,46569],{"class":79},[69,128325,46581],{"class":96},[69,128327,5762],{"class":157},[69,128329,19865],{"class":96},[69,128331,6711],{"class":157},[69,128333,198],{"class":100},[69,128335,128336,128338,128340,128342],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,128337,2161],{"class":217},[69,128339,221],{"class":100},[69,128341,127952],{"class":292},[69,128343,301],{"class":100},[69,128345,128346],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,128347,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,128349,128350],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,128351,127133],{"class":2596},[69,128353,128354],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,128355,127632],{"class":2596},[1647,128357,127636],{"id":128358},"convert-words-to-uppercase-1",[60,128360,128362],{"className":62,"code":128361,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"words = [\"red\", \"blue\", \"green\"]\nupper_words = [word.upper() for word in words]\nprint(upper_words)\n\n# Output:\n# ['RED', 'BLUE', 'GREEN']\n",[21,128363,128364,128396,128422,128432,128436,128440],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,128365,128366,128368,128370,128372,128374,128376,128378,128380,128382,128384,128386,128388,128390,128392,128394],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,128367,19093],{"class":79},[69,128369,97],{"class":96},[69,128371,636],{"class":100},[69,128373,111],{"class":110},[69,128375,6499],{"class":114},[69,128377,111],{"class":110},[69,128379,120],{"class":100},[69,128381,123],{"class":110},[69,128383,6508],{"class":114},[69,128385,111],{"class":110},[69,128387,120],{"class":100},[69,128389,123],{"class":110},[69,128391,6532],{"class":114},[69,128393,111],{"class":110},[69,128395,198],{"class":100},[69,128397,128398,128400,128402,128404,128406,128408,128410,128412,128414,128416,128418,128420],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,128399,127678],{"class":79},[69,128401,97],{"class":96},[69,128403,636],{"class":100},[69,128405,51569],{"class":79},[69,128407,289],{"class":100},[69,128409,76757],{"class":292},[69,128411,13154],{"class":100},[69,128413,19391],{"class":75},[69,128415,47190],{"class":79},[69,128417,771],{"class":75},[69,128419,19145],{"class":79},[69,128421,198],{"class":100},[69,128423,128424,128426,128428,128430],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,128425,2161],{"class":217},[69,128427,221],{"class":100},[69,128429,127709],{"class":292},[69,128431,301],{"class":100},[69,128433,128434],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,128435,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,128437,128438],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,128439,127133],{"class":2596},[69,128441,128442],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,128443,128444],{"class":2596},"# ['RED', 'BLUE', 'GREEN']\n",[1647,128446,128448],{"id":128447},"strip-whitespace-from-strings","Strip whitespace from strings",[60,128450,128452],{"className":62,"code":128451,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"names = [\" Alice \", \" Bob\", \"Charlie  \"]\nclean_names = [name.strip() for name in names]\nprint(clean_names)\n\n# Output:\n# ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie']\n",[21,128453,128454,128489,128516,128527,128531,128535],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,128455,128456,128458,128460,128462,128464,128467,128469,128471,128473,128476,128478,128480,128482,128485,128487],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,128457,631],{"class":79},[69,128459,97],{"class":96},[69,128461,636],{"class":100},[69,128463,111],{"class":110},[69,128465,128466],{"class":114}," Alice ",[69,128468,111],{"class":110},[69,128470,120],{"class":100},[69,128472,123],{"class":110},[69,128474,128475],{"class":114}," Bob",[69,128477,111],{"class":110},[69,128479,120],{"class":100},[69,128481,123],{"class":110},[69,128483,128484],{"class":114},"Charlie  ",[69,128486,111],{"class":110},[69,128488,198],{"class":100},[69,128490,128491,128494,128496,128498,128500,128502,128504,128506,128508,128510,128512,128514],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,128492,128493],{"class":79},"clean_names ",[69,128495,97],{"class":96},[69,128497,636],{"class":100},[69,128499,115],{"class":79},[69,128501,289],{"class":100},[69,128503,19855],{"class":292},[69,128505,13154],{"class":100},[69,128507,19391],{"class":75},[69,128509,768],{"class":79},[69,128511,771],{"class":75},[69,128513,774],{"class":79},[69,128515,198],{"class":100},[69,128517,128518,128520,128522,128525],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,128519,2161],{"class":217},[69,128521,221],{"class":100},[69,128523,128524],{"class":292},"clean_names",[69,128526,301],{"class":100},[69,128528,128529],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,128530,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,128532,128533],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,128534,127133],{"class":2596},[69,128536,128537],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,128538,128539],{"class":2596},"# ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie']\n",[1647,128541,128543,128544],{"id":128542},"create-a-list-from-range","Create a list from ",[21,128545,76420],{},[60,128547,128549],{"className":62,"code":128548,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [n for n in range(5)]\nprint(numbers)\n\n# Output:\n# [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]\n",[21,128550,128551,128575,128585,128589,128593],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,128552,128553,128555,128557,128559,128561,128563,128565,128567,128569,128571,128573],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,128554,5933],{"class":79},[69,128556,97],{"class":96},[69,128558,636],{"class":100},[69,128560,46564],{"class":79},[69,128562,3710],{"class":75},[69,128564,46569],{"class":79},[69,128566,771],{"class":75},[69,128568,45671],{"class":217},[69,128570,221],{"class":100},[69,128572,6670],{"class":157},[69,128574,47216],{"class":100},[69,128576,128577,128579,128581,128583],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,128578,2161],{"class":217},[69,128580,221],{"class":100},[69,128582,5956],{"class":292},[69,128584,301],{"class":100},[69,128586,128587],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,128588,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,128590,128591],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,128592,127133],{"class":2596},[69,128594,128595],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,128596,128597],{"class":2596},"# [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]\n",[14,128599,9646,128600,128602,128603,289],{},[21,128601,76420],{}," is unfamiliar, see ",[579,128604,128605],{"href":76417},"Python range() function explained",[55,128607,128609],{"id":128608},"when-to-use-a-list-comprehension","When to use a list comprehension",[14,128611,128612],{},"List comprehensions are a good choice when:",[29,128614,128615,128618,128621],{},[32,128616,128617],{},"you want to make a new list from existing data",[32,128619,128620],{},"the code is short and readable",[32,128622,128623],{},"you are doing a simple transformation or filter",[14,128625,128626,128627,128629],{},"Use a regular ",[21,128628,3710],{}," loop when:",[29,128631,128632,128635,128638],{},[32,128633,128634],{},"the logic takes several steps",[32,128636,128637],{},"the expression becomes hard to read",[32,128639,128640],{},"clarity is more important than saving one or two lines",[14,128642,128643],{},"A good rule is this:",[67705,128645,128646],{},[14,128647,128648],{},"If the list comprehension feels confusing, use a normal loop.",[14,128650,128651,128652,289],{},"You can learn the bigger idea in ",[579,128653,128655],{"href":128654},"\u002Flearn\u002Flist-comprehensions-in-python-explained","list comprehensions in Python explained",[55,128657,27393],{"id":27392},[1647,128659,128661,128662],{"id":128660},"forgetting-the-brackets","Forgetting the brackets ",[21,128663,2680],{},[14,128665,128666],{},"This is a list comprehension:",[60,128668,128670],{"className":62,"code":128669,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\nresult = [n * 2 for n in numbers]\n",[21,128671,128672,128692],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,128673,128674,128676,128678,128680,128682,128684,128686,128688,128690],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,128675,5933],{"class":79},[69,128677,97],{"class":96},[69,128679,636],{"class":100},[69,128681,5940],{"class":157},[69,128683,120],{"class":100},[69,128685,5762],{"class":157},[69,128687,120],{"class":100},[69,128689,5949],{"class":157},[69,128691,198],{"class":100},[69,128693,128694,128696,128698,128700,128702,128704,128706,128708,128710,128712,128714],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,128695,8506],{"class":79},[69,128697,97],{"class":96},[69,128699,636],{"class":100},[69,128701,46564],{"class":79},[69,128703,8392],{"class":96},[69,128705,5762],{"class":157},[69,128707,19391],{"class":75},[69,128709,46569],{"class":79},[69,128711,771],{"class":75},[69,128713,18540],{"class":79},[69,128715,198],{"class":100},[14,128717,128718],{},"If you leave out the brackets, it is not a list comprehension.",[1647,128720,128722,128723,128725],{"id":128721},"putting-if-in-the-wrong-place","Putting ",[21,128724,3201],{}," in the wrong place",[14,128727,1726],{},[60,128729,128731],{"className":62,"code":128730,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]\nevens = [n for n in numbers if n % 2 == 0]\n",[21,128732,128733,128757],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,128734,128735,128737,128739,128741,128743,128745,128747,128749,128751,128753,128755],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,128736,5933],{"class":79},[69,128738,97],{"class":96},[69,128740,636],{"class":100},[69,128742,5940],{"class":157},[69,128744,120],{"class":100},[69,128746,5762],{"class":157},[69,128748,120],{"class":100},[69,128750,5949],{"class":157},[69,128752,120],{"class":100},[69,128754,7167],{"class":157},[69,128756,198],{"class":100},[69,128758,128759,128761,128763,128765,128767,128769,128771,128773,128775,128777,128779,128781,128783,128785,128787],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,128760,127915],{"class":79},[69,128762,97],{"class":96},[69,128764,636],{"class":100},[69,128766,46564],{"class":79},[69,128768,3710],{"class":75},[69,128770,46569],{"class":79},[69,128772,771],{"class":75},[69,128774,46574],{"class":79},[69,128776,3201],{"class":75},[69,128778,46569],{"class":79},[69,128780,46581],{"class":96},[69,128782,5762],{"class":157},[69,128784,19865],{"class":96},[69,128786,6711],{"class":157},[69,128788,198],{"class":100},[14,128790,1658],{},[60,128792,128794],{"className":62,"code":128793,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"# This is not valid syntax\n# evens = [n if n % 2 == 0 for n in numbers]\n",[21,128795,128796,128801],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,128797,128798],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,128799,128800],{"class":2596},"# This is not valid syntax\n",[69,128802,128803],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,128804,128805],{"class":2596},"# evens = [n if n % 2 == 0 for n in numbers]\n",[14,128807,128808,128809,128811,128812,289],{},"For basic filtering, the ",[21,128810,3201],{}," goes after ",[21,128813,128814],{},"for item in iterable",[1647,128816,128818],{"id":128817},"trying-to-modify-the-same-list-while-iterating-over-it","Trying to modify the same list while iterating over it",[14,128820,128821],{},"This is a bad idea:",[60,128823,128825],{"className":62,"code":128824,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\n# Avoid changing the same list while reading from it\nnumbers = [n * 2 for n in numbers]\nprint(numbers)\n",[21,128826,128827,128847,128852,128876],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,128828,128829,128831,128833,128835,128837,128839,128841,128843,128845],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,128830,5933],{"class":79},[69,128832,97],{"class":96},[69,128834,636],{"class":100},[69,128836,5940],{"class":157},[69,128838,120],{"class":100},[69,128840,5762],{"class":157},[69,128842,120],{"class":100},[69,128844,5949],{"class":157},[69,128846,198],{"class":100},[69,128848,128849],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,128850,128851],{"class":2596},"# Avoid changing the same list while reading from it\n",[69,128853,128854,128856,128858,128860,128862,128864,128866,128868,128870,128872,128874],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,128855,5933],{"class":79},[69,128857,97],{"class":96},[69,128859,636],{"class":100},[69,128861,46564],{"class":79},[69,128863,8392],{"class":96},[69,128865,5762],{"class":157},[69,128867,19391],{"class":75},[69,128869,46569],{"class":79},[69,128871,771],{"class":75},[69,128873,18540],{"class":79},[69,128875,198],{"class":100},[69,128877,128878,128880,128882,128884],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,128879,2161],{"class":217},[69,128881,221],{"class":100},[69,128883,5956],{"class":292},[69,128885,301],{"class":100},[14,128887,128888],{},"This specific example works because it creates a new list first and then reassigns the name, but beginners often get into trouble when they try to change a list in more complicated ways during iteration.",[14,128890,128891],{},"It is usually safer to build a new list clearly.",[1647,128893,128895],{"id":128894},"writing-a-comprehension-that-is-too-complex","Writing a comprehension that is too complex",[14,128897,128898,128899,128903],{},"Just because you ",[128900,128901,128902],"em",{},"can"," write something in one line does not mean you should.",[14,128905,128906],{},"Bad for beginners:",[60,128908,128910],{"className":62,"code":128909,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]\nresult = [n * 2 for n in numbers if n % 2 == 0 and n > 2]\nprint(result)\n",[21,128911,128912,128944,128988],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,128913,128914,128916,128918,128920,128922,128924,128926,128928,128930,128932,128934,128936,128938,128940,128942],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,128915,5933],{"class":79},[69,128917,97],{"class":96},[69,128919,636],{"class":100},[69,128921,5940],{"class":157},[69,128923,120],{"class":100},[69,128925,5762],{"class":157},[69,128927,120],{"class":100},[69,128929,5949],{"class":157},[69,128931,120],{"class":100},[69,128933,7167],{"class":157},[69,128935,120],{"class":100},[69,128937,6172],{"class":157},[69,128939,120],{"class":100},[69,128941,6177],{"class":157},[69,128943,198],{"class":100},[69,128945,128946,128948,128950,128952,128954,128956,128958,128960,128962,128964,128966,128968,128970,128972,128974,128976,128978,128980,128982,128984,128986],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,128947,8506],{"class":79},[69,128949,97],{"class":96},[69,128951,636],{"class":100},[69,128953,46564],{"class":79},[69,128955,8392],{"class":96},[69,128957,5762],{"class":157},[69,128959,19391],{"class":75},[69,128961,46569],{"class":79},[69,128963,771],{"class":75},[69,128965,46574],{"class":79},[69,128967,3201],{"class":75},[69,128969,46569],{"class":79},[69,128971,46581],{"class":96},[69,128973,5762],{"class":157},[69,128975,19865],{"class":96},[69,128977,6711],{"class":157},[69,128979,13157],{"class":96},[69,128981,46569],{"class":79},[69,128983,39547],{"class":96},[69,128985,5762],{"class":157},[69,128987,198],{"class":100},[69,128989,128990,128992,128994,128996],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,128991,2161],{"class":217},[69,128993,221],{"class":100},[69,128995,8530],{"class":292},[69,128997,301],{"class":100},[14,128999,129000],{},"This code is valid, but if it feels hard to read, break it into a loop.",[1647,129002,129004],{"id":129003},"common-causes-of-confusion","Common causes of confusion",[14,129006,129007],{},"These are common reasons beginners struggle with list comprehensions:",[29,129009,129010,129015,129018,129021],{},[32,129011,129012,129013,94833],{},"trying to use list comprehension syntax before understanding a basic ",[21,129014,3710],{},[32,129016,129017],{},"mixing transformation syntax with filtering syntax",[32,129019,129020],{},"using list comprehensions for side effects instead of building a list",[32,129022,129023],{},"creating unreadable one-line expressions",[14,129025,129026],{},"If you are unsure what your code is doing, these quick checks can help:",[60,129028,129030],{"className":62,"code":129029,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(numbers)\nprint(type(numbers))\nprint([n for n in range(5)])\nhelp(range)\nhelp(list)\n",[21,129031,129032,129042,129056,129078,129089],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,129033,129034,129036,129038,129040],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,129035,2161],{"class":217},[69,129037,221],{"class":100},[69,129039,5956],{"class":292},[69,129041,301],{"class":100},[69,129043,129044,129046,129048,129050,129052,129054],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,129045,2161],{"class":217},[69,129047,221],{"class":100},[69,129049,2176],{"class":1859},[69,129051,221],{"class":100},[69,129053,5956],{"class":292},[69,129055,2183],{"class":100},[69,129057,129058,129060,129062,129064,129066,129068,129070,129072,129074,129076],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,129059,2161],{"class":217},[69,129061,469],{"class":100},[69,129063,46564],{"class":292},[69,129065,3710],{"class":75},[69,129067,46569],{"class":292},[69,129069,771],{"class":75},[69,129071,45671],{"class":217},[69,129073,221],{"class":100},[69,129075,6670],{"class":157},[69,129077,57180],{"class":100},[69,129079,129080,129082,129084,129087],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,129081,9213],{"class":217},[69,129083,221],{"class":100},[69,129085,129086],{"class":217},"range",[69,129088,301],{"class":100},[69,129090,129091,129093,129095,129097],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,129092,9213],{"class":217},[69,129094,221],{"class":100},[69,129096,14459],{"class":1859},[69,129098,301],{"class":100},[55,129100,129102],{"id":129101},"good-next-steps","Good next steps",[14,129104,129105],{},"After learning the basic pattern, it helps to practice with related topics:",[29,129107,129108,129113,129119,129127],{},[32,129109,129110,129111],{},"Learn the full concept in ",[579,129112,128655],{"href":128654},[32,129114,129115,129116,129118],{},"Review ",[579,129117,75864],{"href":75863}," if the syntax still feels unfamiliar",[32,129120,129121,129122,5914,129124,129126],{},"Practice with ",[21,129123,76420],{},[21,129125,20599],{},", and string methods",[32,129128,129129,129130,129132],{},"Try ",[579,129131,49171],{"href":49170}," for more loop practice",[55,129134,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,129136,129138],{"id":129137},"what-is-a-list-comprehension-in-python","What is a list comprehension in Python?",[14,129140,129141,129142,129144],{},"It is a short way to create a new list from an iterable using one expression and a ",[21,129143,3710],{}," clause.",[1647,129146,129148],{"id":129147},"are-list-comprehensions-faster-than-for-loops","Are list comprehensions faster than for loops?",[14,129150,129151],{},"They are often a little faster, but beginners should focus on readability first.",[1647,129153,59146,129155,129157],{"id":129154},"can-i-use-if-in-a-list-comprehension",[21,129156,3201],{}," in a list comprehension?",[14,129159,129160,129161,129163],{},"Yes. Add an ",[21,129162,3201],{}," condition at the end to keep only matching items.",[1647,129165,129167],{"id":129166},"should-i-always-use-list-comprehensions","Should I always use list comprehensions?",[14,129169,129170],{},"No. Use them when they make the code shorter and still easy to understand.",[55,129172,2414],{"id":2413},[29,129174,129175,129180,129184,129188,129192],{},[32,129176,129177],{},[579,129178,129179],{"href":128654},"List comprehensions in Python explained",[32,129181,129182],{},[579,129183,75864],{"href":75863},[32,129185,129186],{},[579,129187,128605],{"href":76417},[32,129189,129190],{},[579,129191,20591],{"href":19925},[32,129193,129194],{},[579,129195,49277],{"href":49170},[2450,129197,129198],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":129200},[129201,129202,129203,129204,129209,129214,129219,129227,129228,129237,129238,129245],{"id":60708,"depth":83,"text":60709},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":127166,"depth":83,"text":127167},{"id":127327,"depth":83,"text":127328,"children":129205},[129206,129208],{"id":127334,"depth":90,"text":129207},"Regular for loop with append()",{"id":127459,"depth":90,"text":127460},{"id":127548,"depth":83,"text":127549,"children":129210},[129211,129212,129213],{"id":127555,"depth":90,"text":127556},{"id":127635,"depth":90,"text":127636},{"id":127727,"depth":90,"text":127728},{"id":127831,"depth":83,"text":127832,"children":129215},[129216,129217,129218],{"id":127872,"depth":90,"text":127873},{"id":127969,"depth":90,"text":127970},{"id":128071,"depth":90,"text":128072},{"id":128168,"depth":83,"text":128169,"children":129220},[129221,129222,129223,129224,129225],{"id":128172,"depth":90,"text":128173},{"id":128254,"depth":90,"text":128255},{"id":128358,"depth":90,"text":127636},{"id":128447,"depth":90,"text":128448},{"id":128542,"depth":90,"text":129226},"Create a list from range()",{"id":128608,"depth":83,"text":128609},{"id":27392,"depth":83,"text":27393,"children":129229},[129230,129232,129234,129235,129236],{"id":128660,"depth":90,"text":129231},"Forgetting the brackets []",{"id":128721,"depth":90,"text":129233},"Putting if in the wrong place",{"id":128817,"depth":90,"text":128818},{"id":128894,"depth":90,"text":128895},{"id":129003,"depth":90,"text":129004},{"id":129101,"depth":83,"text":129102},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":129239},[129240,129241,129242,129244],{"id":129137,"depth":90,"text":129138},{"id":129147,"depth":90,"text":129148},{"id":129154,"depth":90,"text":129243},"Can I use if in a list comprehension?",{"id":129166,"depth":90,"text":129167},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to use list comprehensions in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-list-comprehensions-in-python",{"title":127022,"description":129246},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-use-list-comprehensions-in-python","KY_RuY7bblSWcxDn3wTjGW0hN0xRhlCJStndYZ4rK-4",{"id":129253,"title":129254,"body":129255,"description":130737,"extension":2479,"meta":130738,"navigation":86,"path":11399,"seo":130739,"stem":130740,"__hash__":130741},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-try-except-blocks-in-python.md","How to Use try-except Blocks in Python",{"type":7,"value":129256,"toc":130707},[129257,129260,129266,129268,129358,129366,129368,129387,129389,129394,129417,129419,129456,129458,129513,129517,129540,129542,129554,129559,129563,129566,129575,129651,129653,129679,129683,129687,129708,129712,129733,129741,129745,129748,129750,129763,129768,129876,129880,129897,129902,129909,129913,129918,129920,129934,129937,129943,129946,129962,129964,129969,129996,130000,130067,130070,130072,130082,130085,130175,130179,130181,130313,130323,130326,130330,130336,130352,130354,130412,130416,130419,130503,130506,130518,130521,130626,130633,130635,130639,130642,130646,130653,130657,130662,130666,130669,130671,130693,130704],[10,129258,129254],{"id":129259},"how-to-use-try-except-blocks-in-python",[14,129261,129262,129263,129265],{},"Learn how to catch errors in Python with ",[21,129264,13795],{}," blocks so your program does not stop unexpectedly. This page focuses on the basic pattern, when to use it, and beginner-friendly examples.",[55,129267,60709],{"id":60708},[60,129269,129270],{"className":62,"code":62578,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,129271,129272,129278,129300,129314,129322,129336,129344],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,129273,129274,129276],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,129275,11233],{"class":75},[69,129277,275],{"class":100},[69,129279,129280,129282,129284,129286,129288,129290,129292,129294,129296,129298],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,129281,11268],{"class":79},[69,129283,97],{"class":96},[69,129285,11273],{"class":1859},[69,129287,221],{"class":100},[69,129289,12540],{"class":217},[69,129291,221],{"class":100},[69,129293,111],{"class":110},[69,129295,11689],{"class":114},[69,129297,111],{"class":110},[69,129299,2183],{"class":100},[69,129301,129302,129304,129306,129308,129310,129312],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,129303,3220],{"class":217},[69,129305,221],{"class":100},[69,129307,18507],{"class":157},[69,129309,11292],{"class":96},[69,129311,8378],{"class":292},[69,129313,301],{"class":100},[69,129315,129316,129318,129320],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,129317,11221],{"class":75},[69,129319,11901],{"class":1859},[69,129321,275],{"class":100},[69,129323,129324,129326,129328,129330,129332,129334],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,129325,3220],{"class":217},[69,129327,221],{"class":100},[69,129329,111],{"class":110},[69,129331,27374],{"class":114},[69,129333,111],{"class":110},[69,129335,301],{"class":100},[69,129337,129338,129340,129342],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,129339,11221],{"class":75},[69,129341,11309],{"class":1859},[69,129343,275],{"class":100},[69,129345,129346,129348,129350,129352,129354,129356],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,129347,3220],{"class":217},[69,129349,221],{"class":100},[69,129351,111],{"class":110},[69,129353,11937],{"class":114},[69,129355,111],{"class":110},[69,129357,301],{"class":100},[14,129359,322,129360,129362,129363,129365],{},[21,129361,11233],{}," for code that may fail, and ",[21,129364,11221],{}," for the specific errors you want to handle.",[55,129367,2666],{"id":2665},[29,129369,129370,129375,129378,129384],{},[32,129371,9549,129372,129374],{},[21,129373,13795],{}," block to handle errors safely",[32,129376,129377],{},"Catch common beginner errors without crashing the program",[32,129379,2677,129380,50,129382],{},[21,129381,11233],{},[21,129383,11221],{},[32,129385,129386],{},"See when to catch one error or multiple errors",[55,129388,62742],{"id":62741},[14,129390,36773,129391,129393],{},[21,129392,13795],{}," block lets you run code that might fail.",[29,129395,129396,129401,129406,129412],{},[32,129397,129398,129399,11234],{},"Put risky code inside the ",[21,129400,11233],{},[32,129402,129403,129404,11234],{},"Put error-handling code inside the ",[21,129405,11221],{},[32,129407,129408,129409,129411],{},"If no error happens, the ",[21,129410,11221],{}," block is skipped",[32,129413,129414,129415,11234],{},"If an error happens, Python jumps to the matching ",[21,129416,11221],{},[14,129418,7621],{},[60,129420,129422],{"className":62,"code":129421,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    # code that may raise an error\n    pass\nexcept SomeError:\n    # code that runs if that error happens\n    pass\n",[21,129423,129424,129430,129435,129439,129447,129452],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,129425,129426,129428],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,129427,11233],{"class":75},[69,129429,275],{"class":100},[69,129431,129432],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,129433,129434],{"class":2596},"    # code that may raise an error\n",[69,129436,129437],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,129438,31883],{"class":75},[69,129440,129441,129443,129445],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,129442,11221],{"class":75},[69,129444,62772],{"class":79},[69,129446,275],{"class":100},[69,129448,129449],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,129450,129451],{"class":2596},"    # code that runs if that error happens\n",[69,129453,129454],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,129455,31883],{"class":75},[1647,129457,11419],{"id":11418},[60,129459,129461],{"className":62,"code":129460,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    result = 10 \u002F 0\n    print(result)\nexcept ZeroDivisionError:\n    print(\"You cannot divide by zero.\")\n",[21,129462,129463,129469,129481,129491,129499],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,129464,129465,129467],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,129466,11233],{"class":75},[69,129468,275],{"class":100},[69,129470,129471,129473,129475,129477,129479],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,129472,11285],{"class":79},[69,129474,97],{"class":96},[69,129476,4798],{"class":157},[69,129478,11292],{"class":96},[69,129480,15253],{"class":157},[69,129482,129483,129485,129487,129489],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,129484,3220],{"class":217},[69,129486,221],{"class":100},[69,129488,8530],{"class":292},[69,129490,301],{"class":100},[69,129492,129493,129495,129497],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,129494,11221],{"class":75},[69,129496,11309],{"class":1859},[69,129498,275],{"class":100},[69,129500,129501,129503,129505,129507,129509,129511],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,129502,3220],{"class":217},[69,129504,221],{"class":100},[69,129506,111],{"class":110},[69,129508,11937],{"class":114},[69,129510,111],{"class":110},[69,129512,301],{"class":100},[1647,129514,129516],{"id":129515},"what-happens-here","What happens here",[29,129518,129519,129525,129529,129534],{},[32,129520,129521,129522],{},"Python tries to run ",[21,129523,129524],{},"10 \u002F 0",[32,129526,69077,129527],{},[21,129528,11215],{},[32,129530,129531,129532,11234],{},"Python skips the rest of the ",[21,129533,11233],{},[32,129535,129536,129537,129539],{},"Python runs the matching ",[21,129538,11221],{}," block instead",[14,129541,2781],{},[60,129543,129545],{"className":62,"code":129544,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"You cannot divide by zero.\n",[21,129546,129547],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,129548,129549,129552],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,129550,129551],{"class":79},"You cannot divide by zero",[69,129553,8106],{"class":100},[14,129555,129556,129557,289],{},"If you are new to exceptions, see ",[579,129558,40303],{"href":40302},[55,129560,129562],{"id":129561},"simple-example-with-user-input","Simple example with user input",[14,129564,129565],{},"A common beginner problem is converting input to a number.",[14,129567,9337,129568,129570,129571,15931,129573,289],{},[21,129569,24345],{}," function always returns text. If the text is not a valid integer, ",[21,129572,12733],{},[21,129574,11209],{},[60,129576,129577],{"className":62,"code":59921,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,129578,129579,129585,129607,129629,129637],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,129580,129581,129583],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,129582,11233],{"class":75},[69,129584,275],{"class":100},[69,129586,129587,129589,129591,129593,129595,129597,129599,129601,129603,129605],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,129588,28834],{"class":79},[69,129590,97],{"class":96},[69,129592,11273],{"class":1859},[69,129594,221],{"class":100},[69,129596,12540],{"class":217},[69,129598,221],{"class":100},[69,129600,111],{"class":110},[69,129602,27255],{"class":114},[69,129604,111],{"class":110},[69,129606,2183],{"class":100},[69,129608,129609,129611,129613,129615,129617,129619,129621,129623,129625,129627],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,129610,3220],{"class":217},[69,129612,221],{"class":100},[69,129614,111],{"class":110},[69,129616,27270],{"class":114},[69,129618,111],{"class":110},[69,129620,120],{"class":100},[69,129622,27277],{"class":292},[69,129624,1847],{"class":96},[69,129626,5748],{"class":157},[69,129628,301],{"class":100},[69,129630,129631,129633,129635],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,129632,11221],{"class":75},[69,129634,11901],{"class":1859},[69,129636,275],{"class":100},[69,129638,129639,129641,129643,129645,129647,129649],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,129640,3220],{"class":217},[69,129642,221],{"class":100},[69,129644,111],{"class":110},[69,129646,27374],{"class":114},[69,129648,111],{"class":110},[69,129650,301],{"class":100},[1647,129652,30000],{"id":29999},[29,129654,129655,129661,129667,129674],{},[32,129656,129657,129660],{},[21,129658,129659],{},"input(\"Enter your age: \")"," gets text from the user",[32,129662,129663,129666],{},[21,129664,129665],{},"int(...)"," tries to turn that text into an integer",[32,129668,129669,129670,51186,129672],{},"If the user enters something like ",[21,129671,26763],{},[21,129673,11209],{},[32,129675,9337,129676,129678],{},[21,129677,12235],{}," block shows a helpful message",[1647,129680,129682],{"id":129681},"example-runs","Example runs",[14,129684,28149,129685,1174],{},[21,129686,23026],{},[60,129688,129690],{"className":62,"code":129689,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Enter your age: 25\nNext year you will be 26\n",[21,129691,129692,129701],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,129693,129694,129697,129699],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,129695,129696],{"class":79},"Enter your age",[69,129698,1174],{"class":100},[69,129700,3414],{"class":157},[69,129702,129703,129706],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,129704,129705],{"class":79},"Next year you will be ",[69,129707,41585],{"class":157},[14,129709,28149,129710,1174],{},[21,129711,26763],{},[60,129713,129715],{"className":62,"code":129714,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Enter your age: abc\nPlease enter a valid whole number.\n",[21,129716,129717,129726],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,129718,129719,129721,129723],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,129720,129696],{"class":79},[69,129722,1174],{"class":100},[69,129724,129725],{"class":79}," abc\n",[69,129727,129728,129731],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,129729,129730],{"class":79},"Please enter a valid whole number",[69,129732,8106],{"class":100},[14,129734,129735,129736,50,129738,289],{},"If you want to learn more about converting input, see ",[579,129737,25467],{"href":25466},[579,129739,129740],{"href":12751},"the Python int() function explained",[55,129742,129744],{"id":129743},"catching-more-than-one-error","Catching more than one error",[14,129746,129747],{},"Sometimes more than one kind of error can happen.",[14,129749,11201],{},[29,129751,129752,129758],{},[32,129753,129754,99909,129756],{},[21,129755,28183],{},[21,129757,11209],{},[32,129759,129760,129761],{},"dividing by that number can raise ",[21,129762,11215],{},[14,129764,11797,129765,129767],{},[21,129766,11221],{}," blocks when you want different messages or actions.",[60,129769,129771],{"className":62,"code":129770,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(input(\"Enter a number: \"))\n    result = 10 \u002F number\n    print(\"Result:\", result)\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"That was not a valid whole number.\")\nexcept ZeroDivisionError:\n    print(\"You cannot divide by zero.\")\n",[21,129772,129773,129779,129801,129813,129831,129839,129854,129862],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,129774,129775,129777],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,129776,11233],{"class":75},[69,129778,275],{"class":100},[69,129780,129781,129783,129785,129787,129789,129791,129793,129795,129797,129799],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,129782,11268],{"class":79},[69,129784,97],{"class":96},[69,129786,11273],{"class":1859},[69,129788,221],{"class":100},[69,129790,12540],{"class":217},[69,129792,221],{"class":100},[69,129794,111],{"class":110},[69,129796,11689],{"class":114},[69,129798,111],{"class":110},[69,129800,2183],{"class":100},[69,129802,129803,129805,129807,129809,129811],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,129804,11285],{"class":79},[69,129806,97],{"class":96},[69,129808,4798],{"class":157},[69,129810,11292],{"class":96},[69,129812,11295],{"class":79},[69,129814,129815,129817,129819,129821,129823,129825,129827,129829],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,129816,3220],{"class":217},[69,129818,221],{"class":100},[69,129820,111],{"class":110},[69,129822,11741],{"class":114},[69,129824,111],{"class":110},[69,129826,120],{"class":100},[69,129828,11748],{"class":292},[69,129830,301],{"class":100},[69,129832,129833,129835,129837],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,129834,11221],{"class":75},[69,129836,11901],{"class":1859},[69,129838,275],{"class":100},[69,129840,129841,129843,129845,129847,129850,129852],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,129842,3220],{"class":217},[69,129844,221],{"class":100},[69,129846,111],{"class":110},[69,129848,129849],{"class":114},"That was not a valid whole number.",[69,129851,111],{"class":110},[69,129853,301],{"class":100},[69,129855,129856,129858,129860],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,129857,11221],{"class":75},[69,129859,11309],{"class":1859},[69,129861,275],{"class":100},[69,129863,129864,129866,129868,129870,129872,129874],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,129865,3220],{"class":217},[69,129867,221],{"class":100},[69,129869,111],{"class":110},[69,129871,11937],{"class":114},[69,129873,111],{"class":110},[69,129875,301],{"class":100},[1647,129877,129879],{"id":129878},"why-separate-blocks-are-useful","Why separate blocks are useful",[29,129881,129882,129887,129894],{},[32,129883,129884,129886],{},[21,129885,11209],{}," means the input could not be converted",[32,129888,129889,129891,129892],{},[21,129890,11215],{}," means the number was ",[21,129893,2200],{},[32,129895,129896],{},"Each error gets a clear message",[14,129898,63031,129899,129901],{},[21,129900,11221],{}," because you know exactly what went wrong.",[14,129903,56576,129904,50,129906,289],{},[579,129905,63255],{"href":63254},[579,129907,129908],{"href":12690},"how to fix ZeroDivisionError: division by zero",[55,129910,129912],{"id":129911},"when-to-use-try-except","When to use try-except",[14,129914,322,129915,129917],{},[21,129916,13795],{}," when you expect a known operation might fail.",[14,129919,35874],{},[29,129921,129922,129925,129928,129931],{},[32,129923,129924],{},"Reading user input",[32,129926,129927],{},"Opening files",[32,129929,129930],{},"Converting text to numbers",[32,129932,129933],{},"Doing calculations that may divide by zero",[14,129935,129936],{},"Use it around code you expect might raise a known exception.",[14,129938,129939,129940,129942],{},"Avoid wrapping large parts of your program without a clear reason. If too much code is inside one ",[21,129941,11233],{}," block, it becomes harder to tell which line failed.",[14,129944,129945],{},"A good rule:",[29,129947,129948,129951,129957],{},[32,129949,129950],{},"Catch only errors you can respond to usefully",[32,129952,129953,129954,129956],{},"Keep the ",[21,129955,11233],{}," block as small as possible",[32,129958,129959,129960],{},"Prefer specific exceptions over a plain ",[21,129961,11221],{},[55,129963,5117],{"id":5116},[14,129965,129966,129967,1174],{},"Here are some common causes of problems with ",[21,129968,13795],{},[29,129970,129971,129976,129981,129986,129991],{},[32,129972,129973,129974],{},"Trying to convert invalid text with ",[21,129975,12733],{},[32,129977,129978,129979,11234],{},"Dividing by zero inside the ",[21,129980,11233],{},[32,129982,12383,129983,129985],{},[21,129984,12239],{}," too broadly and hiding the real bug",[32,129987,129988,129989,11234],{},"Placing unrelated code inside one large ",[21,129990,11233],{},[32,129992,129993,129994],{},"Using the wrong exception type in ",[21,129995,11221],{},[1647,129997,129999],{"id":129998},"mistake-using-a-plain-except-block","Mistake: using a plain except block",[60,130001,130003],{"className":62,"code":130002,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(input(\"Enter a number: \"))\n    print(10 \u002F number)\nexcept:\n    print(\"Something went wrong.\")\n",[21,130004,130005,130011,130033,130047,130053],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,130006,130007,130009],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,130008,11233],{"class":75},[69,130010,275],{"class":100},[69,130012,130013,130015,130017,130019,130021,130023,130025,130027,130029,130031],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,130014,11268],{"class":79},[69,130016,97],{"class":96},[69,130018,11273],{"class":1859},[69,130020,221],{"class":100},[69,130022,12540],{"class":217},[69,130024,221],{"class":100},[69,130026,111],{"class":110},[69,130028,11689],{"class":114},[69,130030,111],{"class":110},[69,130032,2183],{"class":100},[69,130034,130035,130037,130039,130041,130043,130045],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,130036,3220],{"class":217},[69,130038,221],{"class":100},[69,130040,18507],{"class":157},[69,130042,11292],{"class":96},[69,130044,8378],{"class":292},[69,130046,301],{"class":100},[69,130048,130049,130051],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,130050,11221],{"class":75},[69,130052,275],{"class":100},[69,130054,130055,130057,130059,130061,130063,130065],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,130056,3220],{"class":217},[69,130058,221],{"class":100},[69,130060,111],{"class":110},[69,130062,63903],{"class":114},[69,130064,111],{"class":110},[69,130066,301],{"class":100},[14,130068,130069],{},"This works, but it is usually not a good idea for beginners.",[14,130071,2125],{},[29,130073,130074,130076,130079],{},[32,130075,63918],{},[32,130077,130078],{},"It makes debugging harder",[32,130080,130081],{},"It may catch unexpected bugs you did not mean to handle",[14,130083,130084],{},"Prefer this:",[60,130086,130087],{"className":62,"code":62578,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,130088,130089,130095,130117,130131,130139,130153,130161],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,130090,130091,130093],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,130092,11233],{"class":75},[69,130094,275],{"class":100},[69,130096,130097,130099,130101,130103,130105,130107,130109,130111,130113,130115],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,130098,11268],{"class":79},[69,130100,97],{"class":96},[69,130102,11273],{"class":1859},[69,130104,221],{"class":100},[69,130106,12540],{"class":217},[69,130108,221],{"class":100},[69,130110,111],{"class":110},[69,130112,11689],{"class":114},[69,130114,111],{"class":110},[69,130116,2183],{"class":100},[69,130118,130119,130121,130123,130125,130127,130129],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,130120,3220],{"class":217},[69,130122,221],{"class":100},[69,130124,18507],{"class":157},[69,130126,11292],{"class":96},[69,130128,8378],{"class":292},[69,130130,301],{"class":100},[69,130132,130133,130135,130137],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,130134,11221],{"class":75},[69,130136,11901],{"class":1859},[69,130138,275],{"class":100},[69,130140,130141,130143,130145,130147,130149,130151],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,130142,3220],{"class":217},[69,130144,221],{"class":100},[69,130146,111],{"class":110},[69,130148,27374],{"class":114},[69,130150,111],{"class":110},[69,130152,301],{"class":100},[69,130154,130155,130157,130159],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,130156,11221],{"class":75},[69,130158,11309],{"class":1859},[69,130160,275],{"class":100},[69,130162,130163,130165,130167,130169,130171,130173],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,130164,3220],{"class":217},[69,130166,221],{"class":100},[69,130168,111],{"class":110},[69,130170,11937],{"class":114},[69,130172,111],{"class":110},[69,130174,301],{"class":100},[1647,130176,130178],{"id":130177},"mistake-putting-too-much-code-inside-try","Mistake: putting too much code inside try",[14,130180,12155],{},[60,130182,130184],{"className":62,"code":130183,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"try:\n    number = int(input(\"Enter a number: \"))\n    result = 10 \u002F number\n    print(\"Result:\", result)\n    print(\"The length is\", len(result))\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"Invalid number.\")\nexcept ZeroDivisionError:\n    print(\"Cannot divide by zero.\")\n",[21,130185,130186,130192,130214,130226,130244,130267,130275,130290,130298],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,130187,130188,130190],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,130189,11233],{"class":75},[69,130191,275],{"class":100},[69,130193,130194,130196,130198,130200,130202,130204,130206,130208,130210,130212],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,130195,11268],{"class":79},[69,130197,97],{"class":96},[69,130199,11273],{"class":1859},[69,130201,221],{"class":100},[69,130203,12540],{"class":217},[69,130205,221],{"class":100},[69,130207,111],{"class":110},[69,130209,11689],{"class":114},[69,130211,111],{"class":110},[69,130213,2183],{"class":100},[69,130215,130216,130218,130220,130222,130224],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,130217,11285],{"class":79},[69,130219,97],{"class":96},[69,130221,4798],{"class":157},[69,130223,11292],{"class":96},[69,130225,11295],{"class":79},[69,130227,130228,130230,130232,130234,130236,130238,130240,130242],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,130229,3220],{"class":217},[69,130231,221],{"class":100},[69,130233,111],{"class":110},[69,130235,11741],{"class":114},[69,130237,111],{"class":110},[69,130239,120],{"class":100},[69,130241,11748],{"class":292},[69,130243,301],{"class":100},[69,130245,130246,130248,130250,130252,130255,130257,130259,130261,130263,130265],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,130247,3220],{"class":217},[69,130249,221],{"class":100},[69,130251,111],{"class":110},[69,130253,130254],{"class":114},"The length is",[69,130256,111],{"class":110},[69,130258,120],{"class":100},[69,130260,45278],{"class":217},[69,130262,221],{"class":100},[69,130264,8530],{"class":292},[69,130266,2183],{"class":100},[69,130268,130269,130271,130273],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,130270,11221],{"class":75},[69,130272,11901],{"class":1859},[69,130274,275],{"class":100},[69,130276,130277,130279,130281,130283,130286,130288],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,130278,3220],{"class":217},[69,130280,221],{"class":100},[69,130282,111],{"class":110},[69,130284,130285],{"class":114},"Invalid number.",[69,130287,111],{"class":110},[69,130289,301],{"class":100},[69,130291,130292,130294,130296],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,130293,11221],{"class":75},[69,130295,11309],{"class":1859},[69,130297,275],{"class":100},[69,130299,130300,130302,130304,130306,130309,130311],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,130301,3220],{"class":217},[69,130303,221],{"class":100},[69,130305,111],{"class":110},[69,130307,130308],{"class":114},"Cannot divide by zero.",[69,130310,111],{"class":110},[69,130312,301],{"class":100},[14,130314,130315,130316,130319,130320,130322],{},"The problem is that ",[21,130317,130318],{},"len(result)"," is also inside the ",[21,130321,11233],{}," block. If that line fails, your error handling may not match the real problem clearly.",[14,130324,130325],{},"Keep the risky part focused.",[55,130327,130329],{"id":130328},"how-to-debug-a-try-except-block","How to debug a try-except block",[14,130331,130332,130333,130335],{},"If your ",[21,130334,13795],{}," block is not behaving as expected, use these steps:",[29,130337,130338,130340,130346,130349],{},[32,130339,63636],{},[32,130341,130342,130343,130345],{},"Temporarily remove the ",[21,130344,11221],{}," block to see the full traceback",[32,130347,130348],{},"Print values before the line that fails",[32,130350,130351],{},"Check that you are catching the correct exception type",[14,130353,63749],{},[60,130355,130357],{"className":62,"code":130356,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"python script.py\nprint(type(value))\nprint(value)\nhelp(ValueError)\nhelp(ZeroDivisionError)\n",[21,130358,130359,130368,130382,130392,130402],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,130360,130361,130364,130366],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,130362,130363],{"class":79},"python script",[69,130365,289],{"class":100},[69,130367,38973],{"class":2216},[69,130369,130370,130372,130374,130376,130378,130380],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,130371,2161],{"class":217},[69,130373,221],{"class":100},[69,130375,2176],{"class":1859},[69,130377,221],{"class":100},[69,130379,20383],{"class":292},[69,130381,2183],{"class":100},[69,130383,130384,130386,130388,130390],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,130385,2161],{"class":217},[69,130387,221],{"class":100},[69,130389,20383],{"class":292},[69,130391,301],{"class":100},[69,130393,130394,130396,130398,130400],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,130395,9213],{"class":217},[69,130397,221],{"class":100},[69,130399,11209],{"class":1859},[69,130401,301],{"class":100},[69,130403,130404,130406,130408,130410],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,130405,9213],{"class":217},[69,130407,221],{"class":100},[69,130409,11215],{"class":1859},[69,130411,301],{"class":100},[1647,130413,130415],{"id":130414},"example-debugging-idea","Example debugging idea",[14,130417,130418],{},"If this code does not work:",[60,130420,130422],{"className":62,"code":130421,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"value = input(\"Enter a number: \")\n\ntry:\n    number = int(value)\n    print(10 \u002F number)\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"Invalid input.\")\n",[21,130423,130424,130442,130446,130452,130466,130480,130488],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,130425,130426,130428,130430,130432,130434,130436,130438,130440],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,130427,20408],{"class":79},[69,130429,97],{"class":96},[69,130431,11682],{"class":217},[69,130433,221],{"class":100},[69,130435,111],{"class":110},[69,130437,11689],{"class":114},[69,130439,111],{"class":110},[69,130441,301],{"class":100},[69,130443,130444],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,130445,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,130447,130448,130450],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,130449,11233],{"class":75},[69,130451,275],{"class":100},[69,130453,130454,130456,130458,130460,130462,130464],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,130455,11268],{"class":79},[69,130457,97],{"class":96},[69,130459,11273],{"class":1859},[69,130461,221],{"class":100},[69,130463,20383],{"class":292},[69,130465,301],{"class":100},[69,130467,130468,130470,130472,130474,130476,130478],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,130469,3220],{"class":217},[69,130471,221],{"class":100},[69,130473,18507],{"class":157},[69,130475,11292],{"class":96},[69,130477,8378],{"class":292},[69,130479,301],{"class":100},[69,130481,130482,130484,130486],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,130483,11221],{"class":75},[69,130485,11901],{"class":1859},[69,130487,275],{"class":100},[69,130489,130490,130492,130494,130496,130499,130501],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,130491,3220],{"class":217},[69,130493,221],{"class":100},[69,130495,111],{"class":110},[69,130497,130498],{"class":114},"Invalid input.",[69,130500,111],{"class":110},[69,130502,301],{"class":100},[14,130504,130505],{},"You should ask:",[29,130507,130508,130513],{},[32,130509,130510,130511,1414],{},"Could the value be ",[21,130512,2200],{},[32,130514,130515,130516,1414],{},"If so, should you also catch ",[21,130517,11215],{},[14,130519,130520],{},"A corrected version:",[60,130522,130524],{"className":62,"code":130523,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"value = input(\"Enter a number: \")\n\ntry:\n    number = int(value)\n    print(10 \u002F number)\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"Invalid input.\")\nexcept ZeroDivisionError:\n    print(\"You cannot divide by zero.\")\n",[21,130525,130526,130544,130548,130554,130568,130582,130590,130604,130612],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,130527,130528,130530,130532,130534,130536,130538,130540,130542],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,130529,20408],{"class":79},[69,130531,97],{"class":96},[69,130533,11682],{"class":217},[69,130535,221],{"class":100},[69,130537,111],{"class":110},[69,130539,11689],{"class":114},[69,130541,111],{"class":110},[69,130543,301],{"class":100},[69,130545,130546],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,130547,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,130549,130550,130552],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,130551,11233],{"class":75},[69,130553,275],{"class":100},[69,130555,130556,130558,130560,130562,130564,130566],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,130557,11268],{"class":79},[69,130559,97],{"class":96},[69,130561,11273],{"class":1859},[69,130563,221],{"class":100},[69,130565,20383],{"class":292},[69,130567,301],{"class":100},[69,130569,130570,130572,130574,130576,130578,130580],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,130571,3220],{"class":217},[69,130573,221],{"class":100},[69,130575,18507],{"class":157},[69,130577,11292],{"class":96},[69,130579,8378],{"class":292},[69,130581,301],{"class":100},[69,130583,130584,130586,130588],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,130585,11221],{"class":75},[69,130587,11901],{"class":1859},[69,130589,275],{"class":100},[69,130591,130592,130594,130596,130598,130600,130602],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,130593,3220],{"class":217},[69,130595,221],{"class":100},[69,130597,111],{"class":110},[69,130599,130498],{"class":114},[69,130601,111],{"class":110},[69,130603,301],{"class":100},[69,130605,130606,130608,130610],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,130607,11221],{"class":75},[69,130609,11309],{"class":1859},[69,130611,275],{"class":100},[69,130613,130614,130616,130618,130620,130622,130624],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,130615,3220],{"class":217},[69,130617,221],{"class":100},[69,130619,111],{"class":110},[69,130621,11937],{"class":114},[69,130623,111],{"class":110},[69,130625,301],{"class":100},[14,130627,130628,130629,289],{},"If you are seeing a specific conversion error, see ",[579,130630,2892,130631],{"href":26799},[21,130632,26800],{},[55,130634,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,130636,130638],{"id":130637},"what-does-try-except-do-in-python","What does try-except do in Python?",[14,130640,130641],{},"It lets your program catch an error and handle it with a message or another action instead of stopping immediately.",[1647,130643,130645],{"id":130644},"should-i-use-a-plain-except-block","Should I use a plain except block?",[14,130647,130648,130649,364,130651,289],{},"Usually no. It is better to catch specific exceptions like ",[21,130650,11209],{},[21,130652,11215],{},[1647,130654,130656],{"id":130655},"can-i-catch-multiple-exceptions","Can I catch multiple exceptions?",[14,130658,64043,130659,130661],{},[21,130660,11221],{}," blocks or catch more than one exception type when the handling is the same.",[1647,130663,130665],{"id":130664},"does-try-except-prevent-all-crashes","Does try-except prevent all crashes?",[14,130667,130668],{},"No. It only handles the exceptions you catch, and it does not fix logic mistakes automatically.",[55,130670,2414],{"id":2413},[29,130672,130673,130677,130681,130685,130689],{},[32,130674,130675],{},[579,130676,40303],{"href":40302},[32,130678,130679],{},[579,130680,13018],{"href":11950},[32,130682,130683],{},[579,130684,13023],{"href":90348},[32,130686,130687],{},[579,130688,25846],{"href":25466},[32,130690,130691],{},[579,130692,13036],{"href":12751},[14,130694,130695,130696,130698,130699,50,130701,130703],{},"Practice idea: wrap one small input example or file example in a ",[21,130697,13795],{}," block first. Then move on to ",[21,130700,3277],{},[21,130702,63267],{}," when you want more control over what happens after success or failure.",[2450,130705,130706],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html 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.sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .skxfh, html code.shiki .skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":130708},[130709,130710,130711,130715,130719,130722,130723,130727,130730,130736],{"id":60708,"depth":83,"text":60709},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":62741,"depth":83,"text":62742,"children":130712},[130713,130714],{"id":11418,"depth":90,"text":11419},{"id":129515,"depth":90,"text":129516},{"id":129561,"depth":83,"text":129562,"children":130716},[130717,130718],{"id":29999,"depth":90,"text":30000},{"id":129681,"depth":90,"text":129682},{"id":129743,"depth":83,"text":129744,"children":130720},[130721],{"id":129878,"depth":90,"text":129879},{"id":129911,"depth":83,"text":129912},{"id":5116,"depth":83,"text":5117,"children":130724},[130725,130726],{"id":129998,"depth":90,"text":129999},{"id":130177,"depth":90,"text":130178},{"id":130328,"depth":83,"text":130329,"children":130728},[130729],{"id":130414,"depth":90,"text":130415},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":130731},[130732,130733,130734,130735],{"id":130637,"depth":90,"text":130638},{"id":130644,"depth":90,"text":130645},{"id":130655,"depth":90,"text":130656},{"id":130664,"depth":90,"text":130665},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to use try except blocks in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},{"title":129254,"description":130737},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-use-try-except-blocks-in-python","vS8aYuSO_spJswHEKE7VNuu99Yw9LS-PezvGVkQSa4s",{"id":130743,"title":130744,"body":130745,"description":133521,"extension":2479,"meta":133522,"navigation":86,"path":133523,"seo":133524,"stem":133525,"__hash__":133526},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-zip-in-python.md","How to Use zip() in Python",{"type":7,"value":130746,"toc":133477},[130747,130752,130757,130760,130771,130774,130776,130878,130880,130907,130912,130917,130922,130925,130982,130985,131013,131015,131064,131067,131078,131084,131101,131105,131112,131117,131230,131232,131258,131260,131276,131279,131281,131289,131292,131371,131373,131410,131416,131424,131429,131510,131512,131547,131550,131617,131619,131667,131670,131673,131730,131732,131780,131792,131798,131803,131951,131953,131989,131992,131995,132026,132028,132101,132105,132110,132113,132188,132190,132225,132233,132235,132241,132244,132252,132255,132304,132306,132340,132346,132350,132356,132458,132460,132513,132515,132526,132529,132536,132540,132543,132647,132649,132698,132704,132709,132719,132728,132730,132744,132747,132759,132765,132769,132783,132788,132799,132807,132809,132814,132821,132824,132865,132868,132870,132915,132921,132923,132972,132980,132985,132989,132991,133078,133081,133116,133124,133128,133133,133136,133207,133209,133244,133247,133251,133254,133257,133303,133306,133365,133367,133388,133390,133395,133398,133404,133407,133411,133416,133423,133429,133435,133444,133446,133474],[10,130748,124600,130750,74740],{"id":130749},"how-to-use-zip-in-python",[21,130751,126601],{},[14,130753,130754,130756],{},[21,130755,126601],{}," lets you combine items from two or more iterables by their position.",[14,130758,130759],{},"It is useful when you want to:",[29,130761,130762,130765,130768],{},[32,130763,130764],{},"loop through two lists at the same time",[32,130766,130767],{},"create pairs of related values",[32,130769,130770],{},"turn two lists into a dictionary",[14,130772,130773],{},"For beginners, the most common use is looping through related data like names and scores.",[55,130775,60709],{"id":60708},[60,130777,130779],{"className":62,"code":130778,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"names = [\"Ana\", \"Ben\", \"Cara\"]\nscores = [90, 85, 88]\n\nfor name, score in zip(names, scores):\n    print(name, score)\n",[21,130780,130781,130813,130834,130838,130864],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,130782,130783,130785,130787,130789,130791,130793,130795,130797,130799,130801,130803,130805,130807,130809,130811],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,130784,631],{"class":79},[69,130786,97],{"class":96},[69,130788,636],{"class":100},[69,130790,111],{"class":110},[69,130792,2553],{"class":114},[69,130794,111],{"class":110},[69,130796,120],{"class":100},[69,130798,123],{"class":110},[69,130800,7085],{"class":114},[69,130802,111],{"class":110},[69,130804,120],{"class":100},[69,130806,123],{"class":110},[69,130808,657],{"class":114},[69,130810,111],{"class":110},[69,130812,198],{"class":100},[69,130814,130815,130817,130819,130821,130824,130826,130828,130830,130832],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,130816,108535],{"class":79},[69,130818,97],{"class":96},[69,130820,636],{"class":100},[69,130822,130823],{"class":157},"90",[69,130825,120],{"class":100},[69,130827,75133],{"class":157},[69,130829,120],{"class":100},[69,130831,114161],{"class":157},[69,130833,198],{"class":100},[69,130835,130836],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,130837,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,130839,130840,130842,130844,130846,130848,130850,130853,130855,130857,130859,130862],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,130841,3710],{"class":75},[69,130843,7952],{"class":79},[69,130845,120],{"class":100},[69,130847,60234],{"class":79},[69,130849,771],{"class":75},[69,130851,130852],{"class":217}," zip",[69,130854,221],{"class":100},[69,130856,7070],{"class":292},[69,130858,120],{"class":100},[69,130860,130861],{"class":292}," scores",[69,130863,7526],{"class":100},[69,130865,130866,130868,130870,130872,130874,130876],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,130867,3220],{"class":217},[69,130869,221],{"class":100},[69,130871,115],{"class":292},[69,130873,120],{"class":100},[69,130875,52785],{"class":292},[69,130877,301],{"class":100},[14,130879,2781],{},[60,130881,130883],{"className":62,"code":130882,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Ana 90\nBen 85\nCara 88\n",[21,130884,130885,130892,130899],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,130886,130887,130890],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,130888,130889],{"class":79},"Ana ",[69,130891,75147],{"class":157},[69,130893,130894,130897],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,130895,130896],{"class":79},"Ben ",[69,130898,75159],{"class":157},[69,130900,130901,130904],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,130902,130903],{"class":79},"Cara ",[69,130905,130906],{"class":157},"88\n",[14,130908,322,130909,130911],{},[21,130910,126601],{}," when you want to loop through two or more iterables at the same time. It stops when the shortest iterable ends.",[55,130913,55566,130915,124743],{"id":130914},"what-zip-does",[21,130916,126601],{},[14,130918,130919,130921],{},[21,130920,126601],{}," combines items from multiple iterables by position.",[14,130923,130924],{},"For example, if you have:",[60,130926,130928],{"className":62,"code":130927,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"names = [\"Ana\", \"Ben\", \"Cara\"]\nscores = [90, 85, 88]\n",[21,130929,130930,130962],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,130931,130932,130934,130936,130938,130940,130942,130944,130946,130948,130950,130952,130954,130956,130958,130960],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,130933,631],{"class":79},[69,130935,97],{"class":96},[69,130937,636],{"class":100},[69,130939,111],{"class":110},[69,130941,2553],{"class":114},[69,130943,111],{"class":110},[69,130945,120],{"class":100},[69,130947,123],{"class":110},[69,130949,7085],{"class":114},[69,130951,111],{"class":110},[69,130953,120],{"class":100},[69,130955,123],{"class":110},[69,130957,657],{"class":114},[69,130959,111],{"class":110},[69,130961,198],{"class":100},[69,130963,130964,130966,130968,130970,130972,130974,130976,130978,130980],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,130965,108535],{"class":79},[69,130967,97],{"class":96},[69,130969,636],{"class":100},[69,130971,130823],{"class":157},[69,130973,120],{"class":100},[69,130975,75133],{"class":157},[69,130977,120],{"class":100},[69,130979,114161],{"class":157},[69,130981,198],{"class":100},[14,130983,130984],{},"Then:",[60,130986,130988],{"className":62,"code":130987,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(list(zip(names, scores)))\n",[21,130989,130990],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,130991,130992,130994,130996,130998,131000,131003,131005,131007,131009,131011],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,130993,2161],{"class":217},[69,130995,221],{"class":100},[69,130997,14459],{"class":1859},[69,130999,221],{"class":100},[69,131001,131002],{"class":217},"zip",[69,131004,221],{"class":100},[69,131006,7070],{"class":292},[69,131008,120],{"class":100},[69,131010,130861],{"class":292},[69,131012,24144],{"class":100},[14,131014,2781],{},[60,131016,131018],{"className":62,"code":131017,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[('Ana', 90), ('Ben', 85), ('Cara', 88)]\n",[21,131019,131020],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,131021,131022,131024,131026,131028,131030,131032,131034,131036,131038,131040,131042,131044,131046,131048,131050,131052,131054,131056,131058,131060,131062],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,131023,126674],{"class":100},[69,131025,15283],{"class":110},[69,131027,2553],{"class":114},[69,131029,15283],{"class":110},[69,131031,120],{"class":100},[69,131033,74942],{"class":157},[69,131035,57147],{"class":100},[69,131037,11302],{"class":100},[69,131039,15283],{"class":110},[69,131041,7085],{"class":114},[69,131043,15283],{"class":110},[69,131045,120],{"class":100},[69,131047,75133],{"class":157},[69,131049,57147],{"class":100},[69,131051,11302],{"class":100},[69,131053,15283],{"class":110},[69,131055,657],{"class":114},[69,131057,15283],{"class":110},[69,131059,120],{"class":100},[69,131061,114161],{"class":157},[69,131063,47216],{"class":100},[14,131065,131066],{},"Each grouped result contains:",[29,131068,131069,131072,131075],{},[32,131070,131071],{},"the first item from each iterable",[32,131073,131074],{},"then the second item from each iterable",[32,131076,131077],{},"then the third item from each iterable",[14,131079,47744,131080,131083],{},[21,131081,131082],{},"zip(names, scores)"," creates pairs like:",[29,131085,131086,131091,131096],{},[32,131087,131088],{},[21,131089,131090],{},"(\"Ana\", 90)",[32,131092,131093],{},[21,131094,131095],{},"(\"Ben\", 85)",[32,131097,131098],{},[21,131099,131100],{},"(\"Cara\", 88)",[14,131102,75860,131103,289],{},[579,131104,49171],{"href":49170},[55,131106,322,131108,27727,131110,94833],{"id":131107},"use-zip-in-a-for-loop",[21,131109,126601],{},[21,131111,3710],{},[14,131113,131114,131115,289],{},"This is the most common way to use ",[21,131116,126601],{},[60,131118,131120],{"className":62,"code":131119,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"names = [\"Ana\", \"Ben\", \"Cara\"]\nscores = [90, 85, 88]\n\nfor name, score in zip(names, scores):\n    print(f\"{name} scored {score}\")\n",[21,131121,131122,131154,131174,131178,131202],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,131123,131124,131126,131128,131130,131132,131134,131136,131138,131140,131142,131144,131146,131148,131150,131152],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,131125,631],{"class":79},[69,131127,97],{"class":96},[69,131129,636],{"class":100},[69,131131,111],{"class":110},[69,131133,2553],{"class":114},[69,131135,111],{"class":110},[69,131137,120],{"class":100},[69,131139,123],{"class":110},[69,131141,7085],{"class":114},[69,131143,111],{"class":110},[69,131145,120],{"class":100},[69,131147,123],{"class":110},[69,131149,657],{"class":114},[69,131151,111],{"class":110},[69,131153,198],{"class":100},[69,131155,131156,131158,131160,131162,131164,131166,131168,131170,131172],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,131157,108535],{"class":79},[69,131159,97],{"class":96},[69,131161,636],{"class":100},[69,131163,130823],{"class":157},[69,131165,120],{"class":100},[69,131167,75133],{"class":157},[69,131169,120],{"class":100},[69,131171,114161],{"class":157},[69,131173,198],{"class":100},[69,131175,131176],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,131177,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,131179,131180,131182,131184,131186,131188,131190,131192,131194,131196,131198,131200],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,131181,3710],{"class":75},[69,131183,7952],{"class":79},[69,131185,120],{"class":100},[69,131187,60234],{"class":79},[69,131189,771],{"class":75},[69,131191,130852],{"class":217},[69,131193,221],{"class":100},[69,131195,7070],{"class":292},[69,131197,120],{"class":100},[69,131199,130861],{"class":292},[69,131201,7526],{"class":100},[69,131203,131204,131206,131208,131210,131212,131214,131216,131218,131220,131222,131224,131226,131228],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,131205,3220],{"class":217},[69,131207,221],{"class":100},[69,131209,8013],{"class":7502},[69,131211,111],{"class":114},[69,131213,8018],{"class":157},[69,131215,115],{"class":292},[69,131217,8027],{"class":157},[69,131219,52725],{"class":114},[69,131221,8018],{"class":157},[69,131223,41428],{"class":292},[69,131225,8027],{"class":157},[69,131227,111],{"class":114},[69,131229,301],{"class":100},[14,131231,2781],{},[60,131233,131235],{"className":62,"code":131234,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Ana scored 90\nBen scored 85\nCara scored 88\n",[21,131236,131237,131244,131251],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,131238,131239,131242],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,131240,131241],{"class":79},"Ana scored ",[69,131243,75147],{"class":157},[69,131245,131246,131249],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,131247,131248],{"class":79},"Ben scored ",[69,131250,75159],{"class":157},[69,131252,131253,131256],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,131254,131255],{"class":79},"Cara scored ",[69,131257,130906],{"class":157},[1647,131259,46935],{"id":46934},[29,131261,131262,131267,131270],{},[32,131263,131264,131266],{},[21,131265,131082],{}," groups matching items together",[32,131268,131269],{},"each grouped result has two values",[32,131271,131272,131275],{},[21,131273,131274],{},"for name, score in ..."," unpacks those two values into separate variables",[14,131277,131278],{},"This is useful when two lists belong together by position.",[14,131280,11201],{},[29,131282,131283,131286],{},[32,131284,131285],{},"the first name matches the first score",[32,131287,131288],{},"the second name matches the second score",[14,131290,131291],{},"If you forget to unpack, you can still loop like this:",[60,131293,131295],{"className":62,"code":131294,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"names = [\"Ana\", \"Ben\"]\nscores = [90, 85]\n\nfor item in zip(names, scores):\n    print(item)\n",[21,131296,131297,131321,131337,131341,131361],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,131298,131299,131301,131303,131305,131307,131309,131311,131313,131315,131317,131319],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,131300,631],{"class":79},[69,131302,97],{"class":96},[69,131304,636],{"class":100},[69,131306,111],{"class":110},[69,131308,2553],{"class":114},[69,131310,111],{"class":110},[69,131312,120],{"class":100},[69,131314,123],{"class":110},[69,131316,7085],{"class":114},[69,131318,111],{"class":110},[69,131320,198],{"class":100},[69,131322,131323,131325,131327,131329,131331,131333,131335],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,131324,108535],{"class":79},[69,131326,97],{"class":96},[69,131328,636],{"class":100},[69,131330,130823],{"class":157},[69,131332,120],{"class":100},[69,131334,75133],{"class":157},[69,131336,198],{"class":100},[69,131338,131339],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,131340,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,131342,131343,131345,131347,131349,131351,131353,131355,131357,131359],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,131344,3710],{"class":75},[69,131346,19694],{"class":79},[69,131348,771],{"class":75},[69,131350,130852],{"class":217},[69,131352,221],{"class":100},[69,131354,7070],{"class":292},[69,131356,120],{"class":100},[69,131358,130861],{"class":292},[69,131360,7526],{"class":100},[69,131362,131363,131365,131367,131369],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,131364,3220],{"class":217},[69,131366,221],{"class":100},[69,131368,20427],{"class":292},[69,131370,301],{"class":100},[14,131372,2781],{},[60,131374,131376],{"className":62,"code":131375,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"('Ana', 90)\n('Ben', 85)\n",[21,131377,131378,131394],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,131379,131380,131382,131384,131386,131388,131390,131392],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,131381,221],{"class":100},[69,131383,15283],{"class":110},[69,131385,2553],{"class":114},[69,131387,15283],{"class":110},[69,131389,120],{"class":100},[69,131391,74942],{"class":157},[69,131393,301],{"class":100},[69,131395,131396,131398,131400,131402,131404,131406,131408],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,131397,221],{"class":100},[69,131399,15283],{"class":110},[69,131401,7085],{"class":114},[69,131403,15283],{"class":110},[69,131405,120],{"class":100},[69,131407,75133],{"class":157},[69,131409,301],{"class":100},[55,131411,131413,131414],{"id":131412},"see-the-result-of-zip","See the result of ",[21,131415,126601],{},[14,131417,131418,131419,9688,131421,131423],{},"A common beginner confusion is that ",[21,131420,126601],{},[2498,131422,3315],{}," return a normal list.",[14,131425,56596,131426,289],{},[2498,131427,131428],{},"zip object",[60,131430,131432],{"className":62,"code":131431,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"result = zip([1, 2, 3], [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"])\n\nprint(result)\nprint(type(result))\n",[21,131433,131434,131482,131486,131496],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,131435,131436,131438,131440,131442,131444,131446,131448,131450,131452,131454,131456,131458,131460,131462,131464,131466,131468,131470,131472,131474,131476,131478,131480],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,131437,8506],{"class":79},[69,131439,97],{"class":96},[69,131441,130852],{"class":217},[69,131443,469],{"class":100},[69,131445,5940],{"class":157},[69,131447,120],{"class":100},[69,131449,5762],{"class":157},[69,131451,120],{"class":100},[69,131453,5949],{"class":157},[69,131455,20282],{"class":100},[69,131457,636],{"class":100},[69,131459,111],{"class":110},[69,131461,579],{"class":114},[69,131463,111],{"class":110},[69,131465,120],{"class":100},[69,131467,123],{"class":110},[69,131469,5755],{"class":114},[69,131471,111],{"class":110},[69,131473,120],{"class":100},[69,131475,123],{"class":110},[69,131477,6399],{"class":114},[69,131479,111],{"class":110},[69,131481,494],{"class":100},[69,131483,131484],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,131485,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,131487,131488,131490,131492,131494],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,131489,2161],{"class":217},[69,131491,221],{"class":100},[69,131493,8530],{"class":292},[69,131495,301],{"class":100},[69,131497,131498,131500,131502,131504,131506,131508],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,131499,2161],{"class":217},[69,131501,221],{"class":100},[69,131503,2176],{"class":1859},[69,131505,221],{"class":100},[69,131507,8530],{"class":292},[69,131509,2183],{"class":100},[14,131511,2781],{},[60,131513,131515],{"className":62,"code":131514,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"\u003Czip object at 0x...>\n\u003Cclass 'zip'>\n",[21,131516,131517,131533],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,131518,131519,131521,131523,131525,131527,131529,131531],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,131520,21097],{"class":96},[69,131522,131002],{"class":217},[69,131524,37045],{"class":1859},[69,131526,37048],{"class":79},[69,131528,35811],{"class":3771},[69,131530,35814],{"class":7964},[69,131532,21108],{"class":96},[69,131534,131535,131537,131539,131541,131543,131545],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,131536,21097],{"class":96},[69,131538,7503],{"class":7502},[69,131540,15292],{"class":110},[69,131542,131002],{"class":114},[69,131544,15283],{"class":110},[69,131546,21108],{"class":96},[14,131548,131549],{},"If you want to see all grouped items, convert it to a list:",[60,131551,131553],{"className":62,"code":131552,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"result = zip([1, 2, 3], [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"])\nprint(list(result))\n",[21,131554,131555,131603],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,131556,131557,131559,131561,131563,131565,131567,131569,131571,131573,131575,131577,131579,131581,131583,131585,131587,131589,131591,131593,131595,131597,131599,131601],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,131558,8506],{"class":79},[69,131560,97],{"class":96},[69,131562,130852],{"class":217},[69,131564,469],{"class":100},[69,131566,5940],{"class":157},[69,131568,120],{"class":100},[69,131570,5762],{"class":157},[69,131572,120],{"class":100},[69,131574,5949],{"class":157},[69,131576,20282],{"class":100},[69,131578,636],{"class":100},[69,131580,111],{"class":110},[69,131582,579],{"class":114},[69,131584,111],{"class":110},[69,131586,120],{"class":100},[69,131588,123],{"class":110},[69,131590,5755],{"class":114},[69,131592,111],{"class":110},[69,131594,120],{"class":100},[69,131596,123],{"class":110},[69,131598,6399],{"class":114},[69,131600,111],{"class":110},[69,131602,494],{"class":100},[69,131604,131605,131607,131609,131611,131613,131615],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,131606,2161],{"class":217},[69,131608,221],{"class":100},[69,131610,14459],{"class":1859},[69,131612,221],{"class":100},[69,131614,8530],{"class":292},[69,131616,2183],{"class":100},[14,131618,2781],{},[60,131620,131621],{"className":62,"code":126787,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,131622,131623],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,131624,131625,131627,131629,131631,131633,131635,131637,131639,131641,131643,131645,131647,131649,131651,131653,131655,131657,131659,131661,131663,131665],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,131626,126674],{"class":100},[69,131628,5940],{"class":157},[69,131630,120],{"class":100},[69,131632,15292],{"class":110},[69,131634,579],{"class":114},[69,131636,15283],{"class":110},[69,131638,57147],{"class":100},[69,131640,11302],{"class":100},[69,131642,19224],{"class":157},[69,131644,120],{"class":100},[69,131646,15292],{"class":110},[69,131648,5755],{"class":114},[69,131650,15283],{"class":110},[69,131652,57147],{"class":100},[69,131654,11302],{"class":100},[69,131656,7162],{"class":157},[69,131658,120],{"class":100},[69,131660,15292],{"class":110},[69,131662,6399],{"class":114},[69,131664,15283],{"class":110},[69,131666,47216],{"class":100},[14,131668,131669],{},"This is especially helpful when debugging.",[14,131671,131672],{},"You can also test quickly with:",[60,131674,131676],{"className":62,"code":131675,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(list(zip([1, 2, 3], ['a', 'b', 'c'])))\n",[21,131677,131678],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,131679,131680,131682,131684,131686,131688,131690,131692,131694,131696,131698,131700,131702,131704,131706,131708,131710,131712,131714,131716,131718,131720,131722,131724,131726,131728],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,131681,2161],{"class":217},[69,131683,221],{"class":100},[69,131685,14459],{"class":1859},[69,131687,221],{"class":100},[69,131689,131002],{"class":217},[69,131691,469],{"class":100},[69,131693,5940],{"class":157},[69,131695,120],{"class":100},[69,131697,5762],{"class":157},[69,131699,120],{"class":100},[69,131701,5949],{"class":157},[69,131703,20282],{"class":100},[69,131705,636],{"class":100},[69,131707,15283],{"class":110},[69,131709,579],{"class":114},[69,131711,15283],{"class":110},[69,131713,120],{"class":100},[69,131715,15292],{"class":110},[69,131717,5755],{"class":114},[69,131719,15283],{"class":110},[69,131721,120],{"class":100},[69,131723,15292],{"class":110},[69,131725,6399],{"class":114},[69,131727,15283],{"class":110},[69,131729,126662],{"class":100},[14,131731,2781],{},[60,131733,131734],{"className":62,"code":126787,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,131735,131736],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,131737,131738,131740,131742,131744,131746,131748,131750,131752,131754,131756,131758,131760,131762,131764,131766,131768,131770,131772,131774,131776,131778],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,131739,126674],{"class":100},[69,131741,5940],{"class":157},[69,131743,120],{"class":100},[69,131745,15292],{"class":110},[69,131747,579],{"class":114},[69,131749,15283],{"class":110},[69,131751,57147],{"class":100},[69,131753,11302],{"class":100},[69,131755,19224],{"class":157},[69,131757,120],{"class":100},[69,131759,15292],{"class":110},[69,131761,5755],{"class":114},[69,131763,15283],{"class":110},[69,131765,57147],{"class":100},[69,131767,11302],{"class":100},[69,131769,7162],{"class":157},[69,131771,120],{"class":100},[69,131773,15292],{"class":110},[69,131775,6399],{"class":114},[69,131777,15283],{"class":110},[69,131779,47216],{"class":100},[14,131781,131782,131783,50,131788,289],{},"To learn more about what a zip object is, see ",[579,131784,14649,131786,12755],{"href":131785},"\u002Freference\u002Fpython-zip-function-explained",[21,131787,126601],{},[579,131789,131791],{"href":131790},"\u002Flearn\u002Fiterators-and-iterable-objects-explained","iterators and iterable objects explained",[55,131793,322,131795,131797],{"id":131794},"use-zip-with-more-than-two-iterables",[21,131796,126601],{}," with more than two iterables",[14,131799,131800,131802],{},[21,131801,126601],{}," can combine three or more iterables, not just two.",[60,131804,131806],{"className":62,"code":131805,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"names = [\"Ana\", \"Ben\", \"Cara\"]\nscores = [90, 85, 88]\ngrades = [\"A\", \"B\", \"B+\"]\n\nfor name, score, grade in zip(names, scores, grades):\n    print(name, score, grade)\n",[21,131807,131808,131840,131860,131894,131898,131932],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,131809,131810,131812,131814,131816,131818,131820,131822,131824,131826,131828,131830,131832,131834,131836,131838],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,131811,631],{"class":79},[69,131813,97],{"class":96},[69,131815,636],{"class":100},[69,131817,111],{"class":110},[69,131819,2553],{"class":114},[69,131821,111],{"class":110},[69,131823,120],{"class":100},[69,131825,123],{"class":110},[69,131827,7085],{"class":114},[69,131829,111],{"class":110},[69,131831,120],{"class":100},[69,131833,123],{"class":110},[69,131835,657],{"class":114},[69,131837,111],{"class":110},[69,131839,198],{"class":100},[69,131841,131842,131844,131846,131848,131850,131852,131854,131856,131858],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,131843,108535],{"class":79},[69,131845,97],{"class":96},[69,131847,636],{"class":100},[69,131849,130823],{"class":157},[69,131851,120],{"class":100},[69,131853,75133],{"class":157},[69,131855,120],{"class":100},[69,131857,114161],{"class":157},[69,131859,198],{"class":100},[69,131861,131862,131865,131867,131869,131871,131873,131875,131877,131879,131881,131883,131885,131887,131890,131892],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,131863,131864],{"class":79},"grades ",[69,131866,97],{"class":96},[69,131868,636],{"class":100},[69,131870,111],{"class":110},[69,131872,4365],{"class":114},[69,131874,111],{"class":110},[69,131876,120],{"class":100},[69,131878,123],{"class":110},[69,131880,4472],{"class":114},[69,131882,111],{"class":110},[69,131884,120],{"class":100},[69,131886,123],{"class":110},[69,131888,131889],{"class":114},"B+",[69,131891,111],{"class":110},[69,131893,198],{"class":100},[69,131895,131896],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,131897,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,131899,131900,131902,131904,131906,131908,131910,131913,131915,131917,131919,131921,131923,131925,131927,131930],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,131901,3710],{"class":75},[69,131903,7952],{"class":79},[69,131905,120],{"class":100},[69,131907,52785],{"class":79},[69,131909,120],{"class":100},[69,131911,131912],{"class":79}," grade ",[69,131914,771],{"class":75},[69,131916,130852],{"class":217},[69,131918,221],{"class":100},[69,131920,7070],{"class":292},[69,131922,120],{"class":100},[69,131924,130861],{"class":292},[69,131926,120],{"class":100},[69,131928,131929],{"class":292}," grades",[69,131931,7526],{"class":100},[69,131933,131934,131936,131938,131940,131942,131944,131946,131949],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,131935,3220],{"class":217},[69,131937,221],{"class":100},[69,131939,115],{"class":292},[69,131941,120],{"class":100},[69,131943,52785],{"class":292},[69,131945,120],{"class":100},[69,131947,131948],{"class":292}," grade",[69,131950,301],{"class":100},[14,131952,2781],{},[60,131954,131956],{"className":62,"code":131955,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"Ana 90 A\nBen 85 B\nCara 88 B+\n",[21,131957,131958,131967,131976],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,131959,131960,131962,131964],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,131961,130889],{"class":79},[69,131963,130823],{"class":157},[69,131965,131966],{"class":79}," A\n",[69,131968,131969,131971,131973],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,131970,130896],{"class":79},[69,131972,108515],{"class":157},[69,131974,131975],{"class":79}," B\n",[69,131977,131978,131980,131983,131986],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,131979,130903],{"class":79},[69,131981,131982],{"class":157},"88",[69,131984,131985],{"class":79}," B",[69,131987,131988],{"class":96},"+\n",[14,131990,131991],{},"Each result now contains one item from each iterable.",[14,131993,131994],{},"You can also view the grouped values directly:",[60,131996,131998],{"className":62,"code":131997,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(list(zip(names, scores, grades)))\n",[21,131999,132000],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,132001,132002,132004,132006,132008,132010,132012,132014,132016,132018,132020,132022,132024],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,132003,2161],{"class":217},[69,132005,221],{"class":100},[69,132007,14459],{"class":1859},[69,132009,221],{"class":100},[69,132011,131002],{"class":217},[69,132013,221],{"class":100},[69,132015,7070],{"class":292},[69,132017,120],{"class":100},[69,132019,130861],{"class":292},[69,132021,120],{"class":100},[69,132023,131929],{"class":292},[69,132025,24144],{"class":100},[14,132027,2781],{},[60,132029,132031],{"className":62,"code":132030,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[('Ana', 90, 'A'), ('Ben', 85, 'B'), ('Cara', 88, 'B+')]\n",[21,132032,132033],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,132034,132035,132037,132039,132041,132043,132045,132047,132049,132051,132053,132055,132057,132059,132061,132063,132065,132067,132069,132071,132073,132075,132077,132079,132081,132083,132085,132087,132089,132091,132093,132095,132097,132099],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,132036,126674],{"class":100},[69,132038,15283],{"class":110},[69,132040,2553],{"class":114},[69,132042,15283],{"class":110},[69,132044,120],{"class":100},[69,132046,74942],{"class":157},[69,132048,120],{"class":100},[69,132050,15292],{"class":110},[69,132052,4365],{"class":114},[69,132054,15283],{"class":110},[69,132056,57147],{"class":100},[69,132058,11302],{"class":100},[69,132060,15283],{"class":110},[69,132062,7085],{"class":114},[69,132064,15283],{"class":110},[69,132066,120],{"class":100},[69,132068,75133],{"class":157},[69,132070,120],{"class":100},[69,132072,15292],{"class":110},[69,132074,4472],{"class":114},[69,132076,15283],{"class":110},[69,132078,57147],{"class":100},[69,132080,11302],{"class":100},[69,132082,15283],{"class":110},[69,132084,657],{"class":114},[69,132086,15283],{"class":110},[69,132088,120],{"class":100},[69,132090,114161],{"class":157},[69,132092,120],{"class":100},[69,132094,15292],{"class":110},[69,132096,131889],{"class":114},[69,132098,15283],{"class":110},[69,132100,47216],{"class":100},[55,132102,132104],{"id":132103},"what-happens-if-lengths-are-different","What happens if lengths are different",[14,132106,132107,132109],{},[21,132108,126601],{}," stops when the shortest iterable runs out.",[14,132111,132112],{},"This is very important.",[60,132114,132116],{"className":62,"code":132115,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\nletters = [\"a\", \"b\"]\n\nprint(list(zip(numbers, letters)))\n",[21,132117,132118,132138,132162,132166],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,132119,132120,132122,132124,132126,132128,132130,132132,132134,132136],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,132121,5933],{"class":79},[69,132123,97],{"class":96},[69,132125,636],{"class":100},[69,132127,5940],{"class":157},[69,132129,120],{"class":100},[69,132131,5762],{"class":157},[69,132133,120],{"class":100},[69,132135,5949],{"class":157},[69,132137,198],{"class":100},[69,132139,132140,132142,132144,132146,132148,132150,132152,132154,132156,132158,132160],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,132141,6382],{"class":79},[69,132143,97],{"class":96},[69,132145,636],{"class":100},[69,132147,111],{"class":110},[69,132149,579],{"class":114},[69,132151,111],{"class":110},[69,132153,120],{"class":100},[69,132155,123],{"class":110},[69,132157,5755],{"class":114},[69,132159,111],{"class":110},[69,132161,198],{"class":100},[69,132163,132164],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,132165,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,132167,132168,132170,132172,132174,132176,132178,132180,132182,132184,132186],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,132169,2161],{"class":217},[69,132171,221],{"class":100},[69,132173,14459],{"class":1859},[69,132175,221],{"class":100},[69,132177,131002],{"class":217},[69,132179,221],{"class":100},[69,132181,5956],{"class":292},[69,132183,120],{"class":100},[69,132185,51254],{"class":292},[69,132187,24144],{"class":100},[14,132189,2781],{},[60,132191,132193],{"className":62,"code":132192,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[(1, 'a'), (2, 'b')]\n",[21,132194,132195],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,132196,132197,132199,132201,132203,132205,132207,132209,132211,132213,132215,132217,132219,132221,132223],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,132198,126674],{"class":100},[69,132200,5940],{"class":157},[69,132202,120],{"class":100},[69,132204,15292],{"class":110},[69,132206,579],{"class":114},[69,132208,15283],{"class":110},[69,132210,57147],{"class":100},[69,132212,11302],{"class":100},[69,132214,19224],{"class":157},[69,132216,120],{"class":100},[69,132218,15292],{"class":110},[69,132220,5755],{"class":114},[69,132222,15283],{"class":110},[69,132224,47216],{"class":100},[14,132226,17203,132227,132229,132230,132232],{},[21,132228,7162],{}," is ignored because ",[21,132231,6417],{}," has no third item.",[1647,132234,26266],{"id":26265},[14,132236,132237,132238,132240],{},"Many beginners expect ",[21,132239,126601],{}," to keep all items from the longest list. It does not.",[14,132242,132243],{},"So if your data has different lengths:",[29,132245,132246,132249],{},[32,132247,132248],{},"extra items in longer iterables are ignored",[32,132250,132251],{},"you may lose data without noticing",[14,132253,132254],{},"A quick debug check is:",[60,132256,132258],{"className":62,"code":132257,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(list(zip([1, 2, 3], ['a', 'b'])))\n",[21,132259,132260],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,132261,132262,132264,132266,132268,132270,132272,132274,132276,132278,132280,132282,132284,132286,132288,132290,132292,132294,132296,132298,132300,132302],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,132263,2161],{"class":217},[69,132265,221],{"class":100},[69,132267,14459],{"class":1859},[69,132269,221],{"class":100},[69,132271,131002],{"class":217},[69,132273,469],{"class":100},[69,132275,5940],{"class":157},[69,132277,120],{"class":100},[69,132279,5762],{"class":157},[69,132281,120],{"class":100},[69,132283,5949],{"class":157},[69,132285,20282],{"class":100},[69,132287,636],{"class":100},[69,132289,15283],{"class":110},[69,132291,579],{"class":114},[69,132293,15283],{"class":110},[69,132295,120],{"class":100},[69,132297,15292],{"class":110},[69,132299,5755],{"class":114},[69,132301,15283],{"class":110},[69,132303,126662],{"class":100},[14,132305,2781],{},[60,132307,132308],{"className":62,"code":132192,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,132309,132310],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,132311,132312,132314,132316,132318,132320,132322,132324,132326,132328,132330,132332,132334,132336,132338],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,132313,126674],{"class":100},[69,132315,5940],{"class":157},[69,132317,120],{"class":100},[69,132319,15292],{"class":110},[69,132321,579],{"class":114},[69,132323,15283],{"class":110},[69,132325,57147],{"class":100},[69,132327,11302],{"class":100},[69,132329,19224],{"class":157},[69,132331,120],{"class":100},[69,132333,15292],{"class":110},[69,132335,5755],{"class":114},[69,132337,15283],{"class":110},[69,132339,47216],{"class":100},[14,132341,132342,132343,132345],{},"If you need every item from both sides, ",[21,132344,126601],{}," may not be the right tool.",[55,132347,132349],{"id":132348},"create-a-dictionary-from-two-lists","Create a dictionary from two lists",[14,132351,132352,132353,132355],{},"A very practical use of ",[21,132354,126601],{}," is building a dictionary from keys and values.",[60,132357,132359],{"className":62,"code":132358,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"keys = [\"name\", \"age\", \"city\"]\nvalues = [\"Ana\", 20, \"Lima\"]\n\nperson = dict(zip(keys, values))\nprint(person)\n",[21,132360,132361,132394,132422,132426,132448],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,132362,132363,132366,132368,132370,132372,132374,132376,132378,132380,132382,132384,132386,132388,132390,132392],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,132364,132365],{"class":79},"keys ",[69,132367,97],{"class":96},[69,132369,636],{"class":100},[69,132371,111],{"class":110},[69,132373,115],{"class":114},[69,132375,111],{"class":110},[69,132377,120],{"class":100},[69,132379,123],{"class":110},[69,132381,126],{"class":114},[69,132383,111],{"class":110},[69,132385,120],{"class":100},[69,132387,123],{"class":110},[69,132389,135],{"class":114},[69,132391,111],{"class":110},[69,132393,198],{"class":100},[69,132395,132396,132398,132400,132402,132404,132406,132408,132410,132412,132414,132416,132418,132420],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,132397,19207],{"class":79},[69,132399,97],{"class":96},[69,132401,636],{"class":100},[69,132403,111],{"class":110},[69,132405,2553],{"class":114},[69,132407,111],{"class":110},[69,132409,120],{"class":100},[69,132411,4671],{"class":157},[69,132413,120],{"class":100},[69,132415,123],{"class":110},[69,132417,53547],{"class":114},[69,132419,111],{"class":110},[69,132421,198],{"class":100},[69,132423,132424],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,132425,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,132427,132428,132430,132432,132434,132436,132438,132440,132442,132444,132446],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,132429,2536],{"class":79},[69,132431,97],{"class":96},[69,132433,75033],{"class":1859},[69,132435,221],{"class":100},[69,132437,131002],{"class":217},[69,132439,221],{"class":100},[69,132441,3920],{"class":292},[69,132443,120],{"class":100},[69,132445,19253],{"class":292},[69,132447,2183],{"class":100},[69,132449,132450,132452,132454,132456],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,132451,2161],{"class":217},[69,132453,221],{"class":100},[69,132455,2582],{"class":292},[69,132457,301],{"class":100},[14,132459,2781],{},[60,132461,132463],{"className":62,"code":132462,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"{'name': 'Ana', 'age': 20, 'city': 'Lima'}\n",[21,132464,132465],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,132466,132467,132469,132471,132473,132475,132477,132479,132481,132483,132485,132487,132489,132491,132493,132495,132497,132499,132501,132503,132505,132507,132509,132511],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,132468,8018],{"class":100},[69,132470,15283],{"class":110},[69,132472,115],{"class":114},[69,132474,15283],{"class":110},[69,132476,1174],{"class":100},[69,132478,15292],{"class":110},[69,132480,2553],{"class":114},[69,132482,15283],{"class":110},[69,132484,120],{"class":100},[69,132486,15292],{"class":110},[69,132488,126],{"class":114},[69,132490,15283],{"class":110},[69,132492,1174],{"class":100},[69,132494,4671],{"class":157},[69,132496,120],{"class":100},[69,132498,15292],{"class":110},[69,132500,135],{"class":114},[69,132502,15283],{"class":110},[69,132504,1174],{"class":100},[69,132506,15292],{"class":110},[69,132508,53547],{"class":114},[69,132510,15283],{"class":110},[69,132512,1260],{"class":100},[14,132514,66527],{},[29,132516,132517,132520,132523],{},[32,132518,132519],{},"the first key matches the first value",[32,132521,132522],{},"the second key matches the second value",[32,132524,132525],{},"and so on",[14,132527,132528],{},"This is a simple way to turn paired data into a dictionary.",[14,132530,132531,132532,289],{},"If you want more dictionary examples, see ",[579,132533,132535],{"href":132534},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-merge-dictionaries-in-python\u002F","how to merge dictionaries in Python",[55,132537,132539],{"id":132538},"unzip-paired-data","Unzip paired data",[14,132541,132542],{},"You can also split paired data back into separate variables.",[60,132544,132546],{"className":62,"code":132545,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"pairs = [(\"Ana\", 90), (\"Ben\", 85), (\"Cara\", 88)]\n\nnames, scores = zip(*pairs)\n\nprint(names)\nprint(scores)\n",[21,132547,132548,132598,132602,132623,132627,132637],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,132549,132550,132553,132555,132558,132560,132562,132564,132566,132568,132570,132572,132574,132576,132578,132580,132582,132584,132586,132588,132590,132592,132594,132596],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,132551,132552],{"class":79},"pairs ",[69,132554,97],{"class":96},[69,132556,132557],{"class":100}," [(",[69,132559,111],{"class":110},[69,132561,2553],{"class":114},[69,132563,111],{"class":110},[69,132565,120],{"class":100},[69,132567,74942],{"class":157},[69,132569,57147],{"class":100},[69,132571,11302],{"class":100},[69,132573,111],{"class":110},[69,132575,7085],{"class":114},[69,132577,111],{"class":110},[69,132579,120],{"class":100},[69,132581,75133],{"class":157},[69,132583,57147],{"class":100},[69,132585,11302],{"class":100},[69,132587,111],{"class":110},[69,132589,657],{"class":114},[69,132591,111],{"class":110},[69,132593,120],{"class":100},[69,132595,114161],{"class":157},[69,132597,47216],{"class":100},[69,132599,132600],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,132601,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,132603,132604,132606,132608,132610,132612,132614,132616,132618,132621],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,132605,7070],{"class":79},[69,132607,120],{"class":100},[69,132609,128125],{"class":79},[69,132611,97],{"class":96},[69,132613,130852],{"class":217},[69,132615,221],{"class":100},[69,132617,8392],{"class":96},[69,132619,132620],{"class":292},"pairs",[69,132622,301],{"class":100},[69,132624,132625],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,132626,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,132628,132629,132631,132633,132635],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,132630,2161],{"class":217},[69,132632,221],{"class":100},[69,132634,7070],{"class":292},[69,132636,301],{"class":100},[69,132638,132639,132641,132643,132645],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,132640,2161],{"class":217},[69,132642,221],{"class":100},[69,132644,108550],{"class":292},[69,132646,301],{"class":100},[14,132648,2781],{},[60,132650,132652],{"className":62,"code":132651,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"('Ana', 'Ben', 'Cara')\n(90, 85, 88)\n",[21,132653,132654,132682],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,132655,132656,132658,132660,132662,132664,132666,132668,132670,132672,132674,132676,132678,132680],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,132657,221],{"class":100},[69,132659,15283],{"class":110},[69,132661,2553],{"class":114},[69,132663,15283],{"class":110},[69,132665,120],{"class":100},[69,132667,15292],{"class":110},[69,132669,7085],{"class":114},[69,132671,15283],{"class":110},[69,132673,120],{"class":100},[69,132675,15292],{"class":110},[69,132677,657],{"class":114},[69,132679,15283],{"class":110},[69,132681,301],{"class":100},[69,132683,132684,132686,132688,132690,132692,132694,132696],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,132685,221],{"class":100},[69,132687,130823],{"class":157},[69,132689,120],{"class":100},[69,132691,75133],{"class":157},[69,132693,120],{"class":100},[69,132695,114161],{"class":157},[69,132697,301],{"class":100},[1647,132699,55566,132701,132703],{"id":132700},"what-means-here",[21,132702,8392],{}," means here",[14,132705,9337,132706,132708],{},[21,132707,8392],{}," unpacks the list of pairs.",[14,132710,7892,132711,5914,132713,132715,132716,132718],{},[21,132712,8392],{},[21,132714,126601],{}," would treat ",[21,132717,132620],{}," as one iterable of tuples.",[14,132720,1882,132721,132724,132725,132727],{},[21,132722,132723],{},"*pairs",", each tuple is passed in separately, so ",[21,132726,126601],{}," groups the first values together and the second values together.",[14,132729,58519],{},[29,132731,132732,132736,132740],{},[32,132733,132734],{},[21,132735,131090],{},[32,132737,132738],{},[21,132739,131095],{},[32,132741,132742],{},[21,132743,131100],{},[14,132745,132746],{},"becomes:",[29,132748,132749,132754],{},[32,132750,132751],{},[21,132752,132753],{},"(\"Ana\", \"Ben\", \"Cara\")",[32,132755,132756],{},[21,132757,132758],{},"(90, 85, 88)",[55,132760,14079,132762,132764],{"id":132761},"when-zip-is-a-good-choice",[21,132763,126601],{}," is a good choice",[14,132766,322,132767,34904],{},[21,132768,126601],{},[29,132770,132771,132774,132777,132780],{},[32,132772,132773],{},"items belong together by position",[32,132775,132776],{},"you want to loop through two or more iterables side by side",[32,132778,132779],{},"you want to create pairs or grouped values",[32,132781,132782],{},"you want to build a dictionary from matching keys and values",[14,132784,132785,132786,34904],{},"Do not use ",[21,132787,126601],{},[29,132789,132790,132793,132796],{},[32,132791,132792],{},"you need to keep extra items from longer iterables",[32,132794,132795],{},"your iterables are not in the correct matching order",[32,132797,132798],{},"the values do not belong together by position",[14,132800,132801,132802,132806],{},"In some loops, you may also want the position number along with the values. In that case, ",[579,132803,41855,132804,74740],{"href":74737},[21,132805,50392],{}," is often the next tool to learn.",[55,132808,3868],{"id":3867},[14,132810,132811,132812,289],{},"Here are some common problems beginners run into with ",[21,132813,126601],{},[1647,132815,61909,132817,132820],{"id":132816},"printing-zip-directly",[21,132818,132819],{},"zip(...)"," directly",[14,132822,132823],{},"This:",[60,132825,132827],{"className":62,"code":132826,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(zip([1, 2], [\"a\", \"b\"]))\n",[21,132828,132829],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,132830,132831,132833,132835,132837,132839,132841,132843,132845,132847,132849,132851,132853,132855,132857,132859,132861,132863],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,132832,2161],{"class":217},[69,132834,221],{"class":100},[69,132836,131002],{"class":217},[69,132838,469],{"class":100},[69,132840,5940],{"class":157},[69,132842,120],{"class":100},[69,132844,5762],{"class":157},[69,132846,20282],{"class":100},[69,132848,636],{"class":100},[69,132850,111],{"class":110},[69,132852,579],{"class":114},[69,132854,111],{"class":110},[69,132856,120],{"class":100},[69,132858,123],{"class":110},[69,132860,5755],{"class":114},[69,132862,111],{"class":110},[69,132864,2203],{"class":100},[14,132866,132867],{},"prints a zip object, not the pairs.",[14,132869,1081],{},[60,132871,132873],{"className":62,"code":132872,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(list(zip([1, 2], [\"a\", \"b\"])))\n",[21,132874,132875],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,132876,132877,132879,132881,132883,132885,132887,132889,132891,132893,132895,132897,132899,132901,132903,132905,132907,132909,132911,132913],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,132878,2161],{"class":217},[69,132880,221],{"class":100},[69,132882,14459],{"class":1859},[69,132884,221],{"class":100},[69,132886,131002],{"class":217},[69,132888,469],{"class":100},[69,132890,5940],{"class":157},[69,132892,120],{"class":100},[69,132894,5762],{"class":157},[69,132896,20282],{"class":100},[69,132898,636],{"class":100},[69,132900,111],{"class":110},[69,132902,579],{"class":114},[69,132904,111],{"class":110},[69,132906,120],{"class":100},[69,132908,123],{"class":110},[69,132910,5755],{"class":114},[69,132912,111],{"class":110},[69,132914,126662],{"class":100},[1647,132916,25614,132918,132920],{"id":132917},"assuming-zip-keeps-all-items",[21,132919,126601],{}," keeps all items",[14,132922,132823],{},[60,132924,132926],{"className":62,"code":132925,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(list(zip([1, 2, 3], [\"a\", \"b\"])))\n",[21,132927,132928],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,132929,132930,132932,132934,132936,132938,132940,132942,132944,132946,132948,132950,132952,132954,132956,132958,132960,132962,132964,132966,132968,132970],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,132931,2161],{"class":217},[69,132933,221],{"class":100},[69,132935,14459],{"class":1859},[69,132937,221],{"class":100},[69,132939,131002],{"class":217},[69,132941,469],{"class":100},[69,132943,5940],{"class":157},[69,132945,120],{"class":100},[69,132947,5762],{"class":157},[69,132949,120],{"class":100},[69,132951,5949],{"class":157},[69,132953,20282],{"class":100},[69,132955,636],{"class":100},[69,132957,111],{"class":110},[69,132959,579],{"class":114},[69,132961,111],{"class":110},[69,132963,120],{"class":100},[69,132965,123],{"class":110},[69,132967,5755],{"class":114},[69,132969,111],{"class":110},[69,132971,126662],{"class":100},[14,132973,132974,132975,132977,132978,289],{},"does ",[2498,132976,3315],{}," include ",[21,132979,7162],{},[14,132981,132982,132984],{},[21,132983,126601],{}," stops at the shortest iterable.",[1647,132986,132988],{"id":132987},"forgetting-to-unpack-in-the-loop","Forgetting to unpack in the loop",[14,132990,26392],{},[60,132992,132994],{"className":62,"code":132993,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"names = [\"Ana\", \"Ben\"]\nscores = [90, 85]\n\nfor name, score in zip(names, scores):\n    print(name, score)\n",[21,132995,132996,133020,133036,133040,133064],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,132997,132998,133000,133002,133004,133006,133008,133010,133012,133014,133016,133018],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,132999,631],{"class":79},[69,133001,97],{"class":96},[69,133003,636],{"class":100},[69,133005,111],{"class":110},[69,133007,2553],{"class":114},[69,133009,111],{"class":110},[69,133011,120],{"class":100},[69,133013,123],{"class":110},[69,133015,7085],{"class":114},[69,133017,111],{"class":110},[69,133019,198],{"class":100},[69,133021,133022,133024,133026,133028,133030,133032,133034],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,133023,108535],{"class":79},[69,133025,97],{"class":96},[69,133027,636],{"class":100},[69,133029,130823],{"class":157},[69,133031,120],{"class":100},[69,133033,75133],{"class":157},[69,133035,198],{"class":100},[69,133037,133038],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,133039,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,133041,133042,133044,133046,133048,133050,133052,133054,133056,133058,133060,133062],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,133043,3710],{"class":75},[69,133045,7952],{"class":79},[69,133047,120],{"class":100},[69,133049,60234],{"class":79},[69,133051,771],{"class":75},[69,133053,130852],{"class":217},[69,133055,221],{"class":100},[69,133057,7070],{"class":292},[69,133059,120],{"class":100},[69,133061,130861],{"class":292},[69,133063,7526],{"class":100},[69,133065,133066,133068,133070,133072,133074,133076],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,133067,3220],{"class":217},[69,133069,221],{"class":100},[69,133071,115],{"class":292},[69,133073,120],{"class":100},[69,133075,52785],{"class":292},[69,133077,301],{"class":100},[14,133079,133080],{},"If you write:",[60,133082,133084],{"className":62,"code":133083,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"for name in zip(names, scores):\n    print(name)\n",[21,133085,133086,133106],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,133087,133088,133090,133092,133094,133096,133098,133100,133102,133104],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,133089,3710],{"class":75},[69,133091,768],{"class":79},[69,133093,771],{"class":75},[69,133095,130852],{"class":217},[69,133097,221],{"class":100},[69,133099,7070],{"class":292},[69,133101,120],{"class":100},[69,133103,130861],{"class":292},[69,133105,7526],{"class":100},[69,133107,133108,133110,133112,133114],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,133109,3220],{"class":217},[69,133111,221],{"class":100},[69,133113,115],{"class":292},[69,133115,301],{"class":100},[14,133117,133118,133119,133121,133122,289],{},"then ",[21,133120,115],{}," actually holds the whole tuple, such as ",[21,133123,131090],{},[1647,133125,133127],{"id":133126},"using-data-in-the-wrong-order","Using data in the wrong order",[14,133129,133130,133132],{},[21,133131,126601],{}," matches by position only.",[14,133134,133135],{},"If one list is out of order, the pairing will also be wrong.",[60,133137,133139],{"className":62,"code":133138,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"names = [\"Ana\", \"Ben\"]\nscores = [85, 90]\n\nprint(list(zip(names, scores)))\n",[21,133140,133141,133165,133181,133185],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,133142,133143,133145,133147,133149,133151,133153,133155,133157,133159,133161,133163],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,133144,631],{"class":79},[69,133146,97],{"class":96},[69,133148,636],{"class":100},[69,133150,111],{"class":110},[69,133152,2553],{"class":114},[69,133154,111],{"class":110},[69,133156,120],{"class":100},[69,133158,123],{"class":110},[69,133160,7085],{"class":114},[69,133162,111],{"class":110},[69,133164,198],{"class":100},[69,133166,133167,133169,133171,133173,133175,133177,133179],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,133168,108535],{"class":79},[69,133170,97],{"class":96},[69,133172,636],{"class":100},[69,133174,108515],{"class":157},[69,133176,120],{"class":100},[69,133178,74942],{"class":157},[69,133180,198],{"class":100},[69,133182,133183],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,133184,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,133186,133187,133189,133191,133193,133195,133197,133199,133201,133203,133205],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,133188,2161],{"class":217},[69,133190,221],{"class":100},[69,133192,14459],{"class":1859},[69,133194,221],{"class":100},[69,133196,131002],{"class":217},[69,133198,221],{"class":100},[69,133200,7070],{"class":292},[69,133202,120],{"class":100},[69,133204,130861],{"class":292},[69,133206,24144],{"class":100},[14,133208,2781],{},[60,133210,133212],{"className":62,"code":133211,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"[('Ana', 85), ('Ben', 90)]\n",[21,133213,133214],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,133215,133216,133218,133220,133222,133224,133226,133228,133230,133232,133234,133236,133238,133240,133242],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,133217,126674],{"class":100},[69,133219,15283],{"class":110},[69,133221,2553],{"class":114},[69,133223,15283],{"class":110},[69,133225,120],{"class":100},[69,133227,75133],{"class":157},[69,133229,57147],{"class":100},[69,133231,11302],{"class":100},[69,133233,15283],{"class":110},[69,133235,7085],{"class":114},[69,133237,15283],{"class":110},[69,133239,120],{"class":100},[69,133241,74942],{"class":157},[69,133243,47216],{"class":100},[14,133245,133246],{},"Python assumes those positions match.",[1647,133248,133250],{"id":133249},"trying-to-index-a-zip-object","Trying to index a zip object",[14,133252,133253],{},"A zip object is not a list.",[14,133255,133256],{},"This will not work:",[60,133258,133260],{"className":62,"code":133259,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"result = zip([1, 2], [\"a\", \"b\"])\n# print(result[0])\n",[21,133261,133262,133298],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,133263,133264,133266,133268,133270,133272,133274,133276,133278,133280,133282,133284,133286,133288,133290,133292,133294,133296],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,133265,8506],{"class":79},[69,133267,97],{"class":96},[69,133269,130852],{"class":217},[69,133271,469],{"class":100},[69,133273,5940],{"class":157},[69,133275,120],{"class":100},[69,133277,5762],{"class":157},[69,133279,20282],{"class":100},[69,133281,636],{"class":100},[69,133283,111],{"class":110},[69,133285,579],{"class":114},[69,133287,111],{"class":110},[69,133289,120],{"class":100},[69,133291,123],{"class":110},[69,133293,5755],{"class":114},[69,133295,111],{"class":110},[69,133297,494],{"class":100},[69,133299,133300],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,133301,133302],{"class":2596},"# print(result[0])\n",[14,133304,133305],{},"If you need indexing, convert it first:",[60,133307,133309],{"className":62,"code":133308,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"result = list(zip([1, 2], [\"a\", \"b\"]))\nprint(result[0])\n",[21,133310,133311,133351],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,133312,133313,133315,133317,133319,133321,133323,133325,133327,133329,133331,133333,133335,133337,133339,133341,133343,133345,133347,133349],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,133314,8506],{"class":79},[69,133316,97],{"class":96},[69,133318,22306],{"class":1859},[69,133320,221],{"class":100},[69,133322,131002],{"class":217},[69,133324,469],{"class":100},[69,133326,5940],{"class":157},[69,133328,120],{"class":100},[69,133330,5762],{"class":157},[69,133332,20282],{"class":100},[69,133334,636],{"class":100},[69,133336,111],{"class":110},[69,133338,579],{"class":114},[69,133340,111],{"class":110},[69,133342,120],{"class":100},[69,133344,123],{"class":110},[69,133346,5755],{"class":114},[69,133348,111],{"class":110},[69,133350,2203],{"class":100},[69,133352,133353,133355,133357,133359,133361,133363],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,133354,2161],{"class":217},[69,133356,221],{"class":100},[69,133358,8530],{"class":292},[69,133360,1345],{"class":100},[69,133362,2200],{"class":157},[69,133364,494],{"class":100},[14,133366,2781],{},[60,133368,133370],{"className":62,"code":133369,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"(1, 'a')\n",[21,133371,133372],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,133373,133374,133376,133378,133380,133382,133384,133386],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,133375,221],{"class":100},[69,133377,5940],{"class":157},[69,133379,120],{"class":100},[69,133381,15292],{"class":110},[69,133383,579],{"class":114},[69,133385,15283],{"class":110},[69,133387,301],{"class":100},[55,133389,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,133391,46359,133393,60548],{"id":133392},"what-does-zip-return-in-python",[21,133394,126601],{},[14,133396,133397],{},"It returns a zip object that produces grouped items one by one. Convert it to a list if you want to see all results at once.",[1647,133399,11052,133401,133403],{"id":133400},"does-zip-work-with-lists-only",[21,133402,126601],{}," work with lists only?",[14,133405,133406],{},"No. It works with many iterable types, such as lists, tuples, strings, and ranges.",[1647,133408,133410],{"id":133409},"what-happens-if-one-list-is-longer-than-the-other","What happens if one list is longer than the other?",[14,133412,133413,133415],{},[21,133414,126601],{}," stops at the shortest iterable, so extra items in the longer one are ignored.",[1647,133417,133419,133420,133422],{"id":133418},"how-do-i-turn-zip-output-into-a-dictionary","How do I turn ",[21,133421,126601],{}," output into a dictionary?",[14,133424,322,133425,133428],{},[21,133426,133427],{},"dict(zip(keys, values))"," when one list has keys and the other has matching values.",[1647,133430,133432,133433,1414],{"id":133431},"how-do-i-see-the-pairs-created-by-zip","How do I see the pairs created by ",[21,133434,126601],{},[14,133436,133437,133438,133440,133441,289],{},"Wrap it in ",[21,133439,30144],{},", like ",[21,133442,133443],{},"list(zip(a, b))",[55,133445,2414],{"id":2413},[29,133447,133448,133454,133458,133464,133469],{},[32,133449,133450],{},[579,133451,14649,133452,12755],{"href":131785},[21,133453,126601],{},[32,133455,133456],{},[579,133457,49277],{"href":49170},[32,133459,133460],{},[579,133461,42961,133462,74740],{"href":74737},[21,133463,50392],{},[32,133465,133466],{},[579,133467,133468],{"href":132534},"How to merge dictionaries in Python",[32,133470,133471],{},[579,133472,133473],{"href":131790},"Iterators and iterable objects explained",[2450,133475,133476],{},"html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki 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var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sbsja, html code.shiki .sbsja{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .srjyR, html code.shiki .srjyR{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:inherit;--shiki-default:#B31D28;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#FDAEB7;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .s_hVV, html code.shiki .s_hVV{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sutJx, html code.shiki .sutJx{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":133478},[133479,133480,133482,133486,133488,133490,133493,133494,133498,133500,133509,133520],{"id":60708,"depth":83,"text":60709},{"id":130914,"depth":83,"text":133481},"What zip() does",{"id":131107,"depth":83,"text":133483,"children":133484},"Use zip() in a for loop",[133485],{"id":46934,"depth":90,"text":46935},{"id":131412,"depth":83,"text":133487},"See the result of zip()",{"id":131794,"depth":83,"text":133489},"Use zip() with more than two iterables",{"id":132103,"depth":83,"text":132104,"children":133491},[133492],{"id":26265,"depth":90,"text":26266},{"id":132348,"depth":83,"text":132349},{"id":132538,"depth":83,"text":132539,"children":133495},[133496],{"id":132700,"depth":90,"text":133497},"What * means here",{"id":132761,"depth":83,"text":133499},"When zip() is a good choice",{"id":3867,"depth":83,"text":3868,"children":133501},[133502,133504,133506,133507,133508],{"id":132816,"depth":90,"text":133503},"Printing zip(...) directly",{"id":132917,"depth":90,"text":133505},"Assuming zip() keeps all items",{"id":132987,"depth":90,"text":132988},{"id":133126,"depth":90,"text":133127},{"id":133249,"depth":90,"text":133250},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":133510},[133511,133513,133515,133516,133518],{"id":133392,"depth":90,"text":133512},"What does zip() return in Python?",{"id":133400,"depth":90,"text":133514},"Does zip() work with lists only?",{"id":133409,"depth":90,"text":133410},{"id":133418,"depth":90,"text":133517},"How do I turn zip() output into a dictionary?",{"id":133431,"depth":90,"text":133519},"How do I see the pairs created by zip()?",{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to use zip in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-use-zip-in-python",{"title":130744,"description":133521},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-use-zip-in-python","9Ts8tXA4cHJIDO5C1huzwig6J6i4YVa6yguqPe5Xh5M",{"id":4,"title":5,"body":133528,"description":2478,"extension":2479,"meta":135663,"navigation":86,"path":2481,"seo":135664,"stem":2483,"__hash__":2484},{"type":7,"value":133529,"toc":135640},[133530,133532,133534,133538,133540,133556,133558,133746,133750,133752,133754,133778,133780,133960,133964,133966,133971,133977,133979,133983,133985,133993,133995,133997,134167,134169,134177,134179,134213,134215,134217,134221,134223,134225,134437,134439,134441,134451,134453,134457,134459,134471,134477,134479,134731,134733,134738,134742,134752,134754,134756,134774,134776,134904,134906,134910,134912,134914,134940,134942,134946,134948,135012,135014,135086,135088,135090,135140,135142,135146,135148,135154,135156,135348,135354,135356,135360,135364,135366,135368,135370,135372,135380,135384,135386,135388,135390,135486,135488,135500,135504,135506,135508,135512,135550,135556,135570,135572,135576,135582,135592,135598,135600,135610,135612,135638],[10,133531,5],{"id":12},[14,133533,16],{},[14,133535,19,133536,24],{},[21,133537,23],{},[14,133539,27],{},[29,133541,133542,133544,133546,133550],{},[32,133543,34],{},[32,133545,37],{},[32,133547,40,133548,43],{},[21,133549,23],{},[32,133551,46,133552,50,133554],{},[21,133553,49],{},[21,133555,53],{},[55,133557,58],{"id":57},[60,133559,133560],{"className":62,"code":63,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,133561,133562,133568,133572,133580,133608,133632,133656,133660,133664,133714,133732],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,133563,133564,133566],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,133565,76],{"class":75},[69,133567,80],{"class":79},[69,133569,133570],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,133571,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,133573,133574,133576,133578],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,133575,93],{"class":79},[69,133577,97],{"class":96},[69,133579,101],{"class":100},[69,133581,133582,133584,133586,133588,133590,133592,133594,133596,133598,133600,133602,133604,133606],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,133583,107],{"class":100},[69,133585,111],{"class":110},[69,133587,115],{"class":114},[69,133589,111],{"class":110},[69,133591,120],{"class":100},[69,133593,123],{"class":110},[69,133595,126],{"class":114},[69,133597,111],{"class":110},[69,133599,120],{"class":100},[69,133601,123],{"class":110},[69,133603,135],{"class":114},[69,133605,111],{"class":110},[69,133607,140],{"class":100},[69,133609,133610,133612,133614,133616,133618,133620,133622,133624,133626,133628,133630],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,133611,107],{"class":100},[69,133613,111],{"class":110},[69,133615,150],{"class":114},[69,133617,111],{"class":110},[69,133619,120],{"class":100},[69,133621,158],{"class":157},[69,133623,120],{"class":100},[69,133625,123],{"class":110},[69,133627,165],{"class":114},[69,133629,111],{"class":110},[69,133631,140],{"class":100},[69,133633,133634,133636,133638,133640,133642,133644,133646,133648,133650,133652,133654],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,133635,107],{"class":100},[69,133637,111],{"class":110},[69,133639,179],{"class":114},[69,133641,111],{"class":110},[69,133643,120],{"class":100},[69,133645,186],{"class":157},[69,133647,120],{"class":100},[69,133649,123],{"class":110},[69,133651,193],{"class":114},[69,133653,111],{"class":110},[69,133655,198],{"class":100},[69,133657,133658],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,133659,198],{"class":100},[69,133661,133662],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,133663,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,133665,133666,133668,133670,133672,133674,133676,133678,133680,133682,133684,133686,133688,133690,133692,133694,133696,133698,133700,133702,133704,133706,133708,133710,133712],{"class":71,"line":211},[69,133667,214],{"class":75},[69,133669,218],{"class":217},[69,133671,221],{"class":100},[69,133673,111],{"class":110},[69,133675,226],{"class":114},[69,133677,111],{"class":110},[69,133679,120],{"class":100},[69,133681,123],{"class":110},[69,133683,235],{"class":114},[69,133685,111],{"class":110},[69,133687,120],{"class":100},[69,133689,243],{"class":242},[69,133691,97],{"class":96},[69,133693,248],{"class":110},[69,133695,120],{"class":100},[69,133697,253],{"class":242},[69,133699,97],{"class":96},[69,133701,111],{"class":110},[69,133703,260],{"class":114},[69,133705,111],{"class":110},[69,133707,265],{"class":100},[69,133709,268],{"class":75},[69,133711,272],{"class":271},[69,133713,275],{"class":100},[69,133715,133716,133718,133720,133722,133724,133726,133728,133730],{"class":71,"line":278},[69,133717,281],{"class":79},[69,133719,97],{"class":96},[69,133721,286],{"class":79},[69,133723,289],{"class":100},[69,133725,293],{"class":292},[69,133727,221],{"class":100},[69,133729,298],{"class":271},[69,133731,301],{"class":100},[69,133733,133734,133736,133738,133740,133742,133744],{"class":71,"line":304},[69,133735,307],{"class":79},[69,133737,289],{"class":100},[69,133739,312],{"class":292},[69,133741,221],{"class":100},[69,133743,317],{"class":292},[69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tem":137454,"__hash__":137455},"content\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-write-to-a-file-in-python.md","How to Write to a File in Python",{"type":7,"value":135669,"toc":137406},[135670,135673,135678,135681,135695,135697,135752,135758,135763,135765,135779,135783,135786,135840,135842,135863,135866,135868,135874,135880,135886,135890,135893,135928,135930,135946,135949,135974,135976,135988,135993,135997,136000,136006,136062,136073,136076,136081,136135,136145,136151,136157,136213,136221,136224,136227,136231,136237,136332,136335,136341,136344,136407,136409,136417,136421,136426,136429,136479,136485,136489,136494,136547,136550,136618,136622,136627,136629,136642,136644,136700,136705,136712,136714,136717,136721,136724,136732,136734,136788,136793,136795,136802,136806,136808,136815,136817,136889,136891,136897,136899,136974,136981,136983,136990,136992,137058,137062,137064,137072,137074,137129,137132,137141,137145,137147,137152,137155,137163,137165,137168,137188,137191,137276,137280,137304,137309,137311,137317,137325,137333,137341,137347,137355,137359,137368,137372,137378,137380,137403],[10,135671,135667],{"id":135672},"how-to-write-to-a-file-in-python",[14,135674,135675,135676,24335],{},"If you want to save text from your Python program into a file, use the built-in ",[21,135677,576],{},[14,135679,135680],{},"This page shows the simplest way to:",[29,135682,135683,135686,135689,135692],{},[32,135684,135685],{},"write text to a file",[32,135687,135688],{},"create a file if it does not exist",[32,135690,135691],{},"choose the right file mode",[32,135693,135694],{},"avoid overwriting a file by mistake",[55,135696,58],{"id":57},[60,135698,135700],{"className":62,"code":135699,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n    file.write(\"Hello, world!\\n\")\n",[21,135701,135702,135732],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,135703,135704,135706,135708,135710,135712,135714,135716,135718,135720,135722,135724,135726,135728,135730],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,135705,214],{"class":75},[69,135707,218],{"class":217},[69,135709,221],{"class":100},[69,135711,111],{"class":110},[69,135713,9437],{"class":114},[69,135715,111],{"class":110},[69,135717,120],{"class":100},[69,135719,123],{"class":110},[69,135721,235],{"class":114},[69,135723,111],{"class":110},[69,135725,265],{"class":100},[69,135727,268],{"class":75},[69,135729,272],{"class":271},[69,135731,275],{"class":100},[69,135733,135734,135736,135738,135740,135742,135744,135746,135748,135750],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,135735,9460],{"class":271},[69,135737,289],{"class":100},[69,135739,9465],{"class":292},[69,135741,221],{"class":100},[69,135743,111],{"class":110},[69,135745,16662],{"class":114},[69,135747,9475],{"class":7964},[69,135749,111],{"class":110},[69,135751,301],{"class":100},[14,135753,135754,135755,135757],{},"This creates ",[21,135756,9437],{}," if it does not exist.",[14,135759,9337,135760,135762],{},[21,135761,346],{}," mode overwrites the file if it already exists.",[55,135764,2666],{"id":2665},[29,135766,135767,135770,135773,135776],{},[32,135768,135769],{},"Write text to a file in Python",[32,135771,135772],{},"Create a new file if it does not exist",[32,135774,135775],{},"Understand the difference between write modes",[32,135777,135778],{},"Avoid overwriting a file by mistake",[55,135780,135782],{"id":135781},"basic-way-to-write-to-a-file","Basic way to write to a file",[14,135784,135785],{},"The most common pattern is:",[60,135787,135788],{"className":62,"code":135699,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,135789,135790,135820],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,135791,135792,135794,135796,135798,135800,135802,135804,135806,135808,135810,135812,135814,135816,135818],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,135793,214],{"class":75},[69,135795,218],{"class":217},[69,135797,221],{"class":100},[69,135799,111],{"class":110},[69,135801,9437],{"class":114},[69,135803,111],{"class":110},[69,135805,120],{"class":100},[69,135807,123],{"class":110},[69,135809,235],{"class":114},[69,135811,111],{"class":110},[69,135813,265],{"class":100},[69,135815,268],{"class":75},[69,135817,272],{"class":271},[69,135819,275],{"class":100},[69,135821,135822,135824,135826,135828,135830,135832,135834,135836,135838],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,135823,9460],{"class":271},[69,135825,289],{"class":100},[69,135827,9465],{"class":292},[69,135829,221],{"class":100},[69,135831,111],{"class":110},[69,135833,16662],{"class":114},[69,135835,9475],{"class":7964},[69,135837,111],{"class":110},[69,135839,301],{"class":100},[1647,135841,6459],{"id":6458},[29,135843,135844,135848,135853,135858],{},[32,135845,135846,86068],{},[21,135847,576],{},[32,135849,135850,135852],{},[21,135851,346],{}," means write mode",[32,135854,135855,135857],{},[21,135856,9558],{}," writes text into the file",[32,135859,135860,135862],{},[21,135861,214],{}," closes the file automatically when you are done",[14,135864,135865],{},"This is the safest beginner-friendly way to write to a file.",[1647,135867,104643],{"id":104642},[14,135869,135870,135871,135873],{},"After running the code, the file ",[21,135872,9437],{}," will contain:",[60,135875,135878],{"className":135876,"code":135877,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"Hello, world!\n",[21,135879,135877],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,135881,93908,135882,105193,135884,289],{},[21,135883,576],{},[579,135885,9674],{"href":581},[55,135887,135889],{"id":135888},"what-the-key-parts-mean","What the key parts mean",[14,135891,135892],{},"Look at this line again:",[60,135894,135896],{"className":62,"code":135895,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n",[21,135897,135898],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,135899,135900,135902,135904,135906,135908,135910,135912,135914,135916,135918,135920,135922,135924,135926],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,135901,214],{"class":75},[69,135903,218],{"class":217},[69,135905,221],{"class":100},[69,135907,111],{"class":110},[69,135909,9437],{"class":114},[69,135911,111],{"class":110},[69,135913,120],{"class":100},[69,135915,123],{"class":110},[69,135917,235],{"class":114},[69,135919,111],{"class":110},[69,135921,265],{"class":100},[69,135923,268],{"class":75},[69,135925,272],{"class":271},[69,135927,275],{"class":100},[14,135929,124832],{},[29,135931,135932,135937,135941],{},[32,135933,135934,135936],{},[21,135935,43298],{}," is the file name",[32,135938,135939,135852],{},[21,135940,346],{},[32,135942,135943,135945],{},[21,135944,298],{}," is the variable that refers to the opened file",[14,135947,135948],{},"Then this line writes the text:",[60,135950,135952],{"className":62,"code":135951,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"file.write(\"Hello, world!\\n\")\n",[21,135953,135954],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,135955,135956,135958,135960,135962,135964,135966,135968,135970,135972],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,135957,298],{"class":271},[69,135959,289],{"class":100},[69,135961,9465],{"class":292},[69,135963,221],{"class":100},[69,135965,111],{"class":110},[69,135967,16662],{"class":114},[69,135969,9475],{"class":7964},[69,135971,111],{"class":110},[69,135973,301],{"class":100},[14,135975,37555],{},[29,135977,135978,135983],{},[32,135979,135980,135982],{},[21,135981,9558],{}," writes a string to the file",[32,135984,135985,135987],{},[21,135986,9475],{}," adds a new line",[14,135989,7892,135990,135992],{},[21,135991,9475],{},", the next text you write will continue on the same line.",[55,135994,135996],{"id":135995},"common-file-modes-for-writing","Common file modes for writing",[14,135998,135999],{},"When writing to files, these modes are the most useful:",[1647,136001,136003,136005],{"id":136002},"w-mode",[21,136004,346],{}," mode",[60,136007,136009],{"className":62,"code":136008,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n    file.write(\"First line\\n\")\n",[21,136010,136011,136041],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,136012,136013,136015,136017,136019,136021,136023,136025,136027,136029,136031,136033,136035,136037,136039],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,136014,214],{"class":75},[69,136016,218],{"class":217},[69,136018,221],{"class":100},[69,136020,111],{"class":110},[69,136022,9437],{"class":114},[69,136024,111],{"class":110},[69,136026,120],{"class":100},[69,136028,123],{"class":110},[69,136030,235],{"class":114},[69,136032,111],{"class":110},[69,136034,265],{"class":100},[69,136036,268],{"class":75},[69,136038,272],{"class":271},[69,136040,275],{"class":100},[69,136042,136043,136045,136047,136049,136051,136053,136056,136058,136060],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,136044,9460],{"class":271},[69,136046,289],{"class":100},[69,136048,9465],{"class":292},[69,136050,221],{"class":100},[69,136052,111],{"class":110},[69,136054,136055],{"class":114},"First line",[69,136057,9475],{"class":7964},[69,136059,111],{"class":110},[69,136061,301],{"class":100},[29,136063,136064,136067,136070],{},[32,136065,136066],{},"Writes from the start of the file",[32,136068,136069],{},"Replaces old content if the file already exists",[32,136071,136072],{},"Creates the file if it does not exist",[14,136074,136075],{},"Use this when you want to replace everything in the file.",[1647,136077,136079,136005],{"id":136078},"a-mode",[21,136080,1457],{},[60,136082,136083],{"className":62,"code":9777,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,136084,136085,136115],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,136086,136087,136089,136091,136093,136095,136097,136099,136101,136103,136105,136107,136109,136111,136113],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,136088,214],{"class":75},[69,136090,218],{"class":217},[69,136092,221],{"class":100},[69,136094,111],{"class":110},[69,136096,9437],{"class":114},[69,136098,111],{"class":110},[69,136100,120],{"class":100},[69,136102,123],{"class":110},[69,136104,579],{"class":114},[69,136106,111],{"class":110},[69,136108,265],{"class":100},[69,136110,268],{"class":75},[69,136112,272],{"class":271},[69,136114,275],{"class":100},[69,136116,136117,136119,136121,136123,136125,136127,136129,136131,136133],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,136118,9460],{"class":271},[69,136120,289],{"class":100},[69,136122,9465],{"class":292},[69,136124,221],{"class":100},[69,136126,111],{"class":110},[69,136128,9747],{"class":114},[69,136130,9475],{"class":7964},[69,136132,111],{"class":110},[69,136134,301],{"class":100},[29,136136,136137,136140,136143],{},[32,136138,136139],{},"Adds new content to the end of the file",[32,136141,136142],{},"Keeps existing content",[32,136144,136072],{},[14,136146,136147,136148,289],{},"Use this when you want to keep what is already there. For more on this, see ",[579,136149,1605],{"href":136150},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-append-to-a-file-in-python\u002F",[1647,136152,136154,136005],{"id":136153},"x-mode",[21,136155,136156],{},"\"x\"",[60,136158,136160],{"className":62,"code":136159,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"x\") as file:\n    file.write(\"New file created\\n\")\n",[21,136161,136162,136192],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,136163,136164,136166,136168,136170,136172,136174,136176,136178,136180,136182,136184,136186,136188,136190],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,136165,214],{"class":75},[69,136167,218],{"class":217},[69,136169,221],{"class":100},[69,136171,111],{"class":110},[69,136173,9437],{"class":114},[69,136175,111],{"class":110},[69,136177,120],{"class":100},[69,136179,123],{"class":110},[69,136181,40205],{"class":114},[69,136183,111],{"class":110},[69,136185,265],{"class":100},[69,136187,268],{"class":75},[69,136189,272],{"class":271},[69,136191,275],{"class":100},[69,136193,136194,136196,136198,136200,136202,136204,136207,136209,136211],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,136195,9460],{"class":271},[69,136197,289],{"class":100},[69,136199,9465],{"class":292},[69,136201,221],{"class":100},[69,136203,111],{"class":110},[69,136205,136206],{"class":114},"New file created",[69,136208,9475],{"class":7964},[69,136210,111],{"class":110},[69,136212,301],{"class":100},[29,136214,136215,136218],{},[32,136216,136217],{},"Creates a new file",[32,136219,136220],{},"Fails if the file already exists",[14,136222,136223],{},"Use this when you only want to create a brand-new file.",[14,136225,136226],{},"Choose the mode based on whether you want to replace old content or keep it.",[55,136228,136230],{"id":136229},"writing-multiple-lines","Writing multiple lines",[14,136232,136233,136234,136236],{},"You can call ",[21,136235,9558],{}," more than once:",[60,136238,136240],{"className":62,"code":136239,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n    file.write(\"Line 1\\n\")\n    file.write(\"Line 2\\n\")\n    file.write(\"Line 3\\n\")\n",[21,136241,136242,136272,136292,136312],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,136243,136244,136246,136248,136250,136252,136254,136256,136258,136260,136262,136264,136266,136268,136270],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,136245,214],{"class":75},[69,136247,218],{"class":217},[69,136249,221],{"class":100},[69,136251,111],{"class":110},[69,136253,9437],{"class":114},[69,136255,111],{"class":110},[69,136257,120],{"class":100},[69,136259,123],{"class":110},[69,136261,235],{"class":114},[69,136263,111],{"class":110},[69,136265,265],{"class":100},[69,136267,268],{"class":75},[69,136269,272],{"class":271},[69,136271,275],{"class":100},[69,136273,136274,136276,136278,136280,136282,136284,136286,136288,136290],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,136275,9460],{"class":271},[69,136277,289],{"class":100},[69,136279,9465],{"class":292},[69,136281,221],{"class":100},[69,136283,111],{"class":110},[69,136285,10009],{"class":114},[69,136287,9475],{"class":7964},[69,136289,111],{"class":110},[69,136291,301],{"class":100},[69,136293,136294,136296,136298,136300,136302,136304,136306,136308,136310],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,136295,9460],{"class":271},[69,136297,289],{"class":100},[69,136299,9465],{"class":292},[69,136301,221],{"class":100},[69,136303,111],{"class":110},[69,136305,10030],{"class":114},[69,136307,9475],{"class":7964},[69,136309,111],{"class":110},[69,136311,301],{"class":100},[69,136313,136314,136316,136318,136320,136322,136324,136326,136328,136330],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,136315,9460],{"class":271},[69,136317,289],{"class":100},[69,136319,9465],{"class":292},[69,136321,221],{"class":100},[69,136323,111],{"class":110},[69,136325,10051],{"class":114},[69,136327,9475],{"class":7964},[69,136329,111],{"class":110},[69,136331,301],{"class":100},[14,136333,136334],{},"The file will contain:",[60,136336,136339],{"className":136337,"code":136338,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"Line 1\nLine 2\nLine 3\n",[21,136340,136338],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,136342,136343],{},"You can also write one longer string:",[60,136345,136347],{"className":62,"code":136346,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n    file.write(\"Line 1\\nLine 2\\nLine 3\\n\")\n",[21,136348,136349,136379],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,136350,136351,136353,136355,136357,136359,136361,136363,136365,136367,136369,136371,136373,136375,136377],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,136352,214],{"class":75},[69,136354,218],{"class":217},[69,136356,221],{"class":100},[69,136358,111],{"class":110},[69,136360,9437],{"class":114},[69,136362,111],{"class":110},[69,136364,120],{"class":100},[69,136366,123],{"class":110},[69,136368,235],{"class":114},[69,136370,111],{"class":110},[69,136372,265],{"class":100},[69,136374,268],{"class":75},[69,136376,272],{"class":271},[69,136378,275],{"class":100},[69,136380,136381,136383,136385,136387,136389,136391,136393,136395,136397,136399,136401,136403,136405],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,136382,9460],{"class":271},[69,136384,289],{"class":100},[69,136386,9465],{"class":292},[69,136388,221],{"class":100},[69,136390,111],{"class":110},[69,136392,10009],{"class":114},[69,136394,9475],{"class":7964},[69,136396,10030],{"class":114},[69,136398,9475],{"class":7964},[69,136400,10051],{"class":114},[69,136402,9475],{"class":7964},[69,136404,111],{"class":110},[69,136406,301],{"class":100},[14,136408,54341],{},[14,136410,47439,136411,136413,136414,136416],{},[21,136412,9558],{}," does not add line breaks for you. If you want each line on a new line, include ",[21,136415,9475],{}," yourself.",[55,136418,136420],{"id":136419},"writing-numbers-and-other-non-string-values","Writing numbers and other non-string values",[14,136422,9337,136423,136425],{},[21,136424,9558],{}," method only accepts strings.",[14,136427,136428],{},"This will cause an error:",[60,136430,136432],{"className":62,"code":136431,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"score.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n    file.write(100)\n",[21,136433,136434,136465],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,136435,136436,136438,136440,136442,136444,136447,136449,136451,136453,136455,136457,136459,136461,136463],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,136437,214],{"class":75},[69,136439,218],{"class":217},[69,136441,221],{"class":100},[69,136443,111],{"class":110},[69,136445,136446],{"class":114},"score.txt",[69,136448,111],{"class":110},[69,136450,120],{"class":100},[69,136452,123],{"class":110},[69,136454,235],{"class":114},[69,136456,111],{"class":110},[69,136458,265],{"class":100},[69,136460,268],{"class":75},[69,136462,272],{"class":271},[69,136464,275],{"class":100},[69,136466,136467,136469,136471,136473,136475,136477],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,136468,9460],{"class":271},[69,136470,289],{"class":100},[69,136472,9465],{"class":292},[69,136474,221],{"class":100},[69,136476,9106],{"class":157},[69,136478,301],{"class":100},[14,136480,8635,136481,16250,136483,53043],{},[21,136482,8638],{},[21,136484,9106],{},[1647,136486,136488],{"id":136487},"correct-way","Correct way",[14,136490,136491,136492,23288],{},"Convert the value with ",[21,136493,11089],{},[60,136495,136497],{"className":62,"code":136496,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"score.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n    file.write(str(100))\n",[21,136498,136499,136529],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,136500,136501,136503,136505,136507,136509,136511,136513,136515,136517,136519,136521,136523,136525,136527],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,136502,214],{"class":75},[69,136504,218],{"class":217},[69,136506,221],{"class":100},[69,136508,111],{"class":110},[69,136510,136446],{"class":114},[69,136512,111],{"class":110},[69,136514,120],{"class":100},[69,136516,123],{"class":110},[69,136518,235],{"class":114},[69,136520,111],{"class":110},[69,136522,265],{"class":100},[69,136524,268],{"class":75},[69,136526,272],{"class":271},[69,136528,275],{"class":100},[69,136530,136531,136533,136535,136537,136539,136541,136543,136545],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,136532,9460],{"class":271},[69,136534,289],{"class":100},[69,136536,9465],{"class":292},[69,136538,221],{"class":100},[69,136540,10723],{"class":1859},[69,136542,221],{"class":100},[69,136544,9106],{"class":157},[69,136546,2183],{"class":100},[14,136548,136549],{},"You can do the same for floats and other values:",[60,136551,136553],{"className":62,"code":136552,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"temperature = 23.5\n\nwith open(\"temp.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n    file.write(str(temperature))\n",[21,136554,136555,136564,136568,136599],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,136556,136557,136559,136561],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,136558,29083],{"class":79},[69,136560,97],{"class":96},[69,136562,136563],{"class":157}," 23.5\n",[69,136565,136566],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,136567,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,136569,136570,136572,136574,136576,136578,136581,136583,136585,136587,136589,136591,136593,136595,136597],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,136571,214],{"class":75},[69,136573,218],{"class":217},[69,136575,221],{"class":100},[69,136577,111],{"class":110},[69,136579,136580],{"class":114},"temp.txt",[69,136582,111],{"class":110},[69,136584,120],{"class":100},[69,136586,123],{"class":110},[69,136588,235],{"class":114},[69,136590,111],{"class":110},[69,136592,265],{"class":100},[69,136594,268],{"class":75},[69,136596,272],{"class":271},[69,136598,275],{"class":100},[69,136600,136601,136603,136605,136607,136609,136611,136613,136616],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,136602,9460],{"class":271},[69,136604,289],{"class":100},[69,136606,9465],{"class":292},[69,136608,221],{"class":100},[69,136610,10723],{"class":1859},[69,136612,221],{"class":100},[69,136614,136615],{"class":292},"temperature",[69,136617,2183],{"class":100},[55,136619,136621],{"id":136620},"when-to-use-append-instead","When to use append instead",[14,136623,322,136624,136626],{},[21,136625,1457],{}," mode if you want to keep existing content.",[14,136628,19447],{},[29,136630,136631,136634,136636,136639],{},[32,136632,136633],{},"logs",[32,136635,71437],{},[32,136637,136638],{},"saving repeated results",[32,136640,136641],{},"adding new entries over time",[14,136643,370],{},[60,136645,136647],{"className":62,"code":136646,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"log.txt\", \"a\") as file:\n    file.write(\"Program started\\n\")\n",[21,136648,136649,136680],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,136650,136651,136653,136655,136657,136659,136662,136664,136666,136668,136670,136672,136674,136676,136678],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,136652,214],{"class":75},[69,136654,218],{"class":217},[69,136656,221],{"class":100},[69,136658,111],{"class":110},[69,136660,136661],{"class":114},"log.txt",[69,136663,111],{"class":110},[69,136665,120],{"class":100},[69,136667,123],{"class":110},[69,136669,579],{"class":114},[69,136671,111],{"class":110},[69,136673,265],{"class":100},[69,136675,268],{"class":75},[69,136677,272],{"class":271},[69,136679,275],{"class":100},[69,136681,136682,136684,136686,136688,136690,136692,136694,136696,136698],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,136683,9460],{"class":271},[69,136685,289],{"class":100},[69,136687,9465],{"class":292},[69,136689,221],{"class":100},[69,136691,111],{"class":110},[69,136693,40795],{"class":114},[69,136695,9475],{"class":7964},[69,136697,111],{"class":110},[69,136699,301],{"class":100},[14,136701,9646,136702,136704],{},[21,136703,136661],{}," already has text in it, the new line is added at the end.",[14,136706,132785,136707,136709,136710,289],{},[21,136708,346],{}," if you need to preserve what is already in the file. If that is your goal, read ",[579,136711,1605],{"href":136150},[55,136713,72410],{"id":72409},[14,136715,136716],{},"Here are some common mistakes when writing to files.",[1647,136718,136720],{"id":136719},"_1-file-content-disappears","1. File content disappears",[14,136722,136723],{},"Cause:",[29,136725,136726],{},[32,136727,136728,136729,136731],{},"You used ",[21,136730,346],{}," mode, which overwrites the file",[14,136733,370],{},[60,136735,136736],{"className":62,"code":10495,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},[21,136737,136738,136768],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,136739,136740,136742,136744,136746,136748,136750,136752,136754,136756,136758,136760,136762,136764,136766],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,136741,214],{"class":75},[69,136743,218],{"class":217},[69,136745,221],{"class":100},[69,136747,111],{"class":110},[69,136749,9437],{"class":114},[69,136751,111],{"class":110},[69,136753,120],{"class":100},[69,136755,123],{"class":110},[69,136757,235],{"class":114},[69,136759,111],{"class":110},[69,136761,265],{"class":100},[69,136763,268],{"class":75},[69,136765,272],{"class":271},[69,136767,275],{"class":100},[69,136769,136770,136772,136774,136776,136778,136780,136782,136784,136786],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,136771,9460],{"class":271},[69,136773,289],{"class":100},[69,136775,9465],{"class":292},[69,136777,221],{"class":100},[69,136779,111],{"class":110},[69,136781,10420],{"class":114},[69,136783,9475],{"class":7964},[69,136785,111],{"class":110},[69,136787,301],{"class":100},[14,136789,9646,136790,136792],{},[21,136791,9437],{}," already had content, it is replaced.",[14,136794,6824],{},[29,136796,136797],{},[32,136798,322,136799,136801],{},[21,136800,1457],{}," mode if you want to keep old content",[1647,136803,136805],{"id":136804},"_2-text-does-not-appear-on-a-new-line","2. Text does not appear on a new line",[14,136807,136723],{},[29,136809,136810],{},[32,136811,136812,136813],{},"You forgot to add ",[21,136814,9475],{},[14,136816,370],{},[60,136818,136820],{"className":62,"code":136819,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"a\") as file:\n    file.write(\"First line\")\n    file.write(\"Second line\")\n",[21,136821,136822,136852,136870],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,136823,136824,136826,136828,136830,136832,136834,136836,136838,136840,136842,136844,136846,136848,136850],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,136825,214],{"class":75},[69,136827,218],{"class":217},[69,136829,221],{"class":100},[69,136831,111],{"class":110},[69,136833,9437],{"class":114},[69,136835,111],{"class":110},[69,136837,120],{"class":100},[69,136839,123],{"class":110},[69,136841,579],{"class":114},[69,136843,111],{"class":110},[69,136845,265],{"class":100},[69,136847,268],{"class":75},[69,136849,272],{"class":271},[69,136851,275],{"class":100},[69,136853,136854,136856,136858,136860,136862,136864,136866,136868],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,136855,9460],{"class":271},[69,136857,289],{"class":100},[69,136859,9465],{"class":292},[69,136861,221],{"class":100},[69,136863,111],{"class":110},[69,136865,136055],{"class":114},[69,136867,111],{"class":110},[69,136869,301],{"class":100},[69,136871,136872,136874,136876,136878,136880,136882,136885,136887],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,136873,9460],{"class":271},[69,136875,289],{"class":100},[69,136877,9465],{"class":292},[69,136879,221],{"class":100},[69,136881,111],{"class":110},[69,136883,136884],{"class":114},"Second line",[69,136886,111],{"class":110},[69,136888,301],{"class":100},[14,136890,11741],{},[60,136892,136895],{"className":136893,"code":136894,"language":568,"meta":65},[566],"First lineSecond line\n",[21,136896,136894],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,136898,6824],{},[60,136900,136902],{"className":62,"code":136901,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"a\") as file:\n    file.write(\"First line\\n\")\n    file.write(\"Second line\\n\")\n",[21,136903,136904,136934,136954],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,136905,136906,136908,136910,136912,136914,136916,136918,136920,136922,136924,136926,136928,136930,136932],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,136907,214],{"class":75},[69,136909,218],{"class":217},[69,136911,221],{"class":100},[69,136913,111],{"class":110},[69,136915,9437],{"class":114},[69,136917,111],{"class":110},[69,136919,120],{"class":100},[69,136921,123],{"class":110},[69,136923,579],{"class":114},[69,136925,111],{"class":110},[69,136927,265],{"class":100},[69,136929,268],{"class":75},[69,136931,272],{"class":271},[69,136933,275],{"class":100},[69,136935,136936,136938,136940,136942,136944,136946,136948,136950,136952],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,136937,9460],{"class":271},[69,136939,289],{"class":100},[69,136941,9465],{"class":292},[69,136943,221],{"class":100},[69,136945,111],{"class":110},[69,136947,136055],{"class":114},[69,136949,9475],{"class":7964},[69,136951,111],{"class":110},[69,136953,301],{"class":100},[69,136955,136956,136958,136960,136962,136964,136966,136968,136970,136972],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,136957,9460],{"class":271},[69,136959,289],{"class":100},[69,136961,9465],{"class":292},[69,136963,221],{"class":100},[69,136965,111],{"class":110},[69,136967,136884],{"class":114},[69,136969,9475],{"class":7964},[69,136971,111],{"class":110},[69,136973,301],{"class":100},[1647,136975,136977,136978,136980],{"id":136976},"_3-typeerror-when-writing-a-number","3. ",[21,136979,8638],{}," when writing a number",[14,136982,136723],{},[29,136984,136985],{},[32,136986,136987,136989],{},[21,136988,9558],{}," expects a string",[14,136991,6824],{},[60,136993,136995],{"className":62,"code":136994,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"age = 25\n\nwith open(\"age.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n    file.write(str(age))\n",[21,136996,136997,137005,137009,137040],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,136998,136999,137001,137003],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,137000,1830],{"class":79},[69,137002,97],{"class":96},[69,137004,3414],{"class":157},[69,137006,137007],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,137008,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,137010,137011,137013,137015,137017,137019,137022,137024,137026,137028,137030,137032,137034,137036,137038],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,137012,214],{"class":75},[69,137014,218],{"class":217},[69,137016,221],{"class":100},[69,137018,111],{"class":110},[69,137020,137021],{"class":114},"age.txt",[69,137023,111],{"class":110},[69,137025,120],{"class":100},[69,137027,123],{"class":110},[69,137029,235],{"class":114},[69,137031,111],{"class":110},[69,137033,265],{"class":100},[69,137035,268],{"class":75},[69,137037,272],{"class":271},[69,137039,275],{"class":100},[69,137041,137042,137044,137046,137048,137050,137052,137054,137056],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,137043,9460],{"class":271},[69,137045,289],{"class":100},[69,137047,9465],{"class":292},[69,137049,221],{"class":100},[69,137051,10723],{"class":1859},[69,137053,221],{"class":100},[69,137055,126],{"class":292},[69,137057,2183],{"class":100},[1647,137059,137061],{"id":137060},"_4-file-path-errors","4. File path errors",[14,137063,136723],{},[29,137065,137066,137069],{},[32,137067,137068],{},"The file location is wrong",[32,137070,137071],{},"You are using a folder name that does not exist",[14,137073,370],{},[60,137075,137077],{"className":62,"code":137076,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"with open(\"missing_folder\u002Fnotes.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n    file.write(\"Hello\\n\")\n",[21,137078,137079,137109],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,137080,137081,137083,137085,137087,137089,137091,137093,137095,137097,137099,137101,137103,137105,137107],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,137082,214],{"class":75},[69,137084,218],{"class":217},[69,137086,221],{"class":100},[69,137088,111],{"class":110},[69,137090,10766],{"class":114},[69,137092,111],{"class":110},[69,137094,120],{"class":100},[69,137096,123],{"class":110},[69,137098,235],{"class":114},[69,137100,111],{"class":110},[69,137102,265],{"class":100},[69,137104,268],{"class":75},[69,137106,272],{"class":271},[69,137108,275],{"class":100},[69,137110,137111,137113,137115,137117,137119,137121,137123,137125,137127],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,137112,9460],{"class":271},[69,137114,289],{"class":100},[69,137116,9465],{"class":292},[69,137118,221],{"class":100},[69,137120,111],{"class":110},[69,137122,7659],{"class":114},[69,137124,9475],{"class":7964},[69,137126,111],{"class":110},[69,137128,301],{"class":100},[14,137130,137131],{},"If the folder does not exist, writing will fail.",[14,137133,137134,137135,289],{},"If you are seeing a missing file or bad path problem, see ",[579,137136,9942,137138,137140],{"href":137137},"\u002Ferrors\u002Ffilenotfounderror-errno-2-no-such-file-or-directory-fix\u002F",[69,137139,9945],{}," No such file or directory fix",[1647,137142,137144],{"id":137143},"_5-permission-errors","5. Permission errors",[14,137146,136723],{},[29,137148,137149],{},[32,137150,137151],{},"Python does not have permission to write to that location",[14,137153,137154],{},"This can happen with protected folders or system locations.",[14,137156,10857,137157,289],{},[579,137158,10860,137160,137162],{"href":137159},"\u002Ferrors\u002Fpermissionerror-errno-13-permission-denied-fix\u002F",[69,137161,10863],{}," Permission denied fix",[55,137164,20356],{"id":20355},[14,137166,137167],{},"If writing to a file is not working, check these first:",[29,137169,137170,137173,137180,137185],{},[32,137171,137172],{},"Print the file name or full path you are using",[32,137174,137175,137176,364,137178,136005],{},"Check whether you opened the file in ",[21,137177,346],{},[21,137179,1457],{},[32,137181,137182,137183,21122],{},"Make sure the value passed to ",[21,137184,9558],{},[32,137186,137187],{},"Check folder permissions if writing fails",[14,137189,137190],{},"Useful debug commands:",[60,137192,137194],{"className":62,"code":137193,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"print(type(value))\nprint(file_path)\n\nimport os\nprint(os.getcwd())\n\nimport os\nprint(os.path.exists(file_path))\n",[21,137195,137196,137210,137220,137224,137230,137244,137248,137254],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,137197,137198,137200,137202,137204,137206,137208],{"class":71,"line":72},[69,137199,2161],{"class":217},[69,137201,221],{"class":100},[69,137203,2176],{"class":1859},[69,137205,221],{"class":100},[69,137207,20383],{"class":292},[69,137209,2183],{"class":100},[69,137211,137212,137214,137216,137218],{"class":71,"line":83},[69,137213,2161],{"class":217},[69,137215,221],{"class":100},[69,137217,13320],{"class":292},[69,137219,301],{"class":100},[69,137221,137222],{"class":71,"line":90},[69,137223,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,137225,137226,137228],{"class":71,"line":104},[69,137227,76],{"class":75},[69,137229,2229],{"class":79},[69,137231,137232,137234,137236,137238,137240,137242],{"class":71,"line":143},[69,137233,2161],{"class":217},[69,137235,221],{"class":100},[69,137237,2238],{"class":292},[69,137239,289],{"class":100},[69,137241,11031],{"class":292},[69,137243,3923],{"class":100},[69,137245,137246],{"class":71,"line":172},[69,137247,87],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":86},[69,137249,137250,137252],{"class":71,"line":201},[69,137251,76],{"class":75},[69,137253,2229],{"class":79},[69,137255,137256,137258,137260,137262,137264,137266,137268,137270,137272,137274],{"class":71,"line":206},[69,137257,2161],{"class":217},[69,137259,221],{"class":100},[69,137261,2238],{"class":292},[69,137263,289],{"class":100},[69,137265,2243],{"class":2216},[69,137267,289],{"class":100},[69,137269,2248],{"class":292},[69,137271,221],{"class":100},[69,137273,13320],{"class":292},[69,137275,2183],{"class":100},[1647,137277,137279],{"id":137278},"what-these-help-you-check","What these help you check",[29,137281,137282,137287,137293,137298],{},[32,137283,137284,137286],{},[21,137285,25714],{}," shows whether the value is a string",[32,137288,137289,137292],{},[21,137290,137291],{},"print(file_path)"," shows the exact file path being used",[32,137294,137295,137297],{},[21,137296,105245],{}," shows the current working folder",[32,137299,137300,137303],{},[21,137301,137302],{},"os.path.exists(file_path)"," checks whether the path exists",[14,137305,137306,137307,289],{},"If you need help with file locations, read ",[579,137308,2285],{"href":34783},[55,137310,2289],{"id":2288},[1647,137312,11052,137314,137316],{"id":137313},"does-open-create-the-file-if-it-does-not-exist",[21,137315,576],{}," create the file if it does not exist?",[14,137318,137319,137320,50,137322,137324],{},"Yes. In ",[21,137321,346],{},[21,137323,1457],{}," mode, Python creates the file if it does not already exist.",[1647,137326,2372,137328,50,137330,137332],{"id":137327},"what-is-the-difference-between-w-and-a-mode",[21,137329,346],{},[21,137331,1457],{}," mode?",[14,137334,137335,137337,137338,137340],{},[21,137336,346],{}," overwrites the file. ",[21,137339,1457],{}," adds new content to the end.",[1647,137342,18230,137344,137346],{"id":137343},"why-does-write-not-put-text-on-a-new-line-automatically",[21,137345,9558],{}," not put text on a new line automatically?",[14,137348,137349,137351,137352,137354],{},[21,137350,9558],{}," writes exactly what you give it. Add ",[21,137353,9475],{}," if you want a line break.",[1647,137356,137358],{"id":137357},"can-i-write-numbers-to-a-file","Can I write numbers to a file?",[14,137360,137361,137362,137364,137365,137367],{},"Yes, but convert them first with ",[21,137363,11089],{},". The ",[21,137366,9558],{}," method expects a string.",[1647,137369,137371],{"id":137370},"do-i-need-to-close-the-file-manually","Do I need to close the file manually?",[14,137373,137374,137375,137377],{},"Not if you use a ",[21,137376,214],{}," statement. Python closes it for you automatically.",[55,137379,2414],{"id":2413},[29,137381,137382,137386,137390,137394,137399],{},[32,137383,137384],{},[579,137385,9674],{"href":581},[32,137387,137388],{},[579,137389,2431],{"href":136150},[32,137391,137392],{},[579,137393,11110],{"href":9937},[32,137395,137396],{},[579,137397,9530],{"href":137398},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpython-file-handling-basics-read-and-write\u002F",[32,137400,137401],{},[579,137402,2436],{"href":34783},[2450,137404,137405],{},"html pre.shiki code .sVHd0, html code.shiki .sVHd0{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-default-font-style:inherit;--shiki-dark:#F97583;--shiki-dark-font-style:inherit}html pre.shiki code .sptTA, html code.shiki .sptTA{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sP7_E, html code.shiki .sP7_E{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sjJ54, html code.shiki .sjJ54{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s_sjI, html code.shiki .s_sjI{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sMMDD, html code.shiki .sMMDD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70}html pre.shiki code .slqww, html code.shiki .slqww{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .s_hVV, html code.shiki .s_hVV{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .srdBf, html code.shiki .srdBf{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZMiF, html code.shiki .sZMiF{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .su5hD, html code.shiki .su5hD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .smGrS, html code.shiki .smGrS{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .skxfh, html code.shiki .skxfh{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}",{"title":65,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":137407},[137408,137409,137410,137414,137415,137423,137424,137427,137428,137436,137439,137449],{"id":57,"depth":83,"text":58},{"id":2665,"depth":83,"text":2666},{"id":135781,"depth":83,"text":135782,"children":137411},[137412,137413],{"id":6458,"depth":90,"text":6459},{"id":104642,"depth":90,"text":104643},{"id":135888,"depth":83,"text":135889},{"id":135995,"depth":83,"text":135996,"children":137416},[137417,137419,137421],{"id":136002,"depth":90,"text":137418},"\"w\" mode",{"id":136078,"depth":90,"text":137420},"\"a\" mode",{"id":136153,"depth":90,"text":137422},"\"x\" mode",{"id":136229,"depth":83,"text":136230},{"id":136419,"depth":83,"text":136420,"children":137425},[137426],{"id":136487,"depth":90,"text":136488},{"id":136620,"depth":83,"text":136621},{"id":72409,"depth":83,"text":72410,"children":137429},[137430,137431,137432,137434,137435],{"id":136719,"depth":90,"text":136720},{"id":136804,"depth":90,"text":136805},{"id":136976,"depth":90,"text":137433},"3. TypeError when writing a number",{"id":137060,"depth":90,"text":137061},{"id":137143,"depth":90,"text":137144},{"id":20355,"depth":83,"text":20356,"children":137437},[137438],{"id":137278,"depth":90,"text":137279},{"id":2288,"depth":83,"text":2289,"children":137440},[137441,137443,137445,137447,137448],{"id":137313,"depth":90,"text":137442},"Does open() create the file if it does not exist?",{"id":137327,"depth":90,"text":137444},"What is the difference between \"w\" and \"a\" mode?",{"id":137343,"depth":90,"text":137446},"Why does write() not put text on a new line automatically?",{"id":137357,"depth":90,"text":137358},{"id":137370,"depth":90,"text":137371},{"id":2413,"depth":83,"text":2414},"Master how to write to a file in python in our comprehensive Python beginner guide.",{},"\u002Fhow-to\u002Fhow-to-write-to-a-file-in-python",{"title":135667,"description":137450},"how-to\u002Fhow-to-write-to-a-file-in-python","zEgufHsaZwSQGib0jMokQq9mng5zbMGF-ZVeIx9TuyE",1776944995427]